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Sociolinguistic (Re)Constructions of Diaspora Portugueseness: Portuguese-Canadian Youth in Toronto

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Sociolinguistic (Re)Constructions of Diaspora Portugueseness: Portuguese-Canadian Youth in Toronto Sociolinguistic (re)constructions of diaspora portugueseness: Portuguese-Canadian youth in Toronto by Emanuel A. da Silva A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of French University of Toronto © Copyright by Emanuel A. da Silva (2011) Sociolinguistic (re)constructions of diaspora portugueseness: Portuguese-Canadian youth in Toronto Emanuel A. da Silva Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of French University of Toronto 2011 Abstract This dissertation demonstrates that notions of language and identity are not entirely about personal characteristics (what a person is born with, what is ―in his blood‖), nor are they entirely about agency (how a person chooses to present herself). Instead, they are largely about markets and about the multiple positionings of social actors within markets that are structured by ideologies of the nation state, immigration and the globalized new economy. This critical perspective challenges the normalized view that immigrant (diasporic) communities are simply natural social groupings or depoliticized transplantations of distinct ethnolinguistic units from their ―homeland‖. They are, like language and identity, carefully constructed and managed social projects that are shaped by forces from within and from without. In Canada, the conditions for the institutionalization and (re)production of ethnolinguistic differences, which also make and mark class relations, are strengthened by the state‘s multiculturalist policy. The Portuguese-Canadian community is one such ethnolinguistic market and the goal of this research is to examine which forms of portugueseness dominate the market, why and with what consequences for whom. Building from an ethnographic and critical sociolinguistic approach (Bourdieu 1977, Heller 2002), the qualitative data behind this research ii was produced through a two-year ethnography, participant observations and semi-structured interviews drawing primarily from six second-generation Portuguese-Canadians and members of their social networks. The findings suggest that the kind of portugueseness that dominates the Portuguese-Canadian market is one from Mainland Portugal; one that is folklorized, patriarchal, and that promotes (Mainland) Portuguese monolingualism and false cultural homogeneity. A consequence of this sociolinguistic structuration is a division between Azoreans and Mainlanders who make up two parts of the same Portuguese market; partners in conflict over the legitimacy and value of their linguistic and social capital. Furthermore, the inheritors of this market, the second and subsequent generations, navigate discursive spaces filled with contradictions that often marginalize them. Their experiences highlight strategic mobilizations of Portuguese language and identity, as well as the consequences of having delegitimized cultural and linguistic capital. In short, this dissertation highlights the productive tensions between structure and agency, between uniformity and variability, and between exclusion and inclusion. iii Acknowledgements Completing a PhD is often compared to running a long-distance marathon. Anyone who knows me knows that I‘m more of a speed walker. But, like any successful athlete, I‘m part of a winning team and this is my chance to formally recognize them and thank them for their support. To my parents, Maria Libânia and João da Silva, thank you for teaching me how to walk and how to manage each step – big or small – as I follow my dreams. To my brother, Albano, thank you for dreaming big enough to run after planes and lasers. To my wife, Christina Pimentel, thank you for choosing to run alongside me and brightening my way. I couldn‘t have made it this far without you! To my coaches, thank you for teaching me how to run this particular race and how to finish it. To Anne-Marie Brousseau, thank you for being behind me even before I got to the starting block. Your support has been unwavering and your direction has kept me on track. Were it not for you, I might well have quit the race altogether. Your open door and insightful comments fostered a productive environment where I could explore and grow as a researcher and as a person. The determination and focus I learned from you will definitely serve me well in the future. Merci! To Monica Heller, thank you for welcoming me onto your sociolinguistic track and field-work team. You gave me a creative space to run with critical thinking and you encouraged me to ask difficult but exciting questions about messy social realities. Thanks for making me believe that I am a legitimate producer of knowledge. Merci! To Carlos Teixeira, thank you for your willingness to run across the (trans)national divide to share your careful feedback and thoughtful support. You helped me realize that there is a space for me in social geography. Obrigado! To Marilyn Martin-Jones, my external examiner, thank you for your thorough assessment of my work during the final sprint of this race. Your comments and suggestions have made me eager to continue my work on ethnographic transnational multilingualism. To all my participants, thank you for letting me run after you. You each kindly let me into your lives, welcomed me into your homes, introduced me to your friends and showed me how you run your races. Thanks for making my fieldwork one of the most rewarding experiences of my life! To my colleagues, thank you for making this PhD race engaging and enjoyable. Special thanks to Katherine Brasch, Philippe Hambye, Mireille McLaughlin, Mary Richards, Lindsay Bell, Miguel Milans, Huamei Han, Julie Byrd Clark, Vincent Masse, Clara Dornelles, Maria da Conceição Nunes, José Pedro Ferreira, Mafalda Silva, Monique Lecerf, Frank Collins, Brian & Pat Merrilees and Fernando Nunes, among many, many others. To all my friends and family members, thanks for believing in me and for cheering me on along the race. Thank you to all those who‘ve left life‘s race far too soon, but who continue to inspire me, including my grandparents, Germano Rocha, William Shaw, Philip Knox, Thomas B. Armstrong and Manuel Pimentel. Thank you to my sponsors, the Department of French and the Ontario Graduate Scholarship (i.e. the taxpayers of Ontario). I dedicate this dissertation to my loving parents and to my love, Christina. iv Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................................v List of tables and figures ...............................................................................................................x Introduction ...................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 - Theorizing and investigating language and identity 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Theorizing language and identity .......................................................................................15 1.1.1 Sociolinguistics and social theory .............................................................................15 1.1.1.1 Variationist and interactional sociolinguistics .............................................15 1.1.1.2 Post-structuralism .........................................................................................17 1.1.1.3 Rethinking linguistic interaction in a critical model ....................................19 1.1.1.4 Language in the symbolic economy: Power, value, legitimacy ...................20 1.1.1.5 Language ideologies .....................................................................................21 1.1.1.6 (Dominant) Discourses .................................................................................22 1.1.1.7 Habitus ..........................................................................................................23 1.1.1.8 The possibility of agency .............................................................................25 1.1.2 Theorizing identity and class: From essentialism to the political economy ...............26 1.1.2.1 Identity: Structured performance and constrained agency ...........................26 1.1.2.2 Conceptualizing class and ethnic identity ....................................................28 1.1.3 Concluding remarks ..................................................................................................31 1.2 Methodology: A critical ethnography ................................................................................31 1.2.1 Looking for the right tools .........................................................................................32 1.2.1.1 Questionnaires ..............................................................................................32 1.2.1.2 Interviews .....................................................................................................34 1.2.1.3 Observation ..................................................................................................34 1.2.1.4 Ethnography .................................................................................................36 1.2.2
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