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Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Lviv Ivan Franko National University Nadiya Andreichuk CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS Study manual Lviv Ivan Franko National University of Lviv Publishing Centre 2015 Міністерство освіти і науки України Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка Надія Андрейчук КОНТРАСТИВНА ЛІНГВІСТИКА Навчальний посібник Львів Видавничий центр ЛНУ імені Івана Франка 2015 УДК 81-115(075.8) ББК Ш1в63я73 А-65 Р е ц е н з е н т и: доктор філологічних наук, професор, І. Б. Морозова (Одеський національний університет імені І.І.Мечнікова) доктор філологічних наук, професор, Г. І. Приходько (Запорізький національний університет) доктор філологічних наук, професор В. Д. Бялик (Чернівецький національний університет імені Юрія Федьковича) Р е к о м е н д о в а н о Вченою радою факультету іноземних мов Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка Протокол №11 від 30.06.2015 Андрейчук Н.І. А-65 Contrastive Linguistics = Контрастивна лінгвістика: навч. посібник / Н.Андрейчук. – Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2015. – 343 с. ISBN 978-617-10-0249-4 Навчальний посібник призначено для студентів освітньо- кваліфікаційного рівня „Магістр” факультетів іноземних мов, зокрема, перекладацьких відділень вищих навчальних закладів. Посібник включає 8 основних розділів. Кожен із розділів містить текст лекції, додаткові матеріали для самостійного опрацювання, список питань для семінарського заняття та рекомендований список літератури для підготовки до семінару. Включено також загальний список основної та рекомендованої літератури до курсу та глосарій термінів контрастивістики. © Андрейчук Н., 2015 ISBN 978-617-10-0249-4 © Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest ПЕРЕДМОВА Курс „Контрастивна лінгвістика” є навчальною дисципліною, що передбачає ознайомлення студентів магістратури з основами сучасних знань у галузі контрастивної лінгвістики, з тими теоретико-методологічними підходами, які наразі сформувалися у царині контрастивістики, з найновішими тенденціями і напрямами, характерними для сучасного етапу її розвитку, методами та прийомами, що використовуються в рамках зіставних досліджень. Авторка посібника ставить перед собою завдання: 1) створити необхідне дидактичне тло для засвоєння теоретико-методологічних основ, на яких ґрунтується сучасна контрастивна лінгвістика, 2) ознайомити з основними етапами розвитку цієї галузі мовознавства; 3) опрацювати її термінологічний апарат (метамову), методи та підходи до аналізу мовного матеріалу. Проблематика лекцій з контрастивної лінгвістики охоплює такі напрями як: 1) місце та роль контрастивних студій у лінгвістиці, 2) різні періоди розвитку контрастивних учень, 3) принципи та термінологічний апарат, випрацювані у теоретичних та прикладних контрастивних студіях, 4) методи досліджень, 5) Tertium comparationis у контрастивних студіях, 6) традиційні та новітні напрями контрастивних досліджень. Авторка висловлює надію на те, що після опрацювання навчальних матеріалів посібника у студентів-магістрів сформується не лише бачення „теоретичної ситуації”, яка склалася на сьогодні в контрастивній лінгвістиці, а й постануть практичні вміння і навички проводити контрастивний аналіз різножанрових текстів на різних рівнях, що підготує їх до написання високоякісних наукових праць як у форматі магістратури, так і подальшого підвищення наукової кваліфікації. 5 Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACL – Applied contrastive linguistics CA – Contrastive Analysis CAH – Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis CL – Contrastive Linguistics DSCL − Descriptive Synchronic Comparative Linguistics EA – Error Analysis HCL − Historical Comparative Linguistics LSG ‒ lexico-semantic group SL ‒ source language TCA – Theoretical Contrastive Analysis TCL – Theoretical contrastive linguistics 6 Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest Table of Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 5 List of abbreviations…………………………………………………………..... 6 Lecture 1. The location of contrastive studies in the field of linguistics……………………………………..…………………………. 12 1. Three dimensions of classifying types of linguistic enterprise….. 13 2. Fundamental assumption and subdivisions of comparative linguistics…………………………………………………………………………............ 19 2.1. General Comparative Linguistics……………………………….. 20 2.1.1. Historical Comparative Linguistics………………………….. 20 2.1.2. Descriptive Synchronic Comparative Linguistics…….. 24 2.2. Specialized comparative linguistics……..……………………. 27 3. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 34 PART 1. THE EARLY HISTORY OF CONTRASTIVE IDEAS…………………. 34 PART 2. SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF TYPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS………………………………………………………………………………... 38 PART 3. SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF GENETIC LINGUISTICS………………………………………………………………………………… 42 4. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………… 46 5. Seminar library………………………………………………………………………… 47 Lecture 2. History of development of contrastive studies: early ideas and the traditional period of development…... 49 1. Early contrastive studies…………………………………………………………. 49 2.Traditional period of contrastive ideas development (end of 19th century until after World War II)…………………………………………. 54 2.1. Benjamin Lee Whorf…………………………………………………. 54 2.2. The Prague Linguistic Circle………………………………………. 56 3. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 63 7 Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest PART 4. SAPIRʼS AND WHORF’S VIEWS ON LANGUAGE……………….. 63 PART 5. THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PRAGUE SCHOOL TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE…………………………………………………………………. 79 PART 6. VILEM MATHESIUS…………………………………………………………. 87 4.Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………… 98 5. Seminar library………………………………………………………………………… 99 Lecture 3. History of contrastive studies development: classical and modern period…………………………………………… 101 1. Pedagogically oriented contrastive studies during the Classical period of CL development (1945 ‒ 1965)…………………………………….. 101 2. Modern period in the history of CL………………………………………….. 105 3. Сontrastive linguistics in Ukraine…………………………………………….. 108 4. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 114 PART 7. ROBERT LADO ON MENTALISTIC THEORY OF LANGUAGE LEARNING………………………………………………….………………………………… 114 5. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………… 130 6. Seminar library………………………………………………………………………… 132 Lecture 4. Theoretical versus applied contrastive studies: terminological problems ……………………………………………….. 135 1. Theoretical versus applied contrastive studies………………………… 135 2. Terminological problems in the field of contrastive studies…….. 140 3. Principles developed in theoretical contrastive studies…………... 142 4. Contrastive analysis hypothesis in applied contrastive studies... 145 5. Tendencies in contrastive studies development……………………… 150 6. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 152 PART 9. J. FISIAK ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIES ISSUES IN CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS…………………………………………………………. 152 8 Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest PART 10. PROBLEMS FOR THE CL HYPOTHESIS (RESPONSE AND CRITICISM)………………………………………………………………………………….. 159 7. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………... 162 8. Seminar library………………………………………………………………………… 163 Lecture 5. Method of Contrastive analysis …………………… 165 1. Scientific standard – theory – method…………………………………….. 165 2. Multilingual research: objectives and methods……………………….. 175 3. Procedure of contrastive analysis……………………………………………. 177 3.1. Unilateral and bilateral approach……………………………… 177 3.2. The structuralists procedure…………………………………….. 177 4. Contrastive analysis in theoretical contrastive studies…………….. 180 5. Contrastive analysis in applied contrastive studies………………….. 182 6. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 182 PART 11. THEORY AND OBSERVATION IN SCIENCE………………………. 182 PART 12. KRZESZOWSKI T. P. ON CONTRASTING LANGUAGES…….. 187 7. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………... 192 8. Seminar library……………………………………………………………………….. 192 Lecture 6. Tertium comparationis in contrastive studies… 193 1. Comparability criterion and tertium comparationis. Establishing comparability………………………………………………….………. 193 2. Fundamental methodological issues of cross-linguistic comparability………………………………………………………………………………. 200 3.Tertium comparationis in the course of time……………………………. 203 4. Possible tertia comparationis………………………………………………….. 206 5. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 209 9 Contrast is the occurrence of different elements to create interest PART 13. INTERPRETING THE MEANING OF TRANSLATION…………. 209 PART 14. BILATERAL CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH VERB SYSTEMS……………………………………………………………… 219 6. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………... 229 7. Seminar library……………………………………………………………………….. 229 Lecture 7. Contrastive studies on the lexical level………….. 231 1. Algorithm of the contrastive study of lexicon………………………….. 231 2. Cognitive approach in contrastive semantics…………………………... 237 3. Contrastive analysis of noun compounds in English and Ukrainian…………………………………………………………………………………..… 244 4. Additional resources……………………………………………………………….. 250 PART 15. LANGUAGE DIVERSITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR COGNITIVE SCIENCE……………………………………………………………………. 250 5. Seminar questions…………………………………………………………………… 257 6. Seminar library………………………………………………………………………… 262 Lecture 8. Contrastive studies in the field of pragmatics… 264 1. Pragmatics as a subfield of linguistics……………………………………… 264 1.1. Historical preamble……………………………………………………
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  • Babel' in Context a Study in Cultural Identity B O R D E R L I N E S : R U S S I a N А N D E a S T E U R O P E a N J E W I S H S T U D I E S

    Babel' in Context a Study in Cultural Identity B O R D E R L I N E S : R U S S I a N А N D E a S T E U R O P E a N J E W I S H S T U D I E S

    Babel' in Context A Study in Cultural Identity B o r d e r l i n e s : r u s s i a n а n d e a s t e u r o p e a n J e w i s h s t u d i e s Series Editor: Harriet Murav—University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Editorial board: Mikhail KrutiKov—University of Michigan alice NakhiMovsKy—Colgate University David Shneer—University of Colorado, Boulder anna ShterNsHis—University of Toronto Babel' in Context A Study in Cultural Identity Ef r a i m Sic hEr BOSTON / 2012 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: A catalog record for this book as available from the Library of Congress. Copyright © 2012 Academic Studies Press All rights reserved Effective July 29, 2016, this book will be subject to a CC-BY-NC license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Other than as provided by these licenses, no part of this book may be reproduced, transmitted, or displayed by any electronic or mechanical means without permission from the publisher or as permitted by law. ISBN 978-1-936235-95-7 Cloth ISBN 978-1-61811-145-6 Electronic Book design by Ivan Grave Published by Academic Studies Press in 2012 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com C o n t e n t s Note on References and Translations 8 Acknowledgments 9 Introduction 11 1 / Isaak Babelʹ: A Brief Life 29 2 / Reference and Interference 85 3 / Babelʹ, Bialik, and Others 108 4 / Midrash and History: A Key to the Babelesque Imagination 129 5 / A Russian Maupassant 151 6 / Babelʹ’s Civil War 170 7 / A Voyeur on a Collective Farm 208 Bibliography of Works by Babelʹ and Recommended Reading 228 Notes 252 Index 289 Illustrations Babelʹ with his father, Nikolaev 1904 32 Babelʹ with his schoolmates 33 Benia Krik (still from the film, Benia Krik, 1926) 37 S.
  • 1 CHAPTER I: PRINCIPLES and TRENDS of CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS 1.1. Contrastive Studies in the Practice and Science Contrary To

    1 CHAPTER I: PRINCIPLES and TRENDS of CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS 1.1. Contrastive Studies in the Practice and Science Contrary To

    CHAPTER I: PRINCIPLES AND TRENDS OF CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS 1.1. Contrastive studies in the practice and science Contrary to what is often believed, most of the world's population is multilingual multicultural, though multilingualism is not always recognised by public institutions. Living in these communities, human beings need a tool to communicate with each other, and to carry on human and social affairs. They seem know that "However many languages a person knows, that's how much a person is worth". (Croatian folk saying) 1.1.1. Some terminological issues The label contrastive has been used in linguistic inquiry mainly to refer to inter-linguistic and inter-cultural comparisons; it has, however, also been used for comparisons within languages/cultures. The raison d‟être of contrastive investigations is to compare (or contrast) linguistic and socio-cultural data across different languages (cross-linguistic/cultural perspective) or within individual languages (intra-linguistic/cultural perspective) in order to establish language-specific, typological and/or universal patterns, categories and features. (1) Contrastive studies, contrastive analysis, and contrastive linguistics An astonishingly varied assortment of collocations and corresponding areas of study emerge when considering the various head nouns such adjectives as contrastive or comparative most readily co-occur with in the literature. Thus, depending on what particular authors feel to be the most appropriate description for the issue under discussion, we find such labels as (Applied) Contrastive (Language) Studies, Contrastive Linguistics, Comparative (Historical or Typological) Linguistics, Contrastive (Interlanguage) Analysis, Contrastive (Generative) Grammar, Comparative Syntax, Contrastive Lexicology/Lexicography, Contrastive Pragmatics, Contrastive Discourse Analysis, or Contrastive Sociolinguistics, to mention but a few.
  • Crossroads Between Contrastive Linguistics, Translation Studies and Machine Translation

    Crossroads Between Contrastive Linguistics, Translation Studies and Machine Translation

    Crossroads between Contrastive Linguistics, Translation Studies and Machine Translation TC3 II Edited by Oliver Czulo Silvia Hansen-Schirra language Translation and Multilingual Natural science press Language Processing 4 Translation and Multilingual Natural Language Processing Editors: Oliver Čulo (Universität Leipzig), Silvia Hansen-Schirra (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz), Stella Neumann (RWTH Aachen), Reinhard Rapp (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) In this series: 1. Fantinuoli, Claudio & Federico Zanettin (eds.). New directions in corpus-based translation studies. 2. Hansen-Schirra, Silvia & Sambor Grucza (eds.). Eyetracking and Applied Linguistics. 3. Neumann, Stella, Oliver Čulo & Silvia Hansen-Schirra (eds.). Annotation, exploitation and evaluation of parallel corpora: TC3 I. 4. Čulo, Oliver & Silvia Hansen-Schirra (eds.). Crossroads between Contrastive Linguistics, Translation Studies and Machine Translation: TC3 II. 5. Rehm, Georg, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein & Andreas Witt (eds.). Language technologies for a multilingual Europe: TC3 III. 6. Menzel, Katrin, Ekaterina Lapshinova-Koltunski & Kerstin Anna Kunz (eds.). New perspectives on cohesion and coherence: Implications for translation. 7. Hansen-Schirra, Silvia, Oliver Čulo, Sascha Hofmann & Bernd Meyer (eds). Empirical modelling of translation and interpreting. 8. Svoboda, Tomáš, Łucja Biel & Krzysztof Łoboda (eds.). Quality aspects in institutional translation. ISSN: 2364-8899 Crossroads between Contrastive Linguistics, Translation Studies and Machine Translation