Gender Disgussed: Gender and the Abject
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Issue 2007 18 22 Gender Disgussed: Gender and the Abject Edited by Prof. Dr. Beate Neumeier ISSN 1613-1878 Editor About Prof. Dr. Beate Neumeier Gender forum is an online, peer reviewed academic University of Cologne journal dedicated to the discussion of gender issues. As English Department an electronic journal, gender forum offers a free-of- Albertus-Magnus-Platz charge platform for the discussion of gender-related D-50923 Köln/Cologne topics in the fields of literary and cultural production, Germany media and the arts as well as politics, the natural sciences, medicine, the law, religion and philosophy. Tel +49-(0)221-470 2284 Inaugurated by Prof. Dr. Beate Neumeier in 2002, the Fax +49-(0)221-470 6725 quarterly issues of the journal have focused on a email: [email protected] multitude of questions from different theoretical perspectives of feminist criticism, queer theory, and masculinity studies. gender forum also includes reviews Editorial Office and occasionally interviews, fictional pieces and poetry Laura-Marie Schnitzler, MA with a gender studies angle. Sarah Youssef, MA Christian Zeitz (General Assistant, Reviews) Opinions expressed in articles published in gender forum are those of individual authors and not necessarily Tel.: +49-(0)221-470 3030/3035 endorsed by the editors of gender forum. email: [email protected] Submissions Editorial Board Target articles should conform to current MLA Style (8th Prof. Dr. Mita Banerjee, edition) and should be between 5,000 and 8,000 words in Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (Germany) length. Please make sure to number your paragraphs Prof. Dr. Nilufer E. Bharucha, and include a bio-blurb and an abstract of roughly 300 University of Mumbai (India) words. Files should be sent as email attachments in Word Associate Prof. Dr. Carmen Birkle, format. Please send your manuscripts to gender- Philipps-Universität Marburg (Germany) [email protected]. Prof. Dr. Ingrid Hotz-Davies, We always welcome reviews on recent releases in Eberhard Karls University Tübingen (Germany) Gender Studies! Submitted reviews should conform to Prof. Dr. Ralph Poole, current MLA Style (8th edition), have numbered University of Salzburg (Austria) paragraphs, and should be between 750 and 1,000 Prof. Dr. Kathryn Schaffer, words in length. Please note that the reviewed releases University of Adelaide (Australia) ought to be no older than 24 months. In most cases, we are able to secure a review copy for contributors. Prof. Dr. Chris Weedon, Cardiff University (UK) Article Publishing The journal aims to provide rapid publication of research Editorial Deadlines through a continuous publication model. All submissions are subject to peer review. Articles should not be under Spring Issue: review by any other journal when submitted to Gender abstracts (October 1), forum. completed papers (January 1) Authors retain copyright of their work and articles are Summer Issue: published under a Creative Commons licence. abstracts (January 1), completed papers (April 1) There are no submission or page charges, and no colour charges. Fall Issue: abstracts (April 1), completed papers (July 1) Early Career Researchers Special Issue: abstracts (May 1), completed papers (August 1) Winter Issue: abstracts (July 1), completed papers (October 1) Detailed Table Of Contents Editorial 1 Hedwig Fraunhofer: Gender and the Abject in Satre 2 Martina Mittag: The Obscure Subject of Desire: Lucretia Borgia in Nineteenth- Century Literature 26 Fintan Walsh: The Erotics and Politics of Masochistic Self-Abjection in Jackass 41 Beauty Bragg (Review): Susan Gillman and Alys Eve Weinbaum, eds. Next to the Color Line: Gender, Sexuality, and W.E.B. Du Bois 63 Kyle Frackman (Review): Tina Campt: Other Germans: Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Memory in the Third Reich 67 List of Contributors 70 Editorial 1 Focusing on nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature as well as contemporary film and TV-series, the contributions featured in Gender Disgussed: Gender and the Abject employ Kristeva's concept of abjection and the abject in order to analyze the gender politics and rhetorics of the texts with which they engage. 2 In a reading of selected essays and plays by Jean-Paul Sartre, Hedwig Fraunhofer's "Gender and the Abject in Sartre" illustrates the extent to which Sartre's othering of fascism and his patriarchal — misogynist and homophobic — rhetoric partake in the same dualistic ontology as fascism itself. By studying these texts against the backdrop of Theweleit's theorization of fascism and patriarchal systems and Kristeva's concept of abjection, Fraunhofer illustrates how Sartre's works reveal a fear of abjection, understood as a blurring of boundaries and a "contamination of the center," common to both fascism and patriarchal systems. 3 In "The Obscure Subject of Desire: Lucretia Borgia in Nineteenth-Century Literature," Martina Mittag discusses literary representations of Lucretia Borgia in works by Heinrich Heine, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, and Victor Hugo. Mittag shows how in presenting the female poisoner as abject, a monstrous non-subject challenging male subjecthood and the symbolic order, these and similar works form part of a development which she terms the "virtualization of the abject," and which allowed the nineteenth-century readership of sensationalist literature to scrutinize the monstrous from the secure position of an uninvolved observer. 4 Fintan Walsh's "The Erotics and Politics of Masochistic Self-Abjection in Jackass" analyzes the nexus between masochistic acts of self-abjection and masculinity. Walsh argues that to celebrate the Jackass series and movies as a carnivalesque manifestation of low culture is to oversee its failure to critique dominant discourses. Thus, in that the show emphasizes the performers' ability to survive and control the threats posed by the staged acts of (self- )abjection, figurative castration and penetration, Jackass ultimately serves to reinforce heteronormative masculinity and the belief in the existence of a stable male identity. 5 Gender Disgussed is completed by reviews of recent publications by Susan Gillman and Alys Eve Weinbaum (eds.) and Tina Campt. 1 Gender and the Abject in Sartre By Hedwig Fraunhofer, Georgia College & State University Abstract: This essay takes Julia Kristeva's concept of abjection as a starting-point to explore the relationship of the French nation to German fascism in the twentieth century — a relationship marked by an othering of fascism as foreign. To investigate this relationship, the essay specifically analyzes the discussion of fascism and the phobic abjection of the feminized (female or homosexual) Other in the early work of France's leading philosopher of the twentieth century, Jean-Paul Sartre. In contrast to Sartre's claims to an unequivocally antifascist ideological stance, his early work demonstrates the historical continuity between the modern European patriarchal tradition and fascism, and the dialectical implication even of antifascist philosophy and art in fascist thinking. There is no document of civilization which is not at the same time a document of barbarism. (Walter Benjamin, Illuminations 256) 1 In this essay I will take Julia Kristeva's concept of abjection as a starting-point to explore the relationship of the French nation to German fascism in the twentieth century — a relationship long marked by an othering of fascism as foreign or non-French. To investigate this relationship, I will specifically analyze the discussion of fascism and the phobic abjection of the feminized (female or homosexual) other in the early work of France's leading philosopher of the twentieth century, Jean-Paul Sartre. In that Sartre's work gives expression to the extreme fear of the feminine that, as Klaus Theweleit has argued, is at the basis not only of patriarchal society in general, but also of its extreme manifestation, fascism, it can serve as an example of the dialectical implication even of antifascist critiques in fascist thinking. 2 As Kristeva has pointed out in Powers of Horror, the continually endangered boundary between the inside and the (ultimately illusory) outside of a given symbolic system — such as, for instance, the nation — can only be maintained through a process of othering. Kristeva posits that abjection occurs when the rules of classification peculiar to a certain symbolic system cannot be maintained — that is, when "leakage" occurs. The binary structure of patriarchal society, the basic separation of (masculinized) inside/center and (feminized) outside/margin, cannot be kept intact. Abjection is a blurring of boundaries, a contamination of the "proper" center by the outside. The abject is both the zone where contamination occurs and the contaminating matter itself: It is thus not lack of cleanliness or health that causes abjection but what disturbs identity, system, order. What does not respect borders, positions, rules. The in- between, the ambiguous, the composite. (Kristeva 4) 2 The transgression of established separations and the impossibility of keeping these strict separations intact produce what Kristeva calls the "abject." Abjection is thus the mechanism by means of which patriarchal society, in the interest of establishing a clear inside/outside division, constructs the "feminine" as its other — as everything that threatens that distinction. 3 Well-known scholars of fascism such as Klaus Theweleit have argued that the attempt to establish strict classificatory boundaries and the abjection of alterity