The Sedated Society James Davies Editor The Sedated Society

The Causes and Harms of our Psychiatric Drug Epidemic Editor James Davies Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton London, UK

ISBN 978-3-319-44910-4 ISBN 978-3-319-44911-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44911-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959010

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans- mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgements

To realise the completion of this volume, I relied on the generous support of many individuals, in particular of all those associated with the Council for Evidence-Based Psychiatry (CEP), out of whose collective efforts this volume emerged. I owe gratitude firstly to Luke Montagu, with whom I co-founded CEP, both for his help in shaping this volume and in mak- ing the organisation an effective working reality. I’d also like to thank CEP’s members and supporters and in particular the excellent work of Dr Alison Tierney for keeping the organisational sails hoisted aloft. My grati- tude also to all those involved with the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Prescribed Drug Dependence, for which CEP provides the secretariat, especially to Harry Shapiro, Dr Anne Guy and the APPG Chairs: Paul Flynn M.P., Lord Kamlesh Patel and Lord John Montagu—thank you for bringing to parliamentary attention many of the themes this volume explores. I would also like to thank relevant members of the University of Roehampton for providing resources for the various meetings out of which this volume emerged, an excellent crew to film every seminar event and vital ongoing institutional support. Our sincere thanks also to the editorial team at Palgrave Macmillan, in particular Nicola Jones, as well as Cecilia Ghidotti, and Laura Aldridge, for expertly stewarding this vol- ume to completion.

v vi Acknowledgements

I owe enormous debt to the contributors to this volume, whose work has been seminal in giving both voice and hope to so many people adversely effected by our medication-dominated mental health system and in fighting to advance mental health provision in a truly humane and person-centred direction—I am honoured and humbled to be among them. Finally, this volume is dedicated to all those who have been harmed, directly or indirectly, by the very interventions that purportedly help. Your stories, experiences and immense courage inspire us to continue reforming and critiquing all that is wrong with our current system. Contents

1 Introduction 1 James Davies

2 Psychopharmacology Is Not Evidence-­Based Medicine 23 Peter C. Gøtzsche

3 Starting Young: Children Cultured into Becoming Psycho-Pharmaceutical Consumers—The Example of Childhood Depression 51 Sami Timimi

4 Opium and the People: The Prescription Psychopharmaceutical Epidemic in Historical Context 73 Joanna Moncrieff

5 Desperate for a Fix: My Story of Pharmaceutical Misadventure 101 Luke Montagu

vii viii Contents

6 Neuroleptic (Antipsychotic) Drugs: An Epidemic of Tardive Dyskinesia and Related Brain Injuries Afflicting Tens of Millions 123 Peter R. Breggin

7 Psychiatry Under the Influence 163 Robert Whitaker

8 Political Pills: Psychopharmaceuticals and Neoliberalism as Mutually Supporting 189 James Davies

9 Psychopharmaceuticals as ‘Essential Medicines’: Local Negotiations of Global Access to Psychotherapeutic Medicines in India 227 China Mills

10 The Public and Private Lives of Psychopharmaceuticals in the Global South 249 Stefan Ecks

11 A Manifesto for Psychological Health and Wellbeing 271 Peter Kinderman

Index 303 List of Figures

Fig. 4.1 Trends in claimants of sickness and disability benefits by medical category 1995–2014 (reproduced with kind permission of BJPsych Open, from Viola & Moncrieff, 2016) 80

ix List of Tables

Table 4.1 Psychoactive effects of psychiatric drugs 76 Table 4.2 The social categorisation of psychoactive drugs 77 Table 6.1 Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia [one page] 128 Table 6.2 General characteristics of tardive dyskinesia (TD) 129 Table 6.3a 2016 Abilify medication guide excerpts 140 Table 6.3b Most common side effects 141

xi Notes on Contributors

Peter R. Breggin MD, has been called “The Conscience of Psychiatry” for his many decades of successful efforts to reform the mental health field. His scien- tific and educational work has provided the foundation for modern criticism of psychiatric drugs and ECT and leads the way in promoting more caring and effective therapies. He has authored dozens of scientific articles and more than twenty books including the Talking Back to Prozac (1994, with Ginger Breggin), Medication Madness (2008) and Psychiatric Drug Withdrawal (2013). Dr Breggin acts as a medical expert in criminal, malpractice and product liability suits, often involving adverse drug effects such as suicide, violence, brain injury, death and tardive dyskinesia. He is a Harvard-trained psychiatrist and former full-time consultant at the National Institute of Mental Health. His private practice is in Ithaca, New York, where he treats adults, couples and families with children. James Davies graduated from the University of Oxford in 2006 with a PhD in social and medical anthropology. He is a Reader in social anthropology and mental health at the University of Roehampton and a practising psychothera- pist, having worked for MIND and the NHS. He has written widely in academe and has also for The Times, The New Scientist, The Guardian, Harvard Divinity Bulletin and Salon. He is author of three books including Cracked: Why Psychiatry Is Doing More Harm Than Good (Icon, 2013) and The Importance of Suffering: The Value and Meaning of Emotional Discontent (Routledge, 2011) and co-edited Emotions in the Field: The Psychology and Anthropology of Fieldwork Experience (Stanford Uni Press, 2010). He is also co-founder of the Council for Evidence-­ Based Psychiatry (CEP).

xiii xiv Notes on Contributors

Stefan Ecks is Senior Lecturer in social anthropology at the University of Edinburgh. He studied anthropology, sociology and philosophy at Goettingen, Berkeley, SOAS and the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales and obtained his PhD from the London School of Economics. He has carried out ethnographic fieldwork on emerging forms of pharmaceutical uses, evidence-­ based medicine and global corporate citizenship in India since 1999. He held visiting fellowships at Berkeley, the Karl Jaspers Centre for Advanced Transcultural Studies at Heidelberg and the Brocher Foundation at Geneva. He serves on the editorial boards of Medical Anthropology and Anthropology & Medicine and as area editor for anthropology, for the International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (2015). He is author of Eating Drugs: Psychopharmaceutical Pluralism in India. New York: New York University Press (2013). Peter C. Gøtzsche co-founded The Cochrane Collaboration in 1993. He is professor in clinical research design and analysis at the University of Copenhagen. He worked with clinical trials and regulatory affairs in the drug industry (1975–1983) and at hospitals in Copenhagen (1984–1995). Peter has published more than 70 papers in “the big five” BMJ( , Lancet, JAMA, Ann Intern Med and N Engl J Med), and his scientific works have been cited over 15,000 times. He is the author of four books, including the recent Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime (Radcliffe Publishing), which received the BMA Book Award in 2014. Peter Kinderman is Professor of clinical psychology at the University of Liverpool and President of the British Psychological Society. His research inter- ests are in psychological processes underpinning wellbeing and mental health. He has published widely on the role of psychological factors as mediators between biological, social and circumstantial factors in mental health and well- being. His most recent book, A Prescription for Psychiatry, presents his vision for the future of mental health services. China Mills is a Lecturer at the University of Sheffield and the author of the book Decolonizing Global Mental Health: The Psychiatrization of the Majority World. Her research explores the intersections of psy-expertise, mental health, colonialism and international development, and her work has been published in journals such as Children and Society, Disability and the Global South and the Annual Review of Critical Psychology. In her work, China explores how the psy-­ disciplines and psychotropic drugs function in local and global contexts of entrenched inequality, chronic poverty, neocolonial oppression, unequal Notes on Contributors xv

­geopolitical power relations and increasingly under the politics of austerity and how they travel across geographical borders. Joanna Moncrieff is a Senior Lecturer at University College London and works as a consultant in community psychiatry in North East London Foundation Trust. She has researched and written about theories of drug action, the subjec- tive experience of taking psychiatric drugs, decision-making, the history of drug treatment and the history, politics and philosophy of psychiatry more generally. She is one of the founders and the co-chair of the Critical Psychiatry Network. She is author of The Bitterest Pills: The Troubling Story of Antipsychotic Drugs and The Myth of the Chemical Cure (Palgrave Macmillan) and A Straight Talking Introduction to Psychiatric Drugs (PCCS Books). She is co-editor of Demedicalising Misery and Demedicalising Misery Volume II (Palgrave Macmillan). Luke Montagu Viscount Hinchingbrooke is an entrepreneur who now man- ages his family’s property at Mapperton in West Dorset. After graduating from Columbia University, Luke founded a series of technology and media businesses. In 2003 he co-founded the Met Film School, one of the UK’s largest private media colleges, which he led as CEO until 2009. In 2014 Luke co-founded the Council for Evidence-Based Psychiatry, a group of experts committed to reduc- ing the harm caused by psychiatric drugs. Luke is a non-executive director of the Met Film School as well as a trustee of both the Dalai Lama Centre for Compassion and the Inner Compass Initiative. Sami Timimi is a Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist and Director of medical education in the National Health Service in Lincolnshire and a Visiting Professor of child psychiatry and mental health improvement at the University of Lincoln, UK. He writes from a critical psychiatry perspective on topics relating to mental health and childhood and has published over a hun- dred articles and tens of chapters on many subjects including childhood, psy- chotherapy, behavioural disorders and cross-cultural psychiatry. He has authored four books including Naughty Boys: Anti-Social Behaviour and ADHD and the Role of Culture, co-edited four books including, with Carl Cohen, Liberatory Psychiatry: Philosophy, Politics and Mental Health and co-authored two others including, with Neil Gardiner and Brian McCabe, The Myth of Autism: Medicalising Men’s and Boys’ Social and Emotional Competence. Robert Whitaker is an award-winning science journalist and author, a former fellow of the Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University and founder of the influential e-zine madinamerica.com. He is the author of five books, including xvi Notes on Contributors

Mad in America, The Mapmaker’s Wife, On the Laps of Gods and Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America for which he received the Investigative Reporters and Editors book award for best investigative journalism. His investigative articles on the mentally ill and the pharmaceutical industry have garnered several national awards, including a George Polk Award for medical writing and a National Association of Science Writers Award for best magazine article. He was also named a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in 1998.