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Corpus-Based Studies in Contrastive Linguistics Oslo Studies in Language General Editors: Atle Grønn and Dag Haug Oslo Studies in Language 6 (1) / 2014 Signe Oksefjell Ebeling, Atle Grønn, Kjetil Rå Hauge & Diana Santos (eds.) Corpus-based Studies in Contrastive Linguistics Oslo Studies in Language General editors: Atle Grønn and Dag Haug Editorial board International: Henning Andersen, Los Angeles (historical linguistics) Östen Dahl, Stockholm (typology) Torgrim Solstad, Berlin (semantics and pragmatics) Arnim von Stechow, Tübingen (semantics and syntax) National: Johanna Barðdal, Bergen (construction grammar) Laura Janda, Tromsø (Slavic linguistics, cognitive linguistics) Terje Lohndal, Trondheim (English, syntax and semantics) Øystein Vangsnes, Tromsø (Norwegian, dialect syntax) Local: Cecilia Alvstad, ILOS (Spanish, translatology) Hans Olav Enger, ILN (Norwegian, cognitive linguistics) Ruth E. Vatvedt Fjeld, ILN (Norwegian, lexicography) Jan Terje Faarlund, CSMN, ILN (Norwegian, syntax) Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, ILOS (German, contrastive linguistics) Carsten Hansen, CSMN, IFIKK (philosophy of language) Christoph Harbsmeier, IKOS (Chinese, lexicography) Hilde Hasselgård, ILOS (English, corpus linguistics) Hans Petter Helland, ILOS (French, syntax) Janne Bondi Johannessen, ILN, Text Laboratory (Norwegian, language technology) Kristian Emil Kristoffersen, ILN (cognitive linguistics) Helge Lødrup, ILN (syntax) Gunvor Mejdell, IKOS (Arabic, sociolinguistics) Christine Meklenborg Salvesen, ILOS (French linguistics, historical linguistics) Diana Santos, ILOS (Portuguese linguistics, computational linguistics) Ljiljana Saric, ILOS (Slavic linguistics) Bente Ailin Svendsen, ILN (second language acquisition) Oslo Studies in Language 6 (1) / 2014 Signe Oksefjell Ebeling, Atle Grønn, Kjetil Rå Hauge & Diana Santos (eds.) Corpus-based Studies in Contrastive Linguistics Oslo Studies in Language, 6(1), 2014. Ebeling, Grønn, Hauge & Santos (eds.): Corpus-based Studies in Contrastive Linguistics. Oslo, University of Oslo ISSN 1890-9639 © 2014 the authors Set in LATEX fonts Gentium Book Basic and Linux Libertine. Cover design by UniPub publishing house. Printed by Print House AS from camera-ready copy supplied by the editors. http://www.journals.uio.no/osla Contents Corpus-based Studies in Contrastive Linguistics at the Univer- sity of Oslo Signe Oksefjell Ebeling, Atle Grønn, Kjetil Rå Hauge, and Diana Santos 1 En meningsløs norsk perfektum i kontrafaktiske kondisjonalset- ninger Atle Grønn 7 Fake imperfective imperatives in Slavic Silje Susanne Alvestad 29 Found in translation – discourse markers out of the blue Kjetil Rå Hauge 43 Reported speech in Russian and Italian: Verbs of speech and par- ticles Elizaveta Khachaturyan 53 Additive conjunction across languages: ‘dessuten’ and its corre- spondences in English and French Hilde Hasselgård 69 Clausal modifiers in English vs. Norwegian noun phrases Johan Elsness 91 Individual variation between translators in the use of clause build- ing and clause reduction Hildegunn Dirdal 119 Nominalization: A case study of linguistic text conventions in comparable and parallel texts: English and Norwegian Bergljot Behrens 143 v vi CONTENTS Cross-linguistic semantic prosody: The case of ‘commit’, ‘signs of’ and ‘utterly’ and their Norwegian correspondences Signe Oksefjell Ebeling 161 Studying word order differences in a historical parallel corpus. An example from Old Spanish and Old Portuguese Kristine Gunn Eide 181 Postverbal subjects in Old English and Old French Christine Meklenborg Salvesen & Kristin Bech 201 Participles in contrast Hans Petter Helland & Anneliese Pitz 229 The semantics of the BCS and Bulgarian motion verbs ‘doći’ and ‘dojda’ – ‘to come, arrive’: A contrastive corpus-based study Ljiljana Šarić & Ivelina Tchizmarova 251 ‘Ser’, ‘estar’, ‘ficar’, ‘haver’ e ‘ter’ contra ‘ha’, ‘bli’ e ‘være’: quem disse que era fácil traduzir sentimentos e sensações? Diana Santos 271 Ebeling, Grønn, Hauge & Santos (eds.) Corpus-based Studies in Contrastive Linguistics, Oslo Studies in Language 6(1), 2014. 1–5. (ISSN 1890-9639) http://www.journals.uio.no/osla corpus-based studies in contrastive linguistics at the university of oslo SIGNEOKSEFJELLEBELING,ATLEGRØNN,KJETILRÅHAUGE, DIANASANTOS University of Oslo In the Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Languages (ILOS), University of Oslo, there is a long-standing tradition of corpus-based contrastive studies, dating back to the early 1990s when the English-Norwegian Parallel Cor- pus project was initiated by Stig Johansson (of the former Department of British and American Studies). Since then, other projects have followed, notably Språk i kontrast (directed by Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen and Stig Johansson), the Russian- Norwegian (RuN) corpus project (directed by Atle Grønn), and the Information Structure and Word Order Change in Germanic and Romance Languages (ISWOC) project (directed by Kristin Bech and Kristine Eide), and the Portuguese multi- corpus project AC/DC (directed by Diana Santos), which since 2011 has been asso- ciated with ILOS. Further initiatives have also contributed to a growing interest in contrastive studies, extending into more and more languages. Fruits of these efforts were in evidence at the departmental seminar that took place on the 15th of May 2013, focusing in its entirety on corpus-based contrastive studies. With 14 papers (18 presenters) and close to 50 participants altogether, the event clearly demonstrated the standing this area of research has come to oc- cupy within the department. Moreover, the papers revealed what a multifaceted field this is, through the diversity of topics covered, the number of languages compared, the types of corpora used, and the different methodological and theo- retical frameworks applied. In the first paper, atle grønn explores the temporal organization of counter- factual conditionals with focus on the perfect auxiliary ha (= ‘have’) in Norwegian. Data from the Oslo Multilingual Corpus show that languages like English, German and French are much more well-behaved at the syntax-semantics interface when it comes to the use of the past perfect in counterfactuals. In Scandinavian (and Dutch) the temporal auxiliary is often semantically redundant both in the an- tecedent and consequent of counterfactual conditionals. silje susanne alvestad presents an analysis of aspect in Slavic imperatives based on her PhD thesis defended at ILOS in 2013. Her comparative study in- volves twelve different Slavic languages with examples taken from the ParaSol corpus. The different distribution of imperfective and perfective aspect in Slavic [2] ebeling, grønn, rå hauge & santos imperatives – with more imperfective forms found in the east Slavic languages – is accounted for by an aspect neutralization parameter which says that “fake” im- perfective morphology can be used when the aspectual meaning is semantically definite. It is not unusual to add words in translation between languages, but when these words take the form of a pragmatic particle, e.g. well and like, it becomes all the more interesting to scrutinise the context of the source language to find out what triggers its use in translation. kjetil rå hauge demonstrates how trans- lational data between Bulgarian and a number of source languages can be put to use when analysing the function of such pragmatic particles. elizaveta khachaturyan investigates the use of the Russian particles deskat’ and mol, used to convey shades of reported speech, and their translations into Ital- ian, a language with a completely different way of expressing reported speech, and which often uses expressions involving the verb dire ’to say’ to explain e.g. a subjective impression conveyed with a specific utterance. The investigation draws on comparable Russian and Italian data from the Uppsala-Tübingen Rus- sian Corpus and the Italian CORIS/CODIS corpus. On the basis of the Oslo Multilingual Corpus, hilde hasselgård explores the semantic field of additive conjunction by studying the Norwegian connector dess- uten and its correspondences in English and French. The three languages are found to differ in their realization of additive connectives, as attested by the wide range of correspondences found in both English and French. The findings suggest that dessuten is stylistically neutral and vague in the additive relation it expresses. In his study of clausal modifiers in noun phrases, johan elsness investigates a random sample culled from the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus. The analysis confirms the generally held view that non-finite modifiers are more common in English, whereas finite relative clauses are more commonly used in Norwegian, attesting to a higher degree of explicitness in Norwegian. It is also established, particularly on the basis of data from the Multiple-Translation Corpus, that indi- vidual translators’ preferences play an important role in the translation of clausal modifiers. hildegunn dirdal examines the individual style of translators on the basis of their use of clause building and clause reduction in translations from English into Norwegian. The source of data is the A.S. Byatt text of the English-Norwegian Multiple-Translation Corpus and its translations into Norwegian by ten different translators. Dirdal concludes that translators’ styles depend on both “the degree to which they introduce syntactic changes and the types of structures they pre- fer”. Based on a comparable corpus comprising social science texts, bergljot behr- ens focuses on event nominals in English and Norwegian and establishes that En- glish has a significantly higher proportion
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