Understanding and Treating Madness: Biology Or Relationships?
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Soteria – a Treatment Model and a Reform Movement in Psychiatry
1 Soteria – a treatment model and a reform movement in psychiatry By Volkmar Aderhold - Translated by Peter Stastny - September 2006 In honour of Loren Mosher “Everyone is much more simply human than otherwise” H.S.Sullivan - The interpersonal theory of psychiatry Introduction The Soteria treatment model was originated by the American Psychiatrist Loren Mosher during the early 1970s. As director of the Schizophrenia Branch at the National Institute Mental Health (1968-1980) he developed two federally-funded research demonstration projects: “Soteria” (1971-1983) and “Emanon” (1974-1980). The aim was to investigate the effects of a supportive milieu therapy (“being with”) for individuals diagnosed with “schizophrenia” (DSM-II), who were experiencing acute psychotic episodes for the first or second time in their lives. In these programs neuroleptics were either completely avoided, or given in low dosages only. Since the founding of Soteria Bern by Luc Ciompi in 1984, similar programs have been developed in Europe, mostly in the form of residential facilities situated in proximity to psychiatric hospitals. Initiatives to promote such programs are currently active around the world. Due to the expectation that neuroleptics would be used selectively, in acute as well as long-term situations, the program’s challenge to the medical model of “schizophrenia,” and the wide acceptance of inpatient treatment provided by mental health professionals (Mosher & Hendrix 2004, p. 282), the Soteria model has been consistently marginalized in psychiatric discourse and largely ignored in the scientific literature. On the other hand, during the past twenty years the Soteria approach has become quite influential within the debate about the optimal therapeutic methods and the development of state-of-the-art acute inpatient services. -
Mental Health
BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCH IAT RY ( 1007). 191 ( s upp l. 50 ), 171 -177. d ol: I0 .1191/ b j p . 191.5 0 .s71 REVIEW ARTICLE Schizophrenia outcome measures in the wider including clinical symptoms and their im provement, and social functioning, espe cially the ability to relate to people and international community performance at work (including employ ment, housework and tasks). Cognitive MOHAN ISAAC , PRABHAT CHAND and PRAT I MA MURT HY function, family burden and quality of life are other outcome measures. Outcome is also influenced by the course of schizo phrenia. The possible contribution of fac tors to the good prognosis observed in low- and middle-income countries is shown in the Appendix. Background Outcome of Schizophrenia may have a better outcome schizophrenia has been described as in low- and middle-income countries. The initial evidence for this came from the Inter Clinical symptoms favourable in low- and middle-income national Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (!PSS; The Present State Examination-9 (PSE-9; countries. Recently. researchers have World Health Organization, 1979) and was Wing et al, 1974) has been used as the mea questioned these findings. further strengthened by rwo subsequent sure of clinical symptoms at baseline and studies, the Determinants of Outcome of during follow-up in almost all long-term Aims To examine the outcome studies Severe Mental Disorders (DoSMED; studies from low- and middle-income coun carried out in different countries Jablensky et al, 1992) and the recently con tries. The PSE-9 assesses 140 symptoms specifically looking at those from low- and cluded International Study on Schizo grouped into 36 syndromes and measures phrenia (ISoS; Harrison et al, 2001). -
Coercion: the Only Constant in Psychiatric Practice? Tomi Gomory, David Cohen, and Stuart A
Florida State University Libraries Faculty Publications College of Social Work 2013 Coercion: The Only Constant In Psychiatric Practice? Tomi Gomory, David Cohen, and Stuart A. Kirk Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] Coercion 1 Coercion: The Only Constant In Psychiatric Practice? Tomi Gomory, Associate Professor, Florida State University1 David Cohen, Professor, Florida International University Stuart A. Kirk, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles To allow every maniac liberty consistent with safety; to proportion the degree of coercion to the … extravagance of behavior; … that bland art of conciliation, or the tone of irresistible authority pronouncing an irreversible mandate … are laws of fundamental importance … to the … successful management of all lunatic institutions. Philippe Pinel (1806) Introduction In the Western world, since at least the 15th century, state-sanctioned force has been employed to control those who disturb others by their violent or existentially destabilizing behaviors such as threatening or inflicting self-harm. Coercing the mad into madhouses, separating and detaining them from the rest of society, and forcing them to comply with their keepers’ wishes, occurred before physicians became involved in theorizing about the meaning or origins of madness, and it continues to distinguish psychiatric practice to this day. It is widely recognized that the mad used to be confined, beaten, tied, shocked or whirled into submission, but it seems less appreciated today by 1 Co-authors of Mad Science: The Disorders of American Psychiatry (Transaction Publishers, due in March 2013). Coercion 2 scholars, practitioners, and the general public that the physical control of “dangerous” mental patients remains a central function, and perhaps the only constant function, of public mental health systems. -
The Case Against Antipsychotic Drugs: a 50-Year Record of Doing More Harm Than Goodq
Medical Hypotheses (2004) 62, 5–13 http://intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/mehy The case against antipsychotic drugs: a 50-year record of doing more harm than goodq Robert Whitaker* 19 Rockingham St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Summary Although the standard of care in developed countries is to maintain schizophrenia patients on neuroleptics, this practice is not supported by the 50-year research record for the drugs. A critical review reveals that this paradigm of care worsens long-term outcomes, at least in the aggregate, and that 40% or more of all schizophrenia patients would fare better if they were not so medicated. Evidence-based care would require the selective use of antipsychotics, based on two principles: (a) no immediate neuroleptisation of first-episode patients; (b) every patient stabilized on neuroleptics should be given an opportunity to gradually withdraw from them. This model would dramatically increase recovery rates and decrease the percentage of patients who become chronically ill. c 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction which posed this question: “After fifty years of neuroleptic drugs, are we able to answer the fol- The standard of care for schizophrenia calls for lowing simple question: Are neuroleptics effective patients to be maintained indefinitely on antipsy- in treating schizophrenia?” [8] A close review of the chotic drugs. The evidence for this practice comes research literature provides a surprising answer. from research showing the drugs are effective in The preponderance of evidence shows that the treating acute psychotic symptoms and in pre- current standard of care – continual medication venting relapse [1,2]. Historians also argue that the therapy for all patients so diagnosed – does more introduction of neuroleptics in the 1950s made it harm than good. -
Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry: History, Rhetoric and Reality
2 (4) 2018 DOI: 10.26319/4717 Daniel Burston, Psychology Department, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh PA [email protected] Psychiatry and Anti-psychiatry: History, Rhetoric and Reality Abstract: The term “anti-psychiatry” was coined in 1912 by Dr. Bernhard Beyer, but only popularized by Dr. David Cooper (and his critics) in the midst of a widespread cultural revolt against involuntary hospitalization and in-patient psychiatry during the 1960s and 1970s. However, with the demise of the old-fashioned mental hospital, and the rise of Big Pharma (with all its attendant evils), the term “anti-psychiatry” has outlived its usefulness. It survives merely as a term of abuse or a badge of honor, depending on the user and what rhetorical work this label is expected to perform. Those who use the term nowadays generally have a polemical axe to grind, and seldom understand the term’s origins or implications. It is time that serious scholars retire this term, or to restrict its use to R.D.Laing’s followers in the Philadelphia Associates and kindred groups that sprang up in the late 1960s and 1970s. Keywords: psychiatry, anti-psychiatry, psychoanalysis, DSM V, Big Pharma, normalization, psychopolitics On November 16, 2016, Dr. Bonnie Burstow, Associate Professor of Adult Education and Community Development at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, which is affiliated with the University of Toronto, launched the first (and thus far, only) scholarship in North America to support doctoral theses on the subject of “anti-psychiatry.” Predictably, this bold gesture garnered praise in some quarters, but provoked a barrage of criticism from both in and outside the university. -
Visioning a Recovery Oriented Alaska Mental Health
Visioning a Recovery Oriented Jim Gottstein Alaska Mental Health System Jim Gottstein Law Project for Psychiatric Rights http://PsychRights.Org Renewable Resources 2009 Alaska Mental Health Recovery Education Conference May 12, 2009 Fear and Absolution Why Has Society Fear Myth: People Diagnosed with Mental Illness Are Violent Accepted Dubious Absolution By Accepting “Medical Model,” No one is Medical Model? Responsible May 12, 2009 Alaska Recovery Education Conference Psychiatric Symptoms Are Responses If Not Defective Brain, What? to Events/Experiences Examples: Multiple Personalities Other Responses to Trauma Mental Map Reorganization Hearing Voices Common Phenomenon Mania Icarus Project – Time Magazine Last Week May 12, 2009 Alaska Recovery Education Conference May 12, 2009 Alaska Recovery Education Conference 1 While Some People find Didn’t Ascribe Bad Motives to Neuroleptics Helpful . Psychiatrists, but at this Point . Quality of Life Tremendously With Recent Revelations No Longer Plausible Diminished Otherwise Cause Massive Deniability Amount of Harm Why Do They Still Insist on the Drugs Even Life Spans Now 25 Years Shorter Though they Are Largely Ineffective and Greatly Reduce Recovery Always Harmful? Rates Psychiatrists No Longer Know Anything But 6-fold Increase in Mental Illness Disability Rate the Drugs Hugely and Unnecessarily Expensive Huge Unnecessary Human What to Do? Toll May 12, 2009 Alaska Recovery Education Conference May 12, 2009 Alaska Recovery Education Conference Successful Peers Are The Real Experts Recovery – JG Definition Many examples of recovery from “incurable” mental illness. Getting past a diagnosis of mental illness to a Value of Insights Need to point where a person enjoys meaningful activity, Be Recognized has relationships, and where psychiatric Unique ability to relate to people going through the symptoms, if any, do not dominate or even play same thing. -
A New Model for Sustainable Mental Health I 1 UNIVERSITEIT TWENTE VOOR DOCENT VAN HET JAAR 2017
NOMINATIE VAN DE A new model for sustainable mental health I 1 UNIVERSITEIT TWENTE VOOR DOCENT VAN HET JAAR 2017 Een docent die al meerdere malen tot beste docent bij zijn eigen opleiding is verkozen, altijd hele positieve studentbeoordelingen krijgt en afgelopen jaar ook nog eens de titel ‘Docent van het Jaar 2016’ van deERNST Universiteit TwenteT. BOHLMEIJER heeft ontvangen, verdient hetAND wat ons betreft ook om de ISO Docent van hetGERBEN Jaar 2017 award J. teWESTERHOF winnen. Daarom dragen wij met trots Martin van der Hoef voor, docent bij de bacheloropleiding scheikundige technologie, de masteropleiding chemical engineering en bij het University College Twente (ATLAS). Hij geeft onder andere de abstractere vakken thermodynamicaA enNEW quantummechanica MODEL (in de Bachelor) en fasenlee FORr (in de Master). LOOPBAAN tijd op onderwijs komen te liggen. Hiervoor Martin van der Hoef heeft zelf ook aan de heeft hij een goede wetenschappelijke carrière Universiteit TwenteSUSTAINABLE gestudeerd, Applied opgegeven (op het moment dat hij terug- Physics. Na zijn PhD te behalen en daaropvol- keerde naar Twente had Martin meer dan 50 gend een Postdoc aan de University of Oxford publicaties op zijn naam staan), om zich vrijwel gevolgd te hebben, is hij weer teruggekomen volledig op onderwijs te kunnen concentreren. naar Twente.MENTAL Als Associate Professor heeft HEALTHZelf noemt hij dit wellicht een ongebruikelijke Martin hier vervolgens 16 jaar gewerkt. Toen stap, maar hij heeft er nooit spijt van gehad. de hoogleraarINTEGRATING van zijn toenmalige WELL-BEING vakgroep INTODat PSYCHOLOGICALstudenten hier ook blij TREATMENT mee zijn, blijkt wel naar de TU Eindhoven vertrok is hij aanvanke- uit het feit dat hij drie keer de decentrale prijs lijk, samen met anderen, meegegaan. -
Mental Health Retrosight Perspectives
CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and EDUCATION AND THE ARTS decisionmaking through research and analysis. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public INFRASTRUCTURE AND service of the RAND Corporation. TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Support RAND TERRORISM AND Browse Reports & Bookstore HOMELAND SECURITY Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Europe View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This report is part of the RAND Corporation research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review -
Why, When and How to Ask About Childhood Abuse John Read, Paul Hammersley & Thom Rudegeair
Advances in Psychiatric Treatment (2007), vol. 13, 101–110 doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.106.002840 Why, when and how to ask about childhood abuse John Read, Paul Hammersley & Thom Rudegeair Abstract Subscribers to the medical model of the causation of madness and distress emphasise the role of genes and can severely underestimate the impact of traumatic events on the development of the human mind. This bias persists despite the worldwide popular wisdom that mental illness arises when bad things happen to people. Childhood physical and sexual abuse and neglect are extremely common experiences among those who develop serious mental health problems. Unfortunately, victims are typically reluctant to disclose their histories of abuse and practitioners are often reluctant to seek it. We explore the nature and extent of the problem and the apparent reasons for the pervasive neglect of this important area of care. Then, on the basis of our experience in New Zealand, we provide guidelines on asking patients about childhood abuse and describe an ongoing initiative in the UK to further advance our understanding of the impact of abuse and our skills to detect it and treat survivors. Mental health experts do not have a proud history that there is such a thing as ‘acquired vulnerability’ when it comes to understanding how often very bad and that this can be ‘due to the influence of trauma, things happen to children. Just three decades ago specific diseases, perinatal complications, family a prominent psychiatric textbook reported that the experiences, adolescent peer interactions, and other prevalence of incest was one per million (Henderson, life events that either enhance or inhibit the develop- 1975). -
Boekje Congres.Indd
PART TWO ABSTRACT BOOK 9 17 September Morning programm: Plenary session from 10.15 hours till 13.00 hours Chair: Elisa Carter , MBA (NL) CEO of GGzE Eindhoven en de Kempen (Mental Health organization, clinical, polyclinic and outreached care) Member of the advising board (RvZ) for the ministry of Health Care Netherlands Member of the board of commissioners for healthcare research (Bestuur ZoNMW) Shortly after I had accepted the CEO position at the mental heath institute Maastricht I met Professor Marius Romme. We had one hour to get acquainted. We exchanged briefl y each others career, some insights on the national heath care policy and the goals for mental health services in Maastricht. I was inspired by his passionate approach and logical reasoning while explaining his research on hearing voices. This inspiration help me to focus on an other way to organize the care in such a way that we can meet the Elisa Carter MBA demands of service users effectively. Hearing voices has been regarded by psychiatry as “auditory hallucinations” and as a symptom of schizophrenia. Traditionally the usual treatment for voice hearing has been major tranquillizers and specifi c medication administered to reduce hallucinations and other symptoms. However not everyone responds to this treatment. Ideally, most professionals would see all interventions as cooperate ventures between professionals and service user, but the perception of users is often different. Nearly always, the professional is in a position of power over the service user. In a culture where the person with a mental health problem expects the work done by a professional to be akin to arranging a ceremony with supernatural signifi cance, the power is not located in either the user or the professional. -
ECT Citizen Petition
Citizen Petition Submitted August 24, 2016 Petitioners Atze Akkerman, Evelyn Scogin, Dianna Loper Posthauer, Kenneth Fleischman and Tony Buonfiglio, hereby submit this Citizen Petition under 21 U.S.C. §§ 360e(b) and 360f(a) and 21 C.F.R. § 10.30, to request that the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (“Commissioner”) either promulgate a final regulation making electroconvulsive therapy (“ECT”) devices banned devices or maintain the Class III classification of the devices and issue a final order establishing the effective date for premarket approval (PMA) for all ECT devices. Petitioner Atze Akkerman was given a round of 10 shock therapy treatments in 2003. He experienced dramatic memory loss and amnesia for his historical memory, including all memories of his children, his parents and his wife. Although he was a professional musician and toured with the Navy Band, he lost his ability to play music. He continues to suffer substantial long term memory loss and short term memory loss making learning new matters difficult. He remains on full disability following his ECT. The details of his injuries were submitted to the FDA through detailed Comment and submission of his attorney in FDA-2010-N-0585 and FDA 2014-N-1210. Mr. Akkerman also submitted a report to the MAUDE database. Mr. Akkerman is resident of California. Petitioner Evelyn Scogin is a resident of Texas who has suffered personal injury by way of persistent and continuing memory loss and cognitive damages from the receipt of ECT in 2005. She experienced dramatic memory loss, wiping out, for example, knowledge of friends and family. -
Antipsychiatry Movement 29 Wikipedia Articles
Antipsychiatry Movement 29 Wikipedia Articles PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Mon, 29 Aug 2011 00:23:04 UTC Contents Articles Anti-psychiatry 1 History of anti-psychiatry 11 Involuntary commitment 19 Involuntary treatment 30 Against Therapy 33 Dialectics of Liberation 34 Hearing Voices Movement 34 Icarus Project 45 Liberation by Oppression: A Comparative Study of Slavery and Psychiatry 47 MindFreedom International 47 Positive Disintegration 50 Radical Psychology Network 60 Rosenhan experiment 61 World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry 65 Loren Mosher 68 R. D. Laing 71 Thomas Szasz 77 Madness and Civilization 86 Psychiatric consumer/survivor/ex-patient movement 88 Mad Pride 96 Ted Chabasinski 98 Lyn Duff 102 Clifford Whittingham Beers 105 Social hygiene movement 106 Elizabeth Packard 107 Judi Chamberlin 110 Kate Millett 115 Leonard Roy Frank 118 Linda Andre 119 References Article Sources and Contributors 121 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 123 Article Licenses License 124 Anti-psychiatry 1 Anti-psychiatry Anti-psychiatry is a configuration of groups and theoretical constructs that emerged in the 1960s, and questioned the fundamental assumptions and practices of psychiatry, such as its claim that it achieves universal, scientific objectivity. Its igniting influences were Michel Foucault, R.D. Laing, Thomas Szasz and, in Italy, Franco Basaglia. The term was first used by the psychiatrist David Cooper in 1967.[1] Two central contentions