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Peasant Architecture in Palestine

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Peasant Architecture in Palestine Peasant Architecture in Palestine RIWAQ Space, Kinship and Gender RIWAQ is a nonprofit organisation Suad Amiry whose mission is to protect, restore, and rehabilitate the architectural and cultural heritage in Palestine. Suad Amiry RIWAQ’s areas of focus include Suad Amiry is a writer and an architect. the compilation of the Registry of She is the author of a number of Historic Buildings, the rehabilitation architectural and non-fiction books. Her of the historic centres in Palestinian book “Sharon and my Mother-In-Law” cities and villages, the restoration of was translated into twenty languages historic buildings, the research and and won her Italy’s prestigious literary documentation of architecture in award, “Permio Viareggio” (2003). Palestine, and the publication of the Her book, “Golda Slept Here” was monograph series The Architectural awarded the 2014 “Nonino Prize” History of Palestine. RIWAQ also aims in Italy. Her most recent book is “My to raise popular awareness about the Damascus.” Amiry is the founder of importance of cultural heritage in Riwaq in Ramallah, Palestine. In 2011, forming the identity and civilisation of she presented “My Work My Hobby” the Palestinian people and as a basic at TEDxRamallah. pillar of socioeconomic and political development in Palestine. Peasant Architecture in Palestine Peasant Architecture 20 Building a stone home in Palestine. Between 1898 and 1946. Matson Photograph Collection of The Library of Congress, 06014 RIWAQ RIWAQ’s Monograph Series on the Architectural History of Palestine #20 Series Editor 2010-2017: Khaldun Bshara Peasant Architecture in Palestine Suad Amiry Peasant Architecture in Palestine Space, Kinship and Gender © RIWAQ, 2017 ISBN: 978-9950-303-19-5 (soft cover), 978-9950-303-20-1 (hard cover) All rights reserved. Published by: RIWAQ P.O. Box: 212, Ramallah, Palestine Tel: +970 2 240 6887, Fax: +970 2 240 6986 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.riwaq.org Suad Amiry Photos: Riwaq’s archive Photo Courtesy: Suad Amiry, Ziyah Gafić, Khaldun Bshara Editing: Richard Sexton, Copy Editing: Karen Mann On-site survey and computer drawings of plans, sections and maps of the book: Suad Amiry Digitization of drawings for the book: Khaldun Bshara and Maurizio Calabrese Design and layout: Collage Productions The printing of the book was made possible by the Swedish Government through UNESCO RIWAQ Preface This book builds on my 1987 thesis addressing the spatial organization of the different environmental levels in late nineteenth century rural Palestine. A descending spatial order of analysis from the settlement level to that of the furniture level is adopted. The built space of Deir Ghassaneh, a Palestinian village located in the central highlands – the West Bank today – is the focus of this work. In order to understand the close correspondence between this built space and the social organisation of the peasant community that produced it, it was necessary to reconstruct life in Deir Ghassaneh at the turn of 20th century, at a time when space and society together constituted a single socio-spatial whole, and when the village was a relatively autarkic, subsistencebased agrarian community in which traditional modes, including architecture, still prevailed. Throughout the book, analysis of the different elements that constituted the village built space is interpreted in light of the overarching conceptual framework of separation and unity. It is argued that these two countervailing notions governed the nature of interaction between the dominant Barghuthi clans and the subordinate fallahin (peasant) clans. It also governed the spatial ordering of each element and the ordering of the environment as a whole. Kinship and gender are seen as the two main determinants along which village social life and spatial order were organised. The second part of the book examines the nature of change that took place in the built space of Deir Ghassaneh in light of the dramatic social transformations from 1916 to 1986. It is argued that architectural systems, i.e. new methods of construction, the use of new building materials and the adoption of new building forms, would not be accepted by traditional peasant society unless this society was exposed to external forces that operated to undermine the conditions of its existence at both symbolic-cultural and material levels. In the case of Deir Ghassaneh, changes in the architectural forms and the spatial organisation reflected changes that took place first in the socio-economic structure, and were then reflected either in the partial continuity or in the complete disruption of traditional architectural processes. 6 Dome and sky, photo by Khaldun Bshara VII Saleh Palace courtyard Acknowledgments The basic theme of this book builds on my PhD thesis, written at the school of architecture, Edinburgh University. It originated several years earlier with the stimulating discussions I had with my friends and colleagues Jan Cejka and Bilal Hammad about indigenous architecture. The trips we took together around the Middle East and Europe shaped my interest in the subject. In September 1981, I crossed the River Jordan to visit a number of villages in the occupied West Bank. I was overwhelmed by the architectural qualities I found, and I decided then to spend six months in the area so as to study the architecture of the Palestinian village. In 1987, I realized that what was written here was just the beginning. It would not be possible to adequately thank the people of the village of Deir Ghassaneh who spared long hours of their time talking to me about their history, way of life, and the uses of their spaces, subjects about which I knew very little. I particularly want to thank the elders of Deir Ghassaneh, most notably to Abu Hani al-‘Alem, for their patience with my endless questions; and the women of Deir Ghassaneh who tolerated my snooping into their private and personal lives. I will always remember with fondness their hospitality and curiosity. Without them the work would not have been possible. The late Professor C.B. Wilson supervised my thesis. To him I owe a great deal. His guidance, critical and constructive criticism and his unfailing support throughout the different stages of the research and writing were invaluable. As for the actual writing of thesis, it would not have been completed without the support of Salim Tamari who patiently listened to my ideas and helped me put them in perspective. Penny Johnson read through and helped edit the thesis with diligence and good humor. Ata Kuttab was a tireless source of encouragement and enthusiasm, and Samia Husein-Tamimi typed and retyped the thesis drafts. During the fieldwork and surveying of houses, I was assisted by a number of colleagues and students. Special thanks are due to my colleagues, Nadia Habash, and my former students, Rami Bader and Sawsan Asbah. I also thank all the friends and colleagues who had given me advice and assistance: Judy Blanc, Issa Alami, Steve Skelly, Kamal Abdulfattah, Albert Glock, Vera Tamari and Ramzi Sansouor. My gratitude goes to all of them. The completion of the thesis was made possible by grants from the University of Edinburgh, Birzeit University and Overseas Research Awards in Britain. The University of Edinburgh granted me the faculty Postgraduate Studies Award for three consecutive years (1982-85). To convert my thesis into this book, I thank many people, particularly: Richard Sexton for software conversion and editing, Karen Mann for the copyediting, Maurizio Calabrese from Riwaq team for the great work on digitizing and redrawing of the illustrations of the book. Richard Sexton (who sadly has passed away since he worked on the manuscript). I also thank photographer Zia Gafic for some of the images that appear in the book, and Collage Productions for their work on the graphic design and printing of the book. I am grateful for the Government of Sweden through UNESCO Office in Ramallah for their generous financial support for printing the book. Finally, and not least, I am particularly indebted to Khaldun Bshara, the editor of the Riwaq’s Monograph Series, for editing, preparation of drawings and illustrations, and for his directions of the graphic design of the book. Without his persistence and perseverance this book would have never seen the light. 8 IX TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Part I: THE INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE OF A THRONE VILLAGE IN RURAL PALESTINE Chapter 5: THE VILLAGE COMMUNAL PLAZA AND GUEST HOUSE 155 Introduction 1 Chapter 6: THE SACRED ENVIRONMENT OF DEIR GHASSANEH 171 The Fallah’s Beliefs and Practices 174 Chapter 1: PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENT IN RURAL PALESTINE 9 The Sacred Environment 180 The Influence of the Bedouin-Peasant Relationship on Settlement Patterns 18 The Village Holy Shrines 187 Lowland vs. Highland Settlements 27 The Khawwas Sanctuary 191 Settlements of the Central Highlands 30 Sacred Landscape Features 196 Sacred Artefacts and Practices 198 Chapter 2: THE BANI ZEID SHEIKHDOM 37 An Administrative and Defence Unit 37 Chapter 7: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: PART I 205 Deir Ghassaneh: The ‘Throne Village’ of Bani Zeid 41 Part II: TRADITION AND CHANGE: THE CASE OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 211 Chapter 3: THE VILLAGE AS A SPATIAL UNIT 47 Introduction 211 The Village Fields: Differentiated and Structured Space 52 Natural versus disruptive change 211 The Agricultural Cycle: Time/Space/Activity 55 An Inward-Looking Community 212 Patterns of Land Ownership 59 Disruptive Change 213 Critical Changes in the Village Built Environmen 215 Chapter 4: VILLAGE QUARTERS: SOCIAL AND SPATIAL DIMENSIONS 65 I. From Concentric to Linear Patterns 217 Relationship of Village Quarters to the Village Centre 73 II. The Vanishing Centre 220 The Barghuthi Quarter 76 III. The Persistence of Clan-Based Quarters 223 The Saleh Compound 88 IV. The Transformation in the Spacial Organisation of the House 224 Dar Abdul Aziz 100 V.
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