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Where Does Turkey Stand on the International Climate Regime?

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Where Does Turkey Stand on the International Climate Regime? IKV BRIEF WHERE DOES TURKEY STAND ON THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE REGIME? TOBB YÖNETİM KURULU M.Rifat ŞUBAT 2019 237 HİSARCIKLIOĞLU 19 65 Başkan Ali KOPUZ Selçuk S. Zeki Ayhan ÖZTÜRK MURZİOĞLU ZEYTİNOĞLU Başkan Başkan Başkan Başkan Yardımcısı Yardımcısı Yardımcısı Yardımcısı GÜNAY Tamer Faik Cengiz Mahmut KIRAN YAVUZ ÖZGENER Başkan Sayman Üye Üye Üye Yardımcısı Öztürk Zeki Oğuzhan A. Davut ORAN KIVANÇ SADIKOĞLU ÇETİN Üye Üye Üye Üye 19 65 ZEYDAN Engin Özer Ömer Hakan YEŞİL MATLI ÜLKEN Üye Üye Üye Üye Türkiye-AB Yüksek Düzeyli Siyasi Diyalog Toplantısının Şaban A. Mehmet S. Selim M. Cihat KARAMEHMET BÜYÜKSİMİTCİ KANDEMİR LOKMANOĞLU OĞLU Ardından: Tehditler ve Fırsatlar Üye Üye Üye Üye Enerjide Güçlenen ABD’nin İran’a AB’nin Gözü Türkiye-Rusya Yönelik Ekonomik Doğrudan Yabancı Stratejik Ortaklığı: Yaptırımlarının İkinci Yatırımların TürkAkım Projesi Aşaması Devrede Üzerinde TOBBTOBBTOBB YÖNETİMTOBB YÖNETİM YÖNETİM YÖNETİM KURULU KURULU KURULU KURULU ŞUBAT 2019 M.RifatM.RifatM.Rifat M.Rifat ŞUBATŞUBAT 2019 2019237 ŞUBAT237 237 2019 237 HİSARCIKLIOĞLUHİSARCIKLIOĞLUHİSARCIKLIOĞLUHİSARCIKLIOĞLU 19 6195 6159 65 19 65 BaşkanBaşkanBaşkan Başkan Ali AliAli Ali KOPUZKOPUZKOPUZ KOPUZ SelçukSelçukSelçuk Selçuk S. ZekiS. ZekiS. Zeki S. Zeki AyhanAyhanAyhan Ayhan ÖZTÜRKÖZTÜRKÖZTÜRK ÖZTÜRK MURZİOĞLUMURZİOĞLUMURZİOĞLUMURZİOĞLU ZEYTİNOĞLUZEYTİNOĞLUZEYTİNOĞLUZEYTİNOĞLU BaşkanBaşkanBaşkan Başkan BaşkanBaşkanBaşkan Başkan BaşkanBaşkanBaşkan Başkan BaşkanBaşkanBaşkan Başkan YardımcısıYardımcısıYardımcısıYardımcısı YardımcısıYardımcısıYardımcısıYardımcısı YardımcısıYardımcısıYardımcısıYardımcısı YardımcısıYardımcısıYardımcısıYardımcısı GÜNAYGÜNAYGÜNAY GÜNAY TamerTamerTamer Tamer FaikFaikFaik Faik CengizCengizCengiz Cengiz MahmutMahmutMahmut Mahmut KIRANKIRANKIRAN KIRAN YAVUZYAVUZYAVUZ YAVUZ ÖZGENERÖZGENERÖZGENERÖZGENER BaşkanBaşkanBaşkan Başkan SaymanSaymanSayman Üye Üye ÜyeSayman Üye ÜyeÜyeÜye Üye ÜyeÜyeÜye Üye YardımcısıYardımcısıYardımcısıYardımcısı ÖztürkÖztürkÖztürk Öztürk ZekiZeki Zeki Zeki OğuzhanOğuzhanOğuzhan A. A. OğuzhanA. A. DavutDavutDavut Davut ORANORANORAN ORAN KIVANÇKIVANÇKIVANÇ KIVANÇ SADIKOĞLUSADIKOĞLUSADIKOĞLUSADIKOĞLU ÇETİNÇETİNÇETİN ÇETİN Üye ÜyeÜye Üye Üye ÜyeÜye Üye ÜyeÜyeÜye Üye ÜyeÜyeÜye Üye 19 65199 6655 19 65 IKV’S FOUNDING AND TRUSTEE ORGANISATIONS ZEYDANZEYDANZEYDAN ZEYDAN EnginEngin Engin Engin ÖzerÖzerÖzer Özer ÖmerÖmerÖmer Ömer HakanHakanHakan Hakan YEŞİL MATLI YEŞİLYEŞİL YEŞİL MATLIMATLI MATLI ÜLKENÜLKENÜLKEN ÜLKEN Üye ÜyeÜye Üye Üye ÜyeÜye Üye ÜyeÜyeÜye Üye ÜyeÜyeÜye Üye Türkiye-ABTürkiye-ABTürkiye-ABTürkiye-AB Yüksek Yüksek Yüksek Yüksek Düzeyli Düzeyli Düzeyli Düzeyli SiyasiSiyasiSiyasiSiyasi Diyalog Diyalog Diyalog Diyalog Toplantısının Toplantısının Toplantısının Toplantısının Şaban A. Mehmet S. Selim M. Cihat Şaban ŞabanA. A. Şaban A. MehmetMehmet Mehmet S. SelimS. Selim S. Selim M. CihatM. Cihat M. Cihat KARAMEHMET BÜYÜKSİMİTCİ KANDEMİR LOKMANOĞLU KARAMEHMETKARAMEHMETKARAMEHMET BÜYÜKSİMİTCİBÜYÜKSİMİTCİBÜYÜKSİMİTCİ KANDEMİRKANDEMİRKANDEMİR LOKMANOĞLULOKMANOĞLULOKMANOĞLU OĞLU Ardından: Tehditler ve Fırsatlar OĞLU Ardından: Tehditler ve Fırsatlar OĞLU OĞLU Ardından:Ardından: Tehditler Tehditler ve ve Fırsatlar Fırsatlar Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye Üye EnerjideEnerjideEnerjide EnerjideGüçlenen Güçlenen Güçlenen Güçlenen ABD’ninABD’ninABD’nin İran’aABD’nin İran’a İran’a İran’a AB’ninAB’ninAB’nin Gözü GözüAB’nin Gözü Gözü Türkiye-RusyaTürkiye-RusyaTürkiye-RusyaTürkiye-Rusya Yönelik YönelikYönelik EkonomikYönelik Ekonomik Ekonomik Ekonomik Doğrudan DoğrudanDoğrudan Doğrudan Yabancı Yabancı Yabancı Yabancı StratejikStratejikStratejik StratejikOrtaklığı: Ortaklığı: Ortaklığı: Ortaklığı: YaptırımlarınınYaptırımlarınınYaptırımlarının Yaptırımlarının İkinci İkinci İkinci İkinci YatırımlarınYatırımlarınYatırımlarınYatırımların TürkAkımTürkAkımTürkAkımTürkAkım Projesi Projesi Projesi ProjesiAşamasıAşamasıAşaması DevredeAşaması Devrede Devrede Devrede ÜzerindeÜzerindeÜzerindeÜzerinde WHERE DOES TURKEY STAND ON THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE REGIME? WHERE DOES TURKEY STAND ON THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE REGIME? This publication is prepared by N. Melis Bostanoğlu, Junior Researcher at the Economic Development Foundation (IKV). TOBB YÖNETİM KURULU Istanbul, November 2020 M.Rifat ŞUBAT 2019 237 HİSARCIKLIOĞLU 19 65 Başkan ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (IKV) Ali KOPUZ Head Office Brussels Representation Selçuk S. Zeki Ayhan ÖZTÜRK MURZİOĞLU ZEYTİNOĞLU Esentepe Mahallesi, Harman Sokak, Avenue de I’Yser 5-6 1040 Başkan Başkan Başkan Başkan Yardımcısı Yardımcısı Yardımcısı Yardımcısı TOBB Plaza, No: 10, Kat: 7-8, Brussels / Belgium Levent, 34394 Istanbul / Turkey Phone: +32 2 646 40 40 Phone: +90 212 270 93 00 Fax: +32 2 646 95 38 GÜNAY Tamer Faik Cengiz Mahmut Fax: +90 212 270 30 22 [email protected] KIRAN YAVUZ ÖZGENER Başkan Sayman Üye Üye Üye [email protected] Yardımcısı Öztürk Zeki Oğuzhan A. Davut ORAN KIVANÇ SADIKOĞLU ÇETİN Üye Üye Üye Üye 19 65 ZEYDAN This publication is supported by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Engin Özer Ömer Hakan YEŞİL MATLI ÜLKEN Freedom. The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the Üye Üye Üye Üye official policy or position of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom. Türkiye-AB Yüksek Düzeyli Short quotations from this copyright work are allowed provided that the Economic Development Foundation and the author are properly cited. Siyasi Diyalog Toplantısının Şaban A. Mehmet S. Selim M. Cihat KARAMEHMET BÜYÜKSİMİTCİ KANDEMİR LOKMANOĞLU Preparation for Publication OĞLU Ardından: Tehditler ve Fırsatlar Üye Üye Üye Üye Enerjide Güçlenen ABD’nin İran’a AB’nin Gözü Türkiye-Rusya Yönelik Ekonomik Doğrudan Yabancı Stratejik Ortaklığı: Yaptırımlarının İkinci Yatırımların Anadolu Basın Merkezi TürkAkım Projesi Aşaması Devrede Üzerinde www.anadolubasin.com 3 WHERE DOES TURKEY STAND ON THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE REGIME? TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations..................................................................................................... 5 1. The Evolution of Environmental Policies in Turkey................................. 6 2. Turkey in an Ever-Changing Climate Regime........................................... 7 2.1. The Impacts of the Climate Change in Turkey............................................ 7 2.2. Emissions.................................................................................................................. 11 3. Implementation of the Current Climate Policies...................................... 13 4. Turkey’s International Climate Efforts......................................................... 15 4.1. Turkey’s Position on Significant Climate Agreements.............................. 15 4.1.1 Kyoto Protocol............................................................................................. 15 4.1.2 Paris Agreement.......................................................................................... 16 4.2. Green Deal: A New Area for Cooperation with the EU............................. 18 4.2.1 Current Climate Trends and Projections in the EU.......................... 19 4.2.2 Implications of the European Green Deal for Turkey..................... 22 5. The Way Ahead............................................................................................... 24 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 27 4 WHERE DOES TURKEY STAND ON THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE REGIME? ABBREVIATIONS BP British Petroleum CCPI Climate Change Performance Index CDU Christian Democratic Union Party COP Conference of the Parties EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EEA European Environment Agency EIB European Investment Bank EP European Parliament ETS Emissions Trading Systems EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FTA Free Trade Agreement G20 Group of Twenty GCASC Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Facility GHG Greenhouse Gas IEA International Energy Agency INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MEP Member of the European Parliament MFF Multiannual Financial Framework NGEU Next Generation EU OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development TURKSTAT Turkish Statistical Institute TSD Trade and Sustainable Development UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US United States of America WMO World Meteorological Organization WRI World Resources Institute 5 WHERE DOES TURKEY STAND ON THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE REGIME? Climate change is projected to be one of the 1. The Evolution of Environmental biggest challenges of the century. In the recent years, temperatures are rising steadily, glaciers are Policies in Turkey melting, sea levels are rising and rainfall patterns are For decades, Turkey has been implementing several shifting in the whole world. Correspondingly, the policies to ensure environmental protection. The number of climate related disasters increases each first provisions on the protection of the environment year, resulting in many casualties and economic took place in the Article 56 of the Constitution of losses. 1982 entitled “Health services and protection of the environment”. The article starting with the sentence While climate change is a natural process, it occurs which quotes “Everyone has the right to live in a very slowly over thousands or millions of years. healthy and
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