Kajian Penilaian Tahap Penggunaan Teknologi Bagi Subsektor Pertanian Terpilih Ke Arah Pertanian Moden: Iat Kuih Tradisional Nik Rahimah Nik Omar

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Kajian Penilaian Tahap Penggunaan Teknologi Bagi Subsektor Pertanian Terpilih Ke Arah Pertanian Moden: Iat Kuih Tradisional Nik Rahimah Nik Omar 9.0 KAJIAN PENILAIAN TAHAP PENGGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI BAGI SUBSEKTOR PERTANIAN TERPILIH KE ARAH PERTANIAN MODEN: IAT KUIH TRADISIONAL NIK RAHIMAH NIK OMAR 9.1 PENDAHULUAN Malaysia merupakan sebuah negara yang kaya dengan tradisi dan di antaranya ialah makanan. Kuih tradisional merupakan salah satu makanan tradisional yang menjadi kebanggaan kita kerana mempunyai keunikkan yang tersendiri. Mengikut Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka kuih bermaksud juadah manakala tardisonal bermaksud bersifat atau bercorak tradisi serta didefinisikan sebagai kuih tempatan yang dihasilkan mengikut resepi turun temurun. Lazimnya dimakan sebagai snek dalam pelbagai aktiviti sosial serta berfungsi sebagai makanan sampingan, contohnya sebagai hidangan pada waktu pagi/petang malah sesuai juga dihidangkan di majlis-majlis keramaian. Kuih tradisional terbahagi kepada dua jenis iaitu kuih tradisional basah dan kuih tradisional kering. Kebiasaannya kuih tradisional basah merupakan kuih jenis manis dan kuih tradisional kering adalah jenis savouri. Kebanyakkan kuih tradisional ini dimasak dengan cara mengukus, membakar, menggoreng, merebus, dikacau terus di atas api sehingga masak dan sebagainya. Kebanyakkan kuih tradisional basah tidak boleh disimpan lama kerana sifatnya yang mudah basi dan berkulat kerana mempunyai kandungan lemak yang tinggi manakala kuih tradisional kering pula sering dijadikan kuih sejuk beku dan mempunyai jangka hayat lebih lama jika di simpan dengan cara yang betul. Kuih tradisional sentiasa digemari oleh rakyat Malaysia tanpa mengira kaum dan mudah didapati di gerai-gerai dan juga kedai makan. Kuih-muih ini adalah warisan turun-temurun daripada nenek moyang kita dan sehingga kini cara dan bahan pembuatan yang diguna masih lagi sama untuk mendapatkan hasil yang asli dan sedap. Pasaran kuih tradisonal sentiasa ada kerana ramai golongan muda yang tidak berminat membuat kuih-muih ini memandangkan proses pembuatannya yang memakan masa dan renyah selain terdapat beberapa pantang larang (Sholina, 2011). Amnya, terdapat lebih dari 70 jenis kuih tradisional yang ada di Malaysia contohnya dodol, wajik, kuih bahulu, kuih ros, tepung talam, apam, karipap, cucur, onde-onde, kuih lopes dan banyak lagi (Sharina, Rozhan, Nizam, & Suwardi, 2014). Di negeri-negeri pula terdapat kuih tradisional mereka yng tersendiri, contohnya akok di Kelantan. Selain dari kuih tradisional kaum Melayu, kaum India dan Cina juga tidak ketinggalan dengan kuih tradisional mereka. Kaum India sangat terkenal dengan marukku yang juga turut dinikmati oleh setiap kaum di Malaysia selain vadai dan sebagainya. Kaum 160 Cina pula popular dengan kuih bulan dan ang ku yang menjadi menu wajib pada waktuperayaan mereka. Pasaran sedia ada serta permintaan yang tinggi terutamanya pada musim perayaan, industri berteraskan kuih tradisional ini mampu menyumbang kepada peningkatan ekonomi Malaysia dalam sektor makanan. Kuih tradisional berbentuk kering seperti kuih karas, kuih buah rotan, kuih bangkit, kuih bahulu dan kuih ros mempunyai jangka hayat yang agak lama sehingga boleh mencecah 6 bulan jika menggunakan sistem pembungkusan kedap udara. Kuih tradisional seperti karipap, pau dan cucur badak pula biasanya akan disejuk bekukan(frozen) serta dibungkus dengan kemas sebelum dipasarkan bagi mengelakkan kuih cepat rosak. Permintaan kuih frozen kini telah meningkat terutama sekali di kawasan bandar bersesuaian dengan taraf hidup modenisasi pada masa ini. Bagi produk kering, selain cara pembungkusan yang kedap udara bagi mengelakkan kuih menjadi lemau pengusaha juga boleh menggunakan bahan pengawet atau preservatif bagi melambatkan lagi tarikh luput produk mereka. Bahan pengawet atau preservatif yang mereka gunakan perlulah mendapat kebenaran daripada Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. Pada tahun 1995, program satu kampung satu industri telah diperkenalkan oleh kerajaan bagi meningkatkan ekonomi penduduk luar bandar dan pada masa yang sama dapat memperkenalkan kuih tradisional di Malaysia kepada golongan muda serta pelancong asing sebagai tarikan di sektor makanan kepada sektor pelancongan. Kaedah pembuatan yang rumit dan hasil produk yang kurang memuaskan, MARDI melalui aktiviti Program Pembangunan Usahawan telah memberikan perkhidmatan bantuan teknikal kepada pengusaha yang memerlukan. Sejajar dengan perkembangan teknologi semasa, mesin-mesin dan juga peralatan yang moden telah dicipta bagi membantu usahawan mengeluarkan produk mereka dengan hasil, mutu dan kualiti yang lebih baik selain dapat mempertingkan jumlah pengeluaran produk mereka. Hasil dari teknologi ini juga dapat mengurangkan kos upah pekerja disamping dapat menjimatkan masa untuk menghasilkan produk mereka. Setiap mesin atau peralatan moden ini bukan hanya mampu memproses satu jenis produk sahaja malah boleh digunakan untuk pelbagai jenis kuih. Kursus ini bukan sahaja disediakan kepada pengusaha sahaja malah terbuka untuk sesiapa sahaja yang berminat untuk menceburi industri ini selain dapat mengembangkan lagi warisan Malaysia kepada generasi muda. 9.2 LATAR BELAKANG Malaysia merupakan negara yang kaya dengan makanan tradisional terutamanya kuih-muih yang dihasilkan secara tradisional dan digemari oleh masyarakat 161 setempat tanpa mengira bangsa dan agama. Selain untuk pasaran setempat, kuih tradisional dilihat sebagai entiti perniagaan baru yang mampu menembusi pasaran tempatan dan juga global. Secara amnya, kuih tradisional mempunyai pelbagai rupa, warna, harga dan rasa yang berbeza setiap kuih. Dahulunya, kebanyakan kuih tradisional di jual di pinggir bandar dalam kuantiti dan jenis yang kecil. Namun, setelah melalui proses promosi, pembungkusan dan peningkatan teknologi oleh pelbagai pihak yang terlibat, ia mampu membina satu identiti korporat yang baru supaya dapat bersaing dalam pasaran. Pada hari ini, industri kuih tradisional dilihat satu industri yang agak penting dan memberi sumbangan dan impak yang besar kepada negara. Ia merupakan industri makanan yang tertinggi dalam senarai maklumat industri asas tani yang diceburi oleh para usahawan tempatan daripada tahun 2009 sehingga tahun 2014 (Rajah 9.1). Peningkatan bilangan pengusaha didapati meningkat daripada 960 pengusaha pada tahun2009 meningkat kepada 2800 pengusaha pada tahun 2014 iaitu meningkat hampir 3 kali ganda dalam masa 5 tahun. Manakala nilai jualan pula turut meningkat daripada RM54 juta pada tahun 2009 kepada RM130 juta pada tahun 2014. Peningkatan yang mendadak ini merupakan satu petanda positif dimana masyarakat masa kini sudah mula menyukai kuih tradisional dan permintaan yang tinggi menyebabkan ramai usahawan mula untuk menceburi industri ini. Walau bagaimanapun, kuih tradisional ini perlu diberi suntikan teknologi yang lebih moden disamping mengekalkan rasa kuih muih yang sedap dan asli bagi menjamin kuih yang dihasilkan lebih berkualiti dan mempunyai elemen kesihatan. Peningkatan penggunaan teknologi dalam industri kuih tradisional di lihat sangat membantu para pengusaha dalam meningkatkan hasil dan kualiti produk. Justeru itu kajian ini memberi tumpuan kepada penilaian tahap penggunaan teknologi bakeri secara amnya di samping untuk mengenalpasti hubungan antara faktor-faktor sosioekonomi dengan tahap penggunaan teknologi. Rajah 9.1: Bilangan pengusaha dan jumlah jualan kuih tradisinal (2009 – 2014) 162 Sumber: Perangkaan Agromakanan, 2014 9.3 METODOLOGI KAJIAN 9.3.1 Pengumpulan data Kajian ini menggunakan dua jenis sumber data iaitu data primer dan sekunder. Data sekunder diperolehi daripada buku, data statistik, laman sesawang artikel dan jurnal. Manakala data primer pula diperoleh melalui kaedah temubual secara bersemuka. Kaedah persampelan yang digunakan adalah kaedah persampelan tertuju melibatkan 281 responden yang mempunyai latar belakang dan menjalankan perusahaan kuih tradisional di pelbagai skala. Pemilihan responden adalah berdasarkan pecahan sampel mengikut zon di seluruh Malaysia termasuk Sabah dan Sarawak. Proses bancian dibantu oleh pegawai agensi seperti MARDI Negeri, FAMA, KADA, dan DOF. Wakil pegwai disetiap agensi dilantik sebagai pembanci dan mereka diberikan taklimat mengenai objektif kajian dan memahami kehendak di dalam borang soal selidik tersebut. 9.3.2 Kaedah analisis Semua data yang diperolehi kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam aplikasi SPSS adn Excel untuk dianalisis. Kaedah analisis yang digunakan adalah seperti berikut: 9.3.2.1 Fuzzy Logic Analisis Fuzzy Logic digunakan untuk menjawab objektif yang pertama iaitu bagi mendapatkan nilai indeks tahap penggunaan teknologi di kalangan pengusaha bakeri. Terdapat enam parameter teknologi yang digunakan termasuklah Formulasi, Pengawetan, Jaminan Kualiti, Pembungkusan dan Pelabelan, Penyimpanan dan Logistik. Setiap parameter ini telah ditetapkan nilai pengiraan di antara 0 sehingga 1 yang ditentukan melalui kaedah kualitatif berdasarkan ciri-ciri tahap teknologi yang digunakan. Kemudian setiap parameter akan dikelaskan kepada 3 kelas iaitu: i. Tahap Teknologi terbaik : x ≥ 0.5 ii. Tahap Teknologi sederhana : 0.4 < x < 0.5 iii. Tahap Teknologi rendah : x ≤ 0.4 9.3.2.2 Analisis faktor Analisis faktor merujuk kepada satu kaedah statistik yang digunakan untuk mengenalpasti faktor-faktor 163 yang mempengaruhi penggunaan teknologi di kalangan usahawan kuih tradisional. Ia merupakan suatu proses di mana nilai data yang diperolehi dinyatakan sebagai fungsi untuk mendapatkan faktor yang paling penting mempengaruhi sesuatu perkara. 9.3.2.3 Korelasi Dalam kajian ini analisis korelasi turut dijalankan untuk melihat hubungan yang wujud di antara faktor-faktor sosioekonomi dengan indeks penggunaan teknologi.
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