This article was downloaded by:[Gillan, Kevin] On: 19 February 2008 Access Details: [subscription number 790716670] Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Australian Journal of Political Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713404457 Transnational anti-war activism: Solidarity, diversity and the Internet in Australia, Britain and the United states after 9/11 Kevin Gillan a; andJenny Pickerill b a University of Manchester, b University of Leicester,

Online Publication Date: 01 March 2008 To cite this Article: Gillan, Kevin and Pickerill, andJenny (2008) 'Transnational anti-war activism: Solidarity, diversity and the Internet in Australia, Britain and the United states after 9/11', Australian Journal of Political Science, 43:1, 59 - 78 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/10361140701842573 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10361140701842573

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 o.4,N.1 ac 08 p 9–78 – 59 pp. 2008, March 1, No. 43, Science, Vol. Political of Journal Australian SN13-16pit SN16-3Xonline/08/010059-20 have 1363-030X not ISSN interviewees. would print; the 1036-1146 paper all ISSN This of by research. help and Australian invaluable (RES-228-25-0060) on the the undertaken project funded a Age’ without a was who is possible Information for research (UK), been Pickerill the (UK) Trust This Council Jenny in Leverhulme Research Leicester. Manchester. Movements Social The of of Anti-War and Economic University University Activism: the the the ‘Internet by at at provided funding Sociology Geography through in Human anti-war Lecturer in a Lecturer contexts, is Gillan political Kevin of range wide a 1). (Fig. in countries has many world arguments in post-9/11 activism the similar anti-war in large-scale politics Making popular of of emergence features the striking been most the of Activism One Transnational and Internet The Introduction: O:10.1080/10361140701842573 DOI: iest n h nenti utai,Britain Australia, in Internet the and Diversity rnntoa niwrAtvs:Solidarity, Activism: Anti-war Transnational ontapa oeal h oeproa oncin eurdt build to required connections personal borders. more across the coalitions enable working to stable, resources appear on-line both not However, across boundaries. do reach geographical networking networks and on-line international diversity extent, political an on-line, To resources useful. particularly anti-war proves particular, domestic in Australia, news fewer In gathering solidarity. with for of expressions primarily symbolic used sharing is for and Internet desire The a support. with transnational combined action for contextualised locally a – to facilitating cosmopolitanism’ commitment ‘rooted in primary of Internet assertion This (2005a) the States. Tarrow’s United of confirms the research role and Britain the Australia, explores between collective activism article transnational transnational this and of analysis, interviews observation, site process participant web through significant collected a data and Using represent Afghanistan action. in to occupations and appears wars Iraq opposing activism in upsurge The n h ntdSae fe 9/11 after States United the and nvriyo Manchester of University nvriyo Leicester of University J ENNY K EVIN AND P G ICKERILL ILLAN Ó 08Asrlsa oiia tde Association Studies Political Australasian 2008 Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 60 mrc eosrtsta nenttcnlge aebcm eta to central political become to become and have across has Internet protests Bennett by the technologies anti-war central more 2006). boosted major Internet The activities. of Shah been daily that number protesters’ has and a demonstrates in movements Veenstra participants America anti-war of (Nah, survey latest practices Givens’ the Internet in activists’ participation 2003). (Pickerill that on-line about of trust lack building concern a in shown a difficulties audiences, means have and diffuse no engagement Activists and by personal unknowable face. is surveillance, Bennett activists Internet accessibility, 2002; the problems uneven (Norris course, the Of commentary for 2006). and panacea Chadwick news informa- 2003; of of Bimber dissemination creation is 2003; cost interactive low it and distances, large tion of which across sharing tactics interaction, faster and to example, strategies for through, extent (ICTs) technologies the nication technologies. Internet examining the of in use particularly transnationalism the transna- of by arena, rise facilitates facilitated the protest likely explores paper it anti-war This boundaries, action. collective geographical tional transcending of means 1). (2005b, borders’ accelerated . across . . local connections society activism international of increasing transnational complex by out in a engage of grow networks they ‘who ‘intertwined resources’; transnational through cosmopolitans’, domestic that on ‘rooted draw claims by and Tarrow settings formed groups. is well as grassroots action not levels, between collective local does and ties national coalition material informal at include or groups to as between likely organisation made is linkages activism of international ideological Such or part formal occur. may the a action transnational on 2005, where exist, Tarrow campaigns Even and Porta action. international 3). (della – actors’ collective 2 ‘coordinated international transnational against as activists of of defined realm networks is the latter into moved The have may campaigns 1. Figure ute ognrlfidnsaotueo Csi ciim hr sevidence is there activism, in ICTs of use about findings general to Further commu- and information by enhanced is participation political general, In efficient highly and inexpensive relatively a offers Internet the as far so In .GLA N .PICKERILL J. AND GILLAN K. oWMDs No ¼ oNe o a,Lno,Mrh2006. March London, War, for Need No en Pickerill. Jenny Note: l htgah ae by taken photographs All Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 eetat-a ciim hni slkl htteItre a lohle the helped also has argues: Internet in activist the participation one that enabled Indeed, likely borders. have is cross ICTs it movement new anti-war then and if activism, (Bennett Furthermore, anti-war e-media’ 17). ‘overwhelmingly through recent commu- crisis 1, affiliations Iraq 2006, digital the movement the Givens to on close about first central information with rely individuals most their those to received those which and US, likely through media’ the ‘disproportionately route nications in are least the movement At become anti-war actors. has collective key it experience more the activism, rw 05 ut 06.I utai,ognstosopsn h a on war Corrigan- the and opposing (Meyer organisations formed Australia, rapidly In being undemo- 2006). – and Gupta United (UFPJ) handed – 2005; discon- coalition Justice high Brown national ‘massive and new sectarian, a Peace faced bloody to for leading an but just interview), took Marqusee Coalition were demonstrations Racism) (Mike End they cratic’ War organising and [because] ever War . the in . Stop terror . tent to role Stop on Now war leading the (Act the ANSWER against early forming US, mobilisation the to 2001, In central Britain, since. September been long- In has of 21 2006). which range (Gillan (StWC), on diverse opposition met politically of a activists coalitions of into together organisations coming standing the through explained Internet 2006). high Union Telecommunications has (International transnational country rates each usage since of connections and such access likelihood forge liberal for to possibility strong Internet the to a the is commitment using increases there addition, In and of countries. protest, these capitalism, histories com- across action collective legitimate similar events, of languages, excesses with and common connection the democracy as direct against such protest this similarities, radical that wider assume with to We bined continue 2006b). (GlobalSecurity. and country 2003 2006a, that March in members in org interventions key Iraq military all largest invaded were three that – the willing’ represent Australia the and of Britain ‘coalition US, the the of – countries case three Our transnational aids Movements Anti-war communication Three for Internet empirical has thorough that use a Web claim enables that action. the data meanings collective of the of explore combination exploration to This order activists. use in individual therefore making dataset We of hyperlinks. qualitative of wary analysis are a quantitative we the inhabit However, from informational sites travel. inferences various may further the web activists of organisations’ which account an through three of offer illustrate pathways thereby, kinds We and, in different structure practices. that linking that movements within authors’ positions site anti-war different information web the of anti-war connecting structure by the in created examine resources we technologies analysis, hyperlink Utilising Internet countries. of role h ai pedo niwratvs meitl fe /1myb partially be may 9/11 after immediately activism anti-war of spread rapid The the of analysis multi-method a present article this of sections following The htscagd Mk aqseitriw rtradatvs,London) activist, all and Internet, writer the interview, With language. Marqusee common (Mike a commu- changed. don’t by that’s separated [they] lefts . two . separated. – quite much historically nicate are lefts British and US The RNNTOA NIWRACTIVISM ANTI-WAR TRANSNATIONAL 61 Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 62 eetdi l he onre ic,abi ihfligtrot ht osome to that, periodically turnouts been falling with have albeit demonstrations in since, and demonstrations Such countries York join three 2003). New all 500,000 (BBC in in saw protested repeated capitals demonstra- Australia people across biggest and State 100,000 cities Francisco, the US six 600 San formed the in in In protesters marched history. 200,000 million people British one in million London, tion ten In and globe. six the between when referred 2003, that mood prevailing protests the and 5). to (Fig. 4) connected pride soldiers, (Fig. American national patriotic’ of a of is deaths hegemony’. patriotism; the ‘dissent US ‘harnessing of to as as 3). explicitly theme (2005) such Fig. Coy cultural slogans and (see post-9/11 Woehrle organised Thus, racism dominant Maney, StWC anti-Muslim by the described of and of of tactic rise use introduction Backlash’ the made the Racist to linked activists the legislation groups anti-terror Australia, ‘Stop In new to Islamaphobia. new calls on the Britain conferences In public large anxiety, sense. risk made public were particular groups within heightened at Muslim on there and and be protesters war made to anti-war legislation between the perceived anti-terror alliances being were opposed new Muslims movements both demands because anti-war from and multiple general, the demands in Since of terror with 2). framing of (Fig. movement, the inclusion demonstrations affected the the This saw Muslims. within first activism British their on anti- assertive anti-war were at increasingly Seattle British participants and the of Francisco Additionally, from 30% San demonstration. York, some resulted New that Doherty 2002, of in found and demonstrations of (2006) (Sloboda war levels Givens end participants and re-activated the Bennet high and 2004). towards new with many especially of seen, individuals (Ru involvement scale status left-leaning in professional increase composed secular, be and to tended politicised, emerged education they that highly coalition meant this national of Britain In no campaigns. peace although earlier level state the 2003). at (Morrow appeared terror h ihpito rnntoa oriainocre n1 February 15 on occurred coordination transnational of point high The of that reflected generally movements these of composition demographic The iue2. Figure .GLA N .PICKERILL J. AND GILLAN K. utpemsae rmteSo h a olto,Lno,Mrh2006. March London, Coalition, War The Stop the from messages Multiple ¨ i n she20) oee,the However, 2003). Eschle and dig Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 fdrc cin agtn iiayisaltosars h onr,and country, the across installations range a military national saw the instance, targeting for Tactically, wrong Britain, actions 2006). story. the (Grattan direct the was and of war of 2007) it of part Center the only 74% believed Research opposed were (Pew and Americans demonstrations Center Iraq 55% British of in Research Australia action (Pew 51% the military Iraq in taken 2006 in of 4 have force by After to 61% military decision way. Yet, use that same to 2003b). so Americans right the 2003a, was increased of felt it support 59% Britons felt Americans 39% began, war only war at but As months action, opinion. military public supported changing tracked extent, 4. Figure 3. Figure Dseti aroi’sg nabidn vrokn wnTwr ie e okCity, York New site, Towers Twin overlooking building a in sign Patriotic’ is ‘Dissent otr‘niMsi aim h reFc fteWro err,Melbourne, Terror’, on War the of Face True The Racism: ‘Anti-Muslim Poster uut2005. August pi 2005. April RNNTOA NIWRACTIVISM ANTI-WAR TRANSNATIONAL 63 Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 64 npriua,w netgt h hrceitc n nerltoso three of each of in interrelations US. sites is site web the and it anti-war and web key characteristics following, Britain focus. from by the the we Australia, stemming which networks In structured investigate on hyperlink to. we thereby environment separate the link information particular, of is the to of In experience Web sites structuring The which that the precisely follow. concerning on may decisions constituted audiences authors’ activists through their routes as political which make offer hyperlinks to movement field, hyperlinks formal intent assume of informational authors’ we Networks between site the however, information. the web links particular study, ( of of contexts present of primarily aware stronger the indicative particular of be analysis be context to may In (2006) the connections In networks. Gibson’s parties). on-line off-line and and resources Ackland off-line for or automatically individuals between be The information proxies of therefore, relationship flow of cannot, ties. as potential informational networks the flow network On-line have understood represent the resources. ties conversely, off-line those whereas by networks, among nodes wider collective tied the hyperlink at or are of On-line resources individual which necessarily them. extent identifies not nodes, between typically full are as via networks they the actors represented off-line sites, local be of reflect web member- to and examination groups’ overlapping to connections national relevant had formal expected of the often international, expect between web would and of hyperlinks uneven we together and range an Although such protests trust American ships. existed planned beyond wider there that Nonetheless, and personnel, a groups arrangements shared. British between money, stable and the connections relatively negotiated including and were Within – formal – groups, new. backing resources of range political others a coalitions, by and organised national were long-standing above described some activities anti-war The On-line Movements US Anti-war support Integrating to tracking up set military program Swap Facility Sea Defence the opposed personnel. Joint and Navy Gap the Pine at protested station activists Australian 5. Figure .GLA N .PICKERILL J. AND GILLAN K. ukr‘ryr o ec’ ibnfreeyU odes et nIa,NwYork New Iraq, in death soldiers’ US every for ribbon a Peace’, for ‘Prayers Quaker iy pi 2006. April City, cf . Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 ruet ontdpn nteaslt ubro e ie nec ewr,ti software this network, each in sites web of greatest number the following co-link absolute with the problematic. of the because those not and stage are on is network, analysis each the depend limitation in further at not elsewhere to are (domains) identified do carried pages analysis sites arguments web sites for web from web in-links Networks hundred hundred of networks. one number one three of the our maximum Since across a analysis. pages to web therefore, individual limited, 58,000 different over with visited pages to refer hyperlinks’ ‘external and names. stopwar.org.uk), domain (e.g. application. name interesting domain an same for (2000) Marres and Rogers see software; 3 2 1 each in the contained from sites. hyperlinks ‘clicks’ web linked two external downloads of or it list all one a is, through compiling records that accessible page, visited software was two; The that of The hyperlinks. site depth ‘reading’ homepage. the internal a set, of firstly, to seed page examining, hyperlinks the each and in internal site homepage follows included each the software were visits of Crawler country content Issue each the The an from networks. in URLs; sites issue indicates same relevant the web the of sites set set’ to anti-war ‘seed seed oriented prominent a between part, (total a of 11 in selection least hyperlink case, using the at with this are, a networks begins sites analysis the that hyperlink The that issue. – is analyse content colleagues. of and and assumption association Rogers Richard follow founding by created identify, The Crawler’ ‘Issue to called tool possible software is It Method e ito olne ie.Rieainrdcsteba xre ythe co- by the that exerted that grounds issue. ensures the bias identified also on originally yet content, the the set, of to reduces rooted seed commonality remains the some Reiteration network for establishes the sites sites. analysis using web reiterated link co-linked then of that is choice of Sites procedure one researcher’s The considered removed. only network. list are had ‘co-linked’) issue is were the that new network (i.e. of list sites members the other compiled be more in to or the two site in from another links page received ‘issue from web resulting a any reference identify stage hyperlink to analysis’ this ‘co-link At utilises network’. Crawler Issue set, seed the oeet r yial endb rfrnetwrsnon-institutional towards preference a an to display by needed to defined they needed Social (2) typically politics. they institutional and of are (1) sphere country; the set: movements case of further seed outside relevant activities two the advocate the meet explicitly in to to included needed orientation/bias sites be being explicit the as to effort, well criteria As anti-war specific country. network. the each the with in in identified movements point clearly anti-war other off-line any prominent from the a most of browsing receive probability that start greatest sites they the web have if network those them the that in visiting provides in sites user figure site web This other each network. from of received links issue centrality links most the the of of number of members the estimate other records an from it site particular, web In each sites. by between links the on h ubro yelnst olwi nisentoki oetal atadIseCrawler Issue and vast potentially is network issue an the in with follow pages to to hyperlinks refer of hyperlinks’ number ‘internal The thus, the name; of domain description by here a defined for is (2002) site Rogers web see A www.issuecrawler.net; at available is software The h ie nlddi aho h edst eeietfidvakoldeo the of knowledge via identified were sets seed the of each in included sites The data provides also Crawler Issue network, issue the delineating to addition In ¼ 3.Teestsaete sdt dniytestsconstituting sites the identify to used then are sites These 33). RNNTOA NIWRACTIVISM ANTI-WAR TRANSNATIONAL 2 hog iiigeeyst in site every visiting Through 3 65 1 Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 oee,cenn ftedt ormv e ie htwr tl ikdt u olne existed longer no but size. to network linked reduced still marginally were coding) that manual sites for web remove unavailable to therefore, data (and, the of cleaning However, 66 4 sites. web hundred one than issue three fewer identified slightly we set, of seed consisting each each for separately networks, Crawler Issue running By below, Overviews provided Network is dimension More each to focus. profiles. of anti-war used network categories the overall was coding were the beyond networks of specific following and which issues Coding the to and site on networks. extent activities the detail web the promoting examine in each to in designed evident coding involved of was transnationalism ‘Locale’ purpose’ content site dimensions. of ‘web of two level focus on the in site coded investigate national each and of the pages reviewed internal reflected linked were and homepage network The were each sites. 1). sites web the seed Appendix of 33 (see content social of country total per study different A sites of to discussed. seed array been ambition 11 wide have with the our issues identified, than these reflect Porta rather which terror, criteria (della in on framings forums These war and the 25). – opposing claims 15 movements characteristic 1999, their Diani by and and action collective eod h ihs ubro nlnso n iei n ftentok,with networks, site the web of any (UFPJ) in Justice site and any for of Peace recorded in-links scores for of the United number half by highest almost The reflected the is it. also records figure is within the density sites by network network to Australian individual US linked the is The in network total. whereas the that in sites, organisation web confirms connected US other counts) a densely in-link 14 average, most (mean on the scores that, is standardised showing The network this, The least. US sites. the the surrounding Australia that the and of indicate nature are counts changing they in-link the network given raw which of, on these part depending be result, than to a counts considered more As in-link network. in different that have present for oriented sites was re-calculated overlap site were in-links a sites internationally their When network analyses. web one network more of separate three number network. suggests present anti-war that on-line Australian This twice Australian the the (five sharing within into Australia. low networks practices linked is hyperlink these networks are with US of more and exclusively both 6) those British Fig. with the (i.e. in between sites) networks overlap zones national Exclusive overlap those long between sites network. a the Among interconnections web is boundaries. in Web unique provide national the strong located 247 that do of seems of a that importance it total remained regard the sites a this transcending there In of from network. Nevertheless, out one way 221 only networks. in with the found clustering being of national two of degree issue in resulting found of three one were than the more in between discovered were overlap sites networks. visibility some high these was some is, there that networks; illustrates, 6 Fig. h dnie ewrsalrahdtesfwr ii foehnrdwbstsprnetwork. per sites web hundred one of limit software the reached all networks identified The oetn h et n eiblt foraayi,w aulycddthe coded manually we analysis, our of reliability and depth the extend To al rsnsa vriwo ahisentok h he aacolumns data three The network. issue each of overview an presents 1 Table sites web 26 further a and networks three all in exist to found were sites Ten .GLA N .PICKERILL J. AND GILLAN K. 4 As Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 nln on range count In-link prxmt rprinlt,cluae sn nln otaemd vial yPtrRogers, Peter URL: by available Kent. made of software on-line University using calculated proportionality, approximate o ie 69 98 99 96 links network Total sites No. n fteohrntokmmes ycutn nlnsol eaoddul onig o each For for counting. links double in-link network avoid an total we also only possible is in-links out-link maximum counting relevant By the each members. network so network network other the the of within one sites between links in interested network. otcnrlsites central Most eni-ikcount in-link Mean ewr n,teeoe ersnstedniyo oncin.Frec ewr h maximum the network each For connections. count of in-link density mean the possible represents therefore, and, network fa utainntoa olto ffln,wihmgtohriehave otherwise might which off-line, on-line. coalition point information lack national the central reflect a may Australian provided its UFPJ and to an linking location that sites its reveals Australian both of of site in number highly American web large most clearly UFPJ The its is the focus. that be of produced organisation to content an network site the represents web the of it UFPJ analysis however, the Further shows Interestingly, site. also it. in-linked set seed to Australian linking the sites from of 50% over c b a 6. Figure I-ikcutrne ie h oetadhgetnme fi-ik eevdb n iei the in site one by received in-links of number highest and lowest the gives range’ count ‘In-link Ttlntoklns ie h u fi-ik o vr iei ahntok eaeonly are We network. each in site every for in-links of sum the gives links’ network ‘Total Ma nln on’i ipytertoo oa iet-ielnst h ubro ie nthe in sites of number the to links site-to-site total of ratio the simply is count’ in-link ‘Mean i-ikcount) (in-link rprinlVn iga ersnigntokoverlap. network representing diagram Venn Proportional b c a al 1. Table VennApplet.html eeasopaeog(8 atogu 2)iabdcutog(19) iraqbodycount.org (24) caat.org.uk (38) veteransforpeace.org ntdopaeog(0 nu.r 3)uiefrec.r (21) unitedforpeace.org (36) cnduk.org (50) unitedforpeace.org ¼ 5 vriwo he niwrhpriknetworks hyperlink anti-war three of Overview o ie 1. – sites no. vwnt(0 aiitog(6 nyei.r (20) indymedia.org (26) basicint.org (40) ivaw.net SNtokU ewr utainNetwork Australian Network UK Network US http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/pjr/EulerVennCircles/Euler 05–3 21 – 3 36 – 5 50 – 5 3518 792 1088 1385 431. 8.1 11.0 14.3 4 osle 7Jnay2007. January 17 Consulted . RNNTOA NIWRACTIVISM ANTI-WAR TRANSNATIONAL ¼ o sites no. 6 n.sts–1). – sites (no. Note: ra represent Areas 67 Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 K2(.)5 5.)4(.)5(43 6(24 1(21.3) 51 (17.5) (16.3) 42 39 (100%) 240 (22.4) 46 (40.4) (16.1) (19.0) 97 33 39 205(100%) (14.3) (100%) 5 (25.7) 35 (38.0) 9 78 (0.0) 0 (100%) 93 (100%) (4.3) (18.3) 98 (54.3) 4 17 19 (41.9) 39 (100%) 94 (32.7) (24.7) Australia 32 (52.0) 23 51 (0.0) 0 (12.2) (6.4) 12 6 UK (2.1) 2 (0.0) Totals (91.5) 0 86 International US National Other Australia UK US Locale 68 a anti- 2. on-line Australia. Table the Australian than the on other of focused nations out both single (39.8%) are on sites which focused Australian 37 Peace, are that for network find the than Veterans war we other or total, nations whereas UFPJ In on the focused as US). global 2000), sites (such shows the of own proportion network Abolition as its largest (such British Australian the network, sites contains The The network web Australia. disarmament locale. operating on British internationally nuclear focused of a vast inclusion being half having than strongest the network less sites with its with heterogeneous, of somewhat geographically of is homogenous most half network the most is over British however, The considerably network, the just locale. varies with American is with bias sites an looser, network this having web sites of US towards of strength biased majority The the be networks. However, to 6. nation. across Fig. network that in national reported in overlap each locales of shows degree table limited generally manual The the the confirm on findings based The had overlap site. it on each findings that for than the locale evidence more represents of in was coding 2 supported, locale. there administratively Table appropriate was if country. were the or one ‘international’ identify elements activities, the as or to these events easy with identified of of organised was was three correspondence it subjects locale all country, for the The one When locale. events, provided to site. geographic oriented advertised that addresses its clearly by of define the represented locations to and organisation we site the therefore, critique web of location, every political account hosting of or took transnational the coding names genuinely Coding between a domain manual had on overlap in or rely national engaged oriented, an been than not networks Finding the had the were Rather in they sets. locale. process included which to either seed to analytical were countries ‘belonging’ three sites the of some the that after as implies of however, found simply networks, each were for counted they completed the which sites across overlap in of web degree network(s) the with examines 6 Fig. networks, in presented diagram Venn The Locales of Analysis l e ie hr h oaewsietfibewr nldd ih ae eeunidentifiable. were cases eight included; were identifiable was locale the where sites web All Focus h ethn ieo al osdr aho h he ewrsseparately. networks three the of each considers 2 Table of side left-hand The .GLA N .PICKERILL J. AND GILLAN K. oaecmae cosntoa ewrsadntokoelp(grsin (figures overlap network and networks national across compared Locale 00 31 0(08 57 44 1(4.6) 11 (4.4) 9 (5.7) 2 (10.8) 10 (3.1) 3 (0.0) 0 yNtokB iePosition Site By Network By aetee r %) are parentheses a Overlap Sites Non-overlap ie l Sites All Sites Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 elo ihntebodctgr fmvmn ie,w a e oenotable some see can we sites, US movement British, of the category broad of types, when the demonstrates, 94.3% site within 3 and Table look non-movement as 87.6% we However, to 90.1%, respectively. networks, movement up Australian making and of network sites proportion anti-war movement sites on-line similar with movement Each broadly social sites. non-movement as a are considered has two be latter may the categories whereas five first The networks. ersne ntest otns n,i h aeo ciitgop,their (as groups, site activist the of of case web seven the owners following the in identified: or in being resulted and, authors types approach This site contents) the action. the political site identifying to of approach the around purpose based in were or represented categories The orientation examination networks. initial general issue an after three developed the were the type’ of within site ‘web sites for categories of Coding Types profile Site an high Web of the have Analysis transnation- on sites dependent of web is form that overlap a overlap network. form although the represent issue a So, US may of is locale. Confirming US networks it not. none a alism, anti-war do consider that have expressed that national can 50% see (as those over between we whereas we with recognition Thus, locale, zones) point, Australian international not. overlap previous did gain the our that in that majority position sites through the differentiates with what network one than (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) al xmnstetpso ierpeetdi h nln anti-war on-line the in represented site of types the examines 3 Table h ih-adsd fTbe2cmae hs ie htapae nmore in appeared that sites those compares 2 Table of side right-hand The iityo eec)o nentoa oenne(..Uie Nations). United (e.g. governance international or Defence) of site Ministry web (e.g. sites newspapers as or Governance such CNN) (e.g. services channels on-line television offered sites media that Mainstream petitions. sites of electronic range web or a hosting to and Indymedia services (from blogs) sources web support information and movement news as media such stream and peace/anti-war, than issue media other multiple environment. area Alternative had the issue or but an on rights action focus human to primary orientation a their or foci of terms in respectively, etr oeetdrpeettvs ie htwr ueyinformational purely category. were this in that protest included also Sites ‘Wider’ writing were or representatives. peace governance, on of elected resources institutions institutionalised, of to more lobbying were direct letters of promoted form or the described taking activities they non-institutional political or the action, in direct sites lobby or Peace involvement demonstrations activities. mass such authors’/owners’ as promoted either such sites site activities, The political etc.). the trade anti-arms described disarmament, pro-nuclear anti-war, sites protest Peace n (4) and otie iia au/su ou opoetstsbut sites protest to focus value/issue similar a contained – riuae togcmimn ovle fpae(i.e. peace of values to commitment strong a articulated – nlddisiuin fntoa oenet(e.g. government national of institutions included – nlddetbihdo-ienw ult,sc as such outlets, news off-line established included – ob sites lobby RNNTOA NIWRACTIVISM ANTI-WAR TRANSNATIONAL olwdteaoedistinctions, above the followed – h Guardian The nlddnon-main- included – ). 69 Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 oenne4(.)1 1.)3(.)1(.)1 75 6(6.8) 16 (7.5) 15 (2.9) 1 (3.3) 3 (100 (10.3) 92 10 (4.3) 4 Totals Governance Mainstream ie rts 54 52 2(33 59 8(.)2 (8.5) 20 (20.0) 47 (9.0) 18 (21.3) 50 (20.4) 41 (24.7) 58 (5.9) (21.4) 2 43 (17.6) 6 (25.4) 51 (13.3) (20.6) 12 7 (24.4) 22 (20.6) 7 (5.2) 5 (13.3) (13.4) Australia 12 13 (20.0) 18 (34.0) (21.7) 33 (5.4) 20 5 UK (24.7) 24 Movement (14.1) 13 Lobby Wider (27.2) Protest 25 Wider Lobby US Peace Protest Peace Type Site Web 70 essucsaems eeat hnoe hc rts rlbystsare sites lobby or which protest over which country over each than of from degree relevant, network significant. greater authors most one a most than are site suggests more sources web site in movement news among found fact of are often agreement to The categories more sites activists news. various implicit are of movement the media sources sources of are heavily is many news relevant than desire more same to it the that practices, the is to of fact hyperlink that points that their outside very networks through category these than The refer, fit other in zone services. to central only than overlapping likely and quite The services more the media types. support are in mainstream movement site they most (proportionally) and other that media are represented the find alternative we these of of networks), any sites, category three the such the into of of overlap number the small While sites. case. a protest Australian wider only the of in presence contain the numerous to networks relation in Australian seen all the for be in concerns also means broader can on informational context and emphasis or protests This eschew change. constitutional to political utilise tend achieving sites methods instead lobby the and wider Britain, these in an demonstrations, on dominate clearly represented that is groups sites power the lobby primarily nuclear of peace are of the Many issue Like issues. the one. and other important concerns is towards environmental British up directed it to firmly network makes oriented the are Australian category goals the of their that within issues, Australia proportion Third, and and network. small media US the the a of alternative the one-quarter in (i.e. only nearly whereas sites form (10.3%), peace 5 services) network rather category is support it Second, network movement peace predominate. British network, the that US within sites the whereas within dominant, are First, sites networks. the between differences 3. Table Media Services and Media hncmaigstswt rnntoa ikgs(..toestae in situated those (i.e. linkages transnational with sites comparing When wider .GLA N .PICKERILL J. AND GILLAN K. est ye oprdars ainlntok n ewr vras(grsin (figures overlaps network and networks national across compared types Website ob ie htpeoiae lhuhteestsmydsuspeace discuss may sites these Although predominate. that sites lobby 0(17 0(03 1(33 2.)2 1.)3 (15.7) 37 (13.9) 28 (26.5) 9 (23.3) 21 (10.3) 10 (21.7) 20 54 21 22 59 25 (3.0) 7 (2.5) 5 (5.9) 2 (2.2) 2 (2.1) 2 (5.4) 5 )9 (100 97 %) . yNtokB Site By Network By )9 (100 90 %) . aetee r %) are parentheses )3 (100 34 %) . Overlap Sites )21(100 201 %) . Non-overlap ie l Sites All Sites )25(100 235 %) . protest lobby %) . Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 epc,SuetIlmcSceis red fteErhMlore utainIndymedia activists. Australian anti-war Melbourne, York New the Earth Network, Coalition, independent Justice and Anti-War the Global Victoria, AWOL, Muslim – of Party, Greens Socialist Britain, Australian Friends Democratic of Weekly, Left Societies, Association Green collectives, Islamic Muslim 365, Student Faslane Respect, Friends, of Society 5 activism explained: anti-globalisation respondent Australian one that in As distance’ identified generally. of more (2001) informa- ‘tyranny the Nossal by the on and and reflects dependent countries Capling differences This other is movement. in and characteristic environmental movements anti-war domestic interconnected network: by of Australian loosely provided the resources only number tional to appears relate a distinctions it striking on-line and most The linkages them. movements international between of set anti-war limited a highlighted between has hyperlinks Internet of the analysis on Our Solidarity and Diversity Global: Being rqetyrfre otees viaiiyo nomtoa eore.Some resources. informational of availability easy campaigning in the Internet to the of referred value the frequently regarding questions to responses Initial Action Mediated and Solidarity Imagined solidarity. and context diversity the namely, in action; relevant collective particularly transnational themes much-discussed of two on focuses data aefo ag fognstosta ersn iedvriyi em of terms in organisation. diversity wide of a scale represent Respondents and that 2007). activity June organisations world-view, and of of political 2006 range years January a three between after from 2001 interviews activists September came (60 American between Iraq and interviews British in (21 with war war Australia and Iraq 2003), in the January activists of and with start the conducted participant before were and shortly Interviews interviews observation. in-depth on-line through and collected was material Qualitative off-line onto Method map these far on how placed value and the links examine activists international we connections. qualitative anti-war particular, and a for In national utilise countries. connections three on-line we Internet the paper of of transnational the importance each genuine from of the of produce section probe perception following to they the dataset the which In for to action. and degree far collective resources is the however, anti-war understanding connections, on-line domestic from Describing movements. of other from lack distance a for remedy rusicue:So h a olto SW) utc o egac,CDU,Religious UK, CND Vengeance, Not Justice (StWC), Coalition War the Stop included: Groups h yeln rcie fAsrla niwratvssoe non-line an offer activists anti-war Australian of practices hyperlink The tjs em iew’eral ml n tas em iew’ereally hi, ‘Hello, we’re like, it’s like Melbourne) and interview, seems Prague, (Aggy Washington, also here.’ Seattle, down like it it’s and and movement small really people we’re like disconnected seems just It o oka n mrcno uoendsusoso h global the of discussions European or American any at look you ...... we o’ aeral uentok,teesnta many as not there’s networks, huge really have don’t RNNTOA NIWRACTIVISM ANTI-WAR TRANSNATIONAL 5 u nlsso these of analysis Our 71 Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 o atcpns neveeshglgtdteraiiyt omnct their communicate to ability campaign their a protest: of highlighted in significance participation Interviewees the increasing participants. thereby arena, for the global lives the each into of actions 5). minds the 1991, in (Anderson will yet, communion’ this . nation . their smallest . term fellow-members of the as their image even might nation of of most we the members know defining the (2005), Rai never work ‘because Bayat Anderson’s community (Milan imagined on Following morale- desire an draws campaigners solidarity. the Bayat to and express solidarity’. other on-line ‘imagined referred groups and anti-war for find respondents other to to resources connecting many of such benefits Additionally, boosting purpose provide primary Hastings). their to define interview, Britain, in exactly Vengeance Not as Justice as such groups, 72 h ult hylne o n rmtn h oc fatraiemdasources media alternative and of voice ideas the anti-war promoting in and selective of repeatedly to, highly linked them coverage Respondents making they of media, outlets accident. mainstream the lack the no of sites general much is within the across web activities networks repetition with media issue frustration Such the alternative reported between countries. area particularly three overlap or and the space shared mainstream the the dominated above, noted making vast through solidarity is elsewhere. the of examples Internet protest expressions the with these the about that facilitated information of has interaction standing available it Each symbolic for; of were 29). suited kinds well 2004, we the so (Cortright of that value people’ the international world’s knowing gained demonstrates interview, We the of out. in spoke of Healy who networks strength majority us (Sean of global up those and the for based’ States built inspiration confidence In of United net source the have people a ‘in Melbourne). was entirely that .we Similarly, movement . Sydney). way . been and interview, Party, only Socialist us have the Democratic (Nik is] with that action’ [ICT what contact correspondents that is of in internationally factor find connectedness get days do the . . ‘we international . I Azaim me Australia, before politicised the existed (Naazish movement] what [the not’ That’s made know even on-line. or didn’t it ‘I scale: Muslim saw global the they’re at acting whether of matter wherever doesn’t injustice an Leicester). it for ISS, up stand – interview, live’ ‘You all: you is for wherever this justice it some, for is, For concern Leicester). skin a [ISS], to your Society extended Students colour Islamic Islamic interview, whatever Sayeed the are, (Arif reflects you and wherever one Muslims, communities was this Muslim of Britain by In concept war. represented Iraq the obviously in persecuted most being those with closely identified mgndsldrt a eahee hog rjciglclygrounded locally projecting through achieved be may solidarity Imagined e necag fepesoso oiaiyi ntesaigo es As news. of sharing the in is solidarity of expressions of interchange key A experience activists’ solidifying in crucial was Internet the instances, other In who activists amongst keenly most felt was solidarity show to need The a oeta odaotoratosgt u rudtewrd (Chris world. the around demonstrations out War) with gets the Stop actions coincided to our Campaign have about Leicester interview, word demonstrations Goodwin that big hope can the of internationally lot A .GLA N .PICKERILL J. AND GILLAN K. umma ...if ohn le–i edntso h as–a es you least at – wars the stop don’t we if – else nothing teuiy h rteho,tesseho,o all of sisterhood, the brotherhood, the unity, ‘the ; Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 iue7. Figure peace network US networks the anti-war Within three orientation. the activist lobby that their shows of above protest terms types site in web differed of analysis Our Action Collective in action Diversity 2007). place-rooted (Pickerill prioritise scale to on-line global solidarity designed a at imagining is communication of Indymedia between offering more possibility of interchange while the for structure were medium see the sources. core which we since mainstream a Again, sources, than become groups. networks have media anti-war Indymedia issue as three alternative such the of Sites across Internet to growth of the in linked which is, utilisation the frequently in that way context; the the facilitated global is see the here has in development can sources struggles major local A we media locating solidarity. of interconnection imagining because way a transnational addition, as sources of In these sites coverage. key satisfactory were more offered that hsclpeec farneo ruspriiaigtgte none in together participating between groups divisions the of include displays coalitions range 7 anti-war of Fig. a anti-globalisation US Britain). (Rhythms Similarly, of Pink), of performance demonstration. Association presence (Code artistic (Muslim physical faith feminism (Respect), interview, and parties Friends), Resistance), Ridley ideological political to of (Yvonne committed (Wombles), anti-war coalitions’ those (Society ‘the in include bizarre noted, groups movements pacifism herself Participant some anti-war Britain London). the forced in Respect, activist and has an general, political As movement in of environmental 2006). degree (Gillan activism broad to a the particular contemporary concerning indicate arguments oriented of type the supports site basis those that web networks the particularly on across findings diversity common, our Overall, most concerns. proved that ie rdmntdadi h utainntoki was it network Australian the in and predominated sites ie eems omnyfud ihnteBiihntokpeace network British the Within found. commonly most were sites utpemsae:Paad rmMsi soito fBian re at and Party Green Britain, of Association Muslim from Placards messages: Multiple apinfrNcerDsraet odn ac 2006. March London, Disarmament, Nuclear for Campaign RNNTOA NIWRACTIVISM ANTI-WAR TRANSNATIONAL wider ob sites lobby 73 Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 74 iue8. Figure off-line the to but the possible inflection: that is cohesion, positive It argues within a 138). ideological (2005a, with Tarrow effects’ effect reduce found centrifugal it. this its movements expand see in diversity extreme and reticular be may enhance and the [I]nternet to shifting serve reflects anti-war ‘all may within linked both and groups interested of environment diversity for networks confusions’ the site, conduits to and on-line provide site from experiences, hyperlinks follow to Since and variety readers interview). a assumptions with Marqusee come consciousnesses, composition (Mike people their uneven; political . politically . . more grow of and movements diverse ‘whenever more 8), campaign: becomes (Fig. a complicate Greens and demonstrations. all Australian anti-war organisation) the key youth in socialist Earth, stage (a the (Burgman centre Resistance took roots and of Party, justice Friends anti- Socialist social and Australian Democratic instance, and the ecology in environmental For feminism, organisations strong as 2003). process- key have The such and 14). movement – perspectives, 612 Marxism) war of 2004, of (Firat range rights variants a civil by from groups informed focused (often groups goal-focused fsmos(’el 04 3 1 ikrl n ese 2006). Webster sharing and the Pickerill for 41; avenue – 239 plausible 2004, a (O’Neill provides symbols certainly of Internet the and contexts ciit eons hticroaigpltcldffrne a ev odiffuse to serve can differences political incorporating that recognise Activists diinly iulsmosadsml lgn rnlt aiyit different into easily translate slogans simple and symbols visual Additionally, in,teJw gis ins raiain.(rfSye neve,ISS, interview, Sayeed organisa- (Arif rights organisations. denominations you gay Zionism there small the from against Leicester) many organisations, and Jews anti-capitalist page so the web the there’s that tions, about on – learn amalgamate umbrella to all they get an and like it to is attached War the Stop .GLA N .PICKERILL J. AND GILLAN K. utainGen e ie eebr20.Nt h rmnneo h N a on War ‘No the of prominence the Note 2006. December site, web Greens Australian rq photo. Iraq’ Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 omtebsso od fte(mgnd oiaiyta ayatvssseek. activists often many that that solidarity resources (imagined) symbolic the these of bonds precisely of is basis It the form solidarity. of expressions of limited. sharing transna- was the build action of to for evidence ability ties limited interaction and, tional activists’ only face-to-face Consequently, offered movements of resources. on and lack it non-informational anti-war trust the encounter enhance noted who of to interviewees those On-line necessary our as for diversity countries. movement However, out the other Web. of of the stood on experience appearance the focused network affect the sites therefore, Australian web create The to and activities globe. news connected and relevant the highly for strategies search relatively across political the of from in reach of variety pronounced commentary do particularly a structures process became on-line and hyperlink This each boundaries foci. context, the geographical of of national both existence by in character the across affected the and was ICTs authors Although network site issue of collaboration. border- web transnational the anti-war role between off-line of distinction practices the a hyperlink highlight crossing explores We action. discussion collective transnational foregoing The a Conclusions build to personal differences. upon sought ideological reliant activists crossed remained rarely some links internationally and such ties made and puppet but were to groups transnationalism a links which decentralised grassroots Some through as were reduced. disparate meetings the dramatically divisions regard between face-to-face where were Such and transnationally we trust acute networks StWC). build more personal what done were interview, of recently but from Beste, possibility groups, have many (Robin representatives America between Iraq’ in evident met movement in they anti-war . government US done . . the have the is wouldn’t and of ‘[StWC] which StWC parts differences: British differences political some the of The what with because common alliances possible sharing collaboration. formal not of were example, unity off-line potential for the Thus, equivalent than goals. divisive would more of were that groups evidence between coalitions by transnational matched formal more orientated far more the resources. for internationally greater creating substitute may countries much this of require other more extent from an task to information that included solidarity; difficult off-line use of fact feelings to geographical The network of create attempt countries. to interview, by an formation case issue demonstrates our (Aggy, restricted the hyperlinks between Australian on’ remains and unevenness also the network ease which is personal connections, There relative a action, distance. on hyperlink with pass collective between built boundaries to transnational distinction are cross hard the ‘contacts which illustrates (2004, very that relationships This it’s view trusting Melbourne). of face-to-face the [and] creation that confirm networks arguing the building, to Respondents coalition conducive 234). for more basis are the meetings provide to Internet nln niwrntok r atclrysie osaigsymbolic sharing to suited particularly are networks anti-war On-line not was connections hyperlink of diversity the countries case our all For the of power the about ambivalence express Smith and Bandy However, RNNTOA NIWRACTIVISM ANTI-WAR TRANSNATIONAL 75 Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 ent,WL 03 CmuiaigGoa ciim tegh n unrblte of Vulnerabilities and Strengths Activism: Global ‘Communicating 2003. W.L. Bennett, es fsldrt,Itre ewrshl h otdcsooia to cosmopolitan References rooted the help networks a gain Internet to activists global. solidarity, allows borders of across information sense of sharing the because that 76 B.20.‘ilosJi lblAt-a Protests.’ Anti-war Global Join ‘Millions 2003. BBC. 1991. B. Anderson, the on Communication Political Horizontal and ‘Hyperlinks 2006. Gibson. R. and R. Ackland, particularly question this up for summed have connections respondent such meaning One clearly: what activists. asks data grassroots qualitative of analysis Our ent,WL n .Gvn.20.‘omncto n oiia oiiain iia Media Digital Mobilization: Political and ‘Communication 2006. Givens. T. and W.L. Bennett, Theory.’ Movement Social and Transnational in ‘Islamism Cooperation 2005. and A. Conflict Affecting Bayat, ‘Factors 2004. Smith. J. and J. Bandy, nomtoa ikgsde o,teeoe i nterptnilfrenabling for of potential range their wide in a of ( organisations value lie to between The therefore, link alliances much solidarity. formal the not, sites more imagined within does web of of action linkages anti-war construction context informational the their as political enable far locate they the so world-views activists to In action help movements. and concrete broader connections place although Internet to So, nation, 2005b). affixed cosmopolitan- 2005a, of predominantly ‘rooted despite (Tarrow of place, remains mobilisation notion national earlier in the grounded introduced cross reflects actual being offers, ism’ at to of Internet the primarily the importance former achieved possibilities This and part, the the scales. most enables local the hand, for and Internet remains, national one latter The the directing the counts’ other. whereas as that boundaries the work on home activists’ on at information, do distinguish opposition you can of what we users ‘it’s Internet Here flows by that imagined interview). examined sites considered itself Beste, global he – of (Robin scour – site web to world form StWC Internet the the the a around on used put he to articulating information although issues. for global that by domestic a explained of to Beste primarily importance actions the Robin maintaining local achieved simultaneously of while is meaning solidarity, the This re-scaling about audience. more far and groups ewre Politics.’ Networked 5 908. – 891 Online.’ Parties 2007. August of Story Networks Untold The WWW: s n rts raiainaogAt-rqWrDmntaosi h US.’ the in Demonstrators War Anti-Iraq among manuscript.) Organization Protest and Use Order In Networks.’ Movement Verso. London: Biggoa’i esaotbidn omlcnetosbteninternational between connections formal building about less is global’ ‘Being http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2765215.stm n htde htma?Wa osi ent nwalaotwhat’s about all know to mean it does Sydney) interview, What (John citizens mean? Italy? global directness in that become happening really a does we and do what How reality world. and a whole the wanting in you’re interested you’re localism, a wanting You’re .GLA N .PICKERILL J. AND GILLAN K. d .BnyadJ mt.Lna,M:Rwa n Littlefield. and Rowman MD: Lanham, Smith. J. and Bandy J. eds , URL: . 5 mgndCmuiis eetoso h rgnadSra fNationalism. of Spread and Origin the on Reflections Communities: Imagined http://voson.anu.edu.au/papers/hyperlinks_polcomm.pdf nomto,CmuiainadSociety and Communication Information, oltosArs odr:TasainlPoetadteNeoliberal the and Protest Transnational Borders: Across Coalitions ita bevtr o h td fOnline of Study the for Observatory Virtual B esOnline News BBC pace 4 osle 6Jnay2007. January 26 Consulted . in 01.Rte,w find we Rather, 2001). Diani hr ol Quarterly World Third () 4 68. – 143 6(2): 7Fbur 03 URL: 2003. February 17 4 . osle 17 Consulted . (Unpublished ...but 26(6): feel Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 oes .20.‘h su rwe:TeMknso ieSca cec nteWeb.’ the on Science Social Live of Makings The Crawler: Issue ‘The 2002. R. Rogers, el ot,D n .Tro.20.‘rnntoa rcse n oilAtvs:An Activism: Social and Processes ‘Transnational 2005. Tarrow. S. and D. 1999. Diani. Porta, M. della and D. Porta, della ikrl,J n .Wbtr 06 TeAt-a/ec oeeti rti n h Conditions the and Britain in Movement Anti-war/Peace ‘The 2006. Webster. F. and J. Pickerill, ikrl,J 07 Atnm nln’ nyei n rcie fAlter-globalisation.’ of Practices and Indymedia On-line’: ‘Autonomy 2007. J. Pickerill, 2003. J. Pickerill, e eerhCne.2007. Center. Research Pew 2003a. Center. Research Pew e eerhCne.2003b. Center. Research Pew lbleuiyog 06.‘SFre re fBattle.’ of Order Forces ‘US 2006b. GlobalSecurity.org. a,S,A .Vesr n .Sa.20.‘h nentadAt-a ciim aeStudy Case A Activism: Anti-war and Internet ‘The 2006. Shah. D. and Veenstra S. A. S., Nah, Poll.’ Now: Iraq From Home Troops ‘Bring 2006. M. Grattan, Research.’ Consumer and 2006. War, Peace, K. Activism: Gillan, ‘Consuming In 2004. Real.’ F. and A. Virtual Firat, Networks: Movement ‘Social 2001. M. Diani, 2004. D. Cortright, Internet, The Distance? 2006. of Tyranny A. or Chadwick, Distance of ‘Death 2001. Nossal. R. K. and A. Capling, 2003. V. Burgman, 2003. B. Bimber, orw .20.‘utai’ nia oeet tl acig u Where?’ but Marching, Still Movement: Antiwar ‘Australia’s The 2003. Hegemony: J. Morrow, Challenging and ‘Harnessing 2005. Coy. G. P. and Woehrle M. L. G., Maney, Technology Communication and ‘Information Movement.’ 2006. Anti-war the Union. and Telecommunications UFPJ International Forward: ‘Moving 2006. K. A. Gupta, ee,D .adC orgnBon 05 Caiin n oiia otx:U Movements US Context: Political and ‘Coalitions 2005. Corrigan-Brown. C. and S. D. Meyer, ’el,K 04 TasainlPoet tts icss n oflc tteFotieo Global of Frontline the at Conflict and Circuses, States, Protest: ‘Transnational 2004. K. O’Neill, 2002. P. Norris, 2006.’ November – Iraq in Forces Non-US Forces: Coalition ‘Iraq 2006a. GlobalSecurity.org. easst.net/review/sept2002/issuecrawler ahm D omnadLittlefield. and Rowman MD: Lanham, uoenAscainfrteSuyo cec n ehooyReview Technology and Science of Study the for Association European In Introduction.’ fIfrainWar.’ Information of niomn n lnigA Planning and Environment Press. University 5 uvyRpr.URL: Report. Survey 2007. fIfrain xrsinadAction.’ and Expression Information, of 2007. URL: Research Consumer Politics? New A Age: Information Forum. Freedom Press. University Oxford Oxford: Australia.’ in 65. Movement – 443 Anti-globalization 14(3): the and Deterritorialization, Unwin. and Allen NSW: Nest, Crows Power. pi 03 URL: 2003. April 9/11.’ After Movement Peace US itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Indicators/Indicators.aspx Database.’ Statistics 71. – 64 19: 1160246013651.html URL: gis asi Iraq.’ in Wars against org/reports/pdf/185.pdf coalition.htm Politics.’ Worldwide. URL: Military GlobalSecurity.org: UK. War. Sheffield, and Globalisation Contesting Networks www.people-press.org/reports/pdf/301.pdf 5 5 5 abig:CmrdeUiest Press. University Cambridge Cambridge: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue1/nah.html http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iraq_orbat.htm nentoa tde Review Studies International http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/labor-surges-as-iraq-takes-toll/2006/10/08/ abig:CmrdeUiest Press. University Cambridge Cambridge: 4 nomto n mrcnDmcay ehooyi h vlto fPolitical of Evolution the in Technology Democracy: American and Information osle eebr2006. December 5 Consulted . iia iie ii naeet nomto oet,adteInternet the and Poverty, Information Engagement, Civic Divide: Digital enn nMvmn.A dainlAayi fSeedbsdProtest Sheffield-based of Analysis Ideational An Movement. in Meaning ecflSproe:TeMvmn gis a nIraq. in War Against Movement The Superpower: Peaceful A rnntoa rts n lblActivism Global and Protest Transnational oe,PotadPoet utainSca oeet n Globalisation. and Movements Social Australian Protest: and Profit Power, 5 yepoet niomna ciimOnline. Activism Environmental Cyberprotest: nentPltc:Sae,Ctzn n e omncto Technologies. Communication New and Citizens States, Politics: Internet 1 611–14. 31: 4 http://www.worldpress.org/Asia/1053.cfm nentoa eeomnctosUin C Eye ICT Union: Telecommunications International nentoa Relations International osle eebr2006. December 8 Consulted . 5 Mobilization 4 http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/175.pdf osle 5Jnay2007. January 25 Consulted . URL: . iw faCagn ol Report. World Changing a of Views mrc’ mg ute rds uoen atWae Ties. Weaker Want Europeans Erodes, Further Image America’s ra poiint uhsIa Plan. Iraq Bush’s to Opposition Broad 91) 68–84. – 2668 39(11): oilgclPerspectives Sociological d .Wbtr odn Routledge. London: Webster. F. ed. oilMvmns nIntroduction. An Movements: Social 5 03:37–44. – 327 10(3): 4 tp/wwgoascrt.r/military/ops/iraq_orbat_ http://www.globalsecurity.org/ :23–51. – 233 6: osle eebr2006. December 5 Consulted . ora fCmue-eitdCommunication Computer-Mediated of Journal h hss eateto oiis nvriyof University Politics, of Department Thesis, PhD 4 RNNTOA NIWRACTIVISM ANTI-WAR TRANSNATIONAL 04:47–23. – 407 20(4): osle 5Jnay2007. January 25 Consulted . 4 osle eebr2006. December 5 Consulted . 4 osle eebr2006. December 5 Consulted . d .dlaPraadS Tarrow. S. and Porta della D. eds , 8 5 81. – 357 48: 4 lbleuiyog Military GlobalSecurity.org: osle 2Jnay2007. January 12 Consulted . URL: h Age The utr n oiisi the in Politics and Culture 4 4 acetr Manchester Manchester: 1 URL: 21. osle 5January 25 Consulted . osle 5January 25 Consulted . uvyRpr.URL: Report. Survey xod Blackwell. Oxford: URL: . 5 http://people-press. h aicReview Pacific The etunMagazine Leftturn Worldpress.org coe 2006. October 9 nin:Fourth Indiana: 5 5 dacsIn Advances http://www. http://www. 12(1). The 77 17 . Downloaded By: [Gillan, Kevin] At: 17:38 19 February 2008 arw .2005a. S. Tarrow, arw .20b Roe ompltn n rnntoa ciit. rprdfraspecial a for Prepared Activists.’ Transnational and Cosmopolitans ‘Rooted 2005b. S. Tarrow, w.iea6ogwwsowrogu www.notinourname.net www.veteransforpeace.org www.votetoimpeach.org www.viwuk.freeserve.co.uk www.unitedforpeace.org www.stopwar.org.uk www.faslane365.org www.michaelmoore.com www.studentstopwar.org.uk www.mfso.org www.womenforpeace.org.au www.networkforpeace.org.uk www.vicpeace.org www.stopwarcoalition.org www.peaceexchange.org.uk www.pinegap6.org www.peaceconvergence.com www.nukefreeaus.org lbd,J n .Dhry 04 TeHmnFc fPltclDset htW nwAbout Know We What Dissent. Political of Face Human ‘The 2004. Doherty. B. and J. Sloboda, utai KUS www.internationalanswer.org www.space4peace.org www.codepink4peace.org www.legitgov.org UK www.j-n-v.org www.cnduk.org www.elaunceston.com/ www.barewitness.org www.caat.org.uk disobedience.nomasters.org www.cairnspeacebypeace.org www.ajpp.canberra.net.au www.anti-bases.org Australia Ru 78 Appendix for Technique Mapping A Change: Climate ‘Landscaping 2000. Marres. N. and R. Rogers, Tarrow%20docs/rooted%20cosmopolitans.pdf aur 2007. January su fRsen tlaad oilga URL: Sociologia. di Italiana Rassegna of issue h niwrMrhr fFbur 2003.’ February of www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/briefings/iraqprotest.pdf Marchers Anti-war the 2007. January people/PEACE faSre fAt-a rtsesi lso. nvriyo tahld,Dprmn of Department Strathclyde, of University Glasgow.’ in Protesters Anti-war URL: of Web.’ Government. Survey Wide a World of the on Debates Science Technology of standing and Science Understanding ¨ i,W n .Ecl.20.‘h eosrtdo eray1?Sm rlmnr Results Preliminary Some 15? February on Demonstrated ‘Who 2003. Eschle. C. and W. dig, .GLA N .PICKERILL J. AND GILLAN K. pedx1. Appendix h e rnntoa Activism. Transnational New The :11–63. – 141 9: 5 http://www.strath.ac.uk/government/awp/demo.html e ie sda edstfrhprikanalysis hyperlink for set seed as used sites Web nyrsg.p.r/abwww.iraqpledge.org cndyorks.gn.apc.org/caab xodRsac ru Briefings Group Research Oxford 4 5 osle 4Jn 2007. June 14 Consulted . abig:CmrdeUiest Press. University Cambridge Cambridge: http://falcon.arts.cornell.edu/Govt/faculty/ 4 osle 17 Consulted . 4 URL: . osle 17 Consulted . ulcUnder- Public 5 http://