Index

1911 revolution, 2, 155 BBC, 124, 127 1989 Pro-democracy Movement, 28, 63, Beijing, 95, 107 85 Beijing consensus, 128, 132 Tiananmen crisis, xiv Beijing faction, 29 Tiananmen crackdown, 122, 126 Beijing Olympics, 127 1999 NATO bombing, 130 Beijing University, 123, 133, 134 Beijing Zoo, 110 Afghanistan, 154 Bhutan, 154 Africa, 64, 80 , xi, 33, 35, 37, 39 Agricultural Bank of , 47 Bo Yibo, 27, 33 Algeria, 80 bourgeois liberalization, 135 All China Federation of Trade Unions, Brazil, 65, 90, 102 108, 109 bureaucratic capitalism, 10 An Zhiwen, 28 offi cial supervision and merchant Anhui, 44, 113 management, 10 anti-Americanism, 125 bureaucratic state, 182 anti-CNN website, 129 anti-dumping, 70 cadre exchange system, 5 anti-Japanese protests, 127 Canada, 74 anti-Japanese war, 4 capitalism, 84, 208, 210 anti-Korean movements, 127 Central Advisory Commission, 27 Anyang, 105 Central Commission for Discipline Asian Financial Crisis, 65, 70, 73, 168, Inspection, 23, 34 190 COPYRIGHTEDCentral Leading MATERIAL Small Groups, 5 Auditing Administration, 185 Central Military Commission, 22, 31, 36, 202, 203 Bank of China, 47 Central Party School, 25, 133 banking system reform, 50 Central Working Conference, 23

Contemporary China: A History since 1978, First Edition. Yongnian Zheng. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 230 Index

central–local relations, 139 socialist, 198 decentralization, 46 state-socialist, 198 fi scal relations, 104 corruption, 103–104 Chen Liangyu, 33, 151 , 131 Chen Xilian, 22 cultural pluralism, 121 Chen Xitong, 29 cultural renaissance movement, 121, Chen Yun, 22, 23, 27, 38, 48, 185 132–134 Chen Zhu, 204 , 8, 11, 14, 22, 43, Chiang Kai-shek, 4, 14 106, 122, 156, 183 Chile, 102 China Banking Regulatory Commission, decentralization, 182 54 de-militarization, 188 China Council of Lions Club, 92 democracy China Import-Export Bank, 50 deliberative, xiii China Insurance Regulatory intra-party, xi, xiii, 35, 36, 38 Commission, 54 intra-party competition, xi China model, 132, 133 village and township democracy, xiii China National Petrol Cooperation, 54 democratic socialism, 125 China Security Regulatory Commission, democratization, xv, 195, 206, 211 54 Deng Liqun, 24, 30 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 88, Deng Xiaoping, xi, xii, xiii, 1, 8, 12, 13, 125 15, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29, 31, 43, Chinese Communist Party, 1, 4, 10, 83 44, 48, 63, 84, 85, 122, 126, 135, Chinese Communist Youth League, 32, 181, 186, 209 35 Dengism, 37 Chinese system, 134 Deng Yingchao, 23 Chongqing model, 33, 37 dependency, 130 civil society, xiv, 83, 195 Dickson, Bruce, 198 Classical Studies (guoxue), 132 domination, 196, 200, 210 CNN, 127 Dongzhou village, 106 Colombia, 78 Dumpling Festival, 127 Commercial and Industrial Bank of China, 47 earth citizenship, 124 communism, 122 East Asia, 72 company law, 51 East Germany, 124 Compulsory Education Law, 167 East Liaoning Peninsula, 76 Confucianism, xiv Eastern European communism, 85 Confucian republic, 131 Economic Housing, 163 Confucian tradition, 131 economic liberalization, 104, 122, 123 constitutional monarchy, 2 educational campaign of patriotism, 126 Construction Bank of China, 47 Egypt, 90 corporatism, 198 elite politics, 12 Chinese style, 198 ethnic confl icts, 111–113 departmental, 198 ethnic nationalism, xiv, 111 local, 198 European Community, 155 Index 231

European Union, 74 global fi nancial crisis, 106, 133, 168 exchange rate reform, 49–50 globalization 63, 64, 101, 128, 133, 167, export-processing zones, 66–67 173, 197, 210 “go global,” 64, 73, 77, 80 factional politics, 22 Goodnow, Frank, 3 Fan Gang, 133 Great Leap Forward, 11, 14, 156 Fang Lizhi, 123 gross fi xed capital formation, 72 federal China, 140 Group for Research on Political federalism, 139, 156 Institution Reforms, 156 de facto, xiv, 139–140, 142, 157 Guangdong, 66, 76, 101, 106, 107, 145, de jure, 155, 157 150, 151, 154 impact on foreign policy, 154–155 Guangdong model, 37 market-persevering federalism, 142 Guangming Daily, 25 Fen Qing (Angry Youths), 127–129 Guangzhou, 95 transnational, 129 Fen Qing-led nationalism, 127 Hainan, 127 First Liberation of Thought, 23, 25 Han, 112, 113 fi scal decentralization, 46 Hangzhou, 110 fi scal dependence, 149 harmonious society, 35, 161 fi ve-anti (wufan), 11 harmonious society project, 53, 164, 167 Five-Year Plan, 11 Hebei, 107 foreign direct investment (FDI), 72–73 Hebi, 105 export-oriented, 73 hegemonization, 196, 200, 205, 209, 211 infl ows, 74, 76 counter-hegemony, 201 inward, 73 Heilongjiang, 107 liberalization, 77 , 29, 113 outward, 73, 77 Heywood, Neil, 34 foreign exchange, 67, 69 Hong Kong, xi, 10, 66, 73, 74, 75, 76, 84, foreign invested enterprises, 67, 86 86, 87, 92, 126, 131, 139, 151, 156 foreign trade companies, 66 household registration system, 9 Foreign Trade Law, 706 household responsibility system, 44, 162 four transformations, 26 housing policy, 176 Fox, 127 housing provident fund, 169, 170 France, 90 Howell, J., 198 Fujian, 76 Hu Angang, 130–131, 148 Hu Jintao, xiii, xiv, 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, , 131 35, 36, 37, 44, 53, 96, 161, 163, Gang of Four, 8, 12, 22 189, 202 Gao Gang, 13 Hu Jiwei, 203 affairs, 13 Hu Qiaomu, 24 GDP-centrism, 191 Hu Yanbang, 23, 24, 25, 111, 134, 141 General Political Department, 188 Hua Guofeng, 12, 22, 24, 27 General Staff Headquarters, 188 Huang Ju, 29, 32, 33 gerontocracy, 38 Hubei, 102 gini coeffi cient, 102, 103 Hui, 112 232 Index

Hui Liangyu, 192 Labor Dispute Arbitrational Committees, Hundred Flowers Campaign, 106 106 Huntington, Samuel, 124 Labor Law, 106, 169 Hu-Wen administration, 53, 55 labor protests, 106–109 laissez faire economy, 182 idealism, 121 Laos, 154 ideological legitimacy, 25 Latin America, 75, 78, 133 ideology-based social order, 83 legal fragmentation, 139 idolization of Western democracy, 125 legitimation, 200, 210 imperialism, 130 Leipzig, 195 Independent East Turkestan, 112 Leninist Party-state, 198 India, 65, 72, 90, 154 Levenson, Joseph, 4 indigenous innovation strategy, 77 Lhasa, 112 individualism, 122 Li Changchun, 29, 32 Indonesia, 72 Li Junru, 133 Information Technology Agreement, 70 Li Keqiang, 34, 38, 192 institutionalization, xi, 157 Li Peng, 28, 29, 48, 183, 185, 193, 204 interest-based social order, 83 Li Xiannian, 22, 24, 38, 202 interest-based society, 121 Liang Qichao, 155 intergovernmental decentralization, 141, Liaoning, 107 152 liberalism, 121, 122–125, 126 economic, 142–143 Lin Biao, 8, 13 political, 143–144 Liu Binyan, 123 Internet, 93 Liu Huaqing, 31 Liu Junning, 125 Japan, 2, 10, 72, 74, 84, 95 Liu Shaoqi, 8, 13 Ji Dengkui, 22 Liu Yandong, 33 Jia Qinglin, 32 local democracy, 206 , 8, 12 localism, 150 Jiang Zemin, xiii, 21, 28, 29, 30, 32, Low Rent House, 163 33, 38, 150, 151, 186, 189, 202, Lushan Plenum, 13 208 Jiang-Li political coalition, 29 Macao, 76, 86, 87, 92, 126, 151 Jiangsu, 102, 145 “Made in China,” 64, 77 Jiangxi, 105 Man, 112 Jilin, 107 management buy-out, 51 joint-venture law, 75 Manchurian ethnicity, 2 jurisdictional competition, 143 Mao Zedong, 8, 12, 13, 14, 25, 156 Maoism, 14–15, 37, 121 Kafka, Franz, 123 class struggles, 122 Kaifeng, 105 dictatorship, 123 Kant, Immanuel, 123 ideology, 84 Kazakhstan, 154 leadership, 122 Kuomintang, 198 legacy, 1 Kyrgyzstan, 154 neo-Maoism, 37 Index 233

paternalistic socialism, 164 National Agricultural Development socialist tradition, 131 Bank, 50 marketization, 133, 161, 163, 171, 173 National Bureau of Statistics, 102 Marxism, 121, 135 National Development and Reform mass incident, 101 Commission, 183 large-scale, 101 National Development Bank, 50 May Fourth Movement, 122 National Grid, 54 Mexico, 102 national integration, 113 Middle-class protests, 109–111 National People’s Congress, 5, 75, 96, middle classes, 88–89 108, 109, 139, 183, 203, 209 military–business link, 188 nationalism, xiv, 2, 121, 125–129 minbenism, 134 nationalist government, 4 Minimum Standard of Living Scheme, neo-classical political economy, 144 162 neo-liberalism, 133 minimum welfare, 170 neo-Marxism, 130 Ministry of Civil Affairs, 90–91 neo-traditionalism, 132 Ministry of Coal Industry, 184 Nepal, 154 Ministry of Commerce, 184 netizens, 93–96 Ministry of Construction, 192 neutral government, 133 Ministry of Education, 174 New Enlightenment, 122 Ministry of Energy, 185, 186, 192 New Left, 121, 128, 130–132, 133, 134 Ministry of Environmental Protection, New Life Movement, 4 192 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 123 Ministry of Finance, 47, 192 Nigeria, 80 Ministry of Foreign Trade, 67, 69 Nine Year Obligatory Education, 173 Ministry of Housing and Urban–Rural Nixon, Richard, 122 Construction, 192 “no debate” policy, 135 Ministry of Human Resource and Social nomenklatura system, 4, 5, 104, 150 Security, 163, 192 non-governmental organizations, 83, Ministry of Industry and Information, 89–93 192 civil organizations, 90 Ministry of Labor and Social Security, foundation, 90 163, 191 private non-enterprise unit, 89 Ministry of Materials, 185 social associations, 90 Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, 184 social organizations, 89 Ministry of Nuclear Industry, 184 non-public sector, 51 Ministry of Public Security, 94 non-state enterprises, 86–87 Ministry of Railways, 192 non-tariff barriers, 69 Ministry of State Security, 185 North Korea, 154 Ministry of Transport, 192 Northern Expedition, 4 Ministry of Water Resources, 192 N-TV, 127 Mongolia, 154 multiparty cooperation, 9 Oceania, 75 democratic parties, 9 Olympic Games, 126 Myanmar, 154 2000 Olympic Games, 130 234 Index

Open Constitution Initiative, 93 protectionism, 77 Open Economic Zones, 76 psychological gaps, 127 Pudong Development Zone, 76 Pakistan, 154 Puyang, 105 Pan Wei, 134 party committee 7 Qiao Shi, 31, 204 party groups (dangzu), 7–8 , 125 core group, 7 Qing dynasty, 2, 155 party management of cadres, 150 Qing state, 2 party–military relationship, 8 Qinghua University, 125, 127 party–state relationship, 196 patriotism, 126 radicalism, 130 peaceful evolution, 126 Ramo, Joshua, 132 Pearl River Delta, 76 Rao Jin, 127 peasant burdens, 105 reciprocal accountability, 143 Peng Zhen, 8 playing to the center, 144 People’s Bank of China, 46, 47, 50, 149 playing to the provinces, 144 People’s Commune, 162 reformist leadership, 122 People’s Daily, 25, 33, 48, 96, 125, 203 Republic of China, 2, 122 People’s Liberation Army, 8 rights-democracy, 207 people-centered approach, 95 River Elegy, 132 Perry, Elizabeth, 199 RTL, 127 Peterson Institute for International rural protests, 105–106 Economics, 133 Russia, 144, 154 Petroleum and Gas Company of China, 185 Saich, Tony, 199 PLA Daily, 25 SARS crisis, 167 pluralism, 135 scientifi c development concept, 35 Poland, 195 scientifi c development outlook, 164, Political Bureau, 27, 29, 36, 37 53, 55 Standing Committee, 27, 31, 32, 34 Second Arms, 22 political campaign, 12 selective recentralization, 148, 153 political democratization, 123 Shaanxi, 107 political distrust, 103–105 Shambaugh, David, 197 political legitimacy, 30, 63, 83 Shandong, 29, 107, 145 political liberalization, xiii Shang, X., 198 political recentralization, 149–151 , 48, 76, 95, 107, 108, 110, 150, popular sovereignty, 3 151, 171 postmodernism, 130 Shanghai Expo, 127 Premier-select, 183 Shanghai gang, 150, 151 princelings, 32 Shanghai Social Security Bureau, 33 privatization, 133, 208 Shanguan, 112 production responsibility system, 44 Shantou, 76 professionalism, 204–205 Shanwei, 106 Property Law, 210 Shenzhen, 48, 76, 95 Index 235

Shenzhou, 7, 127 State Council, 5, 54, 77, 139, 183, 184, Shue, V., 198 185, 187, 192, 203, 204 Sichuan, 44, 105, 113 State Development and Planning Singapore, 10, 74, 84 Commission, 191 Sino–Japanese relationship, 122 State Economic and Trade Commission, Sinopec, 54 183, 191 skepticism, 122 State Planning Commission, 184, 185, social grievance, 102 188 social participation, 205 State President, 202 social pluralism, 121 state-centered approach, xii social policy reform, 161, 168, 178 state-making, 2 education, 172–174 state-owned enterprise reform, 50–52 health care, 174–175 “grip the large,” 51 housing, 175–177 group company systems, 51 social insurance, 169–170 “let go of the small,” 50 social protection, 170–171 state-owned enterprises, 45, 75, 87, 143 welfare provision, 171–172 state–society decentralization, 141, 142, Social Security Management Fund, 153 163 state–society dichotomy, 199 socialism, 24, 48, 122 state–society relationship, 196 primary stage, 25, 30 Strong China Forum, 96 socialist market economy, 29, 63, 85, 181, structural change, 56–60 193 Sudan, 80 society-centered approach, xii Sun Yat-sen, 2, 3, 14, 155 Song Ping, 24, 48 super-ministries reform, 192 Song Renqiong, 24 system (xitong) Soong Ch’ing-ling, 202 administrative, 6 South Africa, 72, 80 mass organization system, 7 South America, 77 military, 6 South Fujian triangle, 76 organizational and personnel system, South Korea, 10, 72, 84, 124 7 Southern Tour, 28, 43, 48, 56, 63, 72, 106, political and legal, 6 126, 130, 135, 149, 186 propaganda, 7 Soviet model, 4 united front system, 7 system, 134 Soviet Union, 85, 111, 124, 155 Taiwan, 10, 72, 73, 74, 84, 86, 87, 92, 126, Special Administration Region, xi 140, 156 special economic zones, 66, 76 Tajikistan, 154 State Administration for Religious tax for profi ts reform, 46 Affairs, 90–91 taxation reform 148 State Asset Supervision and federal-style taxation system, 148 Administration Commission, 54 tax sharing system, 50 State Commission for Economic System tax-division system, 148 Restructuring, 183 techno-nationalism, 77 State Council Leading Small Groups, 5 Ten-Year Plan, 12 236 Index

term limits, 5 Western liberal tradition, 131 territorial distribution of power, 139 Western system, 134 Third Plenum, 23 Westernization, 132 “three anti” (sanfan), 10–11 White, G., 198 “three represents,” 30, 35, 208 Williamson, John, 133 “three-in-one system,” 202 World Economy Herald, 122, 124 Tibet, xiv, 111, 127, 140, 156 world system, 130 Tibetan religious tradition, 111 World Trade Organization, 63, 65, 70, township and village enterprises, 44–45, 126, 128 52, 86, 143, 162 Wu Bangguo, 29, 32, 204 township elections, 207 Wu Guanzheng, 32 trade integration, 64–65 Wuhan, 48, 106 trade liberalization, 70 Wukan, 106 traditionalism, 132 Wuxi, 108 Tsai, Kellee, 198 two ballots system, 207 Xi Jinping, 33, 34, 37, 38 “Two Whatevers,” 22, 25 Xiamen, 76 two-front leadership, 13 Xiamen University, 110 , 131, 132 UN Security Council, 95, 122 Xiaogang village, 44 unitary state, 139 Xie Tao, 125 United States, 65, 84, 94, 156 Xinhua News Agency, 34, 96 urban–rural disparities, 102 Xinjiang, xiv, 111, 140, 156 Urumqi incident, 112 Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Uyghur–Han confl ict, 112 112 Xinyu, 105 Vietnam, 154 Village Committee Organic Law, 206 Yan Jiaqi, 123 Voice of America, 124 Yang Baibing, 29 Yang Shangkun, 29, 202 Wan Li, 24, 44, 111 Yangtze River Delta, 76 Wang Dongxing, 22 Yao Wenyuan, 8, 22 Wang Gang, 204 Yao Yang, 133 Wang Hongwen, 8, 22 Yao Yilin, 24, 48, 185, 188 , 131 Ye Jianying, 22 Wang Lijun, 33 Yep, R., 198, 199 Wang Qishan, 192 Yichun, 105 , 130–131, 148 Yu Qiuli, 24 Wang Zhen, 23, 24 Yu Youyu, 125 warlordism, 155 Yuan Shikai, 3 Washington, 133 Yugoslavia, 130 Washington consensus, 128, 132 Weber, M., 122 Zambia, 80 Wen Jiabao, 33, 37, 44, 53, 96, 125, 161, Zeng Qinghong, 29, 32, 33 163, 190, 191 Zhang Chunqiao, 8, 22 Index 237

Zhang Dejiang, 33, 151 Zhou Enlai, 12, 13, 15 Zhang Gaoli, 33 Zhu Junyi, 33 Zhang Wannian, 32, 189 Zhu Rongji, 32, 43, 49, 50, 55, 88, 149, Zhao Ziyang, xi, xiii, 24, 25, 27, 38, 43, 153, 162, 182, 183, 186, 189, 190, 44, 45, 48, 122, 130, 141, 156, 193 183, 184, 186, 204 Zhu Xueqin, 125 Zhejiang, 107, 145 Zhuhai, 48, 76