Flueggea Virosa Subsp. Melanthesoides Click on Images to Enlarge

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Species information Abo ut Reso urces Hom e A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides Click on images to enlarge Family Phyllanthaceae Scientific Name Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides (F.Muell.) G.L.Webster Webster, G.L. (1984) Allertonia 3:4: 294. Common name Flowers. CC-BY J.L. Dowe White Currant; Snowball Bush Stem Usually flowers and fruits as a shrub about 1-4 m tall. Leaves Leaves produced on long shoots not on short lateral shoots from the main twigs. Leaf blades about 3.5-6.5 x 2-3.5 cm. Petiole grooved or channelled on the upper surface. Stipules triangular, about 2 mm long. Larger twigs longitudinally grooved or ribbed. Habit, leaves and fruit. Copyright CSIRO Flowers Flowers about 10-20 per fascicle. Flowers about 2 mm diam., pedicels about 3-4 mm long. Apex of the perianth lobes slightly fimbriate. Anthers about 0.4-0.7 mm long, filaments interspersed with five green glands. Ovary seated on a thin disk. Stigmas three, each ending in two or more lobes. Fruit Fruits +/- globular, almost pure white when mature. Tepals persistent at the base of the fruit and styles persistent at the apex. Cotyledons slightly wider than the radicle. Seedlings Scale bar 10mm. Copyright CSIRO Cotyledons about 5-9 x 3-4 mm. At the tenth leaf stage: leaves pale or whitish on the underside. Lateral veins forming loops inside the blade margin. Petiole grooved or channelled on the upper surface. Stipules narrowly triangular, rather small and inconspicuous, less than 1 mm long, usually with some reddish brown hairs on the margin. Seed germination time 29 to 213 days. Distribution and Ecology Occurs in WA, NT, CYP, NEQ, CEQ and southwards as far as south-eastern Queensland. Altitudinal range from near sea level to 400 m. Grows in open forest, vine thickets and monsoon forest. Also occurs in New Guinea. Natural History & Notes Cotyledon stage, epigeal germination. Copyright CSIRO Shrub (woody or herbaceous, 1-6 m tall) X Synonyms Securinega obovata (Willd.) Mull.Arg., Prodromus 15(2.: 449(1866). Securinega melanthesoides (F.Muell.) Airy Shaw var. melanthesoides, Kew Bulletin 35: 588(1980). Flueggea melanthesoides (F.Muell.) F.Muell., Transactions of the Botanical Society Endinburgh 7 : 490(1863). Leptonema melanthesoides F.Muell., Hooker's Journal of Botany & Kew Garden Miscellany 9 : 17(1857), Type: Hab. secus flumen Victoriae frequens. RFK Code 10th leaf stage. Copyright CSIRO 3079 CC-BY Australian Tropical Herbarium unless otherwise indicated in the images. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Chemical Constituents from Flueggea Virosa and the Structural Revision of Dehydrochebulic Acid Trimethyl Ester
molecules Article Chemical Constituents from Flueggea virosa and the Structural Revision of Dehydrochebulic Acid Trimethyl Ester Chih-Hua Chao 1,2,*, Ying-Ju Lin 3,4, Ju-Chien Cheng 5, Hui-Chi Huang 6, Yung-Ju Yeh 5, Tian-Shung Wu 7,8, Syh-Yuan Hwang 9 and Yang-Chang Wu 1,2,10,11,* 1 School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan 2 Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan 3 School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; [email protected] 4 Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan 5 Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; [email protected] (J.-C.C.); [email protected] (Y.-J.Y.) 6 Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; [email protected] 7 Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; [email protected] 8 Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan 9 Endemic Species Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Nantou 55244, Taiwan; [email protected] 10 Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan 11 Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.-H.C.); [email protected] (Y.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5157) (C.-H.C.) Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee Received: 9 August 2016; Accepted: 12 September 2016; Published: 16 September 2016 Abstract: In an attempt to study the chemical constituents from the twigs and leaves of Flueggea virosa, a new terpenoid, 9(10!20)-abeo-ent-podocarpane, 3β,10α-dihydroxy-12-methoxy-13- methyl-9(10!20)-abeo-ent-podocarpa-6,8,11,13-tetraene (1), as well as ﬁve known compounds were characterized.
[Show full text]
Breadfruit Production Guide
BREADFRUIT PRODUCTION RECOMMENDED PRACTICES GUIDE FOR GROWING, HARVESTING, AND HANDLING 2nd Edition By Craig Elevitch, Diane Ragone, and Ian Cole Breadfruit Production Guide: Recommended Acknowledgments practices for growing, harvesting, and handling We are indebted to the many reviewers of this work, who con- tributed numerous corrections and suggestions that shaped By Craig Elevitch, Diane Ragone, and Ian Cole the final publication: Failautusi Avegalio, Jr., Heidi Bornhorst, © 2013, 2014 Craig Elevitch, Diane Ragone, and Ian Cole. All John Cadman, Jesus Castro, Jim Currie, Andrea Dean, Emih- Rights Reserved. Second Edition 2014. ner Johnson, Shirley Kauhaihao, Robert Paull, Grant Percival, the Pacific Breadfruit Project (Andrew McGregor, Livai Tora, Photographs are copyright their respective owners. Kyle Stice, and Kaitu Erasito), and the Scientific Research Or- ISBN: 978-1939618030 ganisation of Samoa (Tilafono David Hunter, Kenneth Wong, Gaufa Salesa Fetu, Kuinimeri Asora Finau). The authors grate- This is a publication of Ho‘oulu ka ‘Ulu—Revitalizing fully acknowledge Andrea Dean for input in formulating the Breadfruit, a project of Hawai‘i Homegrown Food Network content of this guide. Photo contributions by Jim Wiseman, Ric and Breadfruit Institute of the National Tropical Botanical Rocker, and Kamaui Aiona, are greatly appreciated. The kapa Garden. The Ho‘oulu ka ‘Ulu project is directed by Andrea ‘ulu artwork pictured on cover was crafted by Kumu Wesley Sen. Dean, Craig Elevitch, and Diane Ragone. Finally, our deepest gratitude to all of the Pacific Island farmers Recommended citation who have contributed to the knowledge base for breadfruit for generations. Elevitch, C., D. Ragone, and I. Cole. 2014. Breadfruit Produc- tion Guide: Recommended practices for growing, harvest- Author bios ing, and handling (2nd Edition).
[Show full text]
Phyllanthaceae
Species information Abo ut Reso urces Hom e A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Phyllanthaceae Family Profile Phyllanthaceae Family Description A family of 59 genera and 1745 species, pantropiocal but especially in Malesia. Genera Actephila - A genus of about 20 species in Asia, Malesia and Australia; about ten species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1980a, 1980b); Webster (1994b); Forster (2005). Antidesma - A genus of about 170 species in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; five species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1980a); Henkin & Gillis (1977). Bischofia - A genus of two species in Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; one species occurs naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1967). Breynia - A genus of about 25 species in Asia, Malesia, Australia and New Caledonia; seven species occur naturally in Australia. Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink (1963); McPherson (1991); Webster (1994b). Bridelia - A genus of about 37 species in Africa, Asia, Malesia and Australia; four species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1976); Dressler (1996); Forster (1999a); Webster (1994b). Cleistanthus - A genus of about 140 species in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Malesia, Australia, Micronesia, New Caledonia and Fiji; nine species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1976, 1980b); Webster (1994b). Flueggea - A genus of about 16 species, pantropic but also in temperate eastern Asia; two species occur naturally in Australia. Webster (1984, 1994b). Glochidion - A genus of about 200 species, mainly in Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; about 15 species occur naturally in Australia.
[Show full text]
Fl. China 11: 169–172. 2008. 2. LEPTOPUS Decaisne In
Fl. China 11: 169–172. 2008. 2. LEPTOPUS Decaisne in Jacquemont, Voy. Inde 4(Bot.): 155. 1835–1844. 雀舌木属 que she mu shu Li Bingtao (李秉滔 Li Ping-tao); Maria Vorontsova Andrachne [unranked] Arachne Endlicher; Arachne (Endlicher) Pojarkova; Archileptopus P. T. Li; Thelypetalum Gagnepain. Herbs to shrubs, monoecious; indumentum of simple hairs, sometimes absent. Leaves alternate, petiolate; stipules small, usually membranous, glabrous or ciliate, persistent; leaf blade simple, membranous to leathery, margin entire, venation pinnate. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered or fascicled, male flowers sometimes on short densely bracteate inflorescences. Male flowers: pedicels usually filiform; sepals 5(or 6), free or connate at base, imbricate; petals 5(or 6), usually shorter than sepals, mostly membranous; disk with 5(or 6) contiguous regular segments bilobed for 1/3–4/5 of their length; stamens 5(or 6), opposite sepals; filaments free; anthers introrse or extrorse, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode composed of 3 free segments or 3-lobed. Female flowers: pedicels apically dilated; sepals larger than male; petals membranous, minute and often hidden under disk lobes; disk annular, regularly divided into 5(or 6) emarginate segments; ovary 3–6-locular; ovules 2 per locule; styles 3–6, apex bifid to base or nearly so, recurved; stigmas apically dilated to capitate. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent into 3(–6) 2-valved cocci when mature, smooth, sometimes with faint reticulate venation. Seeds without caruncle, rounded triquetrous to almost reniform, smooth, rugose or pitted, dull; endosperm fleshy; embryo curved; cotyledons flattened and broad. Nine species: China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; SW Asia (Caucasus, Iran); six species (three endemic) in China.
[Show full text]
Page 1 植物研究雜誌 J. Jpn. Bot. 76: 59–76 (2001) Originals Taxonomic
t1市倶一物恥ベベ研け弘''究初苅雑仁----nH者 hv 冒』周 IKo ο「札山町-E Origioals Origioals 且 Taxonomic Notes on Ophiopogon (Convallariaceae) of East Asia (1) Noriyuki Noriyuki TANAKA Department Department of Education ，School of Li beral Arts ，Teikyo University ，。tsuka 359 ，Hachioji ，Tokyo ，192 -0 395 JAPAN (Received (Received 00 October 1， 1999) Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gaw l. and O. jaburan (Siebold) Lodd. are taxonomically taxonomically reinvestigated. The following taxa are treated as synonyms of 0. japonicus (new (new synonyms 訂 e asterisked): O. umbraticola Hance ， O. stolonifer H.Lev. & Vaniot ， O. argyi argyi H.Lev. ，Mondo longifolium Ohwi* ， O. chekiangensis K. Ki mura & Migo ，Mondo gracile gracile (Kunth) Koidz. var. brevipedicellatum Koidz. *， O. japonicus v紅 . umbrosus Maxim. *， O. japonicus var. caespitosus Okuyama* and Anemarrhena cavaleriei H.Lev. * Ophiopogonjaponicus Ophiopogonjaponicus here circumscribed occurs in China ， Korea and Japan. Meanwhile ， O. O. taqetii H.Lev. is treated as conspecific with O. jaburan ， as was done by McKean (1986). (1986). Ophiopogonjaburan occurs in Japan and Korea. However ， the distribution of this species species in the southern Ryukyu Islands needs further study. Fl owers of both O. japonicus and and o. jaburan 紅 e diurna l. These two species 訂 e regarded as closely related ， as they share share this unique flowering habit and some other similar features. Key words: Distribution ， East Asia ， Ophiopogon jaburan ，Ophiopogon japonicus ，taxon- omy The genus Ophiopogon is widely distrib- ring in South and Southeast Asia have been uted uted in temperate to 佐opical Asia from west 蜘 reviewed in a separate series of papers em Himalaya (Kashmir ，Pakistan) ， south to (Tanaka 1998 一).
[Show full text]
Powdery Mildew Control in Pea. a Review Fondevilla, Rubiales
Powdery mildew control in pea. A review Fondevilla, Rubiales To cite this version: Fondevilla, Rubiales. Powdery mildew control in pea. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Develop- ment, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2012, 32 (2), pp.401-409. 10.1007/s13593-011-0033-1. hal-00930504 HAL Id: hal-00930504 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00930504 Submitted on 1 Jan 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2012) 32:401–409 DOI 10.1007/s13593-011-0033-1 REVIEW ARTICLE Powdery mildew control in pea. A review Sara Fondevilla & Diego Rubiales Accepted: 17 February 2011 /Published online: 26 May 2011 # INRA and Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract Pea powdery mildew is an air-borne disease of mycophagous arthropods, fungi, yeasts and other possible worldwide distribution. It is particularly damaging in late non-fungal biological control agents, but more efforts are sowings or in late maturing varieties. It is caused by Erysiphe still needed to prove the efficacy of these methods in pisi, although other fungi such as Erysiphe trifolii and agricultural practice. Genetic resistance is acknowledged as Erysiphe baeumleri have also been reported causing this the most effective, economic and environmentally friendly disease on pea.
[Show full text]
Wood Anatomy of Flueggea Anatolica (Phyllanthaceae)
IAWA Journal, Vol. 29 (3), 2008: 303–310 WOOD ANATOMY OF FLUEGGEA ANATOLICA (PHYLLANTHACEAE) Bedri Serdar1,*, W. John Hayden2 and Salih Terzioğlu1 SUMMARY Wood anatomy of Flueggea anatolica Gemici, a relictual endemic from southern Turkey, is described and compared with wood of its pre- sumed relatives in Phyllanthaceae (formerly Euphorbiaceae subfamily Phyllanthoideae). Wood of this critically endangered species may be characterized as semi-ring porous with mostly solitary vessels bearing simple perforations, alternate intervessel pits and helical thickenings; imperforate tracheary elements include helically thickened vascular tracheids and septate libriform fibers; axial parenchyma consists of a few scanty paratracheal cells; rays are heterocellular, 1 to 6 cells wide, with some perforated cells present. Anatomically, Flueggea anatolica possesses a syndrome of features common in Phyllanthaceae known in previous literature as Glochidion-type wood structure; as such, it is a good match for woods from other species of the genus Flueggea. Key words: Flueggea anatolica, Euphorbiaceae, Phyllanthaceae, wood anatomy, Turkey. INTRODUCTION The current concept of the genus Flueggea Willdenow stems from the work of Webster (1984) who succeeded in disentangling the genus from a welter of other Euphorbiaceae (sensu lato). Although previously recognized as distinct by a few botanists (Baillon 1858; Bentham 1880; Hooker 1887), most species of Flueggea had been confounded with the somewhat distantly related genus Securinega Commerson ex Jussieu in the
[Show full text]
Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service
Friday, April 5, 2002 Part II Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Molokai, Hawaii; Proposed Rule VerDate Mar<13>2002 12:44 Apr 04, 2002 Jkt 197001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\05APP2.SGM pfrm03 PsN: 05APP2 16492 Federal Register / Vol. 67, No. 66 / Friday, April 5, 2002 / Proposed Rules DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR the threats from vandalism or collection materials concerning this proposal by of this species on Molokai. any one of several methods: Fish and Wildlife Service We propose critical habitat You may submit written comments designations for 46 species within 10 and information to the Field Supervisor, 50 CFR Part 17 critical habitat units totaling U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific RIN 1018–AH08 approximately 17,614 hectares (ha) Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., (43,532 acres (ac)) on the island of Room 3–122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Molokai. HI 96850–0001. and Plants; Revised Determinations of If this proposal is made final, section Prudency and Proposed Designations 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to You may hand-deliver written of Critical Habitat for Plant Species ensure that actions they carry out, fund, comments to our Pacific Islands Office From the Island of Molokai, Hawaii or authorize do not destroy or adversely at the address given above. modify critical habitat to the extent that You may view comments and AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, the action appreciably diminishes the materials received, as well as supporting Interior.
[Show full text]
Biological Diversity and Conservation ISSN
www.biodicon.com Biological Diversity and Conservation ISSN 1308-8084 Online; ISSN 1308-5301 Print 4/2 (2011) 60-66 Research article/Araştırma makalesi Threat status of a relict endemic species (Flueggea anatolica) in Turkey Tolga OK 1, Barış BANI *2, Nezaket ADIGÜZEL 3 1 Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Forestry, 46060, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey 2 Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, 65100, Van, Turkey 3 Gazi University, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey Abstract Genus Flueggea Willd., included in Phyllanthaceae, is represented by only F. anatolica Gemici in Turkey, while it comprises 15 species from all over the world. This relict endemic species is distributed in a limited area extending from Mersin towards Adana and Kahramanmaraş provinces in South Anatolia. F. anatolica is under threat, mainly due to the road construction, forest fire, illegal cutting and grazing pressure. IUCN red list categories are widely accepted global approach especially for evaluating threatened plant and animal species. In this study, threat status of F. anatolica was assessed according to IUCN criteria and a new threat category was recommended. Key words: Flueggea anatolica, IUCN, Relict endemic, Threat status, Turkey ---------- ∗ ---------- Türkiye için relikt endemik olan bir türün (Flueggea anatolica) tehlike durumu Özet Phyllanthaceae familyasında yer alan Flueggea Willd. cinsi, dünyada 15 tür ile temsil edilirken, Türkiye’deki tek türü F. anatolica Gemici’dır. Bu relikt endemik tür Mersin’den Adana ve Kahramanmaraş illerine uzanan sınırlı bir yayılış alanına sahiptir. F. anatolica (Kadıncık Çalısı) genel olarak yol yapımı, orman yangını, kaçak kesimler ve otlatma baskısından dolayı tehlike altındadır. IUCN kırmızı liste kategorileri özellikle tehlike altındaki bitki ve hayvan türlerinin değerlendirilmesinde küresel bir yaklaşım olarak kabul görmektedir.
[Show full text]
Securinega Alkaloids : Complex Structures, Potent Bioactivities, and Efficient Total Syntheses
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Securinega Alkaloids : Complex Structures, Potent Bioactivities, and Efficient Total Syntheses Wehlauch, Robin ; Gademann, Karl Abstract: The Securinega alkaloids feature a compact tetracyclic structural framework and can be divided into four subclasses characterized by either a bridged [2.2.2]‐ or a [3.2.1]‐bicyclic core with two homologous series in each subclass. In the last two decades, many innovative strategies to chemically access the Securinega alkaloids have been developed. This Focus Review discusses the selected structures and syntheses of representative members of the Securinega alkaloids. Ring‐closing metathesis has enabled the syntheses of securinine and norsecurinine, and different cycloaddition approaches were key to the syntheses of nirurine and virosaines A and B. Virosine A was accessed through a Vilsmeier–Haack/Mannich reaction cascade. A bio‐inspired vinylogous Mannich reaction has enabled the synthesis of allosecurinine and this strategy has been extended by an intramolecular 1,6‐addition to obtain bubbialidine and secu฀amamine E. A rearrangement process of the latter two alkaloids has furnished allonorsecurinine and allosecurinine, respectively. Finally, an expanded model for the biogenesis of the Securinega alkaloid subclasses is discussed. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajoc.201700142 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-150835 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Wehlauch, Robin; Gademann, Karl (2017). Securinega Alkaloids : Complex Structures, Potent Bioactiv- ities, and Efficient Total Syntheses. Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry, 6(9):1146-1159.
[Show full text]
Identification and Antiproliferative Activity Evaluation of a Series of Triterpenoids Isolated from Flueggea Virosa (Roxb
American Journal of Applied Sciences 6 (10): 1800-1806, 2009 ISSN 1546-9239 © 2009 Science Publications Identification and Antiproliferative Activity Evaluation of a Series of Triterpenoids Isolated from Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) 1Sod Monkodkaew, 1Chatchanok Loetchutinat, 2Narong Nuntasaen and 1Wilart Pompimon 1Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lampang Rajabhat University and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC) , Lampang 52100 Thailand 2The Forest Herbarium, Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Abstract: Problem statement: Medicinal plants derived anticancer were now being subjects of many research groups especially, the secondary metabolite triterpenoids trees which had enormous potential to inspire and influence modern antiproliferative research. The study aimed to investigate the chemical constitution and their potential use as antiproliferative activity of purified compounds derived from F. virosa . Approach: The F. virosa was selected and percolated with hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. The extracts were purified and elucidated chemical structures. Furthermore, the isolated compounds were tested for biological activity. The bioassays were performed on two cancer cell lines, adriamycin-sensitive erythroleukemia cells (K562) and adriamycin-resistant erythroleukemia cells (K562/Adr) which overexpressed P-glycoprotein (MDR1/ABCB1). Results: Friedelin (1), epifriedelanol (3), stigmasterol (4) and betulinic acid (5) were isolated from the leaves and twigs of F. virosa . The molecular structures of these compounds were determined using several spectroscopic methods. The compounds i.e., 1, a chemically modified compound 1 heptanolide (2), 3 and 4 showed a limited cytotoxic activity towards human cancer cell lines mainly due to a low aqueous solubility which prevented their use in cell viability assays.
[Show full text]
Literature Cited
Literature Cited Robert W. Kiger, Editor This is a consolidated list of all works cited in volume 12, whether as selected references, in text, or in nomenclatural contexts. In citations of articles, both here and in the taxonomic treatments, and also in nomenclatural citations, the titles of serials are rendered in the forms recommended in G. D. R. Bridson and E. R. Smith (1991), Bridson (2004), and Bridson and D. W. Brown (http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/bpho/findrecords.php). When those forms are abbreviated, as most are, cross references to the corresponding full serial titles are interpolated here alphabetically by abbreviated form. In nomenclatural citations (only), book titles are rendered in the abbreviated forms recommended in F. A. Stafleu and R. S. Cowan (1976–1988) and Stafleu et al. (1992–2009). Here, those abbreviated forms are indicated parenthetically following the full citations of the corresponding works, and cross references to the full citations are interpolated in the list alphabetically by abbreviated form. Two or more works published in the same year by the same author or group of coauthors will be distinguished uniquely and consistently throughout all volumes of Flora of North America by lower-case letters (b, c, d, ...) suffixed to the date for the second and subsequent works in the set. The suffixes are assigned in order of editorial encounter and do not reflect chronological sequence of publication. The first work by any particular author or group from any given year carries the implicit date suffix “a”; thus, the sequence of explicit suffixes begins with “b”.
[Show full text]