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Florida's Most Invasive Species

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Page 6, The PALMETTO, Fall 1993 Florida's Most Invasive Species Florida's Exotic Pest Plant Council Cupaniopsis anacardioides (carrotwood) Bauhinia variegata (orchid tree) (EPPC) was formed in 1984 by Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato) Bischofia javanica (bischofia) environmental professionals to gather Ficus microcarpa (= F. nitida; = F. retusa var. Callisia fragrans (inch plant, spironema) information on the impact of nitida) (laurel fig) Calophyllum calaba (= C. inophyllum of au- imported plants that escape into the Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast jasmine) thors) (mast wood; Alexandrian laurel) Lantana camara (lantana) Casuarina cunninghamiana (Australian pine) wild and reproduce at the expense of Cereus undatus (night-blooming cereus) Florida's natural plants and Cestrum diu mum (day jasmine) ecosystems. The Council Cryptostegia grandiflora (Palay rubber vine) is concerned with: Dalbergia sissoo (Indian dalbergia, sissoo) • the need to maintain biodiversity Dichrostachys cinerea ("aroma" in Cuba) Enterolobium contortislilquum (ear-pod tree) and the impacts that exotic pest Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum (pothos) plants have on diversity in impacted Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) systems. Ficus altissima (banyan tree) • the impact of exotic plants on the Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) integrity of native plant community Ficus elastica (India rubber tree) composition and function. Flacourtia indica (governor's plum) Flueggea virosa (flueggea) • habitat losses due to exotic plant Hibiscus tiliaceus (mahoe) infestations. Hyptage benghalensis (hyptage) • the impacts of exotic plants on Imperata brasiliensis (cogon grass) endangered species primarily due to Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass) habitat loss and alteration. Jasminum f1uminense Oasmine) Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) • the need to prevent habitat loss Leucaena leucocephala (lead tree) and alteration by comprehensive Ligustrum sinense (privet) management for exotic pest plants. Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) • the socio-economic impacts of Macfadyena unguis-cati (eat's claw) Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) exotic pest plants (e.g., increased Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) wildfire intensity and frequency in Japanese honeysuckle Merremia tuberosa (wood rose) Melaleuca). Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle) Murraya paniculata (orange-jasmine) • changes in the seriousness of pest Lygodium microphyllum (Old World climbing Nephrolepis multiflora (Asian sword fern) plants and identification of the worst fern) Ochrosia parviflora (= 0. elliptica) (kopsia) Oeceoclades maculata (ground orchid) problems; Melaleuca quinquenervia (melaleuca) Melia azedarach (Chinaberry) Oryza rufipogon (red rice) • informing and educating resource Mimosa pigra (catclaw mimosa) Paspalum notatum (bahia grass) managers about which species de• Neyraudia reynaudiana (Burma reed; cane Pennisetum purpureum (Napier grass) serve to be monitored, and helping grass) Pittosporum pentandrum (pittosporum) managers set priorities for manage• Paederia foetida (skunk vine) Pouteria campechiana (canistel) Panicum repens (torpedo grass) Psidium gujava (guava) ment. Psidium littorale (= P. cattleianum) (strawberry The EPPC defines an "exotic" as an Pueraria montana (= P. lobata) (kudzu) Rhodomyrtus tomentosus (downy myrtle) guava) alien organism, or one brought from Sapium sebiferum (popcorn tree; Chinese Rhoeo spathacea (= R. discolor) (oyster plant) the part of the world where it was tallow tree) Sansevieria hyacinthoides (= S. trifasciata) (bowstring hemp) native, either purposefully or acciden• Scaevola taccada var. sericea (= S. frutescens; = S. sericea) (scaevola; half-flower) Solanum torvum (turkey berry) tally; it then escaped into the wild in Schefflera actinophylla (= Brassaia actino• Syngonium podophyllum (arrowhead vine) Florida where it reproduces either phylla) (schefflera) Syzygium cumini Oambolan; Java plum) sexually or asexually. Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper) Syzygium jambos (rose apple) They define "native" as a species Solanum viarum (tropical soda apple) Tectaria incisa (incised halberd fern) that occurred in Florida at the time of and these aquatic species: European contact or the 1500s. Eichomia crassipes (water hyacinth) Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla) "Invasive" species are divided into Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach) three categories. Category I includes Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) species that are widespread in Florida Category II species are those that and have an established potential to are localized but have a rapidly ex• invade and disrupt native plant com• panding population, or that have munities. The EPPC, as of August, shown a potential to invade and 1993, has included 33 species in Cate• disrupt native vegetation in other gory I: areas, or in other countries with cli• Abrus precatorius (rosary pea) Acacia auriculiformis (earleaf acacia) mates similar to Florida. Category II Ardisia elliptica (= A. humilis) (shoebutton includes 64 species: ardisia) Adenanthera pavonina (red sandalwood) Casuarina equisetifolia (= C. litorea) (Australian Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) pine) Albizia lebbeck (woman's tongue) Casuarina glauca (suckering Australian pine) Antigonon leptopus (coral vine) Cinnamomum camphora (camphor-tree) Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern) Wedelia Colubrina asiatica (lather leaf) Asystasia gangetica (Ganges primrose) The PALMETTO, Fall 1993, Page 7 Terminalia catappa (tropical almond) Thespesia populnea (seaside mahoe) The Plant from Hell Triphasia trifoliata (lime berry) by Naney C. Coile Wedelia trilobata (wedelia) The earliest record in Florida of and these aquatic species: Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) tropical soda apple (Solanum viarllln Colocasia esculenta (taro) Duna!), another pest plant, is from Hygrophila polysperma (green hygro) Glades County in 1988. David Hall Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian water-milfoil) (KBN Engineering) believes that Category III species are those that Solamlln viamm may have been in are widespread and can form dense, Florida since 1981 or 1982, but in the mono typic populations, but primarily short time since its arrival it may on disturbed sites such as roadsides, have infested over 150,000 acres. It agricultural lands, and canal embank• has become the dominant vegetation ments: in vast areas of the pastures in Achyranthes indica (Devil's horsewhip) Glades, Hendry, and Highlands in terminal clusters. Immature fruits Brachiaria mutica (Para grass) counties. Cassia coluteoides (= Senna pendula) (clim bing are pale green with dark green vein• Soda apple is native to Argentina cassia) ing; looking like a small striped wa• and Brazil. The plant is prickly, as Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) termelon. Mature fruits are yellowish, Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) are many other Solanum spp. Its Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) leathery-skinned, and about 11/2 inch• appellation - the plant from hell • es (4 cm) across, Seeds are numerous, Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipede grass) refers to its presence near Devils Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Murray red gum) flat, bitter, and mucilaginous. Garden in Hendry County, or per• Furcraea cabuya (Central American sisal) The Florida Department of Agricul• Hyparrhenia rufa Uaragua) haps to the similarity of its common ture has issued a notice that this Indigofera spicata (creeping indigo) name, soda apple, to its name "Sod• plant will be listed as a noxious Kalanchoe pinnata (life plant) om apple" in British-speaking areas Mucuna pruriens (cow itch) (Sodom is the biblical city noted for weed, because it displaces native Nephrolepis hirsutula cv. superba (petticoat plants as well as forage plants, which fern) its wickedness). Solanum viamm is an herbaceous will make it illegal to buy, sell, or Panicum maximum (Guinea grass) move the plant. Rhynchelytrum repens (Natal grass) perennial that may reach six feet (2 Ricinus communis (castor bean) m) in height. The stems have hooked Nmzc1j Coile, Ph.D., is a botanist with Rottboellia cochinchinensis (= R. exaltata) (itch grass) prickles, while the leaf blades and Flori£fa's Department of AgriClilture and Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) petioles have 3/4-inch (2 cm) long, Consumer Services, Division of Plant Selaginel/a wil/denovii (peacock fern) rigid prickles. The flowers are white Industry. Sesbania emerus (= S. exaltata) (bequilla) Solanum diphyl/um (solanum) Solanum tampicense (Tampico soda apple) Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) Spermacoce verticil/ata (sensu Herndon, not sensu Wunderlin) (spermacoce) Sporobolus jacquemontii (smut grass) Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustine grass) Urena lobata (Caesar's weed) Zebrina pendula (zebrina) The EPPC wants reports of occur• rences of exotic plant species outside of cultivated specimens. If you ob• serve exotic plant species that appear to be spreading into natural areas, please relay that information to Bob Doren, EPPC Chairman, Everglades National Park Research Center, 305/ • WILLIAM F BISSETT 242-7800. f LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT ljL REG # 510 f. " . - ~," ".. _.~"'-;~~:...!' ..•.< '\ ....~~ ~';""'" The Palmetto is printed on recycled paper with soy ink. qrowins Plants of Natura 1 'Florida 2929 J B CARTER RD DAVENPORT.
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    Vascular Plants of Williamson County Phyllanthopsis phyllanthoides − MAIDENBUSH [Phyllanthaceae/Euphorbiaceae] Phyllanthopsis phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Voronts. & Petra Hoffm. (syn. Leptopus phyllanthoides), MAIDENBUSH. Shrub, deciduous, rhizomatous, with ascending to arching twigs and branches, to 75 cm tall; monoecious (occasionally plant only staminate during a particular spring); shoots often ± planar (plagiotropic), sparsely short-villous or appearing glabrate. Stems: herbaceous stems inconspicuously several-ridged, < 2 mm diameter, with ridges not descending from a nearby leaf, pale green; woody stem with gray bark. Leaves: helically alternate, simple, short-petiolate, with stipules; stipules 2, attached to stem at base of petiole, narrowly triangular, 1−2 mm long, papery, reddish, short-ciliate, somewhat persistent; petiole channeled, < 2 mm long, bent to orient blade; blade broadly elliptic or roundish to obovate, (4−)10−27 × (2.3−)5−21 mm, subcordate at base, entire to subentire on margins, ± rounded with minute point at tip, pinnately veined with principal veins raised on lower surface, upper surface green with paler veins, glabrous, lower surface with some short hairs mostly near the base. Inflorescence: leafy raceme having axillary cymes of 1−2 unisexual flowers, second flowers delayed until first flower matures; bract subtending cyme or bractlet subtending pedicel of solitary flower leaflike; pedicel of staminate flower 13−15 × 0.15 mm, of pistillate flower 8−9 mm long increasing 2× in fruit, yellow-green. Staminate flower:
  • Breadfruit Production Guide

    Breadfruit Production Guide

    BREADFRUIT PRODUCTION RECOMMENDED PRACTICES GUIDE FOR GROWING, HARVESTING, AND HANDLING 2nd Edition By Craig Elevitch, Diane Ragone, and Ian Cole Breadfruit Production Guide: Recommended Acknowledgments practices for growing, harvesting, and handling We are indebted to the many reviewers of this work, who con- tributed numerous corrections and suggestions that shaped By Craig Elevitch, Diane Ragone, and Ian Cole the final publication: Failautusi Avegalio, Jr., Heidi Bornhorst, © 2013, 2014 Craig Elevitch, Diane Ragone, and Ian Cole. All John Cadman, Jesus Castro, Jim Currie, Andrea Dean, Emih- Rights Reserved. Second Edition 2014. ner Johnson, Shirley Kauhaihao, Robert Paull, Grant Percival, the Pacific Breadfruit Project (Andrew McGregor, Livai Tora, Photographs are copyright their respective owners. Kyle Stice, and Kaitu Erasito), and the Scientific Research Or- ISBN: 978-1939618030 ganisation of Samoa (Tilafono David Hunter, Kenneth Wong, Gaufa Salesa Fetu, Kuinimeri Asora Finau). The authors grate- This is a publication of Ho‘oulu ka ‘Ulu—Revitalizing fully acknowledge Andrea Dean for input in formulating the Breadfruit, a project of Hawai‘i Homegrown Food Network content of this guide. Photo contributions by Jim Wiseman, Ric and Breadfruit Institute of the National Tropical Botanical Rocker, and Kamaui Aiona, are greatly appreciated. The kapa Garden. The Ho‘oulu ka ‘Ulu project is directed by Andrea ‘ulu artwork pictured on cover was crafted by Kumu Wesley Sen. Dean, Craig Elevitch, and Diane Ragone. Finally, our deepest gratitude to all of the Pacific Island farmers Recommended citation who have contributed to the knowledge base for breadfruit for generations. Elevitch, C., D. Ragone, and I. Cole. 2014. Breadfruit Produc- tion Guide: Recommended practices for growing, harvest- Author bios ing, and handling (2nd Edition).