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Final Draft Environmental Impact Statement Kāʻanapali Beach

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Final Draft Environmental Impact Statement Kāʻanapali Beach DRAFT - Final Draft Environmental Impact Statement Kāʻanapali Beach Restoration and Berm Enhancement August 2021 June 2020 Prepared for: Partnered with: Department of Land and Natural Resources Kāʻanapali Operations Association Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands 2530 Kekaa Drive 1151 Punchbowl Street, Suite 131 Lahaina, Hawaiʻi 96761 Honolulu, Hawaiʻi 96813 Prepared by: Sea Engineering, Inc. Makai Research Pier 41-305 Kalanianaole Hwy Waimanalo, Hawaiʻi 96795 Final Draft Environmental Impact Statement - Kāʻanapali Beach Restoration and Berm Enhancement Sea Engineering, Inc. - Department of Land and Natural Resources - Kāʻanapali Operations Association This page intentionally left blank. i Final Draft Environmental Impact Statement - Kāʻanapali Beach Restoration and Berm Enhancement Sea Engineering, Inc. - Department of Land and Natural Resources - Kāʻanapali Operations Association This page for signature page PDF ii Final Draft Environmental Impact Statement - Kāʻanapali Beach Restoration and Berm Enhancement Sea Engineering, Inc. - Department of Land and Natural Resources - Kāʻanapali Operations Association This page intentionally left blank. iii Final Draft Environmental Impact Statement - Kāʻanapali Beach Restoration and Berm Enhancement Sea Engineering, Inc. - Department of Land and Natural Resources - Kāʻanapali Operations Association TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. PROJECT OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 PROPERTY LOCATION, EXISTING USE, AND LAND OWNERSHIP ......................................... 1 1.3 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR BEACH RESTORATION AND BERM ENHANCEMENT .................... 5 1.4 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................. 9 1.5 PROPOSED ACTION .......................................................................................................... 10 1.5.1 Beach Restoration of Hanakaʻōʻō Littoral Cell...................................................... 11 1.5.2 Beach Berm Enhancement of the Kāʻanapali Littoral Cell .................................... 12 1.5.3 Sand Source - Sand Recovery Area ........................................................................ 12 1.5.4 Expected Project Lifespan ...................................................................................... 13 1.6 BEACH RESTORATION METHODOLOGY – SCHEDULE – ESTIMATED COSTS ..................... 24 1.6.1 Primary Sand Recovery and Transfer Methodology .............................................. 24 1.6.2 Alternate Sand Transfer Methodology .................................................................... 25 1.6.3 Alternate Sand Recovery Methodology ................................................................... 26 1.6.4 Additional Beach Nourishment Methodologies ...................................................... 27 1.6.5 Project Sequence ..................................................................................................... 27 1.6.6 Project Schedule, Sequence, and Duration............................................................. 28 1.6.7 Beach Restoration and Berm Enhancement Costs.................................................. 28 1.6.8 Public Lands and Public Funds .............................................................................. 29 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT, POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION, AND MITIGATION MEASURES .......................................... 43 2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................... 43 2.1.1 Climate .................................................................................................................... 43 2.1.2 Tides ........................................................................................................................ 44 2.1.3 Sea-Level Rise ......................................................................................................... 46 2.1.4 Currents .................................................................................................................. 50 2.1.5 Offshore Waves ....................................................................................................... 55 2.1.6 Flood and Tsunami Hazard .................................................................................... 60 2.1.7 Offshore Bathymetry ............................................................................................... 61 2.1.8 Nearshore Bathymetry and Coastal Processes ....................................................... 69 2.1.9 Sand Characteristics ............................................................................................... 84 2.1.10 Water Quality .......................................................................................................... 95 2.1.11 Marine Biology ..................................................................................................... 111 2.1.12 Protected Species .................................................................................................. 134 2.1.13 Coastal Flora and Fauna...................................................................................... 136 2.1.14 Air Quality ............................................................................................................ 138 2.1.15 Noise ..................................................................................................................... 139 2.1.16 Streams .................................................................................................................. 141 2.1.17 Scenic and Open Space Resources ....................................................................... 142 2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................. 143 2.2.1 Surrounding Land Use .......................................................................................... 143 2.2.2 Community Character ........................................................................................... 144 2.2.3 Tourism ................................................................................................................. 144 i Final Draft Environmental Impact Statement - Kāʻanapali Beach Restoration and Berm Enhancement Sea Engineering, Inc. - Department of Land and Natural Resources - Kāʻanapali Operations Association 2.2.4 Beach Access ......................................................................................................... 145 2.2.5 Coastal and Nearshore Recreation ....................................................................... 146 2.2.6 Public Health and Safety ...................................................................................... 152 2.2.7 Cultural Resources................................................................................................ 157 2.2.8 Archaeological Resources .................................................................................... 166 2.2.9 Economy and Labor Force ................................................................................... 168 2.2.10 Population ............................................................................................................. 169 2.2.11 Housing ................................................................................................................. 170 2.3 PUBLIC SERVICES .......................................................................................................... 170 2.3.1 Solid Waste Disposal ............................................................................................ 170 2.3.2 Medical Facilities ................................................................................................. 170 2.3.3 Police and Fire Protection.................................................................................... 170 2.3.4 Schools .................................................................................................................. 171 2.3.5 Recreational Facilities .......................................................................................... 171 2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................................................................................... 172 2.4.1 Roadways .............................................................................................................. 172 2.4.2 Water System ......................................................................................................... 172 2.4.3 Wastewater System................................................................................................ 172 2.4.4 Drainage System ................................................................................................... 173 2.4.5 Electrical, Telephone, and Cable Television Services .......................................... 173 2.5 SECONDARY AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ..................................................................... 173 3. REGULATORY CONTEXT ............................................................................................ 179 3.1 FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS .............................................................................. 179 3.1.1 Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act ............................................................
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