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Where Were You When...?: the Interaction of the Personal and The INFORMATION Tb USERS This manuscn'pt has been reprioduced from the miedilm master. UMI films the text directly from the -il or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter faœ. whiie dws may be from any type of cornputer printer. W qurlï oî this ngrodudh k d.p.rid.rit upon th. qmlity af the copy submiüed. Broken or indistinct @nt, cdored or poor quali illustrations and ph-Qtaphs. pnm bbsdlhrough, W. amment can adversely affect mpmduda. - - In the unlikely event that the auttKK di not send UMI a com9)ebe manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright rnaterial had to be fmoved, a nate will indicate the deMcm. Ovenize materials (e-g-, m-s, d-ngs, &arts) are rsproduced by sedioning the originaf, beginriing at the upper lefthand corner and coc)b'~~~ingfrom left to right in equal sections with small overlaQs. Photographs included in the original manuscript have bem reproduced xerographically in this -y. Higher quality 6- x 9" bbck and white photographie prints are avaiiable for any photogmphs or illustmüons appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI diredly do order- 8811 & Howell lnfonnation and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 481ûS1346 USA "Where were pou when.. .Y:The Interaction of the Personal and the Historical in the Cï~aLImgeExplosion. David A. Clearwater Graduate Progra.cn in Communications McGill University 3465, rue Peel Montréal, Québec H3A 1W7 CANADA A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts, McGill University, Montréal, Canada- Copyright O David A. Clearwater, 1998. National Library Bibiiothëque nationale 1+1 ,cm, du Cariada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services seMces bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rwWdlingîm OttawaON K1AON4 -ON K1AW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une Licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distniuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conseme la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts hmit Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. .. Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... II ... Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... III Preface .................................................................................................................................................. 1 I . Introduction: 'The surn-total of reality is the world" .................................................... 7 II . Tuesday, January 28, 1986; Part 1: (")Objects of Discourse(") .................................... 20 III. Tuesday, January 28, 1986; Part II: (Flashbulb Memories) .......................................... 39 IV. S-Y Crisis: The Narrativization and Representation of Historical Events .................................................................................. 64 . V . The Official. and the Vulgar.................................................................................................. 85 VI. "Take my hand" ............................................................... ,, .............. 107 VI1. For No Particular Reason ..................................................................................................... 123 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 130 'Image' Archive .............................................................................................................................. 132 Appendix 1: Challenger Mernories ........................................................................................... 133 Appendix 2: Officiai Interpretation.......................................................................................... 138 Appendix 3: High Flight .............................................................................................................. 139 . Appendix 4: Officiai Crew franscript....................................................................................... 140 Appendix 5: Unofficial Crew Transcript ............. ..........*.......................................*................... 142 Appendix 6: Origins of the Unofficial Transcript? ............................................................. 143 Appendix 7: NASA's Answer to the Unofficiaf Transcript .................................................. 145 Appendix 8: Official Cause of Death........................................................................................ 147 Appendix 9: The 'Last Word' on that Challenger Transcript ............................................. 149 Appendix 10: interview with Rick Adams .............................................................................. 1SI Bibliography ................................................................................................................................... 1SS Acknowledgments This object you are holding is perhaps misleading. In its final form it appears, almost like any other thesis or book. to be organized and complete. Books are always designed to convey the authority of their authors. What their formal appearance is not meant to reveal is the confusion. doubt. or even the boredom that sometimes went into its writing. Representing, as it does. two years spent in Montreal ar McGill University. this thesis is for me more about the time and support of many people who helped alleviate the boredom and push away both doubt and confusion. Without these friendships. in their variety of forms. this thesis would never have found its completion. 1 would like to thank my supervisor, Berkeley Kaite, not only for her generous support. enthusiasm. and helpful criticism throughout my entire time at McGill. but also for her own passion for the discursive world of popular culture; it has most certainly rubbed off and has made this thesis what it is. I would also like to thank my other professors at the Graduate Program in Communications- Will Straw, David Crowley. Charles Levin. Gertrude Robinson-whose knowledge and generosity have been invaluable and greatly appreciated. Lise Ouirnet made the often baffling world of McGill's bureaucracy a lot easier to navigate. Other students at the GPC have contributed to this project in numerous ways. mostly by their intelligence. generosity, and their willingness to share their ideas and enthusiasm. All of them are not only colleagues but close friends and. while each deserve a page unto themselves, it will be better to thank them in person. Brennan Wauters, Tammy Schachter. Joya Balfour. Ingrid Bejerrnan. Tara McCall, Joumane Chahine. and Kim Diggins, Deborah Tong. Don Selby. and Geoff Stahl (who were also members of the-often misunderstood-reading group) ..- each of you contributed in ways which I am sure you are not even aware and I will always feel greatly indebted to you because of it. My thanks also go to Crystal Beliveau, Deano Paravantes. Alain Djoulfayan. and Anita Saunders. I want to thank them not only for their friendship but also for the many ways they have contributed to this thesis; each listened carefully from the beginning and always offered moral support when it was needed and commentary when it was required. 1 would also like to extend my sincere thanks to Rigel Zaira Lugo for her careful proofreading of portions of the text during her brief visit to Montreal. I am grateful to Jean Hendricks of the Financial Office at NASA, and Dr. Roger Launius. Chief Historian at NASA's History Office. for their help and patience. I would also like to thank Rick Adams for his research and his willingness to answer any questions I had for him concerning the strange world of the crew uanscripts- I would also like to acknowledge the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Grant Sub-committee (McGill University). and both the Centre for Research on Canadian Cultural Industries and Institutions and Heritage Canada for financial assistance. Most of all. I would like to thank my family for their unending love and support, not only during my time at McGill but throughout my entire life. It is to my mother. Helen Clearwater: my sisters, Karen Clearwater and Brenda Krause; and my niece. Danielle. who always reminds (and encourages) me to remain as young as I can; that I would like to dedicate this thesis. David CIeamater July, 1998 "Where were you when.. .?":The Inreraction of the Personal and the Historical in the Chaiienger Explosion. This thesis explores the problems associated with an individual's interpretation of historical events; especially through a question such as "Where were you when you heard the news of the Challenger explosion?" Remembering an event in this rnanner implies that both a physical
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