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Servant Leadership Dimensions of Bahamian Hotel Industry Front-Line Workers Stuart Mitchell Bowe Walden University

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Servant Leadership Dimensions of Bahamian Hotel Industry Front-Line Workers Stuart Mitchell Bowe Walden University Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2017 Servant Leadership Dimensions of Bahamian Hotel Industry Front-Line Workers Stuart Mitchell Bowe Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Organizational Behavior and Theory Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Management and Technology This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Stuart M. Bowe has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Robert Levasseur, Committee Chairperson, Management Faculty Dr. Thomas Spencer, Committee Member, Management Faculty Dr. Janice Spangenburg, University Reviewer, Management Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2017 Abstract Servant Leadership Dimensions of Bahamian Hotel Industry Front-Line Workers by Stuart M. Bowe MBA, Walden University, 2009 BS, Florida State University, 1986 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Management Walden University November 2017 Abstract The tourism industry dominates the Bahamian national economy. While seaport visitor arrivals continue to rise, stopover visitor arrivals continue to decline due to a recurring theme of negative front-line hotel staff attitudes. Eliminating negative staff attitudes toward stopover visitors is important for hoteliers, the government, and all stakeholders of the Bahamian tourism industry. Guided by servant leadership theory, the purpose of this research was to investigate the servant leadership dimensions that motivate Bahamian front-line hotel workers. This quantitative cross-sectional study involved the use of the Servant Leadership Survey (SLS) developed by Dierendonck and Nuijten. There were 8 specific servant leadership dimensions measured against 7 sociodemographic attributes to answer 2 research questions (RQ). A random sample of 646 front-line hotel workers participated in the study. For RQ1, independent t-tests and one-way analysis of variance produced significant results for the union, region, and department demographic groups. For RQ2, k-means cluster analysis generated a 2-cluster model with significant F-statistic value contributions across all 8 composite variables. Based on the final cluster centers, the 8 SLS composite variable average mean results equate to cautious support for the acceptance and application of servant leadership. The research findings may lead to positive social change by supporting the creation of a new leadership model in the Bahamian tourism industry that enables hoteliers to increase Bahamian front-line hotel workers’ motivation and thereby decrease negative staff attitudes manifested in the workplace. Servant Leadership Dimensions of Bahamian Hotel Industry Front-Line Workers by Stuart M. Bowe MBA, Walden University, 2009 BS, Florida State University, 1986 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Management Walden University November 2017 Dedication For my family, I thank you for your patience, encouragement, and inspiration, which have helped me to complete this major achievement. To my mother Norma Bowe (deceased), I miss you especially your humor; prayers; and listening to the music of Earth, Wind, & Fire; Tony Bennett; and Blood, Sweat, & Tears. To my wife, Vandorene; children, Stuart Jr. and Shankira; L. M. Bowe (father); Angie and Camille (sisters), Ricardo (brother); extended family (especially my Grandmother “Gwenny”, Aunt Pat Bethell, Aunt Sonia Dames, and Uncle Leroy “Tinkle” Hanna, Tyrone “Dr. Off” Fitzgerald (deceased), Gowan Bowe); Grammy Bowe (deceased); Uncle KB; best friend, Ken Kerr; the crew (Tony Ferguson, Eric Carey, Larry Glinton, Dewey Taylor, Rudolph Smith, Osmond Richardson, and Brad Outten); The Atlantis family; and Pastor Timothy Stuart—may you see this work as proof that you can achieve anything, at any time, by staying focused, striving for excellence, never giving up, and believing in God. All of you provided a solid foundation in my life built on unconditional love, uncompromised faith, family, and a few friends. Thus, I dedicate this work to you. Acknowledgments This study reflects much of my knowledge of leadership and the changes observed over the past 30 years of my hospitality career. My mentors have influenced my knowledge of leadership and ultimately influenced this dissertation. I respectfully rely on a leadership foundation built by past hoteliers and hope this work adequately reflects their contributions to my education. My mentors have included J. B. Farrington, Ernie Cambridge, George Myers, Vincent Vanderpool-Wallace, Uncle Georgie Bethell, Robert Sands, Rodney Williams (McDonalds), Ellsworth Hanna (27th company—Boys Brigade- Annex Baptist Church), Basil Dean (deceased), Karen Carey, Winston “Gus” Cooper (Valley Boys—deceased), Grandfathers L. “Pemmy” Hanna and Leonard “Bow-tie” Bowe (both deceased), Amadeo Zarzosa, Serge Zaalof, Alan Leibman, Howard Karawan, George Markantonis, and Paul O’ Neil. I thank my PhD committee; Dr. Robert Levasseur (chairman), Dr. Thomas Spencer, and Dr. Janice Spangenburg, who guided me through this journey. Dr. Levasseur provided wise counsel and consistent motivation throughout the journey. Dr. Spencer challenged and supported me to produce the highest quality of research. I thank Dr. Christos Makrigeorgis, who provided initial guidance and later transitioned to a new role within Walden University. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ....................................................................................1 Background of the Study ...............................................................................................2 Problem Statement .........................................................................................................6 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................6 Research Questions and Hypotheses .............................................................................7 Theoretical Foundation ................................................................................................10 Nature of the Study ......................................................................................................12 Definitions....................................................................................................................15 Assumptions, Scope and Delimitations, and Limitations ............................................16 Assumptions ...........................................................................................................16 Scope and Delimitations ........................................................................................18 Significance of the Study .............................................................................................22 Significance to Theory ...........................................................................................22 Significance to Practice..........................................................................................23 Significance to Social Change ...............................................................................23 Summary and Transition ..............................................................................................24 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................25 Literature Search Strategy............................................................................................26 i Theoretical Foundation ................................................................................................27 Linking Employee Motivational Needs to Servant Leadership Dimensions .........29 Literature Review.........................................................................................................30 Servant Leadership Studies ....................................................................................30 Contrasting Conventional Leadership Styles ...............................................................37 Autocratic Leadership ............................................................................................38 Transactional Leadership .......................................................................................39 Bahamian Tourism Industry Overview ........................................................................40 Global Tourism Industry Linkage ..........................................................................40 Modern Bahamian Tourism Industry .....................................................................41 Stopover Visitors by
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