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View / Open Kolar Oregon 0171N 12825.Pdf CHURCH CONSTRUCTION AND URBANISM IN BYZANTINE NORTH AFRICA by AIDAN KOLAR A THESIS Presented to the Department of Classics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts June 2020 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Aidan Kolar Title: Church Construction and Urbanism in Byzantine North Africa This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of Classics by: Prof. Lindsey Mazurek Chairperson Prof. Mary Jaeger Member Prof. Kevin Dicus Member and Kate Mondloch Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2020 ii © 2020 Aidan Kolar iii THESIS ABSTRACT Aidan Kolar Master of Arts Department of Classics June 2020 Title: Church Construction and Urbanism in Byzantine North Africa The primary aim of this thesis is to examine the construction and re-construction of churches and their ancillary structures such as baptisteries, pilgrim accommodations, and cemeteries in Byzantine imperial rhetoric and in a select number of North African cities: Carthage, Sabratha, Lepcis Magna, and Sbeitla. in order to understand how church construction impacted these cities’ urban life and landscape in the period of Byzantine rule (534-647CE). A series of archaeological case studies focused on the aforementioned cities, in conjunction with the broad application of textual sources such as the Decrees (Novellae) of Justinian allow us to adjust some long-held assumptions about cities and churches in Byzantine North Africa. Most significantly, the changes to our case studies’ urban landscapes were driven by local interests and circumstances, not by the Byzantine emperors as Procopius’ Buildings and many archaeologists assume. Even so, most church buildings in the cities selected conform to empire-wide trends. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Aidan Kolar GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene, OR Portland State University, Portland, OR DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Arts, Classics, 2020, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, History, 2018, Portland State University AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: History and Material Culture of Ancient Rome History and Material Culture of Pre-Islamic Persia PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Instructor of Latin, University of Oregon, 2019-2020] Graduate Employee, University of Oregon, 2018-2019 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Lowenstam Memorial Award, University of Oregon Dept. of Classics, Summer 2019 James A. Collier Scholarship, Summer School Program, American Academy in Rome, 2019 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend my sincerest thanks to the members of my thesis committee: Professors Kevin Dicus, and Mary Jaeger for their helpful and insightful feedback on the first full draft of this thesis. Prof. Jaeger’s eye for typographical errors in particular saved me much time and energy. Above all I would like to thank my thesis committee chairperson, Prof. Linni Mazurek for suffering through numerous (very) rough chapter drafts, long-winded excurses on church architecture, and delays in the writing process, and in response providing constructive criticism and re-directing my focus at key points in the drafting process vi To my siblings Brendan, Genevieve, and Rainer vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I.INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 Introduction: Aims and Scope .....................................................................................1 Historical Context ........................................................................................................2 Religious Context.........................................................................................................5 Methods and Contributions ..........................................................................................8 Outline of Thesis ........................................................................................................12 II. ECCLESIASTICAL STRUCTURES AND URBAN LANDSCAPES: CARTHAGE, SBEITLA, LEPCIS MAGNA, AND SABRATHA ................................14 Carthage .....................................................................................................................16 Sbeitla ........................................................................................................................27 Lepcis Magna .............................................................................................................33 Sabratha......................................................................................................................35 Conclusion .................................................................................................................36 III. IMPERIALISM, URBANISM AND CHURCH CONSTRUCTION IN SIXTH-CENTURY BYZANTIUM .................................................................................50 Introduction ................................................................................................................50 Sources .......................................................................................................................50 Procopius: Churches in an Imperial Context .............................................................55 Church Patronage .......................................................................................................58 Pilgrimage and Martyr Veneration ............................................................................66 Christian Practice: Baptism and Burial ......................................................................70 viii Chapter Page Procopius: Church Design and Aesthetics .................................................................75 IV. CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................79 APPENDIX: MAPS AND FIGURES ............................................................................. 80 REFERENCES CITED ....................................................................................................92 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map of Byzantine Carthage .......................................................................................80 2. Mcidfa Complex, Carthage. From Bockmann 2013 ..................................................81 3. Plan of Bir Ftouha, Carthage. From Stevens 1995...................................................82 4. Plan of Bir Messaouda, Carthage. From Bockmann 2013 .........................................82 5. Dermech Complex, Carthage. From Bockmann 2013 ...............................................83 6. Pilgrimage Complex at Theveste, mid-sixth century incarnation from Yasin 2009 .............................................................................................................83 7. Map of Sbeitla. From N. Duval 1971 ........................................................................84 8. Plan of Basilicas I, II, and the “Chapel of Iucundus,” at Sbeitla. From N Duval 1971a ....................................................................................................... 85 9. Plan of Sbeitla Basilica V, with adjacent mill and oil presses from Y. Duval 1982 ........................................................................................................86 10. Map of Lepcis Magna. Churches and the Byzantine Gate Marked ..........................87 11. Plan of Lepcis Basilica I. From Ward-Perkins and Goodchild 1953 ........................88 12. Plan of Lepcis Church II from Ward-Perkins and Goodchild 1953..........................89 13. Map of Byzantine Sabratha .......................................................................................89 14. Plan, Byzantine-era of Damous al-Karita complex, Carthage. From Bockmann 2013…..............................................................................................................................90 15. Plan of Abu Mena, with arrows pointing to excavated gates. From Yasin 2019 ......91 x I: INTRODUCTION Aims and Scope Justinian and his successors were unambiguous in their integration of Nicene Christianity—today known, thanks in large part to their efforts, as the Orthodox church— within their concept of empire. Justinian’s objective of brining theological unity to his renewed Roman empire is most explicit in his decrees outlawing the practice of Judaism, paganism, and any form of Christianity deemed “heretical,” especially Arianism, thus bringing to an end a religious freedom already threatened by firebrand bishops and their violent followers.1 However, it was not through decrees and armies alone that Byzantine orthodoxy was enforced—it had to be built from the ground up through the construction and expansion of new churches, baptisteries, and martyr complexes.2 Arguably, nowhere is this more evident than in North Africa, a bulwark of Arian Christianity conquered in 534 and the subject of this study. The primary aim of this thesis is to examine the construction and re-construction of churches and their ancillary structures: baptisteries, accommodations for pilgrims, and cemeteries in Byzantine imperial rhetoric and in a select number of North African cities: Carthage, Sabratha, Lepcis Magna, and Sbeitla. in order to understand how post-conquest church construction impacted these cities’ urban life
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