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Introduction: Love, the Book Market, and the Popularization of Romance

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Introduction: Love, the Book Market, and the Popularization of Romance Notes Introduction: Love, the Book Market, and the Popularization of Romance 1. “Maxume autem admonendus est, quantus sit furor amoris. omni- bus enim ex animi perturbationibus est profecto nulla vehemen- tior, . perturbatio ipsa mentis in amore foeda per se est.” Cicero, Tusculan Dispuations. Book 4.35. My translation. 2. Jacques Ferrand, A Treatise on Lovesickness, ed. and trans. Donald A. Beecher and Massimo Ciavolella (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990), 217. 3. “Non si trovara in Venere, & Cupido che ordinatamente senza confusione parlasse.” Mario Equicola, De Natura d’amore (Venice, 1536), sig. I6v. My translation. 4. A song with this title was written by Boudleaux Bryant in 1960 and was recorded by the Everly Brothers, Roy Orbison, Gram Parsons, Nazareth, and others, with great commercial success. 5. Thomas M. D. Lewis, Fari Amini, and Richard Lannon, A General Theory of Love (New York: Random House, 2000), viii. This book, coauthored by three psychiatrists, argues that “new research in brain function has proven that love is a human necessity” (Publishers Weekly review). 6. Jacques Ferrand, Erotomania, or a treatise discoursing of the essence, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, and the cure of love, or erotique mel- ancholy, trans. Edmund Chilmead (Oxford, 1640), sig. B6r–B7r. 7. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death: Ritual, Religion and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). Guido Ruggiero, Binding Passions: Tales of Magic, Marriage, and Power at the End of the Renaissance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). 8. Alan Bray, The Friend (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2003). Gail Paster, Katherine Rowe, and Mary Floyd-Wilson, eds., Reading the Early Modern Passions: Essays in the Cultural History of Emotion (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004). Shadi Bartsch and Thomas Bartscherer, Erotikon: Essays on Eros, Ancient and Modern (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2005). 9. Though mentioned in the list of Shakespeare’s plays in Frances Meres’s Palladis Tamia in 1598, Two Gentlemen was not published 188 Notes until the First Folio of 1623. Its simplicity of style and structure, as well as its fondness for wordplay reminiscent of the works of Lyly, have led most scholars to speculate on a very early date for the play. See Jean E. Howard’s introduction to the play in The Norton Shakespeare (New York: Norton, 1997), 77–83. 10. The corresponding figures for Romeo and Juliet are: love (94), loves (2), love’s (12), loved (3), loving (6), lovest (2), and lover etc. (10). All tallies taken from the Open Source Shakespeare Concordance (http://www.opensourceshakespeare.com/). 11. All references to the works of Shakespeare are to The Norton Shakespeare, 2nd ed., ed. Greenblatt et al. (New York: Norton, 2008). 12. Montaigne, essay 1.28 “On Affectionate Relationships” (“De l’amitié”); Lyly’s Euphues. All references to Montaigne’s Essays are to Michel de Montaigne, The Complete Essays, trans. M. A. Screech (New York: Penguin, 1987). See Laurie Shannon, Sovereign Amity: Figures of Friendship in Shakespearean Comedy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 17–53. 13. Similarly, in 2.4.194–196 the word “love” is used both to describe Proteus’s feelings for Valentine and for Sylvia. 14. Shakespeare only uses this term three times, twice in Two Gentleman, and then a direct reference to the Metamorphoses in Titus (4.1.41). In manuscript poetry from the period the term is sometimes asso- ciated with effeminacy and loss of manly vigor. See Ian Frederick Moulton, Before Pornography: Erotic Writing in Early Modern England (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 69–71. It is also used in this context in a dedicatory verse to Jacques Ferrand’s Erotomania, sig. b2v. 15. On the Ovidian nature of Love in the play, see William C. Carroll, “‘And Love You ’gainst the Nature of Love’: Ovid, Rape, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona,” in Shakespeare’s Ovid: The Metamorphoses in the Plays and the Poems, ed. A. B. Taylor (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 49–65. 16. There are some exceptions: Hercules (9.239–272), Romulus (14.805–828), and Julius Caesar (15.843–851) become gods; but they are not the norm and their metamorphoses are not provoked by sexual desire. 17. Prominent throughout the love poetry of Ovid (for example, Ars Amatoria 1.35), and memorably reprised by Shakespeare at the opening of Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1.16–17. 18. John Donne, The Complete Poetry and Selected Prose of John Donne, ed. Charles M. Coffin (New York: Modern Library, 2001), “Elegy 17,” line 4. 19. Shakespeare’s Sonnet 138 has a similar notion of the relationship between love and lying. Notes 189 20. Samuel Johnson, Preface to Shakespeare. The Major Works, ed. Donald Greene (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 429. 21. Authorities tend to recommend turning love to hatred by disparag- ing the beloved rather than mocking the affliction of the melancho- liac him or herself; see Ferrand, A Treatise on Lovesickness, 317–318. 22. Frederick Kiefer, “Love Letters in The Two Gentlemen of Verona,” Shakespeare Studies 18 (1986): 65–85. 23. Besides Kiefer, see also Jonathan Goldberg, Voice Terminal Echo: Postmodernism and English Renaissance Texts (London: Methuen, 1986), 68–100; Jeffrey Masten, Textual Intercourse: Collaboration, Authorship, and Sexualities in Renaissance Drama (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 40–45. 24. On letter writing practice, see Alan Stewart and Heather Wolfe, Letterwriting in Renaissance England (Washington, DC: Folger Library, 2004). 25. At 1.1.130 Speed the servant jokes that Proteus should give Julia “no token but stones” (“stones” was a slang term for “testicles” in the period). Among courtship gifts mentioned in the 26 volumes of ecclesiastical court depositions in the diocese of Canterbury between 1542 and 1602, written material, including letters and notes was exchanged in only 3.2% of cases, whereas money was given in 39.4% and clothing and leather goods in 32.0%: Diana O’Hara, Courtship and Constraint: Rethinking the Making of Marriage in Tudor England (New York: Manchester University Press, 2000), 69. 26. Stephen Guy-Bray. “Shakespeare and the Invention of the Heterosexual,” Early Modern Literary Studies, Special Issue 16 (October, 2007): 12.1–28. 27. Ferrand, A Treatise on Lovesickness, 357. Ferrand’s text postdates Two Gentlemen, but summarizes medical thinking common in the sixteenth century. 28. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, Book 3 Love Melancholy, ed. Holbrook Jackson (New York: New York Review Books, 2001), 3.228–257. Ferrand, A Treatise on Lovesickness, 333–341. 29. See, for example, Pope Benedict’s Encyclical Deus Caritas Est: On Christian Love, delivered in Rome, December 25, 2005. Text from Libreria Editrice Vaticana. See esp. paragraph 2. 30. These distinctions postdate the Classical period, when philia could be used to describe sexual relations and even agape could have sexual connotations. See K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), 49–50. 31. Shakespeare, Sonnet 116. 32. Francis Bacon, “Of Love,” in Francis Bacon: A Critical Edition of the Major Works, ed. Brian Vickers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 358. All references to the works of Bacon are to this edition. 190 Notes 33. For example, Bray, The Friend. See also Madhavi Menon, ed., Shakesqueer: A Queer Companion to the Complete Works of Shakespeare (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011). 34. Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe, 1978, revised ed. (New York: Ashgate, 1994), 157. 35. On aristocratic notions of love in the Middle Ages, see C. Stephen Jaeger, Ennobling Love: In Search of a Lost Sensibility (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999). 36. “Vomer,” Capellanus’s word for “plough,” also means “penis.” J. N. Adams, The Latin Sexual Vocabulary (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 24. 37. Andreas Capellanus, De Amore in Andreas Capellanus on Love. Ed. and trans. P. G. Walsh (London: Duckworth, 1982), 1.11. My translation. 38. Lines 1932–1937. Guillaume de Loris and Jean de Meun, Le Roman de la Rose, ed. Armand Strubel (Paris: Librairie Général Français, 1992), 136–137. 39. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, 56. 40. See, for example, many of the stories in Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron, Ed. Johnathan Usher. Trans. Guido Waldman (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 2.10; 4.5; 5.2; 7.10; etc. 41. Carlo M. Cipolla, Literacy and Development in the West (Baltimore: Penguin, 1969), 49–50, mentions developments in ballistics, navi- gation, clock-making, and mapmaking in this context. 42. David Cressy, Literacy and the Social Order: Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England (New York: Cambridge, 1980), pro- vides detailed analysis of data on the proportion of the English pop- ulation who could sign their names in the early modern period. See Heidi Brayman Hackel, Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy (New York: Cambridge, 2005), 55–68, on the limitations of this data for measuring literacy. 43. Burke, Popular Culture, 250–251. 44. On the effect of printed material on popular culture, given what is known about early modern literacy, see Burke, Popular Culture, 250–259. 45. Brayman Hackel, Reading Material, 55–68. 46. Adam Fox, Oral and Literate Culture in England 1500–1700 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 19. 47. Fox, Oral and Literate Culture, 311–324. 48. Fox, Oral and Literate Culture, 128–130, on the mix of popular and learned material in sermons. 49. Brian Richardson, Printing, Writers, and Readers in Renaissance Italy (New York: Cambridge, 1999), 112. 50. Brayman Hackel, Reading Material, 43–52. 51. Cipolla, Literacy and Development, 50–51. Cressy, Literacy and the Social Order, 46–50, addresses the limitations of the argument that more books is in itself evidence for more readers.
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