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Translating Spanishness: Courtiers, Pícaros, and Gypsies at the Crossroads of Spain and Italy Ca 1528-1622

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Translating Spanishness: Courtiers, Pícaros, and Gypsies at the Crossroads of Spain and Italy Ca 1528-1622 Translating Spanishness: Courtiers, Pícaros, and Gypsies at the Crossroads of Spain and Italy Ca 1528-1622 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Gonzalez, Goretti Teresa. 2016. Translating Spanishness: Courtiers, Pícaros, and Gypsies at the Crossroads of Spain and Italy Ca 1528-1622. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493302 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA ! ! ! Translating!Spanishness:!Courtiers,!Pícaros,!and!Gypsies!at!the!Crossroads!of! Spain!and!Italy!ca!1528>1622! ! ! ! ! ! ! A!dissertation!presented!! ! ! by! ! ! Goretti!González! ! to!! ! The!Department!of!Romance!Languages!and!Literatures! ! in!partial!fulfillment!of!the!requirements! ! for!the!degree!of!! ! Doctor!of!Philosophy!! ! in!the!subject!of!! ! Romance!Languages!and!Literatures!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Harvard!University!! ! Cambridge,!Massachusetts!! ! May!2016!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ©!2016!Goretti!González!! All!rights!reserved! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Dissertation!advisor:!Mary!Gaylord!! ! ! ! Goretti!González!! ! Translating!Spanishness:!Courtiers,!Pícaros,!and!Gypsies!at!the!Crossroads!of! Spain!and!Italy!ca!1528>1622! ! Abstract( ! "Translating!Spanishness:!Courtiers,!Pícaros,!and!Gypsies!at!the!Crossroads!of! Spain!and!Italy!ca!1528>1622”!examines!the!role!of!printing!and!translation!in! the!formation!and!transformation!of!early!modern!Spanish!national!identities! and!two!of(its!principal!literary!forms:!the!early!Comedia!and!the!inchoate! Picaresque.!The!Spanish!cortegiano’s!uniformed!costuming!is!crucial!to!the! construction!of!national!identities,!the!shape!shifting!pícaro!undermines! projected!national!and!class!hierarchies,!and!the!Gypsy,!by!definition,!is!always! transforming!and!translating.!Within!this!Spanishness,!the!texts!examined! suggest!a!steady!progress!from!the!vision!of!the!Spanish!cortegiano!to!the!pícaro! and!the!Gypsy.!Each!in!its!own!way!is!a!kind!of!“limit!case,”!a!test!case!for!the! project!of!fashioning!coherent!national!identities.! ! ! ! ! ! iii! ! ! Contents! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!!!!!!Introduction!!!!!!!!!!1! ! 1! Translating!Spanishness:!Darkly>clad!Burladores!in!Castiglione’s!Cortegiano5555551555! 5 2! From!Sprezzatura5to!Sosiego:!Dismantling!Spanish!Sobriety!in!!!!!!!74!! Mateo!Alemán’s!Guzmán5de5Alfarache5! 5 ! 3! ! Interpreting!the!Gitana:!Cross>Dressing!and!Translation!in!Lope!de!Rueda’s!!!!116!! Medora5! ! ! 4! ! Found!in!Translation:!Barezzo!Barezzi!and!the!Spanish!Pícaros!!!!!156! ! ! ! ! ! Conclusion!!!211!! ! ! Bibliography!!!!!219! ! ! iv! ! Acknowledgements! ! I!am!fortunate!to!have!been!led!by!an!extraordinary!committee:!Mary! Gaylord,!my!committee!chair;!Luis!Girón>Negrón;!Laura!Bass.!They!have! significantly!shaped!my!intellectual!and!personal!growth!and!my!work!has!been! vastly!improved!by!their!guidance!and!devotion!to!producing!research!of!the!highest! quality.!Apart!from!extraordinary!mentors,!I!also!value!the!friendship!we!have! developed!over!the!years.!! At!Harvard,!Luis!Fernández!Cifuentes!has!been!extremely!helpful!behind!the! scenes.!I!am!very!grateful!to!Lino!Pertile!for!inviting!me!to!Harvard’s!Villa!I!Tatti!as!a! graduate!fellow.!I!also!thank!Santiago!Lopéz>Ríos!Moreno!for!hosting!me!as!a! visiting!scholar!at!the!Universidad!Complutense!de!Madrid!and!offering!me!his! friendship.!At!UCLA,!I!would!like!to!extend!my!gratitude!to!Roberta!Johnson,!whose! support!was!fundamental!in!the!continuation!of!my!graduate!studies.!I!would!also! like!to!tip!my!hat!in!honour!of!the!late!Carroll!B.!Johnson,!under!whose!tutelage!the! first!paragraphs!of!what!would!become!this!dissertation!took!their!first!shape.!! To!my!friends,!Sanam!Nader!and!Caroline!Kline,!who!have!supported!me!with! their!brilliant!minds!and!generous!hearts.!To!my!family,!who!has!allowed!me!to! follow!my!own!path.!I!am!especially!grateful!to!my!husband,!Guillermo!Lasarte,!who! has!been!an!essential!source!of!encouragement,!advice,!support,!and!unconditional! love.!! ! 1! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Introduction!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2! ! Garcilaso!y!Boscán,!siendo!llegados!! Al!lugar!donde!están!los!trovadores! Que!en!esta!nuestra!lengua!y!sus!primores! Fueron!en!este!siglo!señalados,! ! Los!unos!a!los!otros!alterados! Se!miran,!con!mudança!de!colores,! Temiéndose!que!fuesen!corredores! Espías!o!enemigos!desmandados;! ! Y!Juzgando!primero!por!el!traJe,! Paresciéronles!ser,!como!debía,! Gentiles!españoles!caballeros;! ! Y!oyéndoles!hablar!nuevo!lenguaje! Mezclado!de!estranjera!poesía,! Con!oJos!los!miraban!de!estranJeros! ! Boscán5y5Garcilaso>,!Cristobal!de!Castillejo! ! ! This!is!a!study!of!the!role!of!translation!and!printing!in!the!formation!and! transformation!of!early!modern!Spanish!national!identities!and!two!of(its!principal! literary!forms:!the!early!Comedia!and!the!inchoate!picaresque.!Much!ink!has!been! spilt!documenting!the!cultural!rivalry!that!resulted!from!imperial!Spanish! usurpation!of!Italy’s!Mediterranean!political!supremacy!and!appropriation!of!Italian! poetic!forms.!While!Spain!claimed!political!dominance,!Italy!boasted!artistic! preeminence.!Herrera’s!Obras5de5Garcilaso5con5anotaciones5de5Fernando5de5Herrera5 (1580)!details!Garcilaso!de!la!Vega’s!poetic!incursions!with!the!Petrarchan!sonnet!as! a!belated!traslatio5studii!of!Italianate!forms,!while!arguing!for!the!superiority!of!the! Spanish!language.!In!1534!Juan!Boscán!had!already!compared!Spanish!poetry! favorably!to!its!Italian!counterpart!and!had!even!declared!it!potentially!superior.!! 3! ! Instead!of!concentrating!on!traditional!movement,!from!east!to!west—Italy! to!Spain—!this!study!looks!at!key!instances!within!the!reciprocal!imitation!and! influence!that!resulted!from!the!constant!human,!cultural!and!linguistic!traffic,! between!the!two.!While!the!cultural!and!literary!commerce!is!bidirectional,!the! focus!of!analysis!is!centered!in!Spain.!I!look!at!an!Italian!court!manual,!a!Spanish! libro5de5pícaros,5a!play!translated!from!Italian!to!Spanish,!and!a!picaresque!novel! translated!from!Spanish!to!Italian.!I!focus!on!works!by!Baldassare!Castiglione,!Mateo! Alemán,!Lope!de!Rueda,!and!the!Venetian!translator!of!the!Spanish!picaresque,! Barezzo!Barezzi.!Among!the!issues!I!explore!are:!the!function!of!the!Venetian!book! trade!and!uniformed!costuming!in!the!construction!of!national!identity!(as!in! Castiglione’s!Cortegiano);!the!role!of!the!picaresque!genre!and!its!sartorial!discourse! in!buttressing!or!undermining!proJected!national!and!class!hierarchies!(in!Alemán’s! Guzmán5de5Alfarache);!the!role!of!translation!on!the!early!Comedia!(in!Lope!de! Rueda’s!Medora);!and,!the!influence!of!the!picaresque!in!translation!on!identity!and! genre!(in!Barezzo!Barezzi’s!Picariglio5Castigliano).5!I!argue!that!Spain’s!evolution! from!a!global!power!at!the!summit!of!her!dominance,!under!Charles!V,!to!a! struggling!nation!at!the!junction!of!the!reigns!of!Philip!III!and!IV,!is!in!part,!recorded! and!advertised!through!the!Spanish!identities!examined!in!these!four!representative! cases.!! Cristobal!de!Castillejo(((1491>1556),(whose!sonnet!is!cited!above,!a!Spanish! poet!who!championed!the!traditional!forms!of!Spanish!poetry!and!criticized!Spanish! appropriation!of!Italianate!forms,!conJures!an!encounter!between!traditional! 4! ! Spanish!troubadours!and!the!self>appointed!ambassadors!of!Italianate!poetry!in!the! Iberian!Peninsula,!Garcilaso!de!la!Vega!(1501>1536),!a!Spanish!soldier!and!poet,!and! Juan!Boscán!Almogávar!(1491>1552),!a!Spanish!poet!and!translator.!While!the! second!quatrain!establishes!transformation!(“alterados,”!“mudança”),!the!two! tercets!invoke!recognizable!Spanish!fashion!and!a!new!hybrid!language.!These! stanzas!set!up!the!dichotomy!of!seeing!two!men!dressed!in!the!style!of!noble! Spanish!gentlemen!(“traJe,”!“gentiles!españoles!caballeros”)!and!listening!to!them! speak!in!a!foreign!language!(“nuevo!lenguaJe,”!“mezclado,”!“estranJera!poesía”).1!The! perceived!extraordinary!mixture!that!causes!the!troubadours!to!see!Boscán!and! Garcilaso!as!foreigners!is!the!Spanish!language!spoken!in!an!Italian!poetic!idiom.! Along!with!the!sonnet!came!other!compositional!types!like!the!canzone,!novel!metric! lines!(heptasyllables!and!hendecasyllables)!that!become!the!prosodic!vehicle!for! Latin!sub>genres!like!the!oda!(ode),5elegía!(elegy),5égloga!(eglogue),!and!epístola! (epistle).(In!Castillejo’s!sonnet,!in!spite!of!the!confusion!of!opposing!visual!and! auditory!cues,!Boscán!and!Garcilaso!are!recognized!as!Spanish!gentlemen!by!their! outerwear.!While!their!clothing!certifies!them!as!Spaniards,!their!poetic!language! exposes!their!contact!with!Italy.!( Spanish!diplomats!and!courtiers!Boscán!and!Garcilaso!de!la!Vega,!along!with! Venetian!ambassador,!Andrea!Navagero,!form!the!cluster!of!Italian!and!Spanish! gentlemen!credited!with!the!dissemination!of!the!Italian!metric!forms!in!the!Iberian! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1See!Mary!Malcom!Gaylord.!“Jerónimo!de!Aguilar!y!la!alteración!de!la!lengua,”5in! Agencias5Criollas:5La5ambiguedad5“colonial”5en5las5letras5hispanoamericanas.!Ed.!José! ! 5! ! Peninsula.!As!Boscán!explains!in!the!Epístola5nuncupatoria5de5Juan5Boscán5a5la5 duquesa5de5Soma,!a!few!days!after!the!wedding!celebration,!in!Seville!in!1526,!of!
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