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Genetic Analysis of Floral Symmetry Transition in African Violet Suggests the Involvement of Trans-Acting Factor for CYCLOIDEA Expression Shifts

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Genetic Analysis of Floral Symmetry Transition in African Violet Suggests the Involvement of Trans-Acting Factor for CYCLOIDEA Expression Shifts ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 15 August 2018 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01008 Genetic Analysis of Floral Symmetry Transition in African Violet Suggests the Involvement of Trans-acting Factor for CYCLOIDEA Expression Shifts Hui-Ju Hsu 1†, Cheng-Wen He 1†, Wen-Hsi Kuo 1†, Kuan-Ting Hsin 1†, Jing-Yi Lu 2, Zhao-Jun Pan 2† and Chun-Neng Wang 1,2* 1 Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 2 Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Edited by: With the growing demand for its ornamental uses, the African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha) Swee-Suak Ko, has been popular owing to its variations in color, shape and its rapid responses to artificial Academia Sinica, Taiwan selection. Wild type African violet (WT) is characterized by flowers with bilateral symmetry Reviewed by: Maria Manuela Ribeiro Costa, yet reversals showing radially symmetrical flowers such as dorsalized actinomorphic (DA) University of Minho, Portugal and ventralized actinomorphic (VA) peloria are common. Genetic crosses among WT, Xianzhong Feng, Northeast Institute of Geography and DA, and VA revealed that these floral symmetry transitions are likely to be controlled Agroecology (CAS), China by three alleles at a single locus in which the levels of dominance are in a hierarchical *Correspondence: fashion. To investigate whether the floral symmetry gene was responsible for these Chun-Neng Wang reversals, orthologs of CYCLOIDEA (CYC) were isolated and their expressions correlated [email protected] to floral symmetry transitions. Quantitative RT-PCR and in situ results indicated that † These authors have contributed dorsal-specific SiCYC1s expression in WT S. ionantha (SCYC1A and SiCYC1B) shifted in equally to this work DA with a heterotopically extended expression to all petals, but in VA, SiCYC1s’ dorsally Specialty section: specific expressions were greatly reduced. Selection signature analysis revealed that the This article was submitted to major high-expressed copy of SCYC1A had been constrained under purifying selection, Plant Evolution and Development, a section of the journal whereas the low-expressed helper SiCYC1B appeared to be relaxed under purifying Frontiers in Plant Science selection after the duplication into SCYC1A and SiCYC1B. Heterologous expression of Received: 10 April 2018 SCYC1A in Arabdiopsis showed petal growth retardation which was attributed to limited Accepted: 21 June 2018 cell proliferation. While expression shifts of SCYC1A and SiCYC1B correlate perfectly to Published: 15 August 2018 the resulting symmetry phenotype transitions in F1s of WT and DA, there is no certain Citation: Hsu H-J, He C-W, Kuo W-H, Hsin K-T, allelic combination of inherited SiCYC1s associated with specific symmetry phenotypes. Lu J-Y, Pan Z-J and Wang C-N (2018) This floral transition indicates that although the expression shifts of SCYC1A/1B are Genetic Analysis of Floral Symmetry Transition in African Violet Suggests responsible for the two contrasting actinomorphic reversals in African violet, they are the Involvement of Trans-acting Factor likely to be controlled by upstream trans-acting factors or epigenetic regulations. for CYCLOIDEA Expression Shifts. Front. Plant Sci. 9:1008. Keywords: CYCLOIDEA, Saintpaulia ionantha, zygomorphy, actinomorphy, RADIALIS, genotype–phenotype doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01008 association, gene duplication, bilateral symmetry Frontiers in Plant Science | www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2018 | Volume 9 | Article 1008 Hsu et al. Floral Symmetry Transition in African Violet INTRODUCTION on altering dorsal petal morphology than DICH does. Mutation of both CYC/DICH results in actinomorphy, in which all petals Variation in floral symmetry in horticultural species provides switch to ventral identity (Coen and Nugent, 1994; Luo et al., a great opportunity to study the molecular genetics of floral 1996). symmetry transition. Peloric mutations, the acquisition of Floral symmetry transition has independently evolved among actinomorphy (radial symmetry) by zygomorphic (with major angiosperm lineages and has been demonstrated to dorsiventral asymmetry) plants, have provided precious correlate with the shifts of CYC expression (Rosin and Kramer, opportunities to examine the developmental genetics of 2009; reviewed in Busch and Zachgo, 2009; Hileman, 2014a). floral symmetry transition. The African violet, Saintpaulia Most common mechanisms for floral symmetry transitions could ionantha (Gesneriaceae), is ancestrally zygomorphic with a be summarized into the spatial and temporal shifts in CYC long cultivation history and is also famous for a great variety expression (Spencer and Kim, 2018). Similar to Antirrhinum, of reversion to actinomorphy cultivars. The zygomorphic wild reversals to actinomorphy attributable to a loss of dorsal-specific type (WT) of S ionantha ssp. velutina (B.L. Burtt) I. Darbysh has or asymmetrical expression of CYC were reported in Tradescantia flowers with two dorsal (adaxial) petals (dp) smaller than the (Commelinaceae, monocot, Preston and Hileman, 2012), in three three petals in lateral (lp) and ventral (abaxial) (vp) positions, Oleaceae species (early diverging Lamiales, Zhong and Kellogg, (Figures 1B,K). It has only two stamens (positioned abaxially), 2015), in two pollinator shifting Malpighiaceae lineages (Zhang while the adaxial and lateral stamens have been reduced to et al., 2013), in Lotus japonicas double mutant (Fabaceae, Feng staminodes. One peloric (actinomorphic) cultivar S. ionantha et al., 2006), and in tubular mutants of sunflower (Asteraceae, ssp. velutina “little rick” (Figure 1C) of African violet arose Chapman et al., 2012). In these cases, they are ventralized as all in cultivation during the early 1950s as a single gene recessive petals acquired ventral identity attributable to the loss of dorsal- (Reed, 1961). This peloric form differs from WT in having all specific CYC. On the other hand, reversals into DA attributable five petals identical in shape and size, and all five stamens are to the extension of CYC expression into all petals to acquire fully functional (although the dorsal and lateral stamens are dorsal identity has been reported in Cadia (Fabaceae, Citerne marginally smaller than the ventral ones) (Figure 1F). All five et al., 2006), in two parallel Malpighiaceae lineages (Zhang et al., petals in this peloric form are mostly similar to the ventral petals 2013), in petal-indistinct wind pollinated Plantago lanceolata of the wild type, and thus the peloric flowers appear to have lost (Reardon et al., 2009; Plantaginaceae, Preston et al., 2011), and their dorsal identity or acquired ventral identity (abbreviated in radially symmetrical Viburnum (Dipsacles, Howarth et al., as VA, ventralized actinomorphy, hereafter). Recently in flower 2011). The existence of both DA and VA in many angiosperm markets, another peloric cultivar S. ionantha ssp. gortei (Engl.) lineages indicates that the regulation of CYC can be very I. Darbysh.“no stamen” has begun to grow in popularity owing diverse. to its numerous small-sized flowers and fused petals which Among Gesneriaceae species, reversals to actinomorphy from form a somewhat unusually tubular corolla in a fully upright dorsalization and ventralization have both been described. actinomorphy (Figure 1A). Interestingly, this peloria has all Ventralized actinomorphy (VA) attributable to mutated CYC or stamens aborted in mature flowers but it exists in cultivation as loss of expression of CYC in the late petal development stage has African violets can be easily propagated through leaf cuttings. been reported in Sinningia speciosa, and Bournea (Zhou et al., This peloric cultivar differs from WT and VA in having all five 2008; Hsu et al., 2015, 2017). On the other hand, DA has been petals similar to the small-sized dorsal petals of WT. “no stamen” reported in Tengia and occasionally in Petrocosmea hybrids in is therefore a dramatically different peloria of African violet with which CYC expression has extended to all petals (Pang et al., 2010; dorsalized actinomorphy (abbreviated as DA, hereafter). With Yang et al., 2015). these cultivars, we can explore the flexibility of genetic control It is worth mentioning that temporal (heterochronic) changes on floral symmetry transitions exerted by artificial selection. of CYC expression also trigger floral symmetry transition. The rise of two different peloric phenotypes, DA and The transient only dorsal expression of TCP1 (CYC) in VA, from the zygomorphic WT implies that the genes the early floral meristem stage, yet not persisting into later controlling dorsal and ventral identity may have been involved. organogenesis stages, make it unable to trigger Arabidopsis and In Antirrhinum majus (Snapdragon) and other zygomorphic Bournea to develop zygomorphy (Cubas et al., 2001; Zhou flowering plants, CYCLOIDEA (CYC) gene is necessary to et al., 2008). Another genetic mechanism involved in creating establish the dorsiventral flower axis (Luo et al., 1996, 1999). This a peloric phenotype is epigenetic silencing caused by gene CYC has been known to regulate cell proliferation (cell division) methylation. In the peloric form of Linaria vulgaris (toadflax), and cell expansion (Costa et al., 2005). In Antirrhinum, CYC there were no CYC mRNA transcripts that could be detected is restricted to express in the dorsal part of the flower and is in the flower (Cubas et al., 1999b), attributable to hyper- therefore responsible for the growth promotion of dorsal petals methylation of the gene. If this is
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