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Introdução I Portugal This version of Total HTML Converter is unregistered. PODER CENTRAL X JUSTIÇA COMUNITÁRIA: OBSERVAÇÕES SOBRE O SIS-TEMA PORTUGUÊS E SUA APLICAÇÃO NO MUNDO LUSÓFONO CENTRAL POWER X COMMUNITARIAN JUSTICE: COMMENTS ON THE POR-TUGUESE SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATION IN LUSITANIAN WORLD Delton Ricardo Soares Meirelles RESUMO Este artigo busca reconstruir a formação do aparelho judiciário de Portugal e sua herança para os paises colonizados. Em seguida, verifica em que medida houve continuidade ou ruptura no processo de independência das colônias para, ao final, analisar o caso brasileiro. A hipótese aqui apresentada é a de que o formalismo e o estatismo lusitanos contribuíram para a formação de estruturas judiciárias refratárias à participação popular, a despeito de tolerar algumas formas de justiça comunitária (porém não democráticas), o que não abreviou a corrente tensão entre centralização e poderes locais, presente ao longo da história do Império português. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: JUDICIÁRIO PORTUGUÊS – JUDICIÁRIO COLONIAL – INDEPENDÊNCIA. ABSTRACT This article attempts to reconstruct the formation of the Judiciary of Portugal and its legacy for the colonized countries. After that, it verifies extent to which there was continuity or rupture in the process of independence of the colonies for, finally, analyzing the Brazilian case. The hypothesis presented here is that the formalism and statism Lusitanian contributed to the formation of refractory judicial structures for popular participation, despite tolerate some forms of community justice (but not democratic), which is not cut short the current tension between centralization and local authorities, present throughout the history of the Portuguese Empire. KEYWORDS: PORTUGUESE JUDICIARY - COLONIAL JUDICIARY - INDEPENDENCE. Introdução O panorama mundial merece ser contextualizado, para se melhor compreender os problemas do Judiciário brasileiro. Sendo a jurisdição atividade estatal, torna-se necessário abordar a construção de nosso Estado, a fim de verificar se reunimos algumas condições para a incorporação destas novas perspectivas sobre a Justiça contemporânea. Para tanto, parte-se inicialmente da observação de RAYMUNDO FAORO: “o pensamento político brasileiro, na sua origem, é o pensamento político português”[1], pois “o mundo colonial deveria ser, pelas normas absolutistas vigentes, uma cópia do mundo português”[2]. Esta advertência inspira a compreensão da questão judiciária brasileira a partir do método histórico-comparativo[3], mais adequado para a análise mais precisa de nossa cultura jurídica, especialmente no campo do direito processual, consoante leciona OVÍDIO BAPTISTA: (...)este é o ramo do direito mais comprometido com a história, uma vez que lhe cabe não apenas prescrever regras hipotéticas, como o faria o jurista do direito material, mas diretamente intervir nos conflitos sociais, impondo, aqui e agora, uma determinada regra de conduta[4]. Com efeito, a literatura nacional ainda recorre mais à comparação internacional do que às investigações genéticas de nosso direito, a despeito de todas as dificuldades metodológicas apontadas por referências teóricas como os trabalhos de MAURO CAPPELLETTI e RENÉ DAVID[5]. Além dos problemas conceituais, o crescente dinamismo[6] e complexidade das relações sócio-jurídicas, aliadas ao processo de globalização cada vez mais intenso, tornam extremamente árdua a tarefa de estabelecer critérios seguros de confronto entre sistemas alienígenas. Cuida-se de técnica assaz delicada, em que há o risco considerável de análise meramente superficial e formal, sem que efetivamente seja alcançado um objetivo que não ilustrativo ou pitoresco, quando não meramente contemplativo. Fora o “complexo de vira-lata” tão bem descrito por NELSON RODRIGUES, em que o brasileiro se coloca em posição de inferioridade em relação ao resto do mundo, inclusive o jurista que tende a culpar o povo pelo insucesso de institutos estrangeiros aqui aplicados. Como observa FÁBIO KONDER COMPARATO, “no afã de imitarmos os países tidos como modelares, voltamos as costas ao passado, que se nos afigura em geral vulgar e sem brilho, e não hesitamos em procurar colher os frutos antes de plantar as árvores”[7]. Neste trabalho, preferiu-se utilizar como parâmetro a influência do direito português no sistema jurídico de suas ex-colônias. A hipótese aqui apresentada é a de que o formalismo e o estatismo lusitanos contribuíram para a formação de estruturas judiciárias refratárias à participação popular, a despeito de tolerar algumas formas de justiça comunitária (porém não democráticas), o que não abreviou a corrente tensão entre centralização e poderes locais, presente ao longo da história do Império português. Questionar-se-á também como as colônias lusas se comportaram a partir de suas respectivas independências, verificando-se em que medida houve rupturas com o antigo sistema metropolitano. I Portugal Até o século XII, no atual território português conviviam comunidades políticas de diferentes origens étnicas (iberos, celtas, mouros, germânicos etc.). Depois de um longo processo, a assinatura do Tratado de Zamora (1143) conferiu independência ao Condado Portucalense (doravante Reino de Portugal), sob a regência de D. Afonso Henrique, primeiro da dinastia afonsina. Sua liderança política e militar foi fundamental pois, * Trabalho publicado nos Anais do XIX Encontro Nacional do CONPEDI realizado em Fortaleza - CE nos dias 09, 10, 11 e 12 de Junho de 2010 6127 This version of Total HTML Converter is unregistered. diante das guerras externas de defesa do território, conquistou o apoio de diversas comunidades locais para seu projeto de unificação, por meio da cessão de suas prerrogativas militares, fiscais e “jurisdicionais” em favor do rei, escapando dos domínios de senhores feudais e Igreja[8]. Sobre a função “jurisdicional”, a atuação de D. Afonso Henrique e seu sucessor D. Sancho I foi decisiva para a progressiva substituição dos julgamentos comunitários pela autoridade imposta. Neste sentido, leciona JOSÉ MATTOSO: Só alguns membros da cúria régia, imbuídos das ideias jurídicas inspiradas no Direito Romano, atribuíam-lhe, desde a década de 1190, autoridade de verdadeiro rei, e não apenas de primus inter pares. Para isso contribuiu, por um lado, a concepção, já antiga, da realeza como autoridade responsável pela manutenção da justiça e da paz, acima da que os senhores e os concelhos[9] podiam assegurar, e o verdadeiro carisma de guerreiro que os eclesiásticos reconheciam em Afonso Henriques, e que seu filho Sancho I procurou também merecer. Na segunda metade do século XIII houve progressiva centralização de poderes, especialmente durante os reinados de D. Afonso III (1248-1279) e D. Dinis (1279-1325)[10]. Não apenas nos campos político e administrativo, mas especialmente na reorganização do sistema de Justiça: criação de aparelho judicial capaz de assegurar a justiça sob o controle dos meirinhos-mores, mesmo contra os senhores (nobres ou eclesiásticos), instituição de corregedores para aperfeiçoarem o sistema judicial, organização do notariado, formação de um corpo de escrivães régios junto dos concelhos, controle das eleições dos magistrados municipais etc. Mas a centralização maior surge no século seguinte. Estando o rei afonsino D. Fernando (1345-1383) pendendo mais para a nobreza e aumento de seus privilégios (como a transferência involutiva de jurisdição para seus domínios), “o povo – a burguesia comercial – reclamava, nas Cortes (1372), contra a política retrógrada: queria que a ‘justiça não tivesse senhores’, que o monarca reservasse, para si, ‘a maior justiça’”[11]. Este momento foi decisivo para a construção daquilo que RAYMUNDO FAORO conceituará como “Estado patrimonial de estamento”, cuja “forma de domínio, ao contrário da dinâmica da sociedade de classes, se projeta de cima para baixo”[12]. Com a Revolução de 1383-1385 e a instauração da Casa de Avis, a burguesia se aproxima do poder, mas de uma forma bem diferente do que viria a acontecer na França de 1789. Observa FAORO que “há um rumor antiaristocrático na reorganização política e administrativa do reino, antiaristocrático com o sentido de oposição à nobreza territorial, sem caracterizar um movimento democrático”[13]. Assim, “burgueses e legistas velavam para que a monarquia, duramente construída, não se extraviasse numa confederação de magnatas territoriais, enriquecidos com as doações de terras, outorgadas para recompensar serviços e lealdades”[14]. Desta forma, o “absolutismo” português (termo rejeitado por FAORO, para quem este modelo não se adequa ao caso lusitano) surge como fruto de acordo político provocado pela burguesia, a qual se mostra mais favorável à concentração de poderes em um rei ao qual teriam um melhor acesso, tendo em vista que a agricultura não seria suficiente para sustentar economicamente o reino. Assim, este centralismo é “a pálida imagem de uma monarquia vergada debaixo da tarefa a que se propôs, no tour de force contra os meios de sua débil economia autônoma” [15]. Consequência deste processo é o enfraquecimento do direito consuetudinário local e o fortalecimento do direito escrito régio[16]. Significativa neste sentido foi a regência de D. Afonso V, em que houve um notável processo de compilação legislativa, resultando na primeira das Ordenações do reino português (1446)[17]. Com isto, buscou-se uniformizar e sistematizar o direito, de forma a reforçar a autoridade central e coibir eventuais interpretações abusivas pela nobreza. ANTÔNIO MANUEL HESPANHA, contrário ao pensamento predominante, afirma
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