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Respiratory Complications and Goldenhar Syndrome

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Respiratory Complications and Goldenhar Syndrome breathe case presentations.qxd 06/03/2007 17:56 Page 15 CASE PRESENTATION Respiratory complications and Goldenhar syndrome Case report W. Jacobs1 A 29-year-old female was referred to hospital A. Vonk Noordegraaf1 with progressive asthmatic complaints. On pre- R.P. Golding2 sentation, the patient had been experiencing J.G. van den Aardweg3 orthopnoea, an audible wheeze during daily P.E. Postmus1 activities, and sporadic coughing without spu- tum production. The patient had a history of recurrent airway infections and a 5-kg weight Depts of 1Pulmonary Medicine loss during the previous year, and had stopped and 2Radiology, Vrije Universiteit smoking several years before. She was known to Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, have oculo-auriculo-vertebral (OAV) syndrome, and 3Dept of Pulmonary i.e. Goldenhar syndrome, which is a develop- Medicine, Medisch Centrum mental disorder involving mainly first and sec- Alkmaar, The Netherlands. ond branchial arch anomalies. On physical examination, she was not dys- pnoeic at rest, and had a respiratory rate of Correspondence: -1 -1 14 breaths·min , pulse 80 beats·min , blood W. Jacobs pressure 110/70 mmHg and temperature Dept of Pulmonary Medicine Figure 1 37.9°C. The left hemifacial structures and the Vrije Universiteit Medisch Centrum Postero-anterior chest radiograph. left hemithorax were underdeveloped. A chest Postbus 7057 examination revealed a systolic heart murmur 1007 MB Amsterdam grade 2/6 over the apex, and inspiratory and The Netherlands expiratory wheezing over both lungs. There was Task 1 Fax: 31 204444328 E-mail: [email protected] no oedema or clubbing. Arterial blood gas analy- Interpret the chest radiograph. sis showed a partial pressure of O2 of 12.4 kPa and partial pressure of CO2 of 4.5 kPa. Routine blood analysis and chemistry were normal. Chest radiography was performed (figure 1). Breathe | March 2007 | Volume 3 | No 3 305 breathe case presentations.qxd 06/03/2007 17:57 Page 16 CASE PRESENTATION Respiratory complications and Goldenhar syndrome Answer 1 Answer 2 The chest radiograph shows a right-sided aor- The early expiratory phase of the maximal tic arch causing tracheal compression (arrow), flow/volume loop shows a relatively horizon- a left-sided descending aorta and some rib tal part. Peak flow and FEV1 are reduced; deformities. supine positioning and exercise reduce these values even more. FEV1/FVC and TLC are nor- mal. These findings suggest an upper intratho- Spirometric values were as follows: forced racic airway obstruction, with an increasing expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 2.09 L obstructive defect in the supine position and (66% predicted); forced vital capacity (FVC) upon exercise. 2.65 L (73% pred); FEV1/FVC 79%; and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) 3.75 L·s-1 (53% pred). FEV1 and PEFR measured in the supine position In addition, magnetic resonance imaging were 1.53 L (48% pred) and 2.12 L·s-1 (30% (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography pred), respectively. PEFR during exercise was (MRA) were performed. The results are shown in 1.95 L·s-1 (28% pred). Total lung capacity (TLC) figures 3 and 4. was measured using a body box: 4.16 L (83% pred). Figure 2 shows a flow/volume loop dur- a) b) ing a maximal inspiratory and expiratory manoeuvre in an upright position. 4 2 Figure 3 -1 Coronal (a) and sagittal (b) fast low-angle shot (flash) 0 MRI sections at the level of the trachea. Flow L·s -2 -4 01 234 Volume L Figure 2 Flow–volume loop during a maximal inspiratory and expiratory manoeuvre. Task 2 Figure 4 Interpret the flow/volume loop and the Flash 3D MRA of the intrathoracic blood vessels spirometry results. (anterior view). Task 3 Interpret the MRI and MRA. 306 Breathe | March 2007 | Volume 3 | No 3 breathe case presentations.qxd 06/03/2007 17:57 Page 17 Respiratory complications and Goldenhar syndrome CASE PRESENTATION Answer 3 Answer 4 The presence of a right-sided aortic arch is fur- The diagnosis was tracheal compression due ther confirmed by the coronal MRI (figure 3a; to a vascular ring. arrow indicating tracheal impression by the aorta). An aberrant left brachiocephalic trunk can also be seen. Figure 3b shows the aortic Clinical course arch posterior to the trachea and oesophagus. The patient was referred for vascular surgery. MRA shows the aberrant brachiocephalic Medial sternotomy was performed, and an trunk arising ventrally from the ascending incomplete vascular ring was identified. The ring was formed by the right-sided aortic arch, the aorta and giving rise to the left subclavian aberrant left brachiocephalic artery and a ductal and carotid arteries (figure 4). The right ligament between the pulmonary artery and the carotid and subclavian arteries have an aber- left subclavian artery. A reconstruction of the rant ventral origin from the aortic arch. operative findings is shown in figure 6. Bronchoscopy was subsequently performed. There was vocal cord asymmetry, with the left being smaller. A tracheal stenosis was seen 3 cm proximal to the main carina (figure 5). The dor- sal wall of the trachea was dyskinetic. The right bronchial system was normal; however, there b was an agenesis of the pars superior of the left upper lobe. c d e a Figure 6 Reconstruction of the operative findings showing the incomplete vascular ring in the anterior view: a) left brachiocephalic trunk, b) right subclavian artery, c) right carotid artery, d) left sub- clavian artery, and e) aortic diverticulum. Figure 5 Bronchoscopic view of the distal trachea. The ductal ligament was cleaved and the left brachiocephalic artery was lengthened using a GORE-TEX vascular prosthesis, which alleviated Task 4 the aortic impression on the trachea. In addition, Based on the investigations presented the narrow right lateral tracheal wall was to you, suggest a diagnosis. widened by tracheopexy. Initially, the patient experienced an unevent- ful recovery. However, tracheomalacia at the site of the initial aortic impression continued to cause symptoms. Two years after the initial surgery, resternotomy was performed. A tracheo- plasty was carried out, using a patch of auto- logous pericardium supported by autologous rib cartilage. Symptoms subsequently improved, but recurred 1 month later. Bronchoscopy showed Breathe | March 2007 | Volume 3 | No 3 307 breathe case presentations.qxd 06/03/2007 17:57 Page 18 CASE PRESENTATION Respiratory complications and Goldenhar syndrome endotracheal luxation of the autologous rib car- patients with a right ascending aorta-left ductus tilage graft, and therefore a tracheal stent was type of vascular ring [2]. At long-term follow-up, placed. Two weeks later, the patient died from 91% of patients are symptom-free after treat- massive haemoptysis, presumably caused by aor- ment. Residual symptoms can be due to tracheo- tic erosion. An autopsy was denied. bronchomalacia, but these symptoms usually diminish or disappear with time. If tracheal symp- Discussion toms persist, tracheal resection or placement of The case presented here shows a patient with an intraluminal stent should be considered. Goldenhar syndrome, with not only first and sec- The OAV syndrome is a developmental dis- ond branchial arch developmental disorders, but order with a heterogeneous phenotype, and its also a fourth left branchial arch developmental prevalence is one per 19,500 births. Most cases disorder resulting in a right-sided aortic arch. In are sporadic, but familial instances have been the general population, vascular rings are report- reported. It combines anomalies (mostly uni- ed with an incidence of <0.2% in children. The lateral) of tissues embryologically derived from mean age at the onset of symptoms ranges from the first and second branchial arches. The dis- 7 months to 4.5 years. The most common types order is characterised by microtia, mandibular of vascular rings are the double aortic arch hypoplasia and hemifacial microsomia. (36%), and the right ascending aorta and left Additionally, there may be ocular and vertebral ductus/ligamentum arteriosus (49%). Only a defects, in which case the disorder is termed minority of patients with right-sided aorta have Goldenhar syndrome. About 50% of patients symptomatic tracheal compression [1, 2]. The have anomalies in addition to the cardinal mani- symptoms resulting from a vascular ring are dys- festations described above, which include heart pnoea, stridor, wheeze, chest discomfort, chronic and lung malformations [8]. The respiratory sys- cough and recurrent airway infections [3]. tem may be involved with tracheoesophageal fis- Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as emesis and tula with or without oesophageal atresia, unilat- dysphagia, occur in ~40% of cases. Symptoms eral or bilateral pulmonary aplasia or hypoplasia, may occur transiently with exertion, supine posi- incomplete lobulation of the lung, sequestration, tioning and fluid administration, all of which tracheal and subglottic stenosis, a vertically fused dilate the aorta. Symptoms can also develop later trachea, hemihypertrophy of the epiglottis, and in life due to enlargement of vascular structures tracheomalacia. Pulmonary lesions are ipsilateral with ageing. Documented cases of tracheo- to facial abnormalities and have a 67% coin- oesophageal compression by a vascular ring in cidence with cardiovascular lesions. Congenital an adult are rare [4, 5]. heart defects are common in Goldenhar syn- Noninvasive techniques, such as computed drome and prevalence is reported to range tomographic scanning and MRI, are well suited 5–58%. In particular, ventricular septal defect, to demonstrate the anatomical features of a vas- but also atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, cular ring and to determine the optimal surgical single ventricle and situs inversus have been approach [6, 7]. Bronchoscopy is indicated to rule reported. Furthermore, a wide variety of vascular out other causes of airway obstruction. defects have been reported, including right Echocardiography should be carried out to ascending aorta, coarctation of the aorta, pul- exclude associated cardiac abnormalities.
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