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Contrastive Linguistics Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Lviv Ivan Franko National University Nadiya Andreichuk CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS Study manual Lviv Ivan Franko National University of Lviv Publishing Centre 2015 Міністерство освіти і науки України Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка Надія Андрейчук КОНТРАСТИВНА ЛІНГВІСТИКА Навчальний посібник Львів Видавничий центр ЛНУ імені Івана Франка 2015 УДК 81-115(075.8) ББК Ш1в63я73 А-65 Р е ц е н з е н т и: доктор філологічних наук, професор, І. Б. Морозова (Одеський національний університет імені І.І.Мечнікова) доктор філологічних наук, професор, Г. І. Приходько (Запорізький національний університет) доктор філологічних наук, професор В. Д. Бялик (Чернівецький національний університет імені Юрія Федьковича) Р е к о м е н д о в а н о Вченою радою факультету іноземних мов Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка Протокол №11 від 30.06.2015 Андрейчук Н.І. А-65 Contrastive Linguistics = Контрастивна лінгвістика: навч. посібник / Н.Андрейчук. – Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2015. – 343 с. ISBN 978-617-10-0249-4 Навчальний посібник призначено для студентів освітньо- кваліфікаційного рівня „Магістр” факультетів іноземних мов, зокрема, перекладацьких відділень вищих навчальних закладів. Посібник включає 8 основних розділів. Кожен із розділів містить текст лекції, додаткові матеріали для самостійного опрацювання, список питань для семінарського заняття та рекомендований список літератури для підготовки до семінару. Включено також загальний список основної та рекомендованої літератури до курсу та глосарій термінів контрастивістики. © Андрейчук Н., 2015 ISBN 978-617-10-0249-4 © Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest ПЕРЕДМОВА Курс „Контрастивна лінгвістика” є навчальною дисципліною, що передбачає ознайомлення студентів магістратури з основами сучасних знань у галузі контрастивної лінгвістики, з тими теоретико-методологічними підходами, які наразі сформувалися у царині контрастивістики, з найновішими тенденціями і напрямами, характерними для сучасного етапу її розвитку, методами та прийомами, що використовуються в рамках зіставних досліджень. Авторка посібника ставить перед собою завдання: 1) створити необхідне дидактичне тло для засвоєння теоретико-методологічних основ, на яких ґрунтується сучасна контрастивна лінгвістика, 2) ознайомити з основними етапами розвитку цієї галузі мовознавства; 3) опрацювати її термінологічний апарат (метамову), методи та підходи до аналізу мовного матеріалу. Проблематика лекцій з контрастивної лінгвістики охоплює такі напрями як: 1) місце та роль контрастивних студій у лінгвістиці, 2) різні періоди розвитку контрастивних учень, 3) принципи та термінологічний апарат, випрацювані у теоретичних та прикладних контрастивних студіях, 4) методи досліджень, 5) Tertium comparationis у контрастивних студіях, 6) традиційні та новітні напрями контрастивних досліджень. Авторка висловлює надію на те, що після опрацювання навчальних матеріалів посібника у студентів-магістрів сформується не лише бачення „теоретичної ситуації”, яка склалася на сьогодні в контрастивній лінгвістиці, а й постануть практичні вміння і навички проводити контрастивний аналіз різножанрових текстів на різних рівнях, що підготує їх до написання високоякісних наукових праць як у форматі магістратури, так і подальшого підвищення наукової кваліфікації. 5 Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACL – Applied contrastive linguistics CA – Contrastive Analysis CAH – Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis CL – Contrastive Linguistics DSCL − Descriptive Synchronic Comparative Linguistics EA – Error Analysis HCL − Historical Comparative Linguistics LSG ‒ lexico-semantic group SL ‒ source language TCA – Theoretical Contrastive Analysis TCL – Theoretical contrastive linguistics 6 Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest Table of Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 5 List of abbreviations…………………………………………………………..... 6 Lecture 1. The location of contrastive studies in the field of linguistics……………………………………..…………………………. 12 1. Three dimensions of classifying types of linguistic enterprise….. 13 2. Fundamental assumption and subdivisions of comparative linguistics…………………………………………………………………………............ 19 2.1. General Comparative Linguistics……………………………….. 20 2.1.1. Historical Comparative Linguistics………………………….. 20 2.1.2. Descriptive Synchronic Comparative Linguistics…….. 24 2.2. Specialized comparative linguistics……..……………………. 27 3. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 34 PART 1. THE EARLY HISTORY OF CONTRASTIVE IDEAS…………………. 34 PART 2. SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF TYPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS………………………………………………………………………………... 38 PART 3. SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF GENETIC LINGUISTICS………………………………………………………………………………… 42 4. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………… 46 5. Seminar library………………………………………………………………………… 47 Lecture 2. History of development of contrastive studies: early ideas and the traditional period of development…... 49 1. Early contrastive studies…………………………………………………………. 49 2.Traditional period of contrastive ideas development (end of 19th century until after World War II)…………………………………………. 54 2.1. Benjamin Lee Whorf…………………………………………………. 54 2.2. The Prague Linguistic Circle………………………………………. 56 3. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 63 7 Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest PART 4. SAPIRʼS AND WHORF’S VIEWS ON LANGUAGE……………….. 63 PART 5. THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PRAGUE SCHOOL TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE…………………………………………………………………. 79 PART 6. VILEM MATHESIUS…………………………………………………………. 87 4.Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………… 98 5. Seminar library………………………………………………………………………… 99 Lecture 3. History of contrastive studies development: classical and modern period…………………………………………… 101 1. Pedagogically oriented contrastive studies during the Classical period of CL development (1945 ‒ 1965)…………………………………….. 101 2. Modern period in the history of CL………………………………………….. 105 3. Сontrastive linguistics in Ukraine…………………………………………….. 108 4. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 114 PART 7. ROBERT LADO ON MENTALISTIC THEORY OF LANGUAGE LEARNING………………………………………………….………………………………… 114 5. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………… 130 6. Seminar library………………………………………………………………………… 132 Lecture 4. Theoretical versus applied contrastive studies: terminological problems ……………………………………………….. 135 1. Theoretical versus applied contrastive studies………………………… 135 2. Terminological problems in the field of contrastive studies…….. 140 3. Principles developed in theoretical contrastive studies…………... 142 4. Contrastive analysis hypothesis in applied contrastive studies... 145 5. Tendencies in contrastive studies development……………………… 150 6. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 152 PART 9. J. FISIAK ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIES ISSUES IN CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS…………………………………………………………. 152 8 Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest PART 10. PROBLEMS FOR THE CL HYPOTHESIS (RESPONSE AND CRITICISM)………………………………………………………………………………….. 159 7. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………... 162 8. Seminar library………………………………………………………………………… 163 Lecture 5. Method of Contrastive analysis …………………… 165 1. Scientific standard – theory – method…………………………………….. 165 2. Multilingual research: objectives and methods……………………….. 175 3. Procedure of contrastive analysis……………………………………………. 177 3.1. Unilateral and bilateral approach……………………………… 177 3.2. The structuralists procedure…………………………………….. 177 4. Contrastive analysis in theoretical contrastive studies…………….. 180 5. Contrastive analysis in applied contrastive studies………………….. 182 6. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 182 PART 11. THEORY AND OBSERVATION IN SCIENCE………………………. 182 PART 12. KRZESZOWSKI T. P. ON CONTRASTING LANGUAGES…….. 187 7. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………... 192 8. Seminar library……………………………………………………………………….. 192 Lecture 6. Tertium comparationis in contrastive studies… 193 1. Comparability criterion and tertium comparationis. Establishing comparability………………………………………………….………. 193 2. Fundamental methodological issues of cross-linguistic comparability………………………………………………………………………………. 200 3.Tertium comparationis in the course of time……………………………. 203 4. Possible tertia comparationis………………………………………………….. 206 5. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 209 9 Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest PART 13. INTERPRETING THE MEANING OF TRANSLATION…………. 209 PART 14. BILATERAL CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH VERB SYSTEMS……………………………………………………………… 219 6. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………... 229 7. Seminar library……………………………………………………………………….. 229 Lecture 7. Contrastive studies on the lexical level………….. 231 1. Algorithm of the contrastive study of lexicon………………………….. 231 2. Cognitive approach in contrastive semantics…………………………... 237 3. Contrastive analysis of noun compounds in English and Ukrainian…………………………………………………………………………………..… 244 4. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 250 PART 15. LANGUAGE DIVERSITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR COGNITIVE SCIENCE……………………………………………………………………. 250 5. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………… 257 6. Seminar library………………………………………………………………………… 262 Lecture 8. Contrastive studies in the field of pragmatics… 264 1. Pragmatics as a subfield of linguistics……………………………………… 264 1.1. Historical preamble……………………………………………………
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