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PROSTOR POSEBNI OTISAK/ 140-153 Znanstveni Prilozi Mumen Abuarkub PROSTOR 25 [2017] 1 [53] ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPIS ZA ARHITEKTURU I URBANIZAM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING SVEUÈILIŠTE POSEBNI OTISAK / SEPARAT OFFPRINT U ZAGREBU, ARHITEKTONSKI FAKULTET Znanstveni prilozi Scientific Papers UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, FACULTY 140-153 Mumen Abuarkub Traditional Building Materials Tradicijski graðevni materijali OF ARCHITECTURE and Techniques in Palestine i naèini gradnje u Palestini ISSN 1330-0652 Subject Review Pregledni znanstveni èlanak CODEN PORREV UDC 72.02:728.6(569.4) UDK 72.02:728.6(569.4) UDK | UDC 71/72 25 [2017] 1 [53] 1-170 1-6 [2017] 140 Fig. 1 Building a traditional stone house in a Palestinian village Sl. 1. Gradnja tradicijske kamene kuæe u palestinskom selu PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi 25[2017] 1[53] 141 Mumen Abuarkub Fon University, Faculty of Architecture Sveuèilište Fon, Arhitektonski fakultet Republic of Macedonia - 1000 Skopje Republika Makedonija - 1000 Skopje [email protected] [email protected] Subject Review Pregledni znanstveni èlanak UDC 72.02:728.6(569.4) UDK 72.02:728.6(569.4) Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning Tehnièke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.03. - Architectural Structures, Building Physics, 2.01.03. - Arhitektonske konstrukcije, fizika zgrade, Materials and Building Technology materijali i tehnologija graðenja Article Received / Accepted: 28. 8. 2016. / 13. 6. 2017. Èlanak primljen / prihvaæen: 28. 8. 2016. / 13. 6. 2017. Traditional Building Materials and Techniques in Palestine Tradicijski graðevni materijali i naèini gradnje u Palestini dome kupola foundations temelji openings otvori roofing krovišta vaults svodovi walls zidovi The study examines building techniques and distinct architectural elements: U radu se istražuju naèini gradnje i razlièiti graditeljski elementi: temelji, foundations, walls, openings, vaults, cupolas, roofing. It elaborates how build- zidovi, otvori, svodovi, kupole, krovišta. Analizira se na koji naèin velièina ing size and choice of materials affect building practice, focusing on technical zgrade i izbor materijala utjeèu na graditeljsku praksu s osobitim naglaskom standards, describing basic building materials and traditional construction na tehnièke standarde i opis temeljnih graðevnih materijala i tradicijskih methods for each architectural element of Palestinian traditional house. naèina gradnje za svaki graditeljski element tradicijske palestinske kuæe. PROSTOR 142 1[53] 25[2017] 140-153 M. ABUARKUB Traditional Building Materials and Techniques… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi INTRODUCTION This research, traditional building methods in Palestine, is mainly aimed at defining in de- UVOD tail the building methods that were used in Palestine. This study constitutes a base or opening to other studies and in-depth re- search about building methods and construc- tion materials that were used in different ge- ographical areas in Palestine. It is an episode of a long series of studies aimed mainly in documenting, analyzing and understanding the Palestinian architectural heritage. Such studies are not easily achieved, especially under the current conditions in which the Pal- estinians endure, which prevent coverage of all historical Palestinian areas. This study mainly relied on fieldwork, in addi- tion to writings and published studies that mostly covered areas of the West Bank, as it appears from the list of references that were the basis for this research. The study also re- lied on office research in the relevant publica- tions, and adopted a systematic field re- search and field visits to various regions in Palestine. With the help of these researches, various models of construction blueprints were documented for areas that varied geo- graphically and climatically in addition to in- terviews with constructivist veterans who conveyed the history and the construction methods used in Palestine. C onstruction has a very important posi- It must be noted that no one would be able to tion in community development. It reflects document and analyze traditional building the way of building, new materials and new methods in Palestine alone. This work re- technologies. The use of building materials in quires further joint efforts and cooperation general largely depends on the country re- between researchers and concerned insti- sources, countries that have abundance of tutions in order to do organized scientific some kinds of building materials use them studies to cover all the Palestinian territories extensively in building construction. through documentation, analysis, and field The actual interest of the Palestinian archi- surveys. This should be done as quickly as tectural heritage began in the eighties of the possible, as this cultural heritage is declining last century, where a number of interested year after year because of the demolition, neg- people and Palestinian researchers, archi- ligence, and the lack of awareness of the im- tects and non-architects, prepared studies portance of this heritage and its preservation. and research works showing the importance Building processes are connected directly to of the Palestinian architectural heritage and the prevailing habits and traditions in Pales- the need to document and preserve it. There tine; the action of building depends on com- is no doubt that the presence of architectural munity participation and the concept of faculties at the Palestinian Universities and ”help” which distinguishes the Palestinian the spread of research centers that are con- society in all matters. cerned in documenting the Palestinian cul- tural heritage has contributed significantly to raising the awareness and interest in archi- TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS tectural heritage and it’s preservation. TRADICIJSKI GRAÐEVNI MATERIJALI There are few studies and writings about tradi- th tional building methods in Palestine, some Before the second half of the 20 century, written by specialized architects and others by stone was the main material in traditional interested people, some Palestinian and some buildings, except in Jordan Valley. All build- foreigners, who are keen about this heritage. ings built in Palestine had lime-based (gyp- Palestinian studies and writings on the other sum-based) mortars. Cement and reinforced hand have appeared relatively recent, and the concrete were new techniques invented in greater part of them has recently been re- leased in the past years. Some foreign studies 1 Hadid, 2002: 18 date back to the early twentieth century. 2 Hadid, 2002: 18 PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Traditional Building Materials and Techniques… M. ABUARKUB 140-153 25[2017] 1[53] 143 the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Therefore, all Galilee area. It was used only in this area and traditional buildings in Palestine were built can be rarely found elsewhere. There are also Words of Arabic Origin without cement. Lime, mud and gypsum were a number of decorative stones, such as the Rijeèi arapskog podrijetla the traditional binders used by masons for Mizzi Akhdar. They are denser, more compact ﻋﺭﻗﺔ centuries in Palestine. and can be polished.2 Arka ﺩﻭﺍﺳﺔ Dawwaseh - ﺣﺻﻳﺭﺓ More than 50,000 buildings have been regis- Mud-bricks Mud-bricks (sun-dried bricks) Hasire tered in the National Register for the tradi- were used in the Gaza area and in Jordan val- ﺣﻣﺎﻝ ley, especially Jericho. This material was Hammal ﺟﻳﺭ tional architectural buildings done by Riwaq Jir - Center for Architectural Conservation. The formed in wooden molds after grading. It was ﻛﻌﻛﻭﻟﺔ Ka’kuleh register information shows that stone was used in ancient cultures and found in many ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺩ the main building material in West Bank areas in Palestine like Gaza and Jericho. Mud- Maqaed ﺧﺷﺏ ﻋﺭﺿﻲ Mountains and in some Gaza’s buildings, bricks were prepared from the local mud (red Khashab ardi ﻣﻠﻛﻲ while mudstone was used in Jordan valley soil), mixed with sand, existing chemicals in Malaki ﻣﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺿﺭ and in the coastal plain of Gaza. the soil, water and dried in the sun. They Mizzi Akhdar ﻣﺯﻱ ﺍﺣﻣﺭ were prepared in molds usually 202040 cm Mizzi Ahmar Palestinian Stones - The stone is the oldest ﻣﺯﻱ ﺣﻠﻭ to form a block that was used in the building Mizi Hilu and mostly used construction material in Pal- structure (row of blocks).3 ﻣﺯﻱ ﻳﻬﻭﺩﻱ estine despite the appearance of numerous Mizzi Yahudi ﻧﺎﺭﻱ Mortars - Mortars used for different func- Nari and newer construction materials. The stone tions not only require different specifications ﻧﻭﺭﻩ has always been present while using differ- Nourah ﻗﻧﻁﺭﺓ and preparations, but also are often applied Qantara ent decorative materials for exterior and inte- using different tools and techniques. Mortars ﻛﺳﺎء rior surfaces, vertically or horizontally, thus are composed of two distinct elements: the Qas‘a ﺭﺍﺳﻳﺔ the stone has always been a big challenge for binder (lime, hydraulic lime) and the aggre- Rasiyeh ﺭﻳﺎﺵ the architects as well as the aesthetics. In gates (sand, gravel, brick dust, ashes, straw Reash ﺷﺎﺷﻳﺔ Palestine, main kinds of stone that were used or other organic elements). The composed Shasheyyeh ﺷﻣﻌﺔ for building a stone house are: limestone materials used for plastering are usually Shamah ﺻﻭﻣﻌﺔ used in the central mountains areas) and brought from the surrounding villages, where Somaah) ﻁﺎﺑﻭﻥ sandstone (used in the coastal plain). the main plastering materials are made; they Tabun ﻁﺎﻗﺔ Limestone - The characteristics of the are lime and ash, which are a result of burnt Taqah - ﺗﻭﺷﻳﺣﺔ stone in the central mountains
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