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1 Study on Biorock® Technique Using Three Different Anode … E-Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, Vol. 2, No. 1, Hal. 1-8, Juni 2010 STUDY ON BIOROCK® TECHNIQUE USING THREE DIFFERENT ANODE MATERIALS (MAGNESIUM, ALUMINUM, AND TITANIUM) 1*) 1 1 Neviaty P. ZamaniP P, Ramadian BachtiarP P, Hawis H. MadduppaP P, Jhoni Wahyu 2 1 1 1 AdiP P, Jeddah IsnulP P, Muhamad IqbalP P, and Beginer SubhanP 1. Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis No.1, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 2. Department of Metallurgy and Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia *) P PE-mail: 1TU [email protected] ABSTRACT Biorock® technique is the earliest methods to rehabilitate the damage of coral reef ecosystem. Its improvement is need to carry on since it is subject to some inhibitions in particular the dependence of expensively-imported Titanium (Ti) as the anode materials. The main purpose of this research was to find the best anode material as a possible subtitution which can be economically and easily to apply in Indonesia. Therefore we compared Titanium (Ti) with two other potential anodes material (Magnesium-Mg, and Aluminum (Al). The laboratory study was carried out for two days period (48 hours) in the stagnant sea water aquaria. Four aquarium tanks were treated by different electric current treatment (1 Ampere, 2 Ampere, 3 Ampere, and 5 Ampere, respectively). The reduction of electrode weigh (anode and cathode) was measured. During the experiment, water quality (i.e. pH, and salinity) and mineral waters (calcium) were collected every 6 hour in 48 hours. The solid form of calcium carbonate was analyzed using XDS (X-ray Dispersion Spectrophotometer). The accretion rates on cathode and anode decay were compared between anodes which were treated by different electrical current. Based on the study, three anodes (aluminum, magnesium and titanium) showed different respond. Titanium and Magnesium anode showed electric current affected accretion rate (P < 1), while for aluminum anode showed no differences on treatments. Keywords: mineral accretion, Biorock®, anode, coral reef rehabilitation, accretion rate, anode decay rate, mineral uptake I. INTRODUCTION the composition of natural coral reefs (Lee, 2002). This solid mineral is a Biorock® is using mineral byproduct of pH changes in the cathode accretion process and one of coral reef during the electrolysis process of sea rehabilitation methods since late 1990s in water (Hilbertz and Goreau, 1996). This Indonesia, which developed by Thomas method is furthermore increase coral reef Goreau, a marine biologist and Wolf growth 3-5 times faster than the normal Hilbertz, an engineer and architect conditions (Lee, 2002). The associations (Hilbertz, 1979 and 1991; Bachtiar, between organisms in that structure is 2003). Mineral accretion process is faster and more diverse for certain case applying a low voltage direct electrical and even can be ten times faster current through electrodes causing (Faraday, 2004). mineral crystals naturally found in Anode material is one of the most seawater, mainly calcium carbonate and important parts to apply Biorock® magnesium hydroxide, to grow on the structure. Anode defined as the electrode structure (Hilbertz, 1979; Hartt 1984). where the electrons come from the cell The composite of limestone and brucite and oxidation occurs (Hastatiningsih, which found on the structure is similar to 1997). Anode connected to the positive ©Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan, FPIK-IPB 1 Study On Biorock® Technique Using Three Different Anode … terminal of power supply and a terminal 2.2. Experiment set-up where electrons taken from the ions in solution to facilitate chemical reactions. Cathode and anode was set on If the current is too high, the anode will rounded wooden skeleton like a rack with corrode quickly (Hilbertz and Goreau, space for cathode and anode on it. Anode 1996). Anode material used in Biorock® was set on the center, and cathodes were structure should have high resistance to set surround the anode with the same corrosion processes and have a high level interval (Figure 2, left). of polarity due to the occurrence of Each cathode wire was combined oxidation reactions. In addition, pH and connected to negative terminal of values around the anode are acidic, which power supply, and anode wire was is potential to generate corrosion at iron, connected to positive terminal of power as cathode. supply. Each wire was shield by tape. Titanium used as anode for the The electric current’s setting and structure since its application (Lee, measuring was conducted after all 2002). However, its improvement is devices submerged in the aquarium filled needed to carry on since it is subject to with sea water (Figure 2, right). some inhibitions in particular the dependence of expensively-imported Titanium (Ti) as the anode materials in Indonesia. The main purpose of this research was to find the best anode material as a possible substitution which can be economically and easily to apply in Indonesia. Therefore we investigated the feasibility of Titanium (Ti) with two other potential anodes material (Magnesium-Mg, and Aluminum-Al), and treated in a different current density (1 Ampere, 2 Ampere, 3 Ampere, and 5 Ampere). Figure 1. Anode materials used for the Biorock experiment (left: II. METHOD Aluminum, middle: Magne- sium, right: Titanium) 2.1. Preparation 2.3. Observation and data collection The preparations of the research are the following steps: (1) The iron stick The research was carried out for 3 was burnished in order to clearance the months period (January to March 2006) rust; (2) anode materials preparations and at the Laboratory of Marine Biology, productions (Figure 1); (2) Wire setting Department of Marine Science and on two electrodes (cathode and anode); Technology, Bogor Agricultural (3) Tip of the cathode was rubbed with University. The experiment was carried Resin in order to avoid corrode and the out for two days (48 hours) in four two edge of iron stick would not be aquariums, which filled with sea water covered by CaCO R3 Rdeposit; (4) Electrode and no current. Each aquarium was numbering; and (5) Electrode weighing. applied in different electric current (1 2 http://www.itk.fpik.ipb.ac.id/ej_itkt21 Zamani et al. Ampere, 2 Ampere, 3 Ampere, and 5 further analysis. Sample analysis using Ampere). Data was collected every 12 AAS was conducted in Environment hours start from tR0R (starting time) with no Laboratory of Bogor Agricultural repetition. pH values were measured University. during the experiment. Mineral solid form as accretion Sample of sea water in the aquaria product was collected as dry material was collected to monitor the composition after 12 hours and weighted. Sample of of Ca and Mg during the experiment. mineral solid was collected for further Water sample were put in the glass bottle mineral analysis in Metallurgy and three drops of HNOR3R added as sea Laboratory-University of Indonesia by water preservation. Then glass bottle using XDS (X-ray Dispersion sample was wrapped by aluminum foil Spectrophotometer). paper and kept in room temperature for Figure 2. Schematic of electrode setting on wooden skeleton (left); and experiment set- up system in four identical aquariums which treated different electrical current from power supply (right). 2.4. Statistical analysis current. This is can be found on 3 Amp and 5 Amp, while on 1 Amp and 2 Amp Mineral solid weight and decay rate was slower in changes. were calculated based on the value before Sea water pH in the aquarium had a and after experiment in the cathode and significant change. At the titanium and the anode, respectively. The mineral solid aluminum anode, pH had decreased from weight formed and anode decay rate about 8 to 6. However, the magnesium parameters were compared using anode pH had tends to increased, ranged Randomized Complete Block Design, from 8.1 to 8.9 (Figure 3). continued with ANOVA (Analysis of pH decreasing which occurred in Variant) and Least Significance titanium and aluminum anode because + Difference using Statistica 7 (Ashworth the concentration of increasing [HP P] and and Booker, 1986). the formation of acid. This was come from derived carbonic acid fraction and III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the reaction at the anode. In the ocean occurs carbonate system which 3.1. pH variability maintaining the pH of sea water in the buffer conditions. However, in a closed Changes of pH value rapidly occur and limited system (e.g. aquarium), in experiment treated large electrical buffer conditions would not happen. http://www.itk.fpik.ipb.ac.id/ej_itkt21 3 Study On Biorock® Technique Using Three Different Anode … Therefore, there is a change of pH 3.2. Calcium and Magnesium uptake seawater. Changes in pH are the result of the Ca and Mg uptake value generally occurrence of electrolysis reaction at the showed decreased on each anode electrode (cathode and anode). Reaction (Titanium, aluminum, and Magnesium) at the cathode was reduction and an during observation period (Figure 4 and - alkaline, because of release [OHP P]. As for Figure 5). The rising values of Ca uptake what happened in the anode were the were on 3 Ampere at Aluminum anode, 1 oxidation reaction and an acid because it Amp Magnesium anode and of Mg + releases [HP P]. Consequently, more acidic uptake was on 1 Amp Magnesium anode. conditions predominate in the aquarium. Decreased value of Ca and Mg were caused by this materials were used in 10 mineral accretion process. 2T It applies an 8 electric charge, causing dissolved 1 Ampere 6 minerals (Mg and Ca) to crystallize on 2 Ampere 3 Ampere the iron stick (cathode). 2TCa uptake on pH value pH 4 5 Ampere titanium anode ranged between 500 – 2 800 mg/L and Mg uptake ranged between 0 0 12 24 36 48 140 – 160 mg/L.
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