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Paesaggi, Beni Culturali, Patrimonio Unesco

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Paesaggi, Beni Culturali, Patrimonio Unesco Massimo Angrilli, Giuseppe Fera, 02.Roberto Gerundo Paesaggi, beni culturali, Riuso e valorizzazione dei resti monastici dell'XI- patrimonio XII secolo nei territori dell'Alta Irpinia e del Unesco Vulture: verso un'idea generale di itinerari turistico-culturali per le aree interne della Campania e della Basilicata. Maurizio Angelillo*, Roberto Vanacore**, Antonella Roselli*** 1. Premessa: le ragioni di uno studio diamenti monastici basiliane e benedettine Nell’Irpinia e nella Basilicata nord-occiden- prima, verginiane sorti in particolare tra il tale, oggi corrispondenti a parte delle pro- secolo XI e il secolo XII. vince di Avellino e Potenza, gli insediamenti monastici documentati nell’area in età me- 2. Gli insediamenti monastici risalenti dievale – in particolare quelli benedettini al XI-XII secolo in Irpinia e Basilicata – sono numerosi. A seguito dell'estinzione 2.1 Gli insediamenti verginiani nella diocesi degli ordini medievali benedettini di Cam- di Avellino pania e Basilicata si è perduta la conoscenza L’abbazia di Santa Maria di Montevergine a dell’originaria pertinenza monastica di alcu- Mercogliano. ne strutture, perdita a cui hanno senz’altro 2.2 Gli insediamenti verginiani e minoriti contribuito i numerosi eventi sismici. nell’arcidiocesi di Conza I pochi monumenti superstiti – tutti ascrivi- L’abbazia di San Salvatore al Goleto a bili alla famiglia dell’Architettura Romanica Sant’Angelo dei Lombardi del Mezzogiorno d’Italia – sono spesso stati Il monastero di Sant’Antonio a Muro Lucano considerati al di fuori del contesto storico 2.3 Gli insediamenti benedettini nella dioce- che li ha visti sorgere, il che ha determinato si di Nusco una sostanziale incomprensione della loro L’abbazia di Santa Maria di Fontigliano a Nusco facies storico- artistica. 2.4 Gli insediamenti benedettini e verginiani Nell’area territoriale oggetto di studio inte- nella diocesi di Rapolla ressata dall'antico tracciato della Via Appia L’abbazia di Sant’Ippolito a Monticchio vi è una particolare concentrazione di inse- Il monastero di Santa Maria di Pierno a San Fele special issue - URBANISTICA INFORMAZIONI | 1 2.5 Gli insediamenti benedettini nella dioce- struttura e la sua risposta per sollecitazioni sulla base dei progressivi avanzamenti del- si di Tursi-Lagonegro di tipo orizzontale. La scala in cui si va ad le tecniche costruttive. L'estroso apparato L’abbazia di S. Maria del Sagittario, Chiaromonte indagare è quella del singolo pannello mura- decorativo delle chiese romaniche rivela in 2.6 Gli insediamenti benedettini e verginiani rio, e lo studio di queste tipologie strutturali, diversi casi l'influenza germanica e nel meri- nella diocesi di Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa viene affrontato secondo quanto ci è fornito dione d'Italia – in particolare in Sicilia - que- L’abbazia S. Lorenzo in Tufara, Pescopagano dalla letteratura di riferimento. Sono stati ri- ste influenze si arricchiscono di quelle arabe L'abbazia della SS. Trinità di Venosa levati i seguenti aspetti fondamentali: per quanto riguarda gli interni ed alcuni ele- Cattedrale e Campanile di Melfi • La posa in opera di elementi lapidei per mi- menti architettonici. In definitiva i grandi 2.7 Gli insediamenti benedettini della dioce- gliorare l’ingranamento trasversale conferi- edifici religiosi sono espressione della prima si di Acerenza sce ulteriore resistenza; arte europea di una civiltà che si sforzava di L’abbazia di S. Maria di Banzi • L’insufficienza dei modelli meccanici forza- trasformare in modo chiaro e riconoscibile i spostamento del tipo bilineare rigido-degra- valori cristiani. 3. Muri in pietra naturale: aspetti mor- dante presenti in letteratura; La consapevolezza dell’esistenza – nei ter- fologico-costruttivi della così detta • Oltre alle ipotesi di base del comporta- ritori considerati – di una pluralità di siti “regola dell’arte muraria locale” mento perfettamente monolatero ed infini- con presenze significative di resti monastici L’osservanza delle regole dell’arte muraria, tra- tamente resistente a compressione del ma- dell'XI-XII secolo, quasi una “costellazione” mandate sino ai giorni nostri dall’esperienza teriale muratura, si propone l’introduzione di manufatti appartenenti a un’unica grande dei maestri murari, è in grado di conferire alle di un parametro aggiuntivo, che quantifica famiglia, stimola allora l’idea di una serie di strutture in muratura una notevole stabilità. La meccanicamente l’ingranamento per forma «percorsi turistico-culturali», cioè di itine- conservazione della memoria di queste tecni- degli elementi. rari che collegano un insieme di aree e siti che costruttive è di primaria importanza ai fini Si ipotizza un'analisi con un modello mecca- anche non contigui, ma concettualmente della tutela di questi beni della collettività. nico, con andamento trilineare, che mostra riunificati e resi coerenti da uno specifico Il focus di questo studio riguarda appunto le una pseudoelasticità di partenza, ed una suc- progetto culturale teso a mettere in luce e murature storiche, ed in particolare la stati- cessiva pseudo duttilità data dalla parzializ- valorizzare le specificità ambientali, paesag- ca delle murature in pietra. Questo tema, di zazione della sezione dovuta ai piccoli scor- gistiche e storiche di più ambiti territoriali grande interesse sia a livello nazionale che rimenti interni e un progressivo sviluppo particolarmente significativi. La ricerca di internazionale data l’estrema diffusione i di deformazioni anelastiche nelle porzioni nuovi approcci al tema del riuso e del recupe- Europa e nel mondo di tale tipologia struttu- reagenti, fino al superamento dell’ingrana- ro di edifici e manufatti, e della conseguente rale, è stato oggetto di numerosi studi aventi mento per forma degli elementi costituenti, più ampia valorizzazione dei territori a cui come obiettivo la comprensione del ruolo nonché la disarticolazione del pannello mu- appartengono, può collocarsi tematicamen- che ha la forma e la disposizione dei singoli rario fino allo spostamento ultimo ed all'atti- te nel quadro delle politiche per le aree in- elementi costituenti l’apparecchio murario vazione del meccanismo di collasso. terne1, intercettando e integrando altre ini- sul suo comportamento meccanico e delle ziative di sviluppo locale in diversi ambiti di logiche costruttive dell’epoca. 4. L'architettura degli insediamenti intervento: tutela del territorio, valorizzazio- I pannelli murari, possono essere ricondotti monastici nel paesaggio: un’idea di iti- ne delle risorse naturali e culturali e turismo a tre sottocategorie ben definite in base alla nerari dall’oggetto al territorio per la sostenibile, saper fare e artigianato. composizione dell’apparecchio murario. valorizzazione delle aree interne. Un possibile concetto-chiave – illustrato La muratura si dice in pietra da taglio se i bloc- I Una grande parte degli edifici considerati nel recentemente in uno studio dedicato al pa- chi lapidei che la compongono sono tagliati con presente studio è ascrivibile al grande insieme esaggio archeologico della fascia costiera regolarità e ridotti alla forma di parallelepipedi dell’architettura romanica del nostro Paese; in vesuviana2 – è quello di considerare il tema o a tronchi di piramide (blocchi cuneiformi), alcuni casi conserva la propria funzione origi- dell’edificio, o dei suoi resti, nel suo dispie- sulla base delle regole della stereotomia. Se le naria, in altri invece costituisce solo mera, an- garsi dall’oggetto al territorio riflettendo allo pietre vengono lasciate nella loro forma irrego- corché significativa, traccia di un passato per stesso tempo su un possibile nuovo senso da lare, semplicemente sbozzate per ridurle a com- molti versi irrimediabilmente perduto. attribuire ai termini protezione, conserva- baciare con le altre vicine, il pannello murario si l termine Romanico fu utilizzato per la pri- zione e valorizzazione attorno ai quali ruota definisce ad opera incerta. Si definisce muro in ma volta in Francia all’inizio del XIX per in- ogni intervento su un manufatto di interesse pietrame se invece le pietre sono poste in opera dicare le costruzioni – in particolare quelle storico-architettonico. grezze. Sono di struttura mista quei pannelli nei religiose – sorte a partire dai primi secoli del Ad esempio, che cosa dobbiamo intendere effet- quali si combinano questi tre tipi di strutture. Cristianesimo fino all’avvento dell’architet- tivamente per “protezione” di un manufatto di In questo studio ci si propone di indagare gli tura Gotica; il termine si riferisce all’affinità interesse storico-architettonico? Le risposte pos- aspetti morfologico-costruttivi della “regola tra queste costruzioni e l’architettura roma- sibili sono molteplici e dovrebbero dare luogo ad dell’arte muraria locale”, opportunamente na, dalla quale vennero ripresi il senso della azioni integrate. Se infatti il manufatto va tutelato differenziata in relazione ai luoghi nei quali monumentalità, della spaziosità e i principa- nelle sue condizioni fisiche perché conservi il suo sorgono le strutture oggetto dello studio, e di li elementi costruttivi (l’arco a tutto sesto, il valore di documento testimoniale di prodotto di studiare il comportamento meccanico della pilastro, la colonna e la volta), rinnovandoli una civiltà antica della quale ci comunica e ci rac- 2 | URBANISTICA INFORMAZIONI - special issue conta qualcosa, è anche vero che quando è ridotto a mero frammento – parte di una costruzione la cui maggior parte è andata perduta – esso acquista un senso anche diverso, in quanto diviene una
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