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Esclaves Et Maîtres Dans Le Monde Romain Expressions Épigraphiques De Leurs Relations

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Esclaves Et Maîtres Dans Le Monde Romain Expressions Épigraphiques De Leurs Relations Esclaves et maîtres dans le monde romain Expressions épigraphiques de leurs relations Monique Dondin-Payre e Nicolas Tran (dir.) Editore: Publications de l’École française de Rome Edizione cartacea Luogo di pubblicazione: Rome Data di pubblicazione: 1 janvier 2017 Anno di pubblicazione: 2016 ISBN: 9782728312405 Data di messa in linea: 6 décembre 2016 Collana: Collection de l'École française de Rome ISBN digitale: 9782728312412 http://books.openedition.org Notizia bibliografica digitale DONDIN-PAYRE, Monique (dir.) ; TRAN, Nicolas (dir.). Esclaves et maîtres dans le monde romain: Expressions épigraphiques de leurs relations. Nouva edizione [online]. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome, 2016 (creato il 12 dicembre 2016). Disponibile su Internet: <http:// books.openedition.org/efr/3185>. ISBN: 9782728312412. DOI: 10.4000/books.efr.3185. Questo documento è stato generato automaticamente il 12 décembre 2016. © Publications de l’École française de Rome, 2016 Condizioni di utilizzo http://www.openedition.org/6540 1 La principale distinction relative au droit des personnes est que tous les hommes sont soit libres soit esclaves (Institutes, I, 9). Gaius souligne ainsi la place fondamentale de l’esclavage dans la Rome impériale. La barrière de la liberté était si structurante et le recours au travail servile pratiqué à une telle échelle, que la société romaine mérite assurément le qualificatif d’esclavagiste. Certes, la condition servile était inférieure, mais la concevoir en terme de barrière ou de strate horizontale, séparant les esclaves et les libres, se révèle insuffisant. Dans une population servile à la hiérarchie très marquée, la condition personnelle des esclaves dépendait beaucoup des relations verticales, qui unissaient chacun d’entre eux à leur maître. Tel est le sujet de ce livre collectif. L’examen prioritaire de la documentation épigraphique vise à en restituer la complexité. Il fait place à des serviteurs, à des domesticités et à des maîtres d’une grande diversité, dans différentes régions de l’Empire. Les grandes étapes de la vie des hommes et des femmes réduits en esclavage (l’enfance, la mort, en passant parfois par l’affranchissement) sont prises en compte. C’est aussi dans ses multiples dimensions, du droit aux affects, que la relation entre esclaves et maîtres se trouve mise en lumière. MONIQUE DONDIN-PAYRE Monique Dondin-Payre, docteur d’État, directrice de recherches au CNRS (UMR 8210, Paris), est notamment spécialiste d’épigraphie, d’onomastique et des processus de romanisation des provinces romaines. NICOLAS TRAN Nicolas Tran est professeur d’histoire romaine à l’université de Poitiers et à l’Institut Universitaire de France. Ses recherches sur les associations, le travail et les sociétés portuaires de l’Empire romain s’intéressent notamment à la condition des esclaves et des affranchis. Il est l’auteur de Dominus tabernae. Le statut de travail des artisans et des commerçants de l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.), Rome, 2013. 2 INDICE Avant-Propos Monique Dondin-Payre e Nicolas Tran Introduction. La place de l’épigraphie dans l’étude des relations entre esclaves et maîtres François Chausson Une relation au sein de variations numériques La proximité La spécificité des témoignages épigraphiques Le monde servile et le droit La loi, la norme et l’usage dans les relations entre maîtres et esclaves à travers la documentation delphique (200 av. J.-C.-100 ap. J.-C.) Dominique Mulliez Le corpus des actes d’affranchissement delphiques et son contexte juridique, institutionnel et historique Définition générale de la condition de l’affranchi Exemples de restrictions apportées à la condition du nouvel affranchi Exemples d’obligations imposées au nouvel affranchi Situation de l’affranchi soumis à paramona A contrario Parenté naturelle et adoption Le rapport maître-esclave et les modalités de manumission dans l’empire romain Egidio Incelli Cittadini come domini, cittadini come patroni. Rapporti tra serui publici e città prima e dopo la manomissione Franco Luciani La manomissione dei serui publici Operae di liberti publici in favore delle città Qui manumittitur a [...] ciuitate [...] rei publicae honorem habere debet : l’obbligo di obsequium Pecuniam dare soluere satisue facere : un’ipotesi La désignation de la postérité. Autour de la formule libertis libertabusque posterisque eorum dans les inscriptions funéraires romaines Nicolas Laubry Le monde servile face aux hommes, aux dieux, à la mort L’épitaphe versifiée d’un esclave de la familia de Juba II Christine Hamdoune Édition Commentaire La familia méconnue des Valerii Messallae (Ier s. av. – Ier s. ap. J.-C.) Cyrielle Landrea Les marques de la dépendance au sein de la familia des Messallae Les dépendants des Messallae au sein de la familia Caesaris Le cas exceptionnel de l’inscription honorant un affranchi de Cotta Maximus (cos. 20) 3 Le malheur de Politoria : sur la malédiction d’une esclave contre sa matrone Antón Alvar Nuňo Présentation des documents Le malheur de Politoria : un acte impulsif ou une stratégie d’action réfléchie ? Le rôle des médiateurs Dediche servili al genius dei padroni Simona Antolini e Silvia Maria Marengo 1. Premessa 2. Dediche servili al Genius di individui 3. Dediche servili al Genius di entità non personali 4. Conclusioni Tra epigrafia, letteratura e filologia. Due inedite meditazioni sulla vita e sulla morte incise sull’ossario di Cresto Gian Luca Gregori e Gianmarco Bianchini 1. Il coperchio 2. Il contenitore 3. Commento Considerazioni generali Études régionales Patrone e liberti nella Transpadana romana Alfredo Buonopane e Giovannella Cresci Marrone APPENDICE Fidelissimus seruus. Considerazioni sul rapporto servo-padrone (testimonianze aquileiesi) Claudio Zaccaria Liberi, liberti e schiavi in un dossier epigrafico da Eporedia (CIL, V, 6785) Giovanni Mennella La rappresentazione epigrafica dell’infanzia servile nella Regio ottava : alcuni esempi Francesca Cenerini Domnulo optimo et carissimo : la dedica funeraria di un tata per il suo pupillo (Roma, via Flaminia) Gian Luca Gregori Schiavi e padroni ad Ostia : alcune riflessioni su un rapporto sociale ambivalente Maria Letizia Caldelli Amans domini, opseq(u)ens amicis : vita da schiavi a Capua Laura Chioffi Lo schiavo ideale Dominus : la divinita’ Dominus : la colonia Dominus : le societates Dominus : l’imperatore Inediti da Taranto. Echi delle guerre civili Marina Silvestrini Complementi 4 La schiavitù nella Sardinia : sintesi dei dati alla luce della documentazione letteraria ed epigrafica Maria Bastiana Cocco Una panoramica storica sulla schiavitù in Sardegna in età antica Bibliographie Index Résumés des contributions 5 Avant-Propos Monique Dondin-Payre et Nicolas Tran 1 Traditionnellement, le comité des Rencontres franco-italiennes sur l’épigraphie du monde romain choisit, pour la réunion suivante, un thème, qui est alors « porté » par une université : c’est avec plaisir et gratitude que l’université de Poitiers a accueilli la vingtième de ces réunions. L’hôtel Berthelot, majestueux édifice du XVIe s., propriété de l’université, en fut le théâtre, les 18 et 19 septembre 2014, vingt-huit années après la rencontre fondatrice d’avril 1986, qui eut lieu à Rome. Les suivantes se déroulèrent aussi en Italie (à Rome, Macerata, Bari, Aquilée), jusqu’à la quinzième et à la mise en pratique d’une alternance entre la France et l’Italie. L’université de Poitiers succéda ainsi à l’École Pratique des Hautes Études et au Collège de France (qui abritèrent la quinzième rencontre, en 2008, sur le thème « Colons et colonies dans l’empire romain ») et à l’université Bordeaux-Montaigne (où se déroula la dix-huitième, en 2011, « Se déplacer dans l’empire romain »). Les épigraphistes de l’équipe HeRMA (« Hellénisation et romanisation dans le monde antique ») virent dans la proposition du comité franco- italien d’accueillir la vingtième rencontre une reconnaissance de leur activité internationale de recherche et de formation. Ils ont tenté d’être dignes de cet insigne honneur, en cultivant les valeurs de l’hospitalité scientifique. Mais cette tentative aurait été vouée à l’échec sans le soutien financier de l’Institut Universitaire de France et d’AnHiMA (« Anthropologie et histoire du monde antique - UMR 8210) ; et sans l’intérêt éditorial de l’École française de Rome pour la publication de ces actes. Que tous ceux qui ont concouru aux réussites de cette rencontre poitevine (en particulier les orateurs, les membres du comité franco-italien, le public et le personnel de l’université de Poitiers) reçoivent nos sincères remerciements. 6 AUTEURS MONIQUE DONDIN-PAYRE CNRS, UMR 8210 - [email protected] NICOLAS TRAN Université de Poitiers, HeRMA, Institut Universitaire de France - [email protected] 7 Introduction. La place de l’épigraphie dans l’étude des relations entre esclaves et maîtres François Chausson 1 Cette XXe Rencontre franco-italienne porte sur l’expression épigraphique des liens entre esclaves et maîtres1 : si elles ne sont pas les plus fréquentes, un nombre cependant non négligeable d’inscriptions du monde romain émane d’esclaves faisant des dédicaces à des maîtres ou de maîtres ayant fait graver des inscriptions pour des esclaves. Il convient de situer ces inscriptions dans un contexte relationnel et social général, afin de mieux saisir ce que l’étude de cette relation peut, par le biais de l’épigraphie, apporter spécifiquement. Le propos n’a pas l’ambition de l’exhaustivité mais tend à procéder à quelques rappels sur le contexte dans lequel émergent ces témoignages épigraphiques. Une relation au sein de variations numériques 2 La relation entre un esclave et un maître doit varier en fonction du nombre d’esclaves et du statut et de la fortune du maître. Il y avait des petites maisonnées et d’autres bien plus grandes. Il y avait des petits maîtres et des maîtres plus importants. On se souvient de l’anecdote qui présente Hadrien s’indignant, aux bains, de voir qu’un vétéran n’avait pas les moyens d’acheter et d’entretenir un esclave susceptible de lui gratter le dos2. 3 La question du nombre d’esclaves par foyer (qui devait être très variable) reste débattue.
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