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Home , Auditory verbal agnosia

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87501-1 - Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry Edited by David B. Arciniegas, C. Alan Anderson and Christopher M. Filley Index More information

Index

Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables, those in bold refer to boxes.

abducens nerve (CN VI) 17, 322–3 medication-induced 548, 548 genetic testing 7 abstraction, executive function 379, mood disorder distinction 273–4 implicit memory 167–8 380 see also prosody, affective insomnia 104 abulia 67 affective placidity 273 pharmacotherapy 104 academic performance 312 affective processing, prefrontal cortex posterior cortical atrophy 150, acalculia 376 138 219 accessory nerve (CN XI) 17 ageusia 155 sundowning syndrome 104 acetylcholine (ACh) 65, 238, 285, 520 aggression 7, 41–2, 572–5, 579 supportive psychotherapy 597 acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE) acute 573–4 treatment 7 504 chronic 574–5 visuospatial dysfunction 219 attention impairment 520 neurobiology 572 amantadine, arousal disorders 94 declarative memory impairment 524 neurochemistry 573 American Board of Psychiatry and executive dysfunction 531 physical 615 Neurology (ABPN) 3, 396 language impairment 527 treatment 572–3, 574–5 American Medical Association (AMA) visuospatial memory impairment aging 50 3 529 affective prosody 190 American Neurological Association working memory impairment 522 attitudinal prosody 190 (ANA) 3 achromatopsia 149 sleep American Neuropsychiatric acoustic nerve see vestibulocochlear changes 103 Association 5 nerve (CN VIII) deprivation recovery 103 American Psychiatric Association acquired immune deficiency syndrome neuronal systems 99 (APA) 3 dementia complex 51 Process C 103 amnesia action tendencies 269, 269–70 agitation 572–5, 613–14 anterograde 164 Activation Likelihood Estimation acute 573–4 electroconvulsive therapy 637 (ALE) activation maps 35 chronic 574–5 global 164–5, 168 activities of daily living (ADL) 616 treatment 573, 574–5 implicit memory 167 adaptive behaviors, basic emotion 268 agnosias 146, 368–9 perceptual skills learning 169 addictive disorders, neurosurgical apperceptive 146, 149 post-traumatic 315 treatment 75 associative 146 retrograde 164–5 adenosine, sleep-promoting neuronal auditory 151 amnestic syndromes 69, 162 systems 99 cognitive impairment 521 amputees, phantom limb sensations adolescence, sleep 103 finger 369 153 advanced sleep phase syndrome gustatory 155 amygdala 21–2, 138, 218 (ASPS) 104–5 integrative 146 comportment dysfunction 256 affect 270–1, 275 interventions 521 extended 280–1 assessment 354, 355, 356 olfactory 369 goal-directed behavior 138 emotion 271, 270–1, 274 visual 369 motivation 138 emotional feelings relationship 271 agraphesthesia 153, 369 anamnesis 349 mental status examination 354–6, agraphia 177 ankle jerk reflex 329 355 akinesia 199 anomia 357, 370 mood relationship 274 akinetic mutism 67, 73–4 anopsias 149 neurological basis 290–1 akinetopsia 149, 218 anosmia 155 neurological distinction from mood alcohol abuse 477 anosognosia 385 290 alexias 177, 369 anterior brainstem injury 456 affect disorders 271, 273, 273, 546–7 allostasis 290–1 anterior capsulotomy 75, 631–2 classification 271 allostatic overload 290 anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs) 26 co-occurrence with mood disorders Alzheimer’s disease 50, 54, 438, 456 anterior cingulate (AC) circuit 60, 62–3 273 conceptual apraxia 201 motivation 137–8

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87501-1 - Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry Edited by David B. Arciniegas, C. Alan Anderson and Christopher M. Filley Index More information

Index

anterior cingulate (AC) cortex treatment 526–7 balance mechanisms 90 divisions 233 Wernicke’s 176, 177, 180 cholinergic projections 89–90 dorsal cognitive division 233 applied behavioral analysis 605, 618 cognitive impairment 517–19 lesions causing akinetic mutism 67 apraxia 199–201, 373–4, 527–9 distributed neural circuits 88 reward circuit 282 clinical relevance 199–200 dopaminergic projections 89–90 rostral-ventral affective division conceptual 200–202 emotion 270 233 dementia 201 feedback mechanisms 90 anterior cingulate (AC) syndrome 67, pathophysiology 201–2 glutamatergic projections 89–90 73–4 testing 201 neuroanatomy 88 anterior cingulate–subcortical circuit dissociation 200, 208–9, 210 neurophysiology 88–90 235, 579 gesture imitation problems 209 nuclei 89, 89–90 anterior cingulotomy 631–2 visual perceptual system failure olfactory input 88–9 anterior communicating artery 209 pathological processes 90 (ACoA) 26 evaluation 528 reticular formation role 16 anterior inferior cerebellar arteries ideational 200, 202, 374 serotonergic projections 89–90 (AICAs) 34 ideomotor 200, 202–4, 208, 210 thalamic nuclei 90 anterior temporal cortex 167 allocentric orientation errors 203 visual system inputs 89 anticonvulsants 551 callosal disconnection 204–5 arousal circuit 281 antidepressants 548–51 cortical lesions 208 arousal disorders 88, 90–4 brain level monitoring 423 corticobasal degeneration 207–8 brain death 90–1 classes 548–9 corticospinal neurons 206–7 pharmacologic treatment 94 drug–drug interactions 552 egocentric movement errors severe impairment 91–4 interactions 550–1 203 treatment 94–5 seizure threshold lowering 550 inferior parietal lobe 206 arterial spin labeling (ASL) 436–7 side effects 550–1 intrahemispheric disconnection ascending reticular activating system antipsychotic drugs 554–7, 578 205–6 (ARAS) 16, 99, 443 drug–drug interactions 551, 554–7 mental state examination 374 down-regulation in insomnia emotional outburst treatment 558 motor cortex 207 therapy 106 mania treatment 551 pathophysiology 204–8 encephalitis lethargica 98 motor side effects 336 postural 203 ventrolateral pre-optic region seizure threshold lowering 554 premotor cortex 206–8 inhibition 100 side effects 554–7 subcortical lesions 208 wake-promoting systems 98–9 Anton’s syndrome 149 superior longitudinal fasciculus ascending reticular inhibiting system anxiety disorders 547–8 208 (ARIS) 16 antipsychotic drugs 554 treatment 210 association tracts 26 cognitive-behavioral therapy 592, white matter pathways 208 astereognosis 153 612 limb 199–200 asterognosia 369 comorbid conditions 548 limb-kinetic 200, 210, 209–10, 211, astrocytoma, MRI 425 development 547–8 373–4 ataxia 328 environmental interventions 612 definition/description 209–10 ataxic disorders 40–1 paroxysmal episodes 547 testing 209 athymormia 139 treatment 548 treatment 210–11 attachment, disorganized 313 apathy 134, 139, 578–9 melokinetic 373–4 attachment theory in psychotherapy depression differential diagnosis treatment 528–9 588 579 verbal dissociation 208, 209, 210 attention 115–31, 365–7 diagnosis 140, 140 aprosodias 185–6, 187, 188, 191, control 115–19, 129, 128–9, 131, 226 pharmacologic treatment 74 371 functional models 117–19 scales 579 comorbid with primary mood guided search model 118–19, 130 treatment 579 disorders 545 visual search model 117–18 aphasia 174–7, 369, 369–70, 526 crossed 188 cueing tasks 116–17 Broca’s 174, 176, 177, 180 global/motor 191 executive 128 classic 371, 371 treatment 527 impairment 519–21 conduction 175–6, 181, 208–9 arcuate fasciculus 206, 236 orientation to locations 120 disorders of pantomime 186 arm selective attention model 128–30 progressive 180–1, 527 abductor muscles strength testing spatial 119–24 semantic 181, 181 326 spatial cueing 116–17 subcortical 176–7 see also upper extremities speed of processing 365, 519–21 syndromes 176 arousal 88–95, 350–2, 363–5 pharmacotherapy 519–21 transcortical motor/sensory 176 ascending systems 89, 89–90 sustaining 365

650

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targets 365 co-occurring cognitive impairment reticular formation 15–16 tests 365–7 567–8 vascular supply 26–7 types 119–28 diagnosis 567–70 ventricular system 27–9 visual 116–17 dimensions 566–7 white matter 25–6 visual search task 117, 118 disinhibited 571–2 behavioral neurology/neuropsychiatry visual working memory 126–8 DSM classification 569 historical background 3–5 visually guided search model 118 frequency 567 philosophical antecedents 4–5 see also object-based attention impulsive 571–2 state of field 5–6 attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder intensity 567 behavioral supports, positive 605 (ADHD) 70 labeling 569 behavioral therapy 590, 590–1 pharmacologic treatment 73 medication side-effects vulnerability beta-blockers 558–9 attention deficit/disorders 121–2, 456 570 biceps reflex 325 attentional blink 126–7, 127, 128 neural circuitry damage 569 Binswanger’s disease 50, 490 auditory agnosia 151 neurotransmitter disease-specific biofeedback techniques, pain control auditory cortex 150–1 alteration 569–70 609 auditory hallucinations 152, 347, 641 pharmacotherapy 566–81 bipolar disorder 544–5 musical 152 psychiatric disorder comorbidity anticonvulsants 551 auditory pathways 150 568–9 antipsychotic drugs 554 auditory perception/recognition 150–2 psychopharmacology 570–1 diacylglycerol gene 72 auditory sound/object agnosia 151 self-awareness deficit 579–80 electroconvulsive therapy 639 auditory system, what/where 150–1 self-injurious 572–5 frontal-subcortical circuits 72 auditory verbal agnosia 151 treatment effect evaluation 570 mania 544–5 autism 261–2 types 566–7 mood stabilizers 551–3 autism spectrum disorders 261–2 see also aggression; agitation; birth history 312 auto-activation deficit 139 apathy; motivation; psychosis blind spots 250 awareness 88–90 behavioral excesses 613–16 blindness, circadian rhythm disorders see also self-awareness behavioral interventions 604–20 105 awareness disorders 90–4 adaptation to cognitive capacity blindsight 149 brain death 90–1 607–8 brachioradialis reflex 325–6 clinical scales 94 anxiety disorders 612 brain pharmacologic treatment 94 behavioral deficits 616 inseparable nature of behavior 5 severe impairment 91–4 behavioral excesses 613–16 median zone 278 treatment 94–5 cognitive impairment 514 oscillatory phenomena 466 axons 25 consistency 609 paramedian-limbic zone 278 regrowth 55 depression 611 structure 12, 13, 336–7 executive dysfunction 617 supralimbic zone 278 Babinski reflex 329 integrated treatment plan 607 vascular supply 27, 26–7, 28 balance testing 330 neuropsychiatric disorders brain damage Balint’s syndrome 146, 150, 217, 219 behavioral sequelae 611–16 depression diagnosis with focal basal ganglia 19–20, 139, 219 cognitive sequelae 616–17 lesions 191 disorders 68 emotional sequelae 611–16 prosody 185–6 function 20, 139 physical sequelae 609–11 congenital lesions 190 motor skill learning 169 nomenclature 604–5 early childhood lesions 190 perceptual skills learning 169 paradigms 619 lateralization 189 basal ganglia–thalamocortical circuit positive reinforcement 608 right brain 187–8 234 post-traumatic stress disorder see also traumatic brain injury basilar artery 26 612 (TBI) behavior(s) principles 605–9 brain death 90–1, 93–4 causes of target 619 reward 608 diagnosis 90–1 inseparable nature of brain 5 substance abuse disorders 612–13 termination of care 91 medical aspects 7–8 behavioral metaphors 570–1, 571 brain electrical activity mapping multiple 615 behavioral neuroanatomy 12–30 (BEAM) 462–3 purpose serving 606–7 brainstem 12–19 brain injury behavioral analysis, applied 605 cerebellum 14 acquired and comportment behavioral data collection 605 cerebral cortex 22–5 dysfunction 259 behavioral deficits 616 diencephalon 17–19 EEG findings 456 behavioral disturbance 52 limbic system 20–2 social history 313–14 assessment 567 mesencephalon 14–15 surgical 259 behavioral metaphors 570–1, 571 metencephalon 13–14 see also traumatic brain injury (TBI)

651

Index

brain tissue volume, morphometric disconnection syndromes 32 cerebral hemispheres analysis 424–6 neuropsychiatric impairments 39,40 affective-prosodic deficits 189 brain tumors cerebellar motor syndrome 35–6 arousal disorders 88 clinical presentation 485–6 cerebellar stroke 37–8 cerebellum connection 34 EEG findings 456 cerebellum 14, 32–42 interhemispheric interactions 188–9 gliomatosis cerebri 486 activation maps 35 intrahemispheric disconnection in hematopoietic 486–96 activation patterns 36 ideomotor apraxia 205–6 brain–behavior relationships 6, 23 anatomy 32–3, 33,34 language specializations 179 brainstem 16, 12–16, 19 behavioral neuroanatomy 14 lateralization in affective prosody arousal disorders 88 blood vessels 34 188–9 cerebellum connections 14 brainstem connections 14 left dominance for language 175, injury 456 cerebral cortex connections 236–7 175, 184, 188–9 metencephalon 13–14 cognition 32–5, 41 left lesions causing limb-kinetic motivation 134–5 cortex 14, 32 apraxia 209–10 myelencephalon 12–13 distributed neural circuits 32 right involvement REM sleep 100 dyslexia 41 communication 186–9, 191–2 reticular formation 15–16, 135–6 electrical stimulation for behavioral language 186–9, 191–2 breach of duty, tort law 412 disorders 41–2 visuospatial function 214–15 Broca, Paul 174 emotion mechanisms 41 cerebrocerebellar connections 34 Broca’s aphasia 174, 176, 177, 180 fissures 14, 32, 33 cerebrospinal fluid, ventricular system Broca’s area 174, 175, 175–7, 177, 181 folia 14 27–9 function 179–80 functional topography 34–5 cerebrovascular events, risk with Brodmann’s areas 23, 24, 147, 175, 230 limbic 35 antipsychotics 557 prefrontal cortex 229, 232 lobules 32, 34–5 cerebrum, midbrain connections 14 primary visual area 214 nuclei 34 challenging behavior 566–7 bruits, listening for 321 peduncles 34 applied behavioral analysis 618 Burckhardt, Gottlieb 628 primary psychiatric disease 40–1 behavioral metaphors 570–1 Purkinje cell layer 14 causes 568 calculation, mental status examination sensorimotor control 35 co-occurring cognitive impairment 375–6 sensorimotor projections 34 567–8 Cambridge Neurological Inventory subdivisions 14 definition 617–18 (CNI) 335 vermis damage 40 diagnosis 567–70 capacity cerebral akinetopsia 218 DSM classification 569 diminished 411 cerebral arteries 27, 28 evaluation 606, 607, 617–20 medical decision-making 408 cerebral autosomal dominant hypothesis-driven intervention testamentary 410 arteriopathy with subcortical 619–20 capillaries 26 infarcts and labeling 569 carbamazepine 553–4 leukoencephalopathy management 617–20 carbon monoxide poisoning 478, 481 (CADASIL) 52 medication side-effects vulnerability carotid arteries 26 cerebral cortex 22–5 570 catecholamines see dopamine; agranular areas 231 neuropsychiatric disorders 607 norepinephrine association areas 23–5 neurotransmitter disease-specific categorization see abstraction Brodmann areas 23 alteration 569–70 caudate nucleus 19–20 cerebellum connections 236–7 psychiatric disorder comorbidity central executive 226 connections between modules 145–6 568–9 central nervous system (CNS) 12 divisions 145 psychopharmacology 570–1 neurotoxin vulnerability 474–5 frontal lobes 24–5 quantification 618 central pattern generators (CPG) 109 granular areas 231 recurrentevaluationofplan620 cerebellar arteries 27, 28,34 information flow 25 self-awareness deficit 579–80 cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome lamination 22 target behavior etiology 618 (CCAS) 37, 36–7, 37, 38, 41 limbic areas 21 treatment effect evaluation 570 behavioral aberrations 38–9 lobes 22–3, 23 see also behavioral disturbance children 38–9 paralimbic areas 21 change model 595, 597 emotional deficits 38–9 primary motor cortex 23 character 301–2 opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia 39 Rolandic fissure 23 brain region activation/deactivation posterior fossa syndrome 38 secondary motor cortex 23 patterns 305 cerebellar lesions subcortical structures 20,25 cooperativeness 302 clinical manifestations 35–8 Sylvian fissure 23 descriptors of high and low scorers development effects 40 ventricular system 27–9, 29 302

652

Index

heritability 306 screening 363 cognitive rehabilitation 514–15 maturation 306 social 385 attention impairment 519 neurobiology 305 test results declarative memory impairment reinforcement effects on emotional interpretation 380–4 523–4 state 303 potential confounds 380–1 evidence-based recommendations self-directedness 302, 305 qualitative interpretation 381 515, 516 self-transcendence 302, 305, 306–7 quantitative interpretation 381–3 executive dysfunction 531 Charcot, Jean-Martin 2, 47 visuospatial function assessment visuospatial memory 529 Charles Bonnet syndrome 150 374–5 cognitive therapies 591–2 chemosensation 154–5 working memory assessment 367–8 colliculi 14 children Z-scores 381–3 coma 91–2 cerebellar cognitive affective cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) medication impact on EEG patterns syndrome 38–9 591, 591, 592, 592 457 infant sleep 102 anxiety disorders 612 pharmacotherapy 518–19 posterior fossa syndrome 38 depression treatment 592, 611 rehabilitation 94 prefrontal cortex lesions 259–60 insomnia 105 coma stimulation protocols 518 cholinergic innervation 15, 66 pain control 609 commissural fibers 25 cholinergic system 65, 238 cognitive capacity 607–8 communication 174 cholinesterase inhibitors, insomnia cognitive impairment 316, 363, 511–12 affective 187 104 agnosias 521 components 184–6 choroid plexus 27–8 alcohol abuse 477 eye contact 353 chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) 104 arousal 517–19 gesturing 190 chronic pain 104 assessment for electroconvulsive history-taking 310–11 chronic progressive external therapy 637–8 language 357 ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) 221 attention impairment 519–21 mental status examination 356–8 circadian rhythm disorders 101 behavioral disturbance neurological examination 321 blindness 105 co-occurrence 567–8 non-verbal 356 insomnia 101, 104–5 behavioral interventions 514 paralinguistics 357–8 night eating syndrome 109 compensatory interventions 514 right hemisphere function 186 circadian system, sleep timing competency 409 right hemisphere role 186–9, 191–2 regulation 100–1 decisional capacity 383 social 617 circle of Willis 26 education 513 speech 357 cisterna magna 27 environmental interventions 514 vocal–acoustic 184 citicoline 525 executive function 530–2 voice 356–7 clock drawing test 375, 377 functional status 383–4 word-finding difficulty 357 clumsiness 312 gnosis 521 community practice 6 CNS lymphoma, MRI 425 hypoarousal 517–18 competency cochlea 150 language 526–7 cognitive impairment 409 cognition 363–4, 364, 380–4 medications 515–17 dementia 409 arousal assessment 363–5 memory 522–6 forensic practice 408–10 ataxic disorders 40–1 mild 315–16 to stand trial 409–10 attention assessment 365–7 neuropsychiatric disorders 616–17 complex motor acts, bedside examination 363 neuropsychological testing 399, voluntary/involuntary 353 calculation assessment 375–6 512 comportment 250–63 cerebellum 32–5, 41 patient assessment 512 acquired brain injury 258–60 declarative memory assessment pharmacotherapy 515–17 amygdala role 256 371–3 praxis 527–9 assessment 256–7 examination coding as pre-treatment evaluation 512, autism spectrum disorders 261–2 neurobehavioral status exam 512–13 case study 250–1 384 procedural memory 525–6 childhood prefrontal lesions 259–60 examination documentation 384 processing speed 519–21 components 251–2 executive function assessment 376–9 prosody 527 definition 251 information processing speed 365–7 recognition 521 disease processes affecting 257–62 kinesics 371 rehabilitation 514–15 empathy 252, 257 language assessment 369–71 subtle neurological sign association frontotemporal dementia 257–8 paralinguistic assessment 371 336 functional neuroanatomy 252–6 praxis assessment 373–4 supportive therapy 513 insight 251, 257 prosody 371 treatment 513–17 judgment 251 recognition assessment 368–9 visuospatial function 529–30 measurement 256–7

653

Index

comportment (cont.) corticopontine pathway 34, 236–7 see also Alzheimer’s disease; medial frontal circuit 255–6 corticospinal neurons 206–7 frontotemporal dementia; white mental status examination 353 counter-conditioning 590 matter dementia orbitofrontal circuit dysfunction cranial nerves 16–17, 322–4, 357 dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) 254–5 myelencephalon 12–13 insomnia 104 prefrontal circuit 256 nuclei 16 visuospatial dysfunction 219–20 schizophrenia 260–1 cranium, venous drainage 27 denial, psychological 385 self-awareness 251 criminal behavior 7 dependency, excess 616 social adaptation 251–2 criminal responsibility, forensic depression temporal circuit 256 practice 410–12 apathy differential diagnosis 579 traumatic brain injury 258–60 crying, paroxysmal 277 attention–cognition compartment comprehension 370–1 complex partial seizures 273 model 71 computed tomography (CT) 415, cueing tasks 116–17 behavioral interventions 611 417–19 Cullen, William 1–2 behaviors 545–60 acute subdural hygroma 423 cyanide poisoning, CT 426 cognitive behavioral therapy 592, contrast agents 418–19 cyclic alternating pattern (CAP), sleep 611 cyanide poisoning 426 102 cortical–limbic pathways distributed factors in selection 421 network failure 71 frontal lobotomy 426 D1 and D2 receptors, diagnosis with focal brain lesions helical (spiral) 417–18 frontal-subcortical circuits 191 MRI comparison 421 64 dopamine fronto-limbic deficiency normal brain 418 dangerousness assessment 360–2 70–1 parasagittal meningioma 424 deaf-hearing 151 electroconvulsive therapy 639 subarachnoid hemorrhage 424 declarative memory 164–7, 371–3, 373 environmental interventions 611 tissue appearance 418 delayed recall 372 frontal-subcortical dysfunction 70–1 xenon-enhanced 431–2 impairment 523–5 interpersonal therapy 593 conduction aphasia 175–6, 181 cognitive rehabilitation 523–4 neurological disorders 545, 545–6 confusional arousals 108–9 pharmacotherapy 524–5 neurosurgical treatment 75 consciousness 365 deep brain stimulation (DBS) 632–4 pharmacotherapy 549–50 see also arousal; awareness; coma; applications 634 subgenual cingulate role 71 minimally conscious state arousal disorders 94–5 transcranial magnetic stimulation consent complications 633–4 641 electroconvulsive therapy 636–8 depression 75 vegetative–circadian compartment medical decision-making 408 fMRI 430–1 model 71 contingency management 590 obsessive-compulsive disorder see also bipolar disorder; major continuous arterial spin labeling treatment 75 depressive disorder (CASL) 437 Tourette syndrome 75 depth perception 218 contrast agents, neuroimaging 417, defendants Descartes, Rene4´ 420 competency to stand trial 409–10 development CT 418–19 notguiltybyreasonofinsanity sleep across lifespan 102–3 MRI 420 411 whitematterrole50 conversion disorder 312–13, Dejerine–Roussy syndrome 153 developmental coordination disorder 315 delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) 312 Coombe, Andrew 2 104–5 developmental history 312–13 cooperativeness 302 delirium, EEG findings 456 diacylglycerol (DAG) gene, bipolar coordination delusions 575–8 disorder 72 lower extremities 329–30 of control 156 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of upper extremities 328 mental state examination 361 Mental Disorders 4–5 corneal reflex, examination 323 dementia behavioral disturbance 569 corpus callosum alcoholic 477 symptom terminology 346 disconnection 204–5, 209 apathy diagnosis 140 diencephalon 17–19, 456 interhemispheric communication carbon monoxide-induced differential reinforcement of other 204 encephalopathy 481 behavior (DRO) 614 limb-kinetic apraxia 210 competency 409 aggression 615 cortical auditory disorder 151 conceptual apraxia 201 multiple behaviors 615 cortical deafness 151 EEG findings 456 diffuse axonal injury (DAI) 52 cortical sensory deficit 153 neurodegenerative 567–8 diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 422, cortical–limbic pathways 71 neurotoxic 481 422, 435–6 corticobasal degeneration 207–8 semantic 167, 181 apparent diffusion 435–6

654

Index

case study 431 dorsolateral prefrontal-subcortical evoked responses 463, 468 data interpretation 436 circuit 282 fast Fourier transform 461, 461, 466 eigenvalues/eigenvectors 436 dreaming 100 filters 445 fiber tracking 431 driving, executive control 128 frequencies 443, 443 fractional anisotropy 436 drowsiness, medication impact on frequency domain averaging 465 healthy adult 436 theta/delta activity 455–7 hyperventilation stimulation tractography 48 drug reward circuit 72 452–4 white matter 50–1, 51 drugs of abuse independent components analysis diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) neurotoxins 476, 476, 477 469–70, 470 419–20 see also substance abuse disorders induced responses 463, 465, 468 digit span task 368 dual agency, forensic practice 408 intermittent rhythmic delta activity digital vigilance test 366 dualism 4–5 450–1, 453 directional hypokinesia 215 Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) 472 International System of Electrode disconnection syndromes, cerebellar dyscalculia 376 Placement 444 lesions 32 dysexecutive syndromes 164, 240 interpretation 447–54 disengage deficit 121, 130, 131 see also executive dysfunction lambda waves 449, 452 spatial cueing 121, 122 dyslexia 181 measures 462 disinhibited behavior 571–2 cerebellar–vestibular interactions 41 medication impact 455–7 dissociative disorder 312–13, 315, dysnomia 370 motor evoked field 464, 468 315 dyspraxia 527–9 mu rhythms 449, 451 distributed neural circuits 32, 50 dysprosody 185 phase 463–5 arousal 88 dystonia 154 phase-locking 464, 466–7, 468 visuospatial function 529 phase-resetting 467 distributed source analysis 469 Economo, Constantin von 98–9 photic stimulation 454 dopamine electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 636–9 photoparoxysmal response 455 executive function 237–8 amnesia 637 physiologic basis 442–3 frontal-subcortical circuits 64, 65 clinical applications 639 polymorphic slowing 449–50, 452, fronto-limbic deficiency in cognitive impairment assessment 453 depression 70–1 637–8 posterior dominant rhythm 447–8, greater limbic system modulation consent 636–8 450, 455, 463 284 historical aspects 635 quantitative 447, 462 information processing 237–8 medication requirement 638–9 reactivity to stimulation/provocative motivation 135–7 pretreatment considerations 636–8 maneuvers 452–4 novelty seeking 304 pulses 638 recording types 446–7 nucleus accumbens 137 response to treatment 638 referential montage 445, 446 dopamine agonist drugs 72–3 risk assessment 636–7 rhythmic activity 443 dopamine receptors 65 stimulus dosing 638 rhythmic slowing 450–1 dopaminergic agents 73–4 stimulus intensity 638 signals 442–3 dopaminergic innervation 14 treatment parameters 638–9 amplification 443–5 dopaminergic system electroencephalography (EEG) 442–57 displays 445–6 motivation 135–6 abnormal findings 449–52 processing 443–5 REM sleep 100 activity assessment 448–9 recording 443 substance abuse disorders 72 age determination 447 sleep architecture assessment Doppler ultrasound 426 alertness state 447 454 dorsal limbic pathway 236 beta range activity 448–9, 451, 457 sleep patterns 101–2 dorsal visual system 148 bipolar montage 445, 445–6, 448, slowing waveforms 449–51 dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPF) circuit 449 source analysis 467–9 61, 62, 234–5 coherence measurement 471–2 spectral analysis 461–3 executive function 530 coma patterns 457 theta activity 455–7 schizophrenia 72 common conditions 456 time versus frequency domain 461, dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPF) cortex connectivity 470–2 466 59–60 continuous 446–7 time–frequency transformation lesions 68 conventional 446 465–6, 466, 467, 467 akinetic mutism 67 delta activity 455–7 tracings 460 neglect 122–3 distributed source analysis 469 triphasic waves 457 transcranial magnetic stimulation epilepsy 456 electrophysiology target 641 epilepsy monitoring unit 447 advanced 459–72 dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPF) epileptiform discharges 451–2, 454, domains 460–1 syndrome 68, 73 457 spectral techniques 461–3

655

Index

emotion 266–9 allostasis 290–1 epileptiform discharges, EEG 451–2 action tendencies 269–70 assessment 354–6 episodic memory 164–6 advances in understanding associations 354 deficits 164–5 266 basic 268 frontal lobe 165 affect 270–1, 271, 274 basic set 268 hippocampus 165 affect disorders 273 categories 267–70 imagining the future 165–6 allostasis 290–1 dimensions 270 medial temporal lobes 165 arousal 270 lateralization 287–90 remembering the past 165–6 assessment 354–6 limbic system 275–82 remember/know paradigm 164 basic 267–8, 268, 268, 268 modal 268–9 epithalamus 19 brain activation 289 mood relationship 271 ethics, forensic practice 407–8 categories 267–70 neurobiology 275–91 event-related desynchronization action tendencies 269, 269–70 relative frequency 269 (ERD)/synchronization (ERS) cerebellum, mechanisms 41 emotional incontinence see 466, 468 classes 267 pathological laughing and phase-locking 466–7 control 286, 285–9 crying (PLC) evidence definitions 267, 354 emotional outbursts, treatment 558–9 neuropsychiatric 406–7 dimensions 270 emotional states 270 rules in forensic practice 412–13 expression mechanisms 277 limbic system 21–2 excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) 106 expression pathways 277–8 orbitofrontal syndrome 67–8 excitatory post-synaptic potentials expression/experience in greater reinforcement effects on (EPSP) 442–3 limbic system 285–6, 286, 287 temperament/character executive attention 128 facial expressions 268 dimensions 303 Executive Clock Drawing Test (CLOX) frequency 270 emotional traits 270 377 functional neuroimaging 288–9 empathy 252, 255–7 executive control 128, 226 generation in greater limbic system encephalitis lethargica epidemic executive dysfunction 225, 511 285–6, 286, 287 (1917–1918) 98–9 assessment 530 intensity 270 encephalopathy behavioral interventions 617 lateralization 287–90 acute 481 cognitive impairment 530–2 limbic system 275–82 carbon monoxide poisoning 481 environmental interventions 617 mental status examination 354–6 metabolic 457 frontal networks 239–40 modal 268–9 toxic 412 treatment 530–2 mood 270–1, 271, 274 environmental autonomy, executive executive function 225–43 mood disorders 271–2 function 379 abilities 227 neurobiology 275–91 environmental interventions 604–20 abstraction 379, 380 neuropsychological assessment anxiety disorders 612 acetylcholine role 238 effects 403 behavioral deficits 616 assessment potency 270 behavioral excesses 613–16 bedside 241–2, 242 relative frequency 269 cognitive impairment 514 instruments 240–1, 241 right-hemisphere hypothesis 287 consistency 609 neuropsychological 240–1 sadness 270 depression 611 association pathways 235–6 stress response 302 executive dysfunction 617 central executive 226 unpredictability 270 integrated treatment plan 607 cholinergic system 238 valence 270 neuropsychiatric disorders clusters 227 valence-specific hypothesis 287–8 behavioral sequelae 611–16 cognitive models 226 without emotional feeling 354 cognitive sequelae 616–17 complex motor sequencing 378–9 see also limbic system, greater emotional sequelae 611–16 deficit in dorsolateral prefrontal emotional disturbance 543–60 physical sequelae 609–11 syndrome 68, 73 anxiety disorders 547–8 nomenclature 604–5 definitions 225–8 lateralized neurological processes paradigms 619 dopamine 237–8 289–90 positive reinforcement 608 environmental autonomy 379 medication-induced 548 principles 605–9 frontal lobe 228–35 sustained/transient 290–1 reward 608 frontal networks 239–40 see also affect disorders; mood substance abuse disorders 612–13 frontal-subcortical circuits 234–5 disorders; pathological environmental toxins 476, 477, 477–8 frontocerebellar interactions 237–9 laughing and crying (PLC) epilepsy 456 GABA role 237 emotional feelings 267, 354, 356 photic stimulation in EEG 454 glutamate 237 action tendencies 269–70 vagal nerve stimulation 634 historical studies 228–9 affect relationship 271 epilepsy monitoring unit for EEG 447 impairment 511, 530–2

656

Index

judgment 385 areas of importance 408–13 lateral orbitofrontal circuit 61–2 language 377 capacity medial orbitofrontal cortex 63–4 mental status examination 376–9 diminished 411 motivation 137, 139 neurochemical modulation 237–9 medical decision-making 408 motor circuit 61, 66 norepinephrine 237–8 testamentary 410 movement disorders 68 Parkinson’s disease 73 competency 408–10 neuropsychiatric syndromes 69–73 pattern recognition 377–8 to stand trial 409–10 neurotransmitter systems 65–6 prefrontal cortex 225, 229–34 conceptual framework 407 norepinephrine system 65–6 processes 227 criminal responsibility 410–12 oculomotor circuit 61 serotonin role 238–9 diminished capacity 411 open-loop elements 60–1 set shifting 376–7 dual agency 408 organization 61–4 visuospatial function control 377 ethics 407–8 prototypical syndromes 66–8 volition 227 evidence rules 412–13 rostromedial limbic circuit 62 experimental control 605 expert opinion 408, 412–13 schizophrenia 72 expert opinion, forensic practice 408, free will 411–12 serotonergic system 66 412–13 medical decision-making 408 structure 59–60, 60 extinction, cognitive therapies 591–2 mitigating circumstances 411 subcortical dementia 69 extrapyramidal syndrome, notguiltybyreasonofinsanity411 subgenual cingulate circuit 63 antipsychotic motor side effect testamentary capacity 410 substance abuse disorders 72 336 tort law 412–13 frontal-subcortical dysfunction eye contact, mental status examination traumatic brain injury 412 attention-deficit hyperactivity 353 formications 153 disorder 70 fornix 26 depression 70–1 facial expressions of emotion 268 free will 411–12 mania 71 facial nerve (CN VII) 17, 323 Freeman, Walter 628–9 neurosurgical treatment 75 familiarity 164 Freud, Sigmund 2–3, 4, 6 obsessive-compulsive disorder 69 family history 311–12 frontal eye field (FEF) damage 122–3 pharmacological interventions 73–5 family therapy 593–4, 594, 595 frontal lobe Tourette syndrome 69–70 fast Fourier transform 461, 461, 466 autism spectrum disorders 261–2 treatment 73–5 fatigue 610 episodic memory 165 frontocerebellar interactions 236–7 feature integration theory 117–18 executive function 228–35 frontoparietal operculum lesion 186–7 feelings see emotional feelings historical studies 228–9 frontoparietal system, saliency fibromyalgia, insomnia 104 language impairment 177 detection 118, 130 finger abductor muscles, strength language mapping 178–9 frontostriatal systems 59 testing 328 spatial attention 122–3 frontotemporal dementia 104 finger agnosia 369 stereotactic targeting of white matter comportment dysfunction 257–8 finger extensor muscles, strength 632 EEG findings 456 testing 327 frontal lobotomy, CT 426 neuroimaging 258 finger jerk reflex 325–6 frontal network syndrome 239 presenting symptoms 258 finger tapping sequence learning frontal release signs 326 toxic 481 (FTSL) 169 frontal-subcortical circuits 20, 59–76, functional behavioral assessment 605 Fisher test for ataxia 328 234, 234–5 functional magnetic resonance fist-edge-palm series 378 amnestic syndromes 69 imaging (fMRI) 6, 423–4, 433–4 Florida Apraxia Battery–Extended and anatomy 61, 59–61 advantages 433–4 Revised Sydney (FABERS) 374 anterior cingulate circuit 62–3 deep brain stimulation 430–1 19-fluorine magnetic resonance behavioral circuit interactions with light pain stimulation paradigm 431 spectroscopy (MRS) 423 motorcircuits66 limitations 434 focal neurobehavioral syndromes 53 bipolar disorder 72 signal fluctuation 433 foot see lower extremities cholinergic system 65 spatial attention 123 foot dorsiflexor muscles, strength circuit-discrete neurochemical spatial resolution 434 testing 329 organization 65 visual task 433 foramen of Magendie 27 D1 and D2 receptors 64 funduscopic examination 322 foramen of Monro 27 direct pathway 60, 64 foramina of Luschka 27 dopamine system 64, 65 GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) 99, forearm flexor muscles, strength dorsolateral prefrontal circuit 61 237 testing 326 GABA fibers 64 GABA fibers, frontal-subcortical forebrain 134–5, 278–9 Huntington’s disease 68 circuits 64 forensic assessment 406–13 impulse control disorders 72–3 Gage, Phineas 250–1, 253 forensic practice 407–8 indirect pathway 60, 64 gait testing 330

657

Index

galanin, sleep-promoting neuronal heel-to-shin test 329–30 hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) 17, 324 systems 99 Heidelberger Scale for subtle hypokinesia 199, 215 Gall, Franz Joseph 47 neurological signs 334–5 hypomania 544–60 genetics 7 hematopoietic tumors 486–96 hyposmia 155 geniculostriate pathway 147–8 hemianopia 149 hypothalamus 18–19, 19, 99, 100–1 Gerstmann’s syndrome 150, 369, 376 hemispatial inattention 367, 375, 375 hypoxic–ischemic injury 26, 90, 93 Geschwind, Norman 6, 47, 175, 344 hemispatial neglect 530 gestural kinesics 186 hepatic impairment, neurotoxin idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) 107 gestures 190 activity 475 implicit memory 167–8 imitation problems 208, 209 hereditary spinocerebellar ataxias impulse control disorders 72–3 Gilles de la Tourette syndrome see (SCAs) 40–1 impulsive behavior 571–2, 579, Tourette syndrome herpes simplex encephalitis, EEG 615–16 glial cells 12 findings 456 inattention, hemi-spatial 367, 375, 375 gliomas 52 hip flexor muscles, strength testing 329 independent components analysis gliomatosis cerebri 486 hippocampus 22 (ICA) 469–70, 470, 471 Global Assessment of Relational episodic memory 165 infants, sleep 102 Functioning (GARF) Scale 594, greater limbic system 282 inferior parietal lobe 206 595 memory function 22 information processing 365–7 globus pallidus 19, 20, 60 semantic memory 166 dopamine/norepinephrine 237–8 glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) 17, visuospatial information 217–18 serotonin 239 324 visuospatial memory 218 inhibitory post-synaptic potentials glutamate, executive function 237 histamine (IPSPs) 442–3 gnosis deficiency in narcolepsy 107 insanity, not guilty by reason of 411 impairment 521 greater limbic system modulation insight see also recognition 285 comportment 251 goal-directed behavior 138 history-taking 310–11, 314 deficit in schizophrenia 260–1 diminished 140 collateral information 311 measurement scales 257 goal-oriented behavior 134 communication 310–11 mental status examination 384–5 Granger causality 472 contradictory account 311 insomnia 103–6 gray matter 15 developmental history 312–13 Alzheimer’s disease 104 development 50 family history 311–12 antipsychotic drugs 554 volume reduction 260–2 general medical history 314 cholinesterase inhibitors 104 Griesinger, Wilhelm 2 medical records 311 chronic fatigue syndrome 104 group therapy 598–9, 599 non-informative account 311 chronic pain 104 guided search model 118–19, social history 313–14 circadian rhythm disorders 101, 130 Hughlings Jackson, John 186, 188 104–5 gustation, perception/recognition Huntington’s disease cognitive behavioral therapy 105 154–5 autosomal dominant transmission 7 conditioned 105 gustatory agnosia 155 EEG findings 456 fibromyalgia 104 frontal-subcortical circuits 68 GABAergic agents 105–6 habenula 19, 66 personality alterations 68 medical disorders 104 hallucinations 146–7, 575–8 somatosensory symptoms 154 movement disorders 105 complex 150 visuospatial dysfunction 219 paradoxical 105 gustatory 155 hydrocephalus 29, 52 pharmacological treatment 105–6 haptic 153 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) primary 105 self-perception/-recognition 156 agonists 74 psychiatric disorders 104 sleep alterations 147 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors treatment 104, 105–6 tactile 153 (5-HT-R) 66 ventrolateral pre-optic region visual 149–50 hyperprosody 185 lesions 98 see also auditory hallucinations hypersomnia 106–10 instrumental activities of daily living hallucinosis, peduncular 147 idiopathic 107 (IADLs) 616 handedness 312 menstruation-associated 108 integrated treatment plan 607 harm periodic 107–8 intellectual performance 312 avoidance 300, 303, 304, 306 primary 107 intermittent rhythmic delta activity tort law 412 psychiatric disorders 104 (IRDA) 450–1 hazardous ambulation 614 hyperventilation stimulation, EEG internal carotid artery (ICA) 26, 426 headache 609–10 452–4 International Classification of hearing, examination 323–4 hypoarousal 517–18 Impairments, Disabilities and heavy metal poisoning 478 hypogeusia 155 Handicaps (WHO) 409

658

Index

International System of Electrode lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) 17, lobotomy 628–9 Placement 444 147–8 locked-in syndrome 92 interneurons 12 lateral orbitofrontal circuit 61–2, 235 locus coeruleus 13 interpersonal and social rhythm lateral ventricles 27 long-term memory 162, 164 therapy (IPSRT) 593 laughing lower extremities interpersonal psychotherapy 593, 593 paroxysmal 273, 277 balance testing 330 intravascular lymphoma 493, 492–3, see also pathological laughing and coordination testing 329–30 494, 494–6 crying (PLC) gait testing 330 involuntary emotional expression The Law and Neuroscience Project 406 neurological examination 328–31 disorder (IEED) see pathological lead poisoning 478 postural reflexes 330 laughing and crying (PLC) learning disorders, EEG findings 456 reflexes 329, 330 IQ, heritability 306 leg sensation testing 329 ischemic injury 26 extensor muscle strength testing 329 stance testing 330 see also lower extremities strength testing 329 judgment 385 legal defense, neuropsychiatric 406 tone 328–9 comportment 251 lenticular nucleus 20 walking assessment 330–1 mental status examination 385 letter cancellation task 366 Luria, Alexander R. 4 leucotomy 628, 631–2 lymphoma, CNS 425 K-complexes, sleep 101 lexical fluency tasks 377 lymphomatosis cerebri 487–90 Kearns–Sayre syndrome 221 Liepmann, Hugo 200 brain autopsy 488 kinesics 186, 357–8, 371 Lima, Almedea 628 CSF cytology 489–90 Kleine–Levin syndrome 107–8 limbic leucotomy 631–2 neuroimaging 489, 490 Kluver–Bucy¨ syndrome 138, 273 limbic pathways 236 neuropathological assessment 490 knee jerk reflex 329 limbic system 276 pathological findings 487–8, 489 knowledge amygdaloid sphere of influence 279 white matter hypermetabolism 490 mechanical 201–2 behavioral neuroanatomy 20–2 semantic 166 caudal components 280 M ganglion cells 148 Korsakoff’s syndrome 73, 162 emotional states 21–2 magnetic resonance angiography emotion/emotional feelings 275–82 (MRA) 432–3, 467 language 174–82 forebrain evolution 278–9 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) classical lesion model 174–7 function 21–2 415, 419–21, 421 problems with 177 greater 279–82 advanced imaging techniques communication 357 arousal circuit 281 421–6, 432–7 components 184–6 dorsal region 282, 287 arterial spin labeling 436–7 comprehension 370–1 emotion genera- astrocytoma 425 disturbances 369 tion/expression/experience/ CNS lymphoma 425 evaluation 526 control 285–7 contraindications 421 executive control 377 extended amygdala 280–1 contrast agents 420 fluency 357, 370, 377 humoral inputs 283 CT comparison 421 functional imaging 184 interoceptive inputs 283 diffusion-weighted imaging 419–20 hemispheric specialization 179 motivational working memory gradient echo imaging 419 impairment 526–7 circuit 281 great vessels of the neck 433 left cerebral hemisphere 175, 175, neurotransmitter modulation hardware 416 184, 188–9 283–5 metastatic melanoma 425 linguistic elements 184 reward circuit 282 parasagittal meningioma 424 mapping in frontal lobe 178–9 sensory inputs 283 perfusion studies 422–3 mental status examination 357, 369, ventral compartment 286–7 radiofrequency pulses 419 369–71 ventral striatopallidum 281 safety 420–1 neurocomputational model 181–2 hippocampal sphere of influence 279 T1 and T2 432 neuroimaging studies 177 historical perspective 276–9 tissue appearance 418 paralinguistic elements 184–6 neurobiology 278 tissue sensitivity 419 perisylvian area 175, 179, 181 reciprocal cerebellohypothalamic toluene abuse 425 processing 181 projections 280 traumatic brain injury 424, 431 rehabilitation 526 rostral components 280 very ill hospitalized patients 421 repetition 370 shared behavioral specializations voxel-based morphometry 424–6 right hemisphere role 186–9, 191–2 279 white matter 50, 51 semantics 526 limbic system–midbrain circuit 279 see also diffusion tensor imaging syntax 526 line bisection task 367, 367 (DTI); functional magnetic time intervals 181–2 lithium 551, 553 resonance imaging (fMRI)

659

Index

magnetic resonance spectroscopy medial orbitofrontal cortex 63–4, episodic buffer 163 (MRS) 423, 434–5 137–8 familiarity 164 chemical spectrum 435 medial temporal lobes 165–6 hippocampus function 22 types 434–5 median forebrain bundle 26 episodic memory 165 uses 435 medical decision-making, forensic impairment 162, 522–6 white matter 50 practice 408 implicit 167–8 magnetization transfer (MT) imaging medical history, general 314 long-term 162, 164 421–2 medical malpractice, tort law 412 multiple systems 162–70 magnetoencephalography (MEG) medical records, history-taking 311 non-declarative 167–70 459–72 medications orientation to place/time/situation advantages 460 acute encephalopathy 481 372–3 coherence measurement 471–2 affect disturbance induction 548 phonological loop 163 concept 459–60 affective symptoms 548 phonological storage/rehearsal 163 connectivity 470–2 alternatives 504, 505–6 recollection 164 cost 460 behavioral disturbance vulnerability remote 373 distributed source analysis 469 to side effects 570 short-term 162 evoked responses 463, 468 changes 502 slave systems 163–4 independent components analysis cognitive impairment 515–17 spatial 372 470, 469–70, 471 consultations 507 subtypes 161 induced responses 463, 465, 468 continuous reassessment of system classification 161 measures 462 treatment need 502–3 verbal 372 motor evoked field 464, 468 dose adjustments 502 visual 372 phase 463–5 dose escalation 501–2 visuospatial sketch pad 163 phase-locking 466–7, 468 drug–drug interaction vigilance 503 see also declarative memory; quantitative 462 ease of use 500–1 episodic memory; procedural source analysis 467–9 EEG impact 455–7 memory; semantic memory; spectral analysis 461–3 evidence-based selection 500 visuospatial memory; working system 459 expert opinion 501 memory time and frequency representation generic 503–4 Mendez’ Clock Drawing Interpretation 466 hypothesis-driven selection 500 Scale 377 time–frequency transformations improving life without disease 507 mental status examination 375 465–6, 466, 467 media reports 506–7 affect assessment 354, 355, 355–6 tracings 460 mood disturbance induction 548 anamnesis 349 major depressive disorder 543–4 neurotoxins 476, 476–7 appearance 350–2 neurosurgical interventions 632 newly approved 504–5 apraxia 373–4 malingering 482 non-approved indications 504 arousal 350–2 mania off-label use 505 attention 365–7 antipsychotic drugs 551 partial response augmentation 503 atypical clinical presentation 348 behaviors 545–60 pharmaceutical company samples behavior 352–4 bipolar disorder 544–5 505 calculation 375–6 electroconvulsive therapy 639 prior clinical experience 501 clinical interview 348–50 emotional behavior lateralization psychiatric symptoms 499 cognition 363–4, 364, 380–4 71 recovery concerns 506 cognitive processes 349–50 frontal-subcortical dysfunction 71 reluctance to take 506–7 communication 356–8 mood stabilizers 552–3 second opinions 507 comportment 353 neurological disorders 545 selection 500–1 dangerousness assessment 360–2 right-sided temporal side effect profiles 500 declarative memory 371–3, 373 hypometabolism 71 therapeutic alliance 498–9 delusions 361 secondary 546, 553 therapeutic trials 502 elements 345 stroke association 546 unexpected benefits 506 emotional background 355–6 symptoms 544 use 501–3 emotion/emotional feeling 354–6 medial cingulate cortex 255–6 medulla oblongata 12–13 engagement with examiner 354 medial frontal circuit 255, 255–6 melanoma, metastatic 425 examination-induced medial frontal cortex 233 melatonin 101, 105 emotional/behavioral connections 252 memory 161–70 disturbances 349 functions 255 anatomical substrates 162 executive function 376–9 lesions 255 central executive system 163–4 eye contact 353 neuroimaging 255–6 clinical overview 162 informant interviewing 349 theory of mind 255 dysexecutive syndromes 164 information processing speed 365–7

660

Index

insight 384–5 mindfulness-based stress reduction basal ganglia 139 instrument use 349 610 brain structures 134 judgment 385 minimally conscious state 91, 93–4 brainstem 134–5 kinesics 357–8, 371 diagnosis 93 brainstem reticular formation language 357, 369, 369–71 prognosis 93 135–6 limitations 345 vegetative state differential diagnosis definition 134 mood assessment 355, 354–6 93 dopaminergic system 135–6 motivation 354 Mini-Mental State Examination forebrain 134–5 motor behavior 352–3 (MMSE) 364, 365–6, 371, 382 frontal-subcortical circuits 137, neuropsychiatric phenomenology mitigating circumstances, criminal 139 345–50 responsibility 411 loss 139–40 neuropsychological assessment mitochondrial myopathies 221 medial orbitofrontal cortex 137–8 396–7 Modified Quantified Neurological mental status examination 354 non-cognitive processes 349–50 Scale 335 monoaminergic systems 135–6 normal distribution 382 modulatory neurotransmitter nuclei 15 neurobiological basis 134–8, 139 observation 348 Moniz, Egas 628 nucleus accumbens 136–7 obsessions 362 monoamine oxidase inhibitors physiology 138–9 paralinguistics 357–8, 371 (MAOIs) 549, 551 prefrontal cortex 137–8 praxis 373–4 monoaminergic systems, motivation striato-pallidal circuit 139 prosody 357–8 135–6 triggers 139 recognition 368–9 Montreal Cognitive Assessment ventral tegmental area 135–6 self-awareness 384–5 (MoCA) 364, 383 motivation disorders 134, 273, 578–9 serial examination 345 mood motivation enhancement therapy speech disturbance 357 affect relationship 274 (MET) 612–13 symptoms/signs 345–7, 347 assessment 354–6 motivational interviewing 595–6, 596, atypical 348 definition 270–1 612–13 clinician-administered emotion 270–1, 271, 274 motivational working memory circuit instruments 350, 351 emotional feelings 271 281 concurrent 346 mental status examination 355, motor acts, complex, distinction between 346 354–6 voluntary/involuntary 353 distinction from syndromes neurological basis 290–1 motor circuit 61 347–8 neurological distinction from affect motor cortex, ideomotor apraxia 207 negative 346–7 290 motor disturbance, neurobiological excesses/deficits types 275 involuntary/voluntary 353 347 mood disorders 271 motor evoked field (MEF) 464, 468 positive 346–7 affect disorder distinction 273–4 motor sequencing, complex 378–9 self-report instruments 350, 351 clinical implications 271–2 motor skills 169–70 terminology 346 co-occurrence with affect disorders global amnesia 168 syndromes 347–8 273 movement disorders, thought content 358–62 EEG findings 456 frontal-subcortical circuits 68 thought process 358, 358 electroconvulsive therapy 639 multiple behaviors 615 T-scores 382 emotion 271–2 multiple sclerosis 51, 53, 592 visuospatial function 374–5 features 272 multiple system atrophy (MSA) 39 word-finding difficulty 357 medication-induced 548 muscle strength working memory 367–8 neurological disorders 545–6 grading 327 Z-scores 381–2, 382, 383 primary 543–5 see also lower extremities, strength mesencephalic dopaminergic reward sleep 104 testing; upper extremities, system 588 mood stabilizers 551–4 strength testing mesencephalon 14–15 bipolar disorder 551–3 musical hallucinations 152 metabolic encephalopathy 457 drug–drug interactions 554–6 myasthenia gravis, depression 545–6 metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) mania treatment 552, 553 mycosis fungoides 51 side effects 554, 555 brain involvement 492 metencephalon 13–14 morphometric analysis of brain tissue neuropathological assessment 490–2 methylphenidate 520, 524 volume 424–6 pathological findings 491, 491–2 midbrain 14–15 motion perception 148 myelencephalon 12–13 middle cerebral artery (MCA) motivation 134–40 myelin, white matter 48–9 stroke 216 amygdala 138 myelinated fibers 48 transcranial Doppler ultrasound 426 anterior cingulate circuit 137–8 myelination, white matter 49 mind–brain debate 4 auto-activation deficit 139 activity-dependent 55

661

Index

narcolepsy 106–7 structural 6–7, 415–27 dissociative symptoms 315 hallucinations 147 see also named modalities mental status examination 345–50 histamine deficiency 107 neuroleptic malignant syndrome 480, mild cognitive impairment 315–16 idiopathic hypersomnia differential 554–6 personality change 316 diagnosis 107 Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) sleep-related 315 National Hospital for the Relief of 335–6 traumatic brain injury 315 Paralysis, Epilepsy and Allied neurological examination 319–31 neuropsychological assessment Diseases 2 bruits 321 394–404 neglect 120–1, 215–16 communication 321 applications 395 attentional blink 127 cranial nerves 322–4 clinical interview 396 disengage deficit 121, 130–1 elements 320 cognitive impairment testing 399, dorsal attention system 130–1 lower extremities 328–31 512 dorsolateral prefrontal lobe 122–3 paratonia 325 collateral information 396 extrapersonal 216 speaking to the patient 321 emotion effects 403 hemispatial 530 standardized 319–20, 321 functioning levels 402 motor 215 subtle neurological signs 321, 333–9 historical background 394–5 motor-intentional 215 upper extremities 324–8 impairment neural network model 121 neurology detection 397 object-based attention 125 historical background 1–4 levels 401–2 parietal lobe 120–1 organic problems 2 measures 398 personal 216 post-graduate training 5–6 mental status examination 396–7 sensory 215 neurons 12 neurocognitive domains 398 sensory-intentional 215 neuropathological assessment 485–96 neurocognitive tests 394, 397 temporoparietal junction 120, 130–1 brain tumor clinical presentation norm-referenced data 394, 397, temporoparietal junction damage 485–6 400–1 120 gliomatosis cerebri 486 patient cooperation 400 ventral attention system 130–1 hematopoietic tumors 486–96 patients’ individual situations 401 ventral frontal cortex 130–1 intravascular lymphoma 492–6 patterns of scores 402 visual 215–6 lymphomatosis cerebri 490 percentiles conversion table 401 neocortex 22–3 mycosis fungoides 490–2 personality effects 403 nephrogenic systemic fibrosis 420 neuropsychiatric disorders practice effects 402 neural networks behavioral sequelae 611–16 premorbid cognitive functioning damage in behavioral disturbance cerebellar lesions 39,40 401 569 challenging behavior 607 procedures 396–403 distributed 7 cognitive sequelae 616–17 psychometrists 400 neuroanatomy 6, 228–40 emotional sequelae 611–16 record review 396 Neurobehavioral Status Examination frontal-subcortical circuits 69–73 referrals 395 384 legal defense 406 reliable change index 402 neurobehavioral toxicology 480–2 neurosurgical interventions for reports 403 acute encephalopathy 481 refractory conditions 632–3 test administration 400, 402 dementia 481 pain 609 test batteries 399 malingering 482 physical sequelae 609–11 brief 399 pseudoneurotoxicity 482 psychotherapy 600 computerized 400 neurochemistry 6 social skills training 613 fixed/flexible 397–9 neurocognitive tests 394 white matter disorders 54, 54–5 intermediate 399 impairment detection 397 neuropsychiatric evaluation 310–15 specialty 399, 399 selection 397 developmental history 312–13 test interpretation 400–2 neuroimaging family history 311–12 test scoring 400–3 advanced 430–40 general medical history 314 neuropsychology, qualifications to case studies 430–1 history-taking 310–14 practice 395–6 clinical indications 415–16, 416 personal experience in neurorehabilitation, traumatic brain contrast agents 417 exploration 314 injury 7 functional 6 social history 313–14 neurosis, origin of term 1–2 historical background 4 symptoms/signs 347 neurotoxicity patient preparation 416–17 neuropsychiatric function 511, 511 alcohol abuse 477 post-imaging considerations 417 Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) 349, antidote use 480 pre-imaging considerations 352 clinical history 478–9 416–17 neuropsychiatric phenomenology diagnosis 478–80 selection of technique 421 314–16 laboratory testing 479

662

Index

neurobehavioral toxicology 480–2 object-based attention 124, 124, 126 parasagittal meningioma 424 neuroimaging 479–80 functional imaging 125–6 parasomnias 108–10, 315 neurologic examination 479 neglect 125 central pattern generators 109 prognosis 480 parietal lobe damage 125 disorders of arousal 108–9 pseudoneurotoxicity 482 superior parietal lobule 126 non-REM sleep 108–9 treatment 480 obsessions, mental status examination REM sleep 109 neurotoxicology 474–6 362 secondary 109–10 neurotoxins 476–8 obsessive-compulsive disorder 69 treatment 109 categories 476 neurosurgical treatment 75, 630–1 paratonia, neurological examination dose–response relationship 475–6 pharmacologic treatment 74–5 325 drugs of abuse 476, 476–7 obstructive sleep apnea 106, 315 paresthesias 153 environmental toxins 476, 477, oculomotor circuit 61 parietal lobe 477–8 oculomotor nerve (CN III) 17, 322–3 attention deficit 121–2 hepatic impairment impact 475 olfaction 154–5 disengage deficit 121 medications 476, 476–7 olfactory agnosia 369 inferior 206 nervous system region 475 olfactory nerve (CN I) 16, 322 neglect 120–1 nervous system vulnerability 474–5 olfactory system 154 object-based attention 125 organic solvents 477–8 opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia 39 posterior 120, 215 pesticides 478 optic chiasm 214 sequencing disorder 202 renal impairment impact 475 optic nerve (CN II) 17, 214, 322 simultanagnosia 217 solvents 477–8 lesions 149 spatial attention 120 white matter 481 optic radiations 147–8 visual search task 121 neurotransmission 6 optic tract 147–8, 214 Parkinson’s disease neurotransmitters 519, 569–70 orbitofrontal (OF) circuit 253–4, 254, cognitive behavioral therapy 592 nicotinic ␣4␤2/␣7 receptor antagonists 255 with dementia, visuospatial 522, 524 components 253 dysfunction 219–20 night eating syndrome 109 disruption 254–5 depression 545 night terrors 108–9 functions 254 executive function 73 nightmares 109 orbitofrontal (OF) cortex 59–60, 233–4 limb-kinetic apraxia 210–11 NMDA receptor antagonists 549 activation 233–4 medial substantia nigra involvement attention impairment 520–1 connections 252 68 declarative memory impairment 524 direct pathway anatomy 62 pharmacological intervention 73 executive dysfunction 531 lesions 67–8, 254–5 putamen involvement 68 visuospatial memory impairment olfactory system 154 somatosensory symptoms 154 529 reward circuit 282 visual abnormalities 150 nociception 152 traumatic brain injury 259 pathological laughing and crying non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) orbitofrontal (OF) syndrome 67–8, 74 (PLC) 39, 547, 546–7, 560 sleep 98, 101 organic solvents, neurotoxins 477–8 frequency 546–7 alpha-2 noradrenergic agonists, organic–functional dichotomy 4–5 neuroanatomy/neurochemistry 546 orbitofrontal syndrome 74 organophosphate pesticide treatment 557–9 norepinephrine neurotoxicity 478, 480 patient, role in medical executive function 237–8 Ozeretskii test 378 decision-making 408 greater limbic system modulation pattern recognition, executive function 284–5 P cells 148 377–8 information processing 237–8 pain pedunculopontine tegmental norepinephrine system, chronic 104 cholinergic nuclei 15 frontal-subcortical circuits 65–6 neuropsychiatric disorders 609 perception 144–56 notguiltybyreasonofinsanity411 palinacusis 151–2 auditory 150–2 novelty seeking 300–1, 303, 304–6 pallidus see globus pallidus crossmodal integration 155–6 striatum involvement 304 panic attacks 547 definition 144 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) see panic disorder 612 disorders 146–7 magnetic resonance pantomime, disorders of 186 agnosias 146 spectroscopy (MRS) pantomimeoftransitiveacts somatosensory 153–4 nucleus accumbens 60, 136–7 dissociation apraxia 208 visual 149–50 motivation 136–7 ideomotor apraxia 203, 206 disturbances 360 number cancellation task 366 Papez circuit 20, 26, 278, 287 gustation 154–5 paralimbic system 276 motion 148 object attribute task 124 paralinguistic cues 356 olfaction 154–5 object cueing paradigm 125 paralinguistics 357–8, 371 self-perception 156

663

Index

perception (cont.) phase-contrast angiography (PCA) 433 primary visual area 214 sensory input 145 phobias, types 362 procedural interventions 627–42 somatosensory 152–4 phonagnosia 151, 186 complications 632 visual 147–50 phonemes, articulation impairment historical aspects 627–9 disorders 149–50 357 invasive 627–31 visual system functional photic stimulation, EEG 454 lesional interventions 631–2 specialization 148 Pick, Arnold 257–8 vagal nerve stimulation 634 perceptual priming 145 Pick’s disease see frontotemporal methodological variability 630 perceptual skills learning 169 dementia non-invasive 634–6 stages 169 pin prick perception 328 rationale 629–31 perceptual system, organization 145–6 pineal body 19 see also deep brain stimulation periaqueductal gray (PAG) 15 planum temporale 179 (DBS); electroconvulsive periodic limb movements of sleep pons 13 therapy (ECT); transcranial (PLMS) 105 positive behavioral supports 605, 615 magnetic stimulation (TMS) peripheral nervous system (PNS) 12, positive reinforcement 608 procedural memory 168–70 474–5 positron emission tomography (PET) assessment 525 perisylvian area 188 6, 437–8, 438, 439 impairment 525–6 language 175, 179, 181 posterior cerebral arteries (PCA) 26 treatment 525–6 persistence 301, 303, 304–5 stroke 216 Process C, sleep 102–4 persistent vegetative state (PVS) 92–3 posterior cingulate 282 Process S, sleep 101–2, 104 personality 299–307 posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) processing speed 365, 519–21 complexity 305–6 Alzheimer’s disease 219 cognitive impairment 519–21 definition 299 Balint’s syndrome 219 proprioception 152 gene–environment interactions visual deficits 150 prosody 185–6, 527 305–7 visuospatial dysfunction 219 affective 186–8 heritability 300, 306, 306–7 posterior dominant rhythm (PDR), aging 190 humoral theory 299 EEG 447–8, 450, 455 alcohol abuse 190 inheritance 300, 306–7 posterior fossa syndrome 38 clinical settings 190–1 neuropsychological assessment posterior inferior cerebellar arteries comprehension 190 effects 403 (PICAs) 34 disruption with left hemisphere temperament and character posterior parietal lobe 120, 215 damage 188–9 comprehensive model 299 post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) 315 hemispheric lateralization 188–9 see also character; temperament post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) post-traumatic stress disorder personality change 316 109, 190–1, 612 190–1 orbitofrontal syndrome 67–8, 74 postural reflexes 330 repetition 189 pesticides, neurotoxins 478 praxis 199–211, 373–4, 527–9 schizophrenia 190 phantom limb sensations 153 neuroanatomy 528 spontaneous 189 pharmacotherapy 498–508 see also apraxia attitudinal 190 attention impairment 519–21 prefrontal circuit 253, 256 brain damage 185–90 behavioral disturbance 566–81 prefrontal cortex clinical disorders 185–6 cognitive impairment 515–17 affective processing 138 elements 185 coma 518–19 association pathways 235–6 emotional 185 consultations 507 childhood lesions 259–60 functional imaging 188 continuous reassessment of executive function 225, 229–34 inarticulate 185 treatment need 502–3 functions 229 intellectual (attitudinal) 185 drug–drug interaction vigilance 503 goal-directed behavior 138 interhemispheric integration loss evaluation 499–500 heteromodal sector 231–2 189 expert opinion 501 medial 233 intrinsic (linguistic) 185 generic medications 503–4 motivation 137–8 mental status examination 357–8, initiation 498 motor association areas 229–30 371 insurance issues 504 motor-premotor sector 229–31 paralinguistic cue 356 pharmaceutical industry paralimbic sector 232–4 prosopagnosia 149 interactions 505 subdivisions 229–32, 232, 234, pseudobulbar affect see pathological rating scale use 499 252–6 laughing and crying (PLC) second opinions 507 premotor cortex 206–9 pseudohallucinations 146–7 therapeutic alliance 498–9 supplementary motor area 207 pseudoneurotoxicity 482 therapeutic trials 502 primary central nervous system pseudoseizures, case studies 313 treatment priority 499–500 lymphoma (PCNSL) 486–7 psychiatric disorders, challenging see also medications primary sensory cortex 145 behavior comorbidity 568–9

664

Index

psychiatry physiology 102 cognitive behavioral therapy functional problems 2 REM behavior disorder 109 592 historical background 1–4 receptive amusia 151 comportment dysfunction 260–1 postgraduate training 5–6 recognition 144–56 dorsolateral prefrontal circuit 72 psychic auto-activation loss 139 auditory 150–2 EEG findings 456 psychoanalysis 2, 4, 6 crossmodal integration 155–6 electroconvulsive therapy 639 psychodynamic psychotherapy 597–8, definition 144–5 frontal-subcortical circuits 72 598 disorders 146–7, 149–54 gray matter volume reduction psychological trauma 312–13 gustation 154–5 260 psychometrists 400 impairment 369, 521 insight deficit 260–1 psychopharmacology 4 mental status examination 368–9 pharmacologic treatment 73 psychosis 575–8 olfaction 154–5 sleep disorders 104 cerebellar electrical stimulation 41–2 self-recognition 156 subtle neurological signs 337–9 neurological syndrome association sensory domain-specific 368–9 theory of mind 261 575, 576 somatosensory disorders 153–4 transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment 578 vision 147–50 641 psychosurgery 7, 628–9 visual system functional seizures, complex partial 273 US Federal Commission report 629 specialization 148 selective attention model 128–30 psychotherapy 7, 587–90 recollection 164 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors attachment theory 588 reflexes (SSRIs) 74–5, 531–2, 549, behavioral therapy 590, 590–1 hammer 325 557–8 cognitive behavioral therapy 591, lower extremities 329, 330 side effects 550–1 591, 592, 592 primitive 326, 327 self-awareness cognitive therapies 591–2 response grades 325 comportment 251 ECBIS domain 588, 589, 590, 599 upper extremities 325–6 deficit 579–80 family therapy 593–4, 594, 595 relaxation training 590, 609 mental status examination 384–5 group therapy 598–9, 599 reliable change index 402 self-directedness 302, 305 interpersonal therapy 593, 593 REM behavior disorder (RBD) 109 self-injurious behavior 572–5 learning process 587–8 renal impairment, neurotoxin activity acute 573–4 mesencephalic dopaminergic 475 chronic 574–5 reward system 588 Repeatable Battery for the Assessment self-management 617 motivational interviewing 595–6, of Neuropsychological Status self-perception 156 596 (RBANS) 399 self-recognition 156 neuropsychiatric disorders 600 restless leg syndrome (RLS) 105 self-regulation 617 psychodynamic 597–8, 598 reticular formation 16, 25 self-transcendence 302, 305–7 psychological mechanisms of effects behavioral neuroanatomy 15–16 semantic(s) 526 587–8 retinal ganglion cells 147 semantic aphasia 181, 181 supportive 596–7, 597 reward 608 semantic dementia 167, 181 systems therapy 593–4, 594, 595 reward circuit, greater limbic system semantic knowledge 166 therapeutic alliance 587 282 semantic memory 166–7 types 588–99 reward dependence 301, 303, 304 degradation 201 public policy 7 Ribot’s law 164–5 sensation, upper extremities 328 pull test 330 right hemisphere, medial surface 64 sensory input 145 pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) right-hemisphere hypothesis, emotion sensory system 145–6 437 287 sequencing disorder 202 pure anomia 180 risky behavior 615–16 serotonergic innervation 14–15 pure word deafness 151, 180, 369 Rolandic fissure 23 serotonergic system, Purkinje cells 14, 32 Romberg test 330 frontal-subcortical circuits 66 putamen 19–20, 68 Rossi Scale for subtle neurological serotonin 238–9, 283–4 pyramidal neurons, EEG activity 442 signs 334 set shifting 376–7 rostromedial limbic circuit 62, 63 short-term memory 162 Quantified Neurological Scale, simulated presence therapy 614–15 Modified 335 sadness 270 simultanagnosia 146, 149, 216–17, salience 134 369 rapid eye movement (REM) sleep 98, saliency map 118, 130 binding deficit 217 100 schizophrenia degenerative brain disorders 217 dopaminergic system 100 affective prosody 190 subtypes 217 dreaming 100 auditory hallucinations 152 single-photon emission tomography flip-flop switch 100 case study 313 (SPECT) 6, 438–9

665

Index

sleep 98–110 somatosensory recognition disorders subcortical dementia 69 across lifespan 102–3 153–4 ischemic vascular 50 adolescence 103 somatostatin/neuropeptide subdural hygroma, acute 423 aging 99, 103 Y-containing interneurons 66 subgenual cingulate 71 architecture 101–2, 449, 454 somesthesis 152 circuit 63 ascending reticular activating somnambulism 108–9 substance abuse disorders system 16, 443 source analysis 467–9 behavioral interventions 612–13 cyclic alternating pattern 102 spatial attention 119–24 behavioral therapy 590–1 deprivation 103, 147 frontal eye field damage 122–3 dopaminergic system 72 disturbance 98 frontal lobe 122–3 environmental interventions EEG patterns 101–2 functional imaging 123–4 612–13 hallucinations 147 neglect 120–1 frontal-subcortical circuits 72 homeostatic systems 98 parietal lobe 120 substantia nigra 14, 60 infants 102 posterior parietal lobe 120 subtle neurological signs (SNS) 321, K-complexes 101 temporoparietal junction 120 333–9 local 102 spatial cueing 116–17 antipsychotic motor side effects 336 mood disorders 104 disengage deficit 121, 122 assessment 333–6 morphology 101–2 object-based 124 behavioral problems 336 motor skills acquisition 169 order of events 116 biological marker function 338 neuropsychiatric phenomenology peripheral/central cue comparisons brain structure abnormality 315 123–4 associations 336–7 physiology 102 spatial memory 372 Cambridge Neurological Inventory Process C 102–4 speech 335 Process S 101–2, 104 communication 357 clinical significance 336–8 spindles 101, 104, 443 disturbance 357 cognitive impairment domains 336 stages 101 examination 324 disease associations 336 timing regulation 100–1 production 181–2 endophenotype function 338–9 see also wake–sleep organization spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) 324 functional outcome 337–8 sleep disorders 103–10 Stages of Change model 595, 597 genetic relationship with conditions behavioral interventions 610–11 stance testing 330 338–9 circadian system 101 stem cell replacement 55 Heidelberger Scale 334–5 excessive daytime sleepiness 106–7 stereopsis 218 localization in brain 334, 337 hypersomnias 106–10 stimulus control 605 Modified Quantified Neurological narcolepsy 106–7, 147 wandering 614 Scale 335 obstructive sleep apnea 106 strength testing, upper extremities Neurological Evaluation Scale 335–6 parasomnias 108–10 326–8 research 338–9 schizophrenia 104 stress, emotional response 302 Rossi Scale 334 see also insomnia striate cortex 214 schizophrenia 337–9 sleep state misperception syndrome striatopallidal circuit 139 social function 337–8 (SSMS) 105 striatopallidum, ventral 281 sociodemographic variables 336 sleep-promoting systems 99 striatum 19–20, 304 Woods Scale 334 sleep-related eating disorder 109 cholinergic/dopaminergic system sudden cardiac death 556–7 sleep–wake organization 98–100, interactions 65 sundowning syndrome, Alzheimer’s 102 limbic/motor system interactions 66 disease 104 slow-wave sleep (SWS) system 98, 101, sensorimotor systems 66 superior cerebellar arteries 34 102 striosomes 66 superior colliculus ablation 214 social adaptation, comportment 251–2 stroke superior longitudinal fasciculus 208, social cognition, judgment 385 auditory hallucinations 152 214, 235 social communication 617 basilar artery 216 superior parietal lobule (SPL) 126 social skills training (SST) 613 cerebellar 37–8 supplementary motor area (SMA) 207 social-interactive competence 617 depression 545 support groups 594 Society for Behavioral and Cognitive EEG findings 456 supportive psychotherapy 596–7, 597 Neurology 5 ischemic 26 suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 100–1 solvents, neurotoxins 477–8 mania association 546 Sylvian fissure 23 somatosensory cortex pathways 152–3 middle cerebral artery 216 symbol cancellation task 366–7, 367 somatosensory pathways, central 152 posterior cerebral arteries 216 synesthesia 155–6 somatosensory perception 152–4 simultanagnosia 216 syntax 526 somatosensory processing streams subarachnoid hemorrhage 424 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 152–3 subcaudate tractotomy 631–2 51, 545

666

Index

systemic motivational counseling striatal neuron overactivity 69–70 vegetative state 91–4 (SMC) 595 tic pathophysiology 69 diagnosis 92 systems therapy 593–4, 594, 595 tic severity 69 diagnostic criteria 92 toxic encephalopathy 412 locked-in syndrome 92 tactile sensation 152 toxic leukoencephalopathy (TL) 51–2, minimally conscious state tardive akathisia 556 53, 481 differential diagnosis 93 tardive dyskinesia 336, 556 tractography, diffusion tensor imaging pathology 92 tardive dystonia 556 48 prognosis 92–3 task selection, executive attention 128 transcranial Doppler ultrasound 426 progression from coma 92 taste cells 154 transcranial magnetic stimulation ventral frontal cortex (VFC) 129, taste sensation 154–5 (TMS) 41–2, 527, 640–1 130–1 tastes, primary 154 clinical applications 641 ventral limbic pathway 236 tectum 14 frequency 640 ventral striatopallidum 281 temperament 299–300, 300, 301–3, historical aspects 635–6 ventral tegmental area (VTA) 14, 303, 305 stimulus intensity 640 135–6 harm avoidance 300, 303, 304, 306 transmodal cortex 145 ventral visual stream lesions 149 heritability 300, 306 traumatic brain injury (TBI) 8 ventral visual system 148 novelty seeking 300–1, 303, 304–6 arousal pathology 90 ventricular system 29, 27–9 persistence 301, 303, 304–5 behavioral change 258–9 ventrolateral pre-optic (VLPO) region reinforcement effects on emotional cognitive behavioral therapy 592 ascending reticular activating state 303 comportment dysfunction 258–60 system inhibition 100 reward dependence 301, 303, 304 MRI 424, 431 insomnia 98 stability 300 neuropsychiatric phenomenology sleep-promoting neuronal systems traits 300–1 315 99 temporal circuit 256 neurorehabilitation 7 verapamil 552–4 temporal lobe 179, 261–2 orbitofrontal cortex 259 verbal fluency tasks 377 temporoparietal junction 120, 129, psychiatric comorbidity 568–9 verbal letter test 366 130–1 tort law 412 verbal trail making test (vTMT) 366 neglect 120, 130–1 vegetative state 93 vertebral arteries 26 terminology for specialty 8 white matter lesions 52 Vesalius, Andreas 47 thalamic nuclei 18,18 trephination 627–8 vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) 17, thalamus 18, 88 triceps muscle, strength testing 326 323–4 theory of mind 255, 261 triceps reflex 325–6 violence/violent behavior 7, 256 therapeutic alliance 498–9, 587 tricyclic antidepressants 549–51, see also aggression thermoreception 152 557–8 vision 147–50 thought content 358–62 trigeminal nerve (CN V) 17, 323 visual acuity testing 322 inferences from non-engagement trochlear nerve (CN IV) 17, 322–3 visual agnosia 369 362 T-scores 382 visual association areas 147 lethal 360–2 visual cortex 147, 214 thought process 358, 358, 359 unawareness of deficit 385 visual field cuts 149 time–frequency transformations Universal Cerebellar Impairment 41 visual field testing 322 465–7 Universal Cerebellar Transform (UCT) visual loss, cortically mediated 149 tinnitus 151–2 41 visual memory 372 toluene abuse 425 upper extremities visual neglect 215–16 tone testing coordination testing 328 visual object agnosia 150 lower extremities 328–9 neurological examination 324–8 visual pathway, primary 147–8 upper extremities 324 reflexes 325–6 visual perception/recognition tongue examination 324 sensation testing 328 disorders 149–50 tool use, conceptual apraxia 200–1 strength testing 326–8 visual scanning 145 topectomy 628 tone 324 visual search task 117, 117, 118 tort law 412–13 bottom-up information 117–18 touch testing 328 vagal nerve stimulation 634 parietal lobe damage 121 Tourette syndrome vagus nerve (CN X) 17, 324 top-down information 118–19 cortical–subcortical interaction valence 134, 270 visual system 148 alteration 70 valence-specific hypothesis 287–8 visual working memory 120, 126–8 frontal-subcortical dysfunction vascular dementia 456 visually guided search model 118 69–70 vascular system 26–7, 27, 28 visuomotor adaptation 169 neurosurgical treatment 75, 631 arteries 26 visuospatial clinical syndromes pharmacologic treatment 73 veins 27 215–18

667

Index

visuospatial function 214–21, 529–30 Wernicke–Geschwind model of gray matter pathology 54 distributedneuralcircuits529 language 175, 176, 176 hematopoietic tumors 486–96 dysfunction with neurological Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 477 neurobehavioral syndromes 52–3, conditions 218–21 Wernicke’s aphasia 176, 177, 180 53,54 evaluation 529 Wernicke’s area 175, 175–6, 177, 181 neuropsychiatric syndromes 54, executive control 377 function 180 54–5 mental status examination 374–5 planum temporale 179 prognosis 55 visuospatial processing 214–15 white matter 47–56 stem cell replacement 55 visuospatial memory 217–18, 529–30 aging role 50 treatment 55 allocentric/egocentric 218 Alzheimer’s disease 50, 54 Williams syndrome 220–1 visuospatial information 217–18 anatomy 47–8 Willis, Thomas 47 working memory 217 behavioral neuroanatomy 25–6 Woods Scale for subtle neurological vitamin B12 deficiency 52 development role 50 signs 334 vocalization, disruptive 614–15 distributed neural circuits 50 word-finding difficulty 357 voice 356–7 focal syndromes 52–3 word-selection anomia 180 voxel-based morphometry (VBM) historical background 47 working memory 162–4, 367–8 424–6 myelin 48 impairment 368, 522–3 myelination 49, 55 World Health Organization (WHO), wakefulness 16, 443, 455–7 neuroimaging studies 7, 50–1, 51 International Classification of wake-promoting systems 98–9 pathways 49 Impairments, Disabilities and wake–sleep organization 98–100, physiology 48–50 Handicaps 409 102 plasticity 55 wrist extensor muscles, strength testing sleep-promoting systems 99 toxins 481 327 wake-promoting systems 98–9 tractography 236 written alternating sequence tasks 376 walking 330–1 tracts 48 wandering 614 white matter dementia 53, 53–4, 486 xenon enhanced computed war 7 neurobehavioral features 53–4 tomography (Xe-CT) 431–2 Watts, James 628–9 neuropsychological profile 54 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 401 white matter disorders 51–2, 52 Z-scores, mental status examination Wernicke, Karl 174–5 axon regrowth 55 381–2, 382, 383

668