Macrinus and Diadumenianus

Home , Caesarea in Mauretania, Diadumenian, Macrinus

B " HENR" JEWELL BASSETT

A DISSE RTATION

SUB M ITTED IN P A RTIAL FULFILLM ENT OF THE REQ UIREM ENTS FOR THE D E GREE OF D OC TOR OF P HIL OSOP H" IN THE UNIV ERSIT" OF M ICHIGAN

ﬂ ip “a lig h t: ﬁ r m

GEORGE Bu mPUBLISHING COMPAN"

M ENASHA, WIS CONS IN 1920

CHAPTER I

THE INSC RIP TIONS AND C OINS

Th e sources of our informa tion for th e lives of M acrinus an d b to : um ni nus m a e e ee a e . e a Diad e a y divid d in thr cl ss s , viz lit r ry , Th e a o e re a D io an d at . e inscriptional numism ic lit r ry s urc s a C ssius ,

e o a th e S cri tores Historiae Au ustae an d e e e e e H r di n , p g , bri f r f r nc s in 1 E ro iu nd e e a o e b e e o ut a . e Aur lius Vict r , p s Eus bius Th s uth riti s will a treate d in detail in a la ter ch pter . The inscriptional evidence is quite extensive considering th e ’ o e of M acrin us e th e a a was S e a o sh rtn ss r ign , f ct th t it p nt lm st entirely in th e Eastern provinces an d that after his downfall his inscriptions were systema tically erased . In Rome itself h as been foun d th e p artially era sed re cord in th e Fasti sodalium Augustalium Clau dialium re cording th e a dmission of

M a crin us to t a o 1 984 e 1 3 Th e a h t b dy VI , lin s F sti sacerdo tum aede o Pro u natoris con sisten tium e th e in J vis p g , whil

o e h as ee o e an d th e e e e a e o th e o e st n b n br k n l tt rs r s d, sh w by c nt xt that they also contained th e re cord of the election of M acrin us

ea e e e M acrin us was re VI , L d pip s inscrib d wh n p

o a e e t an d o e a e a e o a ea his own t ri n pr f c , th rs ft r his cc ssi n th t b r

t e t o e of Diad u m en ian us 7238 itl s wi h th s XV, , amphorae with th e year of his consulate scra tched upon the m ’ 4 108-4 1 10 a o e a on th e a of th e XV , , s ldi r s scr wl w ll

excubitorium ' of th e se venth cohort in th e modern Trastevere

an a a ed a e to o an d set o VI , lt r d ic t d Jun up during his c nsul — 367 all e e e e e to . e e e e ship VI , ) th s r f r dir ctly him B sid s th s we have a list of soldiers whose terms expire d during his reign 2 a a e th e o to a a a VI , fr gm nt a ssigned in c rpus El g b lus ,

' 1 e e are also accounts in Xi hilinus an d Zonaras a e on Dio and e e en e Th r p , b s d , r f r c s in a o r ter in th e i i i t r o Scri torum H stor ae B zan t nae . e e at er a e v ri us w i s C rpus p y Th s l ,

f r th e o t a t na f n tan o ate and o o o e . m s p r , i ccur imp r c

Th e o e t el n t na e o r e e o a a o th e sun od c rr c sp li g Of his m is Of c u s H li g b lus , fr m g

' o e r e t th e em eri r a an e S a e er e wh s p i s p o w s d whose n ame h e took . W h ll how v mploy the o n o e n c mmo m d r ized form Elagabalus . 6 M A CRINUS AND DIADUM ENIANUS

e e e or C arin us o e Alexand r S v rus , but which m r likely refers to 3 “ ” M acrinus ; an d an in scription referring to th e centuria M acrinian a in an Asturian legion doing service in Noricum at Claudiu m Ju vavu m A a e a e a VI , m rbl b s in Osti with a dedica tion to D iad um enian us give s th e titles of b oth father an d son (Ephemeris

E i ra hica p g p VII , e on e o to D iad um enianus Sicily furnish s inscripti n , partially e a e an d ea a t e e o r s d in gr t p r ill gibl X , while tw mile stones (one b adly da maged) ha ve been found in Hispania Tarra conen sis 478 9 4 790 an d on e e a o 1 nscr1 tion to II , , ) d dic t ry p D iad um enian us at C abellio a a a o e in G lli N rb n nsis XII , In central Italy there are two inscriptions on th e base s of statue s of Isis and Osiris set up a t Faesulae in th e name of a veteran of

M acrin u s 1 543 a nd at o e o XI , , F rum S mpr nii in

U a a e a o o to D iad u m enian u s mbri d dic t ry inscripti n XI , From Upp er and L ower Germany co me a fra gmentary inscription to D iad um en ian u s on a piece of s andstone covered with a cal careou s e o and on e e e to o d p sit XIII , r f rring b th father and son and telling of th e rep air of an hour - glass e e two e e ate o —one of XIII , b sid s m r ly d d in his c nsulship 4 o e a o ea them a s m wh t d ubtful r ding . 5 Eleven mile- stones show th e repair of a road in P annonia

M in us an d D iad um nian us an d ﬁve o 2 1 . e a cr e e 7 . Inf ri r in A D und r , 6 others tell of th e construction of roads in Noricu m in th e next

e e e a o a a e e- o e t o D iad um en i an us y ar . Th r is ls mutil t d mil st n

3 ° — P] RAEF P[RAET IlM P CAES MA Th e editor eviden tly reads M A M A[VRELIVS] bu t as th e point used elsewhere in this fragment is n ot found RI Th e aen et een M an d th e o e o a e ea n M A G N . o en b w A , m r pr b bl r di g is [ VS] pr m 22 7 r . 5 a was er e o r tten out in n r t on t e o . . . M rcus v y s ld m w i i sc ip i s Of his p i d C I L XIV, where M ARC is read in an in scription of Elagabalus is an exception to th e general ’ a rin n in reat ar et and in a n or e on ot o n rule . M c us titles are give g v i y v ryi g d r b h c i s dailles an n n n th e n Cf . o en M e d t on and t exact order o ten o o o . i scrip i s , his is f f u d c i s C h

d B . oen a er i 1 70 177 etc . an M a e a 1884 2 nd ed . M acr nus Imp i l s (P ris , , ) IV , , , Ph ici ,

. 77 and 272 Th e ata o e th e t e be e nate the pp . ( c l gu s Of Bri ish Mus um will d sig d by letters B M . )

4 l i e 1 1 1 . 504 . . . 9 . 7570c and ev e Arch aeo o u a C I L XIII , R u g q (P ris) (XVIII) , p

5 2 6 63 10644 10647 . . 1 7 . 37 14 3720 3724 372 5 10618 106 9 0 35 10 C I L III , , , , , , , , , , , 106 58 .

6 L . 2 . I . 708 3 1 184 1 C 5 57 8 5736 1 183 . III , , , , , M ACRINUS AND D IAD UM ENIANU S 7

a a a an d an o to M acrinus from D lm ti III , inscripti n

n th e of a a e e o e ﬁre o e r building m c llum d str y d by III , In Thra ce there is a military dedica tion by th e second cohort ” n i An on inian a an d oeo a a t L uce s um t III , in B ti

o ea an o on ‘ a a e e Chaer n inscripti n m rbl shrin I , v, A milita ry inscription from Egypt in honor of D iadum enian us

a e n or a o e a to B asilianu s gives us v luabl i f m ti n in r g rd Julius , - appoin ted by M acrin us to succeed Julianus a s Prefect of th e 7 r o e a a e th e Pretorian Guard . There a e als thre p pyri d t d in

e o ea of the e of M acrin us a t ea one of e a te s c nd y r r ign , l st th m f r his 8 death b ut before th e ne ws could reach Egypt .

e M acrinus e a e o a a D io 78 1 1 Sinc hims lf c m fr m Afric (C ssius , , it is not surprisin g tha t we ﬁnd there th e most pre tentious monu Z 9 e to a e a n a of at a a a e t a a . m nt him , n m ly rch triumph n ( nci n Di n )

Th e o h as ee o e o ee e e inscripti n b n br k n int Sixt n pi c s , but is still

e e Th e o a of M a crin us an d D iadu m enian us a e ee l gibl . n min h v b n

- ff e e t oa an d e a e . o e o e o o a r s d F ur mil st n s fr m f ur di r n r ds , ﬁfth 1 0 m a o o e r o o tha t y bel ng t this r ign a e als f und in Africa .

n ~ h No i scriptions have been found on t e continent of Asia . l n o e Vo . Our numismatic material is abundant a d varied . C h n (

2 89 -3 18 t 1 8 9 o n f M crin u s 4 of are o . o a 3 IV , pp ) lis s c i s , which fr m

the o e an d 5 2 o of D iad um enianus 2 8 of t e o pr vinc s , c ins , h m fr m

the o f o v e . a e oa o o ate e a e pr inc s L rg h rds c ins , duplic s in C h n , h v

ee o a one o a n 55 e a e of o n of b n f und in Engl nd , c nt ini g x mpl s c i s 1 1 M crin f h a u s . e e o e e are a a e e a e o t e Th s , h w v r , but sm ll p rc nt g

' o a c oins kn o n e a e a t t - o e a e pr vinci l w . W h v a t le s thir y f ur x mpl s

o a e o e of M acrinus an d o e D iad u m enian us fr m Thr c , s m s m Of ,

e e a o The a e o a and a a and one o a a . s v r l fr m M c d ni Alb ni , fr m Ach i rest of these coins were struck in M oesia Inferior or on th e continent of a Asi .

7 Re . 1905 v . 1 4 Arch (Juil . p . 9 . 8 r e e Urkundun d er Pa ru ssamlun zu e Teubner e G i chisch g py g L ipzig ( , L ipsic, te an 2 1 n f th e . t 9 ra n o . 769 and ee a o 7 o . 7 O t o N Ers r B d , p , ( s k ) Gr k P pyri Bri ish e ata t l o e 1898 a e a and . te t Vol . 93 r Vo Mus um , C l gu wi h x s , II , , p g , P py us CCCLI III,

60. p . 9 4 . . . F 598 . or a cut of t ar see r to e des o a n C I L VIII , his ch Du uy, His ir R m i s

l . r Vo . 2 a 73 . (P is , VI , p 1 ° 10464 2 2 2 2 . . . 1 19 2 56 22628 and C I L VIII , , , , 1 1 at on e on on and ar 163 Numism ic Chr icl (L d P is) , III, p . ; III, 122 2 . . 5 . p ; III , p 8 M AC RINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS

12 oe a e o e o e 350 o all o M si Inf ri r furnish s v r c ins , fr m Marcianopolis

n d o o th e on e o e o e M n a Nic p lis , ly citi s in this p r vinc c ining und r acri us .

a 75 of e are o e o ea h More th n th m d ubl c ins , b ring t e portraits of

rinu s and D iadum enian us of e b oth M ac . All th se were struck at

ano o an d e e are o a o ee o M arci p lis , th r nly b ut ﬁft n ther of these

o o . e are o a Th e double c ins kn wn All Of th m fr m Asi . signiﬁcance of this M oesian coinage will be discussed later

o to th e ri t r s 2 o e s S c o e a . wa o e t Acc rding p (Di d , m n y c in d a Antioch in th e na me of Diadu m enianu s immediately after h e h ad

e e e th e e o an d th e . a e of M acrinus a te r c iv d titl Ant ninus , in n m f r

h e h ad a e a o o e a e o e co t e S enat t k n cti n . Fr m this mint w h v d ubl ins of M acrin u s and D iadum enian us of a somewhat different type from

f o o f o e o e a e as e as e a a e o o ea . a a th s M si Inf ri r , w ll s p r t c ins ch N tur lly

o of th m f this secti n e empire furnishes any coms o this reign . There

are a o o e am e e o e e a an d e a a o b ut f rty x pl s publish d fr m S l uci Pi ri , lm st

as a o oe a e C rrh estica oe e- a a ee m ny fr m Ph nici , whil y , C l Syri , G lil ,

n d r ll Judaea a S a maria a e a represented .

Th e mints of Asia Minor were very a ctive during this period .

a e us a o e e o n a Bithyni furnish s with b ut s v nty c i s , Phrygi with thirty

- h o e th e a e e . t e a a e i six , Cilici with tw nty ight In l st n m d pr v nc 14 to wn of Aegeae regularly takes th e epithet M a xpwowro (Air wv) an d ’ 15 the o a a of M a x a yu w o a a o a t wn Of T rsus th t p ns P ntus , P phl g ni ,

a th e oa a a a o a a am a a a a Mysi , Tr d , Lydi , C ri , I ni , Pisidi , P phyli , G l ti a and C appa docia are represented by from one to ten coins e ch . 16 The Hunterian C ollection at Glasgow h as liste d in its catalog

ol 08 n os 8 - co f M acrin us o e o o V . . 3 . 2 30 o o ( III , p , ) f ur ins fr m M s p

a ee of e re o a an d ea the e e e inscri t mia . Thr th m a fr m Edess b r r v rs p Th o OM EAEC CA OM i e e e as O ellia M acriniana . e ti n . s int rpr t d p

2 1 — i n e o e en . e a n e Imh e D e nt en n B M . Mo si I f rior an d oof Blum r A ik Mu z N rd Gri ch

an l ea te be te as I . B . 1 . o i e e e n Vo . t . l ds (P ck) (B rli , I , p (This w rk w ll h r f r ci d

N . G . )

1 3 Th e t h e e in th e Scri tores at on a . a . etc . e a re e to t ci i s Di d , M cr , r gul rly f r liv s p Historiae Au ustae ete e g (P r, L ipsic ,

1 4 . . 24 2 6 at e e t t a ff. nter . 5 and B M Cilici , p . , Hu . II, p Numism isch Z i schrif en 2 05 . (Wi ) XXI , 15 — . . a 2 mh f e nna e e e te a . 00 and I oo o B M Cilici , p Blum r M i s Gr cqu s (Ams rd m , 3 . 67 p .

16 M acD onald ee o n in th e nte an ol e t on a o 1901 and 1905 Gr k C i s Hu ri C l c i (Gl sg w, ) te as nte Ci d Hu r. ' M ACRINUS AND DIADUM ENIANUS 9

1 7 1 oo The o o 8 n likeness of M acrinus is p r . third c in is fr m Nisibis a d

e o a on e e as M acrinu th e head portray d is pr b bly wr gly id ntiﬁ d s .

h e e o the e a o an d th e a e o T e editor hims lf qu sti ns id ntiﬁc ti n , pl t sh ws

h e e e a e to our e e o that t e hea d bears littl r s mbl nc mp r r . Further

h e o ea AVTKAI EB Th e more t e obv rse inscripti n r ds ONC .

h o to acrin us ON is hard to explain if t e c in belongs M . In all there are at least 900 coins known that were struck in th e short reign of this e mperor . After this brief survey of th e ma terial a vailable let us consider in de tail th e information there found regarding M acrin us an d

Diad um enian us un a o ai e o th e te a , iting with it th t bt n d fr m li r ry

o s urces .

7 ‘ 2 66- r f a e des a n l . f to o Vo . 7 o t o th e t t e of Cf . Duruy, His ir R m i s , VI , pp cu s s u i n i 1 2 f h e M acrinus n th e at a . P o e . t . . t an t e ea an d o t V ic (Mus Cl m III , pl ) wi h iqu h d , acrinus in th a to n h e l o a e th e t of M e e a of t e o no . o bus C pi li (H ll Emp r rs , A s c mp r n likeness comm o on the coins . 1 8 2 T e f nter 3 15 n . h e e entat on o t e e o n n . . o . o ate Hu III , p , r pr s i h s c i s is Pl LXXIX , e 1 and 15 numb rs . CHAPTER II

THE LIV ES OF M A CRINUS AND D IAD UM E NIANUS P RIOR TO 2 1 7

Th e cognomen M acrin us is by n o mean s unco mmon in imperial 1 e . o for e a e th e a i a a an a a tim s It is f und , x mpl , in Fl v n , C ssi , Cl udi n ,

a an et a e a an d o e a e te at Ro e an d F bi , Lucr i n , Aur li n P mp i n g n s m , the e e o m a a a o o o a too th e a f minin f r M crin is ls c mm n . In Afric n me 2 a ea an d o e e t of all in M acrin u s e v e pp rs , m st fr qu n ly Gaul . is id ntly “ ” a derivative from th e a dj ective ma cer an d was originally an 3 a o e . a in a of d i ni e a a t. e as an gn m n Plut rch , f ct , (Lif M rius , ) cit s it “ e a e of a a e e on a o of at e a t o or o x mpl n m giv n cc unt n ur , c i n b dily cha ra cteristic M a cer itself is a fa miliar cognome n an d M a crin us 4 a n d M a crinian u s are a o o In a t ea on e ta e a a ls f und . l st ins nc f mily

ee to a e a e e th e o o e a o M rin s wo s ms h v lt r d c gn m n M cer t ac u . T inscriptions from Rome Show th e gr owth of th e agno men in to a

o o e n M r n i . o e ac i us s a e e a e on a ar c gn m n In m r nickn m , p with 5 6 e th e e o h a s e o e a o o e th e o e P rsicus ; in s c nd it b c m c gn m n , but th r

a e n e Th e o of h n m still li g rs . juxtap sition t e na mes Diadumenus an d M acri n u s l n th e o e n o o f rm r i scripti n is als worth noting .

1 . . . 3426 145 14 1 140 1 2 1 63 13 14 r 5 7520 8 3 . a t on a e ea C I L VI , , , , , , F s i c sul s (y r 164 D Li A . . benam a n a n e t o are er o n o n . ) ( , F s i C sul s Imp ii R m i (B , p

2 L . I . 2 C . 1 798 1938 280 . XIII , , ,

3 ae e i a ia em mi a rin s an Cf. T . C s rn u s S t tius Q uin tus Stat nus M us M c u d Caius Sedatius Velleiu s Priscu s M acrin us e a PI O S O o ra hia er o an (D ss u , p g p Imp ii R m i II, 3 15 . e n To b e te erea te a s p (B rli , ci d h f r

4 6 n . 471 er t . n . 7 o e he o en an d e a . . . er Cf R hd D ss u , P I R III, (B li , p , wh tem a o th e ﬁr t t ree enerat on t th e o n o en a e a nd th e n e t t ee s m sh ws s h g i s wi h c g m M c r, x hr

t th in T n n a n a ea n th e t enerat n e o n o en M acr us . h e e e r a i o wi h c g m f mi i M c i pp rs hird g i ,

t e n h e ene at n we a e . jus b fore th e Shift in th e masculine form . I t sixth g r io h v M Pom ei M acrin 64 D us u 1 A . p s (cos . )

5 i n . 1 1 f . e s a eno o . . . 1 u 5 9 . . a C . o t C I L VI , Ti Cl udius qui P rsicus p Di dum Ab i f et M a i i qui cr nu s vocitatus est memoriae casa [ s c] . 6 1 . . 1 I i s et 0 . 3 143 . . f . M a r nu n . . c C I L VI , D M Aur qui I [ ] cum a d acente i j m aed ﬁcium circuitum . M ACR INUS AND DIADUM ENIANUS 1 1

’ The a e e M acrin us o e as O ilius O ellius L tin writ rs giv n m n p , but p ,

r he a e a e o e . or O . a re o e a on th o t bbr vi t d f rms Op l p , f und r gul rly e 7 n inscriptions a d coins . 8 ’ Th e S criptores regularly spell th e na me of M acrinu s son ” a e th e evi e e t o an d o o Di dum nus , but d nc Of inscrip i ns c ins is with ut “ ” n n Th exception i n favor of D iadu m e ia us . e a uthor atte mpts to

n h 4 e of a e a o e e explai t e name (Diad . ) by t lling p culi rity c nn ct d with th e birth of th e boy tha t caused him to be called D iadem atus perhaps merely another instance of th e common pr actice of relating

n o e e th e of ot porte ts supp osed t have att nd d birth n ables . This name th e a uthor says was changed to Diadumenus when th e b oy

e a e th e a e ate a a a e an d e gr w up , th t b ing n m Of his m rn l gr ndf th r v ry

h h e e m a be som e like t e on e e already b ore . Th r y truth in this last

t o h as ee e a ea 1 0 n e . . statement . O inscrip i n b n cit d lr dy (cf p ) in

h M rin us n d a e are a o a e e which t e name s ac a Di dum nus ss ci t d . Thr e

o e o o ea a e In e a a for . th e e th r inscripti ns , f und n r N pl s xc v ting tunn l for th e e e oa to o o n o t far o e o a are of l ctric r d P zzu li fr m Pi digr tt ,

f e e ll on su ﬁcient interest to be given in full . Th y w re a scratched

h n h A D m n h t e a of an a e a a t e ea 65 . . a a w o e w ll nci nt c l in y r , by v ry likely was an ancestor of our M acrin us (Ephemeris Epigraphica

8 33 5 336 Th e two are ate an d ea as o o : , , , ﬁrst duplic s r d f ll ws M acrin us Diadumeni Antoniani m ” o o n u rias . disp (ensator) hic fuit Nerva et Vesti c s . pr . Idus Ja a “ Th e third is : M acrin us Diadumeni p roc (uratoris)

o a e ato ambulavit a a o Felicis ae est Ant ni ni disp( ns r) hic vill P lli , qu e ilim ones e ad e a P acon i an um e a e t Vestin o p , usqu miss rium N rv ” 9 c os .

n o e o o n at isen um the A th r inscripti n X , f u d M in “ ” e a n of an a e a e re e to a e rationibus r m i s nci nt qu duct f rs Di dum nus A ,

7 ete Die Scri t e Hi ri A 14 - n or s sto ae u ustae e . 7 8 a d note 1 P r, p g (L ipsic , pp thinks th e fo rm Opiliu s is due to th e Graecizin g ten den cy of th e writer of th e life in th e

Scri tores but D io and ero an do n ot e th e n a e a t all an d 1620 p , H di giv m I , v ,

ee to a e rea vréAM ov i l O . H rschﬁe d n r m e e . a o U te n en auf de te s ms h v d Cf ls , suchu g g bi der Roemi sch en er a t n i te e l . 2 3 1 . er n Vo . V w l u gsg sch ch (B li , I , p

8 ' o re tor 22 e e o a s . an d Eutro ius e Als Au lius Vic (Dub is , P ri , ch , p (Wi s , L ip sic, VIII ,

9 o en h as e t e e n t o 18 . 159 bu r t on er e Vol . M mms discuss d h s i sc ip i s (H m s , , p ) fr m anot e o n t of v h r p i iew . He iden tiﬁes Polliu s Felix a s th e on e referred to by Statius “ ” and a e ilimones as the i il 2 2 en d . on t one n S v . 3 2 an his vill ( p ) Lim m i d , , 1 2 M A CRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANU S

’ 1 0 an d La Vega s readin g of this inscription is Diadumenus A// a ” o e I L 84 1 o n b u o . . 5 io i s . o rat A t mbst n (C VI , ) f und utside th e

a at Ro e ea a e o e . . P rta Aur li m r ds , Di dum nus Aug lib A rationibu s ” 11 o to th m n o . e e a e e e a e a Anicet lib Th s pr b bly r f r s m . We gather “ h a 6 A D a e e then that in t e ye r 5 . . Di dum nus h ld a position as A ” ra tion ib us e e o th e o e a e of e e , v ry lik ly fr m pr v n nc s v ral of th e inscriptions A rationibus classiariis as suggested by th e editor of 1 2 1 3 th e corpus ; that h e wa s a freedman of Augustus ; an d that h e

a o M n w D io 78 1 1 1 ad a e a e acri u s . No e h disp ns t r n m d ( , , ) t lls us

a M acrin us was of e low i a a h e h ad h ad one th t v ry birth , n f ct th t

f ea o e as a of e th cri tores o a e v e e S a . his rs b r d m rk s r itud , whil p (M cr 4 3 an d 6 e e e a s a ee a and a o d to one , ) r pr s nt him fr dm n , cc r ing

b lli o D io a t on h a cco unt a ta e o . We als learn fro m th t la er e served

o f Pl i n u e o a e a th e M acrinu s as procura t r or aut a s . It s ems pr b bl th t wh o was dispensa tor to Diadumenus in th e year 65 was succeeded — — in ofﬁce by his descendants a perfectly na tural circumstance an d ’ 14 u M r n u tha t o r ac i s married his e mployer s daughter . Thus ’ n n h D iadu m e ia us grandfa ther would ha ve t e name Diadumenus .

e o e e e o a e e e a at ea one Furth rm r , th r is inscripti n l vid nc th t l st

e e of a o e to a a to th e ver o m mb r this f mily m v d Afric , in f ct y t wn _

o D io 78 1 1 1 e a M acrin us a e i . fr m which ( , , ) t lls us th t c m , v z , 1 891 ae a ea a e a a . o o e e a C s r , M ur t ni An inscripti n ( N tizi d gli Sc vi ,

204 o o o not fa r o e e a of o e a ea p . ) f und in P zzu li , fr m s v r l th s lr dy

H iu s a me e o u i a C n . a e ea : . . Ha C . cit d , r ds D M C rpi Di du nus lib rt ” “

: Cn . o o . o e o at ae a ea a e a a e ptim An th r , f und C s r , M ur t ni , b gins

D i d m n n o u u rar um ue M aure tan iarum a o a u A . t H i e ia o Pr c . ggg [ ] q ” Tin i n Th e a a a e ta ae etc . e g , r st is b dly d m g d VIII , Th e Prosopographia under the nomen Hains assigns both of these

o to th e a e e o not a an e e e e to th e inscripti ns s m p rs n , m king y r f r nc ffe e e th e e of th e o o e a s D iad u di r nc in sp lling c gn m n , but giving it m enian us a o e th e e e e e e a o e e , lth ugh und r ind x l tt r D th r is cr ss r f r

1 " sc . t li r Augus i be tus .

1 1 te aelio an d . e e n on on C 9 n . ent n a o a a o . . . o 57 o P I R II , p , m i s ls l d pip f u d M , 4 n 1886 . 10 n . e a en . . o . i scrib d Di dum i Aug (Bull c mm , p ,

12 . n 4 ote on . . . 33 7 . Cf C I L X ,

1 3 — ’ Freedmen were regularly employed in this capacity before Hadrian s time e f ott o an e a nd a ter t e in th e or nate o t on . C . xclusiv ly, f his im sub di p si i s Abb , R m

o t a n t t t on o ton a a a 435 . P li ic l I s i u i s (B s , p r gr ph

14 ’ As e a t e a o n to onat 1 1 . V rgil s f h r did cc rdi g D us , M ACRINUS AND DIADUM ENIANUS 1 3

e to th e a e m an as a e n ot as D iad um enian us enc s m Di dum nus .

v e e e of th e a at an a e a e o e an d E id ntly this m mb r f mily, y r t , g in d p w r

o a Th e Proso o ra hia a e a o moved t Afric . p g p d t s this l st inscripti n at “ ” h o e of h e e of e e On th e eo a Au e t . a t cl s r ign S v rus , th ry th t ggg st nds

for e e a a a a and e a . o a e a con S v rus , C r c ll G t This w uld m k him

f M rin us temporary o ac . Diadumenus seems to have changed th e spelling of his name on

‘ e a o a th e ica ov c a of or aft r his arrival in Afric . Pr b bly Afr n pr in i ls

a e e e o of o and o na e as are th e th t tim w r f nd l ng high s unding m s ,

a and the i e of th e a a and e e e t o of Afric ns , wh t s b ckw rd s clud d s c i ns h d our own o at t e e e a . o a e e a c untry, pr s nt y It is pr b bl th n th t ’ M acrin us son was as th e S cri tores a e ea a e for , p ss rt , r lly n m d his a a e and a a a c of the a h ad gr ndf th r, th t this Afric n br n h f mily h o D iadum en ianus Th e lengthened t e name fro m Diadumenus t . real signiﬁcance of the derivative would not be considered in the

o e e a n ot e e o and a o o a e pr vinc , p rh ps v n kn wn , l ng high s unding n m o be e e Th e a o of th e e of M a crinus and D iadu w uld d sir d . uth rs liv s 15 menianus in the Scriptores knew that th e derivative was regularly

h f o e a o e a D iadum enianus given in t e case o ad ption . Th y ls kn w th t was no an a o e son e e e o e a th e o e t d pt d . H nc th y c nclud d th t c rr ct

o was a f rm Di dumenus . o e o I 93 71 o ae a ea a e An th r inscripti n V II , ) fr m C s r , M ur

f o o of ee m en a a O e e e e . a o e t ni , is int r st h r It is m num nt in h n r thr , h llu i a e son and a o all ea e a e . Sa st us f th r , gr nds n , b ring t n m Q M acrini n us h f h n in D i du T o o e C . a a a . e ldest t e three is lik H s m enianus a o Au a a a and i a e e e pr c . gg [g ] . in M uret ni h s d t lik wis ’ 1 6 e at the end of e e e ee to be th e o is ﬁx d S v rus r ign . This s ms nly o e e of h n n ow th e a e M acrinus ccurr nc t e form M acri ia us . N n m is to th e name M acri nianus as th e name Diadumenus is to th e na me

D iadum enian us We a e e e e e o e a o e e a e of . h v h r , th r f r , n th r x mpl this

e e of th e o n i h a e o at th e l ngth ning c gnomen occurri g n t e s m t wn , ’ a e e o n s m p ri d a d in connection with M acrinu s own family name .

e M crin us But littl is known as to th e early career of a . As — h a ea a e . h o e ea a e ta a t e lr dy st t d (p e came fr m Ca sar , M ur ni

15 - o for e to and Eu tro ius a o or rat e for t e o on This h lds Aur lius Vic r p ls , h r h ir c mm “ ” ’ o r e th e so- a e a ivain t e sur L Histoire te e on e. Lé cr s u c , c ll d Imp ri l Chr icl , E ud s Augus

a . 427 t t el n s one of th e ev en e t at th e two e a (P ris , p , lis s his sp li g a id c s h us d m n o o o e . i e 1 1 and note a o e. o . 2 n n ee a bid . . 64 ote a d s c m s urc Als cf , p , p g b v

16 - . . . . 160 nos 64 66 Cf P I R III, p . , . . 14 M ACRINUS AND D IADUM ENIANU S

1 7 modern Cherchell in Algeria . This pla ce was th e capital of

a e tan a C a esa riensis an d a an d e o a o M ur i , rich spl ndid pr vinci l t wn , situated on th e M e diterranean coast ab out ﬁfty-ﬁve miles west of 1 8 n th e moder Algiers .

D io 78 1 1 1 e a M acrin us was a oo ( , , ) t lls us th t M r of very low

an d a ear h ad ee o e a a a of e birth , th t his b n b r d s m rk his s rvile con 1 9 t o t a e th e o a o a th e oo di i n , h t b ing cust m m ng m ny Of M rs .

ee n ot be a e to o e a o e D io This n d t k n lit r lly h w ver . probably h ea e e a e was a oo . e . a a e a a m ns m r ly th t M r (i , M ur t ni n) by na tion a or a h e h ad a a of oo oo n ot a h e was lity th t str in M rish bl d , th t a

a of on e of th e n e o e e Th e o descend nt i dig n us B rb r trib es . Hist ria

1 7 R t . des om . 263 . Cf . Duruy , His , VI , 1 8 n e a n i l a a e i a a Fou ded by th Carth ginia s wh o named t Jo . Jub II m d t th e c pit l

i 2 B a i f a retan a n 5 . C n t ae a ea . a a i a an n o . e t o o o . M u i , c lli g C s r Cl udius m d R m c l y i f h ﬁn e t e i n e a an d to e all ea of ts S en o . o e o t e tat d s Pli y , M l P l my sp k pl d r S m s s u s

t n e een ere o ere in r a a e een o n ere . an n r o a o c v d Af ic h v b f u d h M y i sc ip i s h v b disc v d ,

i en e r n n e e e cut n marble of superior quality . Ext siv ui s o th e site hav suff r d much

n t an at e t a t T e e t from van dalism . A Egyp i st u wi h car ouch of h otm es II l ads som o

t n t a t t e e a an t an tt n t ere a 1 B . . . . C . V hi k h h r w s Egyp i se leme h bout 500 . Cf C I L III i ili 2 . 800 ff. an d e en t n a er . X h . tann a . e o o e a s v . , p Suppl m Als E cycl p di Bri ic Ch ch ll p 2 ’ t nus 34 5 a cwré E uceM a s Ka w a ei a s and Zonaras 13 a d n t . ea e ou ( , ) s ys p (XII , i i ) l v s

a w a ela ent re e e n o uestion u t t at ae a in a etan a th e K p s i ly . Th r is q b h C s rea M ur i is

a r a rinu ee a e 6 1 e f r a e- one of acrinus pl ce f om which M c s came . S p g b low o mil st M

o a a a oa t to n o e to ae area . fr m Tip s , c s w cl s C s 1 9 D i It m ay be said that this is an unwarran ted in feren ce from th e passa ge in o . But ot e at it en n It of o e e no n n ic th is m tioned as th e greatest disho or . is c urs w ll k w t at th e an e te and O en ta ene a o e ea n as o na en t an d h Afric s , S mi s ri ls g r lly w r rri gs r m s , ’ t a th e an on on 1872 t o oo e t o n on t to . a o h R m s l k d wi h sc r up his cus m Cf . M y r s (L d , )

" n e on 1 1 4 But n t e t at t e e tat on for ot . 0 t a t o t e te t e e . o Juv , wi h u h ri i s ci d h r ic h h s ci i s D io the u se of earrings as orn aments take for gran ted th e piercin g of both ears . ’ was a a of expressly states that bu t one of M acrinus ears was pierced . This m rk

a i a e h ad ear o e servitude . M yor s inaccurate in saying that a Hebrew sl v his s b r d

en e n to o out ree in th e ea of ee as o n own tat on wh r fusi g g . f y r Jubil , is sh w by his ci i s , 2 n on in th e . 1 6 an e a a e o . o d e t . ee note on t e viz Ex d , D u S s h s p ss g s by R bi s

o e on e te ono and o a in th e ent e n and v lum D u r my J shu C ury Bibl (Edi burgh , by

er in th e o e on o in th e a e e a e It Driv v lum Ex dus C mbridg Bibl (C mbridg , is

er a n in e Th e oen an v y pl i both p assag eS that bu t on e ear was to b e bored . Ph ici s

ro a h ad th e a e to as the e e and o t t to t t e p b bly s m cus m H br ws , br ugh his cus m wi h h m

’ ’ to ort t 0 3 wokko i 7 631) M a wv ém da cov is to N h Africa . Dio s s atement Ka r a T O 7 9 s ﬁp x p be ta en in a ene a en e a an et o of a n a e n e k g r l s s s referrin g to th e Afric m h d m rki g sl v s , u l ss n ee Dio e on e For a on of th e a n en t to i d d hims lf c fused th two customs . discussi ci cus m of a r n a e on th e ear see oo Th e a of o e and the o e of Ham m ki g sl v s C k , L ws M s s C d murabai on on 15 ff . 9 . (L d , p M ACRINU S AND DIAD UM ENIANUS 15

t 4 oe n ot e e e M a crin us as a t a a . a e a Augus (M cr ) d s r pr s nt n iv Afric n ,

ta te at h e was e e ate to a e e an d e en but s s th r l g d Afric by S v rus , v

e on one o to th e ef e a h e was a a ato wh o a e m nti s st ry f ct th t gl di r , ft r

h e o Th et e e o t e a e a t a . e a t o of his r ir m nt fr m r n , withdr w Afric u h r

th e e th e to a ta is e e a a n t M acrin us n d lif in His ri Augus pr judic d g i s , a would have been e ager to mention it h ad h e really been a Moor in

h ' It o e ea o th e strictest sense of t e term . is m r r s nable to b elieve ‘ 2 0 that D io used th e words 7 6 ueu f yévos M a ilpos in a general sense than 2 1 to conclude with Honn an d Kle bs tha t M acrin us was of African

n f h Th e e t a th e o was o a o t e a . e a te d sc t , but h t Script r ign r nt f ct d ’ ’ of M acrin us birth i s ﬁxed in the year 1 64 by Dio s statement

- h 78 40 3 t a t h e was ﬁft o ea at is ea . ( , , ) h y f ur y rs Old d th Th e story in the S criptores to th e effe ct that M acrin u s performe d

in h h o o servile ofﬁces t e imperial ouse under C mm dus [M acr . was removed by S e verus an d relegated to Africa where h e b eca me a a e an d a his a was e to e an d t a h e was l wy r jurist , th t r nk r s r d h t

a e ad vocatus ﬁsci e e n on n e t e ta m d und r V rus A t i us , is giv n wi h h si tion by th e author with th e statement that th e information is drawn ’ from th e a buse of M acrin u s in th e S ena te after Elagabalus acces

2 " The u se of y évos in th e sense Of n ati onali ty as distinct from or directly con trasted t race e n i Th e of th e o at on in o an wi h is r cog ised n th e lexicon s . bulk p pul i R m

a was a a : 1 n eno er e tr e a a e n be n n the Afric lw ys ( ) I dig us B b r ib s ( l rg um r, i cludi g

a 2 n . Th . e en 3 an o o t e M uri) ( ) D sc dan ts of th e an cien t Carthaginian s . ( ) Rom c l is s

oa t to n e ae area o a e er few of th e er e but o be com c s w s , lik C s , w uld h v v y B b rs , w uld posed mostly of th e secon d class with of course a large number Of th e mixed race known — ” as oen an See th e art e r a o an in th e n o a e a tan Liby Ph ici s . icl Af ic , R m E cycl p di Bri ’ ni a . t eo of M acrinus e ent o e e oe not e e th e o t c This h ry d sc , h w v r, d s pr clud p ssibili y ’ of his a n oor oo in e n and oe not n e e ar on t a t o h vi g M ish bl d his v i s , d s c ss ily c r dic Di s

ta te en t 78 2 7 1 t at o a e was due to th e a t t a t he wa s a oo . He s m ( , , ) h his c w rdic f c h M r

e wa s t o t o t in r i r and e en an a t e o n a . H s at e hims lf wi h u d ub b r Af ic f h , v his gr df h r, m a a e een for M acrin s wa o n n e a te th e ate of th e inscri y h v b , u s b r a hu dr d years f r d p t on te ro a e n ter a r e t th e i s ci d f m N ples . Th e family of low rank very lik ly i m r i d wi h ’ nat e and o t o inus e n . iv s , hus br ught a strain Of African blood into M acr v i s This w uld e a n too th e ntr th e an tr e as xpl i , , i oduction of th e n ame M acrinu s into Numidi ib s , “ eviden ced by a reference to an Aulus Larcius M acrinus as princeps Numidarum et ” ﬂam en perpetuus in an in scription supposed to belong to th e second century or to th e er o the n ton ne It is not nl e t at h e was a er er e at e of p i d Of A i s . u ik ly h B b r l iv M acri n ’ us . tt e a . o et e e e (Cf C mptes Ren dus de L Academie d es Inscr . B ll s L r s , (P ris , 47 . 9 . Ga nat Kh i am ssa . p , R g , A ) 2 1 . onn e en n t en des e o a a und des Cf H , Q u ll u ersuchungen zu den Vit H li g b lus e er le an er d e e n e e e and e n . 8 an S v us A x d (L ipsic B rli , p Kl bs , Rh i isch Mus um 4 . 5 XLV, p 7 . 1 6 M AC RINU S AND DIAD UM ENIANUS

o o e e o a th e o o was e a e si n . H w v r , it sh ws th t pini n pr v l nt that

M acrinus was of a a a e a of a e a o an d It li n r th r th n Afric n xtr cti n , it was an a ttempt to asperse his me mory by associating him in a

e e a a th e b ad e e o o o and re re s rvil c p city with mp r r C mm dus , by p senting him as brought into disgra ce under th e good e mperor

t he a e e the o a o for S e verus . At s m tim st ry cc unts his presence in a Afric . ’ As to M acrinus ha ving held th e ofﬁce of Advocatu s ﬁsci under

e a a an e o for as h s o V rus , th t is pl inly rr r , Peter a p inted out Verus “ had ee ea for ea an d the e o a , of M acrinus o b n d d y rs , r m v l fr m miser l ’ 22 mis ofﬁciis h as a ea o ri lr dy been a ssigned t S everus .

D io 78 1 1 2 an d 3 e h e s fo ( , , ) t lls us that wa procurator r Plau 23 ’ tian us an d at th e e th e a e o e ow was e , tim Of l tt r s v rthr in gr at was a e h i e t e e o o of o . e p ril, but s v d by int rp siti n C l Aft rwards ” S everus made him praefe ctus vehi culorum on th e Flaminia n 24 “ ” wa and e a a a a h e was o a o rivatae an d y, und r C r c ll ﬁrst pr cur t r p “ ”25 s a e ae e r orio wa then m d pr f ctus p aet . Th e immediate predecessor of M acrin us was Papinianus wh o ’ ac o to D io 77 1 w s e ov o fﬁce on a aca a c rding ( , , a r m ed fr m O C r ll s a e o 2 1 1 n ot e a e th e e of e a cc ssi n in , but kill d until ft r murd r G t in

22 e e Ex i a i e i i 15 11 e t thi t erc t t on s Crit cae n . . . o en . s P r S H A (P s , p , cr di s “ ” o e t on to a a on but t o e t to his rea n sub e e o vel n ton no c rr c i C s ub , righ ly bj c s di g S v r A i , e e ea o en e t n t at e is a s th re would b no r s n for a hesitatin g statem t . H hi ks h V ro a mi ea n of th e o en for e e and t at th e e e en e to a a a a sr di g c mp dium S v rus , h r f r c is C r c ll

/ wh o is no n to a e o ote M acrinus Dio 78 1 1 to et e M acrinus k w h v pr m d ( , , As wh h r ‘ e e e t omce is a e t on It was o ten a e a te n tone to ot e o v r h ld his qu s i . f m d s ppi g s h r p si b r an li s t n . e a e . io s S e D r m e g d Sag o v .

23 57 e o and D io 78 22 2 te t e e for e o a . a . Hims lf fr m Afric Cf . lso p b l w , , (ci d h r ) l i an appointee of M acrinus wh o h ad been a follower of P au t anus .

24 This was th e most important of th e postal districts into which the empire was e for th e a n an wa was th e eat a te onne t n o e t h er o divid d , Fl mi i y gr r ry c c i g R m wi h pr v

inces and th e one e the e e o en he ent to war . Th e ae e t , us d by mp r r wh w pr f c us

‘ vehiculorum in a e of t a e e e th e e t a a and was th e e t ch rg his ro d r c iv d high s s l ry, high s ’ in an of all t e e ﬁ e e en taat e t e 1 876 2 2 1030 r k h s Of c rs . S e Momms s S sr ch (L ipsic , , , 103 2 1 . . 1 an a . d 7 1 . Cf M cr , , 25 ’ “ Dio 78 1 1 3 an 6 d 7 For M acrinus r on see d a 4 an . , , M cr. , cu sus h orum i ﬁ l l 2 -2 The tate en t s 3 1 . H r ch e d n a t . w . U te . auf e eb der oe . Ver d m G . , rsuch R m , pp s m “ ” was no f a 4 i e . e e o . 1 t at M ac in aerarii ma oris a Di d , h r us was procurator is f ls Th r

ﬁ e 1890 . 233 o e . . o en D ie Scri tores t . . e such f c Cf M mms , p His Aug (H rm s XXV , , p and n nd L cri i 1 1 3 n t 1 t a e a ote a é va n 2 i h l nte . 9 o e . ﬁe 9 . H r c d U ) , p s ( rsuch , ) hinks r rium s o l be ea e t a and t at acrin us was ee e of the ro a a o e . h u d r d v s i rium, h M k p r y l w rdr b M ACRINUS AND D IAD UM ENIANUS 1 7

77 4 Th e o a a o e e h as an e t re 2 1 2 ( , , Hist ri August , h w v r , n i ly o n a a a a 8 8 e e e P a inian us a s different acc u t (C r c ll , , r pr s nting p ’ h t e of eta e an d as a n ee e still prefe ct a t t e im G s murd r , h vi g b n kill d by th e soldiers at th e instigation of Caracalla be cause of his sym “ Th e e oe on to sa a a militib us for e a . pa thy G t writ r g s y, cum r ptus

t trah eretur occiden du s raedivin asse dicens eum ad Pala ium , p , stul

m u m o e subro a retur o ad etitam tissi f r , qui in suum g l cum , nisi p

r m n dic re o a est : n am M acrin us crudeliter praefec tu a vi a t . Q u d f ctum ” i i e can a e t e a e e a M a crin us [An tonin u m] oc c d t . W cc pt h st t m nt th t

e a e e o an d e o e a h e m a was his imm di t succ ss r , it is quit p ssibl th t y

e a e fﬁ e 2 1 1 a e a 2 1 2 for P a inian us hav t k n O c in r th r th n in , p might ’ ve e a e th e o n a a t a e e a ea o th e ha r t in d n mi l r nk un il ft r G t s d th , th ugh a ctual power h ad been bestowed upon M acrin us or upon O clatiniu s

h o n o dven tus is e a e ea e . e a a a a a A , n wly pp i t d c ll gu P rh ps C r c ll feare d to take extreme mea sures against him till h e h ad gotten rid

of e a a o h e a e for o e a a for th e G t , lth ugh h t d him his supp s d p rti lity t eo o a o e the a e e of D io an d latter . This h ry w uld h rm niz st t m nts

D io o oo h t of th e Historia Augusta . w uld l k upon t e re irement

Pa in ianu s o a e e as a a a e o a o fﬁ e p fr m ctiv duti s pr ctic l r m v l fr m O c , but naturally Papinian us would hold on to th e shadow of power

ea In o e o we m a n o e a at th e ea until his d th . this c nn cti n y t th t d th

a e e e e two clatinius of C aracall th r w r praetorian prefects . O

Adven tu s a e e e e e on a o of a e n ot on a o cl im d pr c d nc cc unt g , but cc unt 26 f a o M acrin u h n h of priority o pp intment . s was t e o e w o evidently h exercised t e real p ower . Two references to M acrin us as pretorian prefe ct are foun d ou t — side oi th e literary sources one of them in th e Justinian C ode an d

n o of h e a o one in a inscription . B th the m give him t e app ll ti n ‘ ” “ l ri sim u h o f c a s s . T e e e e h vir ref r nc in t e C ode reads : Imp . Ant 2 7 ninus cum salu tatu s ab O clatin io Ad ven tu e t Opellio M acrin o

r f ctis raetorio cl rissrm i 9 5 1 ae e a s 1 e tc . o e p p , v ris , C d , ,

Th e n t o 75 05 was o at Ro e a i scrip i n XV , ) f und m , p rtly

ate at o o a ea t e on duplic d C rt n . L d pipes from a priva e a qu duct “ th e ae a ea two t o O elli M acrin i C li n Hill b r Inscrip i ns (a) M . p

26 Dio 78 14 2 and er n 2 . o a 1 Cf , , H di IV, , . 2 7 e e are a n e of a ant rea n of th e n a e Adven tus bu t th e a o e Th r umb r v ri di gs m Of , b v l the one enera a e te . See o e a 10 1 2 n 1 F r e 0 . . o is g ly cc p d B rgh si (P ris , , , full r h a e - — on of t e n see i bid . 348 ff Th e n r e t on of discussi m , IX , . Krii ger Mommse K oll di i “ ” t rea n he Corpus Juris Civilis ds Adve to . 18 M A CRINUS AND DIADUM ENIANU S

“ orio c larissimi and O elli D i pr (aefecti) pr (aet ) ( ) v(iri) (b) M . p adu meniani c (larissimi) Th e ﬁrst line is duplicated at

on Th e e o of th e o th e n e e e C ort a . dit r c rpus thinks li s w r written

on th e e e e a e two an d one a o twice pip s , which w r l t r cut in p rt sent t

Th e a e was o e a a e on o to a . e e o C r n qu duct und ubt dly priv t , b l nging 2 8 n e on a e e n to o e to M acri us p rs lly . It is int r sti g n tic tha t this ﬁrst bit of in scription al evidence of M acrin us b ears also th e name of his son D iadu m enian us wh o wa s o th e ea 208 D io 78 34 b rn in y r ( , , an d s o m ay ha ve been n o more than four years old a t this time

n n as n ot et a d certai ly w y nine .

2 8 2 0 c l . 2 . e 3 f . . . . 9 e 4 9 o o s . . . 73 or ot e n . e o Cf C I L XV, , p , Als C I L XV, h r pip s f u d t t at are ke e ate na wi h these h li wis duplic d at Corto .

2 0 M A CRINU S AND D IA DUM ENIANUS

a e n o ffe e e o e o th e e o ha ve m d di r nc , pr vid d nly r p rt reached the ears

Of a a a . o n to e o a 1 2 M C rac ll Acc rdi g H r di n (IV, , a crin us was already in disfa vor with th e e mper or wh o ridiculed his low birth ff a an d ea e e to and e emin cy thr t n d kill him .

o a e for M a crin u s e o ea e F rtun t ly , this r p rt r ch d him before it did D io te 78 4 2 an d 3 a a a . a C rac ll lls us ( , , ) th t this was d ue to th e fa ct

a M a ternian us e e e to a at o h h th t s nt his l tt r Juli Anti ch , w o ad been instructed by Cara calla to exa mine his mail an d to send only

h o t o a to at th e o h t e m s imp rt nt him fr nt . In t e meantime a letter ’ f o Ul ius a o ne of M acrin us e o -O ﬁi ci fr m p Juli nus , f ll w als and later his

eto a e e D io 78 1 5 e e pr ri n pr f ct ( , , s nt dir ct to him informed him

e o a 1 2 6 an d n h of a e . 7 o his d ng r H r di n (IV, , ) t e other hand says tha t th e letter reached Caracalla just a s h e was mounting his

was a e t o t e n d h chariot . It in bundl wi h h rs a t e e mp eror handed o e th e o e e to M acrinus wh o e o e n h v r wh l bundl , r p rt d o t e other 2 a e e own ea e e a a a . o e e l tt rs but n tur lly suppr ss d his d th w rr nt H w v r , ea e e n ot e e for t e e was a e his f rs w r qui t d thus , h r lik lihood that another le tter would reach C aracalla an d apprise him of th e prophecy .

e a o an a e e t a e h ad o a a a S r pi n , Egypti n r c n ly rriv d , t ld C r c lla tha t

e was ea en d an d a M acrin u s o be e o his lif n r its th t sh uld his succ ss r , ’ nd ea ea e th e a e a a e . e a this gr tly incr s d l tt r s d ng r Incid nt lly, e a o was e e e D i o 78 4 4 and S r pi n x cut d ( , , It was n ow certain that either C ara calla or M a crin u s must be

u f he w and M acrinu s h ad th e o H o t o t a e . e ee put y, ﬁrst m v s ms

o D i o 7 to a e h ad t e o e a e . o 8 5 h v li tl tr ubl in ﬁnding cc mplic s B th ( , ,

h 6 6 - e m esi nu 2 and 3 an d t e o a a C ar . 7 o Ne a s ) Hist ri August ( , ) m nti n and o e o a an d a a a the a a a a his br th r Ap llin ris Juli n M rti lis , ctu l ss ssin ,

e th e o a a a Recian u s e e of th e e o whil Hist ri August dds , pr f ct s c nd “ a e o and o a e of th e e uitu m extraordin arioru m Parthi n l gi n c mm nd r q ,

a a wh o was o ve th e ee an d a ofii cials won M rcus Agripp , r fl t , m ny o e e o for we e a a . a a e v r by M rti lis This l st st t m nt is v ry d ubtful , ea o D io 78 5 3 an d 4 a a a was not an influen l rn fr m ( , , ) th t this M rti lis ' “ tial officer an e vocatus an d a m an a e o a e , but with p rs n l grudg against th e emperor for refusing him a cen turionship that he h ad ’ o a ffe for h e e e e s ught . Here a gain Herodian s ccount di rs r pr s nts

2 Th e ette o an ma These two stories m ay b e harmonized easily . l r fr m Juli us y

a e ea e M acrinus and a o th e one o a e to a a a a a m a a e h v r ch d , ls f rw rd d C r c ll by Juli y h v een n n b i tercepted by him in the manner described by Herodia . M A CRINUS AND D IADUM ENIA NU S 2 1

’ Martialis as a centurion of th e emperor s body guard embittered ’ by th e un just exe cution of his brother an d by C ara calla s ridicule

e as eﬁ emin ate of low an d a e of M acrin u s of hims lf , birth fri nd ’ 1 3 s a to th e a e a o a o e o . (H r d IV, , Thi is simil r s m uth r s cc unt of th e rela tion s be tween C ara calla an d M acrin u s an d like it appe ars ‘ ‘ ”3 to b e an explanation a tte mpte d p ost even tum .

a a e on M acrin us a e his a e an d o n M rti lis , urg d by , w tch d ch nc f u d

‘ his o ortun it on 8 2 1 7 as th e e o was a e o pp y April , , Emp r r tr v ling fr m 4 o arrh ae He a e a a o a Edessa t C . c ught him wh n p rt fr m his gu rds

o e e t for M acrin us an d killed him with a single blow . Very c nv ni n ly th e a a e t e o o o was e a e e ss ssin , id n iﬁ d by his bl dy sw rd , imm di t ly kill d 5 ’ a t a on e of a a a a o a wh o h ad n o t ee a by Scy hi n , C r c ll s b dy gu rd b n

to th e o He t was ou t of th e wa th e party pl t . in urn put y by h e w o a e as to e . tribun s , c m up if h lp him

M acrin us ee e o o a e n o s m d t ha ve c vered his tr cks w ll . At ﬁrst one e te a h e h ad an to d o th e e susp c d th t ything with murd r , but

o at a t a was a a a e e e o . th ught th M r i lis s tisfying priv t grudg (H r d IV ,

1 3 M acrin u s e too o e th o e a a e te e , hims lf s d v r e c rps m king pr nc of ee n or h e e e th e o e at o e for ee a w ping , did s iz p w r nc but thr d ys — , th e Roman world was without a master all unconscious of its

ea Dio 78 1 1 dr dful plight ( , , ’ He a t o nce sent word of C aracalla s d eath to th e troops scattered o ver M esopo ta mia an d h eld ou t hope s of a speedy ending of th e war of t e e e e e e o e th e , which h y w r v ry tir d . Furth rm r ,

e a Artaban us was a oa ea e to a e e ea e for P rsi n , , ppr ching g r t k v ng nc 6 th e ee of a a a a so on th e o da M acrinus wa s o e d ds C r c ll , f urth y ch s n e e o th e o e an d a ea e to a e th e a e e a t mp r r by s ldi rs , pp r d t k pl c r luct n ly 7 an d e o o und r c mpulsi n .

3 It of o e o e o e e t at t is th e t e a o n t an d t a t as th e is c urs p ssibl , h w v r, h his ru cc u , h , to a ta o n ti a te a t a wa s a t th e ea of a an aff e te His ri Augus w uld i m , M r i lis h d b d Of dis c d ’ ﬁ e wh o e e te t a a a a ar en n an ere e Of c rs w r disgus d wi h C r c ll s co s ess a d g d by his ridicul . 4 . D io 78 5 4 and 1 n 5 e o . 3 ara a a 6 6 a d 7 1 e o an a Cf , , ; H r d IV, ; C c ll , , . H r di s ys h e wa s ta n in Carrhae an d a e a tr out o f th e t to the te e of th e oon s yi g , m d ip ci y mpl m o e o e th e an Th e . e g dd ss , w rshipp d by Syri s Historia Augusta stat s that h e was winter in in e a an d too the tr to Carrh a e to t th e e e f th g Ed ss k ip visi t mpl o e moon goddess . i e o an s ro a ron . We ee to a e an a o n t of a on o n e H r di p b bly w g s m h v cc u l g j ur y: 5 Herodian in his less detailed account says Martialis wa s slain by th e German e en hors m . 6 1 1 I . e . i . D 8 41 4 . o 7 . , April Cf , , 7 — . Dio 78 1 1 5 6 and 26 2 e 14 o . 1 Cf , , , ; H r d IV, , . CHAPTER I V

M ACRINUS E STAB LISHES Hrs RUL E

It Is impossible to determine th e exact order of e vents upon ’ crin us a e o o e e e r o e a M a cc ssi n . Our s urc s h r a e t a gr t extent supple ' Th e o h e a . a a e t e o e a e e m nt ry Hist ri August giv s m st d t ils , sp cially

o e a o e n th e a e o o b e o th s th t c nc r n m Ant ninus . This p int will m re ’ h e a e . o a o t e o o a oe fully discuss d l t r Di s cc unt is m st imp rt nt , but d s n ot e e to o o o a e e He e o o e of h pr t nd chr n l gic l s qu nce . r c rds s m t e

a n a e e o of M acrm us e e e o of dmi istr tiv r f rms , discuss s his s l cti n sub ordinates an d tells of s ome of th e criticisms of his conduct as emperor ’ D io 78 1 2 - 1 5 e o e e o the e a e a o on e e of ( , ) b f r r c unting S n t s cti n r c ipt his ﬁrst lette r an d th e giving of th e title Antoninus to D iad um enian us

Dio 78 1 6 a e o e e e to e a e o ( , This l tt r p int is r f rr d incid nt lly . H r dian after sta ting brieﬂy that M a crin u s crema ted th e corpse of

a a a a and e the a h e to a a t o and a sh e C r c ll s nt s s Juli Anti ch , th t

e e e e e vo a or o o at a e . 1 3 kill d h rs lf ith r lunt rily c mm nd (H r d IV , , passes immediately to th e conﬂict with Artab anus which h e gives

e t d e o 2 2 h s n h in gr a etail . Aur lius Vict r ( ) a four sentences o t e lives of M a cri n u s an d D iadu m nian us Th n h of e . e givi g Of t e titles C aesar an d Antoninus to D iad u m enian u s are th e only deﬁnite e e a h e e o for e n v nts th t r c rds this r ig . ’ M a crin us chief business a t ﬁrst was to ward O ff th e suspicion

h a h e was the e e of a a a a a th e aff e e e t t t murd r r C r c ll , s tisfy dis ct d , g

of o e a n d o n o e e ve rid p ssibl riv ls a ﬁrmly establish his w p w r . S ral of his a cts were shrewdly contr ived to fulﬁll more than on e of these

o e purp s s . ’ Th e Historia Au gusta is n ot in accord with Herodian s statement ’ 1 3 8 a a a a a a e e e e to a at o ( IV , , ) th t C r c ll s sh s w r s nt Juli Anti ch , but s ays tha t his corpse was sent ba ck to Ro me for interment in th e 1 a e i Th n th e e a . 5 2 f . e ew e e o e e f mily s pulchr (M cr , ) mp r r ntrust d

o to o e co ea e own e o a e ec Oclatinius missi n his f rm r ll gu , his pr t ri n pr f t ,

1 Dio 78 9 1 e o t at th e o was ne an d t at th e one e e e et ( , , ) r c rds h b dy bur d h b s w r s cr ly o t to o e n n he t n ne br ugh R m by ight a d interred among t An o i s . M A CRINU S AND DIAD UM ENIANUS 2 3

en tus t on to e th e o e e e o o o a e Adv , with ins ructi s giv f rm r mp r r h n r bl i o a o o for h e e a a a a was a vo i burial w th r y l h n rs , kn w C r c ll in f r w th the common people on account of his gifts to them of food an d

h o M cri us a o ee ea a e . a n o e clothing . T is cc unt s ms r s n bl thus sh w d

e to th e e o of a a a a a e off o on ate resp ct m m ry C r c ll , w rd d suspici n , c cili d

he e of th ea e e o an d o t o a of all ot t fri nds e d d mp r r , m s imp rt nt , g rid

f r h t on h e ea of a a a a h of a o e a o t e e . e t t e p ssibl riv l hr Aft r d th C r c ll , h A n I 1 4 o e h ad offe e t e e to d ve tus e o . V s ldi rs r d purpl ﬁrst (H r d , , and when h e refused it on a ccount of his a ge they offered th e p osition to M acrin us as e e o o e th e e wh o h ad a e th ir s c nd ch ic , tribun s ssist d in the plot a gain st Caracalla an d who were already un der suspicion

n to a e t Di o 78 14 2 e a Ad ventus a urgi g him cc p ( , , ) t lls us th t s id “ o e to th e o e é oi év ova i a fi r e «a t n ea ebovn 7 0 0 p nly s ldi rs , u u p px p ﬁ

‘ ’ ' ’ ”

é i r . M a x ivov n oa xet é7rel. 6 137re 7 w ei i xeivc a t fl é a a a c p p fi , p7 7p s u , g fis f u

Ad ven tus e was e e o o a e e a n d e th n ﬁrst sh lv d by this h n r ry s rvic , th n was kept a way fro m th e scen e of action an d his van ity ﬂattered by appointment to th e prefe cture of the city an d by his designation as

o o i M acrin us for th e o o ea D io 78 1 4 1 j int c nsul w th f ll wing y r ( , , This course roused se vere criticism on account of the low birth of

Ad en us n d o of th e v t a a a . a a a his inc p city In f ct , his dministr ti n prefecture was so weak that M acrin us was obliged to remo ve him ﬂi 2 from o ce . C ara calla was deiﬁed afte r his dea th by de cree of th e S enate

D io 78 9 an d o e e o o The o a ( , , c ins w r struck in his h n r . Hist ri ’ ta a a a a 1 1 5 a e a th e deiﬁcation was at M acrin us Augus (C r c ll , ) st t s th t instigation through fear of th e soldiers an d in an effort to a vert

o h f h o e to suspicion fr m himself . In t e extracts o t e letter supp s d

a e ee e M acrin us to the e a e e th e e of h v b n s nt by S n t giv n in lif ,

M acrinu s 6 8 th e e e o a e o a e e a the ( , ) mp r r r th r arr g ntly r qu sts th t ’ e a e a the o d iﬁ i n D io on th e S n t r tify s ldiers e cat o of C aracalla .

o a a e 78 1 7 2 - 3 a e e to a M acrin us c ntr ry st t s ( , , ) th t in his l tt rs It ly,

e e e o e a a a a e e e e a o n v r m nti n d C r c ll xc pt in naming hims lf Imp r t r, preferring that th e dishonor to his memory start with th e S enate

a e a t He a h e e o e r th r th n wi h himself . dds tha t e criticiz d him b f r the army for havi ng caused th e war by his inj ustice an d complained

2 For the e of la i 348 ff Oc tin us A n . 9 e 9 . dve tu e . 2 424 no o s se . . . lif P I R , p , B rgh si , ’ and 10 101 -103 and n t ona ev n o a o n t is o n in , i scrip i l ide ce there cited . Di s cc u f u d 8 t 14 7 a e . oo . a o . 57 e o b k , ch p r Cf ls p b l w . 24 M A CRINU S AND DIADUM E NIANUS — of the increase of amounts given to barb arians n ow e qualling the

‘ h o He o a e p ay of t e tro ps . w uld h v been glad to have th e S enate hi o n ot a e ask a t e s e . stigm iz m m ry , but did d r it Th e His toria Augusta represents M acrin u s as ordering th e erec 3 t o of six ta e o o of a a a a two of e e e t a i n s tu s in h n r C r c ll , th m qu s ri n ,

two in a a o u e a a and two ea e st nding p st r with milit ry g rb , s t d in a 6 f v a a . a e o a a a a o an d ci ili n g rb (M cr , Im g s C r c ll in g ld silver

3 1 e e a e M in h a . acr us e t m nd (Di d , ) w r m d by hims lf in e ca p a exhibited at th e time of th e formal giving of th e name Antoninus ’ m n n to D iadu e ia us . In this ca se Dio s account seems less pro b able f h i than that o t e S cr p tores . It would certainly ha ve b een good

for M acrin us to o o th e e o of an policy h n r m m ry C aracalla . At y rate we know tha t coins were struck in his honor (C ohen IV “ a a a a 32 33 e o e th e o o n o (C r c ll ) , , Th y b r inscripti n , Div A t nino ” “ nd on th on s cr i h a no a e e e e C e at o . . t e ee M g , r v rs , , S C Of thr 4 examples given in C ohen two ha ve an eagle as th e reverse type an d th e third h as a funeral pyre in pyramid form a dorned with draperie s

a a 5 e e and sta tues with C ar calla in a qu driga a t its summit . Th s ’ coins then favor th e a ccount of th e formal dispatch of the emperor s ’ a to Ro e th e e a an d th e deiﬁca tion a t M acrinus rem ins m , public fun r l ,

o o o instiga ti n r at least with his appr val . Th e new e mperor was quick to assume for himself an d his son all th e imperial titles an d epithets tha t could serve to strengthen his 6 n d n ir of to e o t a p osition a lend a a legitimacy his rul . With u w iting for th e a o of th e e a e he e e e a o ae a an d cti n S n t styl d hims lf Imp r t r , C s r 7 e e an d o e e an d o on a e S v rus wr t Pius , F lix , Augustus Pr c sul ft r his

3 D io 78 19 2 re e en t as a n e o n o e of the tat e of ( , , ) pr s s him h vi g pull d d w s m s u s

Caracalla . 4 A common typ e on coins of consecration represen ting th e eagle that was let loose from th e top of th e funeral pyre and that was supposed to carry th e soul of th e l indobonae 8 467 and e e en e ea e ero to ea en . See Eckh e V d d mp r h v ( , , , r f r c s cited there . 5 E k el 46 a in t a e th e e ero e re ente in his c h 8 8 . o Cf . , Pr b bly his c s mp r is r p s d “ ” quadriga in stead of on th e lectus funebris because h e died in th e midst of a foreign n campaig .

5 i - D o 8 1 2 n 1 1 1 4 . . 7 6 a d 7 a . 7 Cf , , , ; M cr , 7 Th e o on a t t e o e e ne e a ea on th e o n and in n t on Pr c sul r i l , h w v r, v r pp rs c i s , i scrip i s on on i e- tone a t a a in umidia and a a e a e a t O t a ly m l s s , riumph l rch N m rbl b s s i 5708 5728 5 736 10618 10629 10635 10637 106 4 1 1833 1 1841 4598 III , , , , , , , , 4 , , ; VIII , , 22562 E I . . VI , Eph p , M A C RINU S AND DIAD UM E NIANUS 2 5

8 e Th e e a e a e a o a a n am . S n t dutifully r tiﬁ d his cti n m king him patrician an d P on tifex M aximus an d giving him th e tribunician 9 i n a t o to th e t e h e h ad a e a a e and a p ower ddi i n itl s lr dy ssum d , m king

i d um enian us a at can e u ven tu tis an d ae a D a p ri i , Princ ps J C s r Th e n a me of S e verus served to conce al his low birth an d to

h n w s n o t e a e suggest tha t t e old dy a sty a b ei g c n inu d (p . r th r

n n h t t e wa s e con than that a ew o e ad been established . This i l us d

i on o o n d t on sisten tly throughout h s reign b th c ins a inscrip i s . Out of o e 900 o n u e o a o o t a th e t t e e e an d v r c i s p blish d nly b ut f r y l ck i l S v rus , tha t too when th e list of his title s appears in nineteen different

Th e o o of M acri n u s a e th e ate of forms . nly inscripti ns ft r d his accession that omit S e veru s are those in which his na me o ccurs as 1 0 ’ o e e f or th e o e of n a a e a o e S a of c nsul m r ly purp s ﬁxi g d t , s ldi r s cr wl “ three words , S alvo M acrin in th e excubitorium of th e

e e o o a e e e an d on e of the e s v nth c h rt in Tr st v r VI , mil

o e o a o a e o ou e o e st n s fr m P nn ni Inf ri r III , Of c rs s m 1 1 t th e a h as en e e e e e o as one of ime s n me be rased . S v rus is v n f und the title s of D iadum enian u s on water pipes at Rome an d on a coin 12 o from Anti ch . n Th e Historia Augusta . s ays tha t M acri us took the title of f i n e a a s e as a o e ve a . 1 1 e e s o P rtin x w ll th t S rus (M cr , but th r

o a or at e e for t Th e a e a e inscripti n l numism ic vid nce his . s m ch pt r contains th e improb able story tha t when th e S enate conferre d the n ames Pius an d Felix upon him h e accepte d th e name Felix and

e e of ee e a on th e e a a e r fus d that Pius . A Gr k pigr m subj ct is tr nsl t d

o a an d a e a a we a e to M acrinu s e int L tin , m tric l ns r ssign d hims lf is

a e . e t o o e e on o dd d This is pur ﬁc i n . Pius is f und fr qu ntly b th

8 Th e tate e t a 2 1 e e nt at h e i e too th e n a e n ton n . s m h h ms lf k m A i us (M cr , ) is m r ly a a e e n e Th e tw t e t a re an n f th e t e er e to n c r l ss blu d r. o itl s h t mo th a y o o h rs s v d li k M acrinu s and his son to th e former dyn asty and to give their rule an air of legitimacy

are ent one to et e one e on n to th e at e and one to th e son . . a . m i d g h r, b l gi g f h r Cf M cr

5 , 7 .

9 2 . . 7 an d 3 Cf pp 5 . 1 ° 36 . . 7 0 414 1 . 780 . C I L VI, ; XIII , ; XV,

1 1 a e and e Cf . p g 76 not .

12 2 2 38 an 3 1 l . . 01 no 41 . e a In . . . 7 a t s 7 d 3 . . G . e c . 5 cr . C I L XV, ; B M , p , D ss u (

l n . 462 i h n a La el . er n m ent n n t e ﬁr t t on o e o er t . S Vo . o n o o oo B li ) , I , , c m i g s i scrip i b v , v l ks th e second inscription and th e coin from Antioch when h e says that th e title is given D ia m e a n e to du ni nus owhere lse . 2 6 M A CR INUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS

o an d o o e a an d a Th c ins inscripti ns in Eur p , Afric Asi . e Gr eek 13 e a ea on a a o e quival nt pp rs p pyrus fr m Egypt . An in scription

o oeo a 1 62 0 oe a e e n fr m B ti I , v, ) g s st p furth r a d calls him

06 L67 ' a 7' 0 11 th e a e of th e a e e h . e t e e As in c s n m S v rus , titl Pius is also

o D ia du m n nu a a on applied t e ia s . It ppe rs a coin of his from

e o o in C oelo - a o e a M H li p lis Syri (C h n IV (Di d . ) acrinu s is called Felix without th e appella tion Pius on ly o nce an d that is on 14 an t an a a a e e e e o h e an d Egyp i p pyrus , gr in r c ipt , wh r b th D iadu “ m en ian u s are termed Ebr bxwv B oth of the m a re styled

e on a e- on e o a Pius F lix Augustus mil st fr m Afric VIII , D iadum enian u s was imme diately pr oclaime d heir to th e empire a n d was e th e a e of n ton Th e a t o e d o n o giv n n m A inus . u h riti s t a gree as to whe ther this was done by th e soldiers themselves or by th e

e o Th e o o a e o o Emp r r . m st pr b bl supp siti n is tha t nominally it was th e a ct of th e o e a was t a e M a crin us D io s ldi rs , but th t it ins ig t d by (

78 1 9 an a e D iadu m enian u s wa s o e o o , , At y r t , summ n d fr m Anti ch

n d e e th t e ae a n d o f a e v e a . o o e was r c i d ti l s C s r Ant ninus This , c urs , an o the r a ttempt on th e part of M acrin u s to establish his own

a th e e e on Th e o e o dyn sty by linking it with pr c ding e . s ldi rs l nged f or their old leader an d felt tha t without an An tonine th e empire 15 d o to r t e s o o a wa a ea o a ea e . w ul g ruin , r h r lr dy with ut r l rul r M a crin us feared tha t s ome upstart Anton in e would gain their

o o n ot e e a to e e e t a a e a e supp rt , th ugh it is n c ss ry b li v h t m ny r l tiv s of on e e a o en e a a 1 a Ant inus Pius w r m ng his g r ls (Di d . , Actu l re la tion ship to him would n o b e a necessity when it was an easy

a e to o a a e a . o eo e o e n m tt r put f rw rd f ls cl ims M r v r , by c nf rri g this

a e on son M acri nu s o to o o o to th e ea an d n m his , s ught sh w h n r d d thus to turn away from himself th e suspicion that h e was th e

e e of ara a a D io 78 1 9 a e an e e murd r r C c ll ( , , This g v him xcus , too to e a o a o th e o e an d e e ai e , distribut b unty m ng s ldi rs th r by g n th ir 1 6 oo o e all o e a e o for e g d will . Ab v , it pr vid d succ ss r hims lf with a o e o e own e e a b o of a uth rity duly r c gniz d during his lif tim , y unusu l

a h o o th o of th e a Th e be uty whom e hoped w uld bec me e id l rmy . “ name An tonin e seems to ha ve h ad a magic charm up on th e

1 3 60. in r t e ol . . . C at . of ee a V Cf Gr k P pyri B i ish Mus um , III , p 14 f e l 93 no . . C at . of ee a o t Vo . . Cf . Gr k P pyri Bri ish Mus um , II , p , CCCLI

15 - 3 8 1 t a . . a . 9 a . e Cf M cr , , Di d p ssim 15 D io 8 1 2 i a 750 a a th e to a ta 1 . D o 7 9 3 and a . , , Di d , s ys dr chm s ; His ri Augus three golden denarii each for th e empire and ﬁve each for the n ame of Antoninus .

2 8 M A CRINU S AND D IAD UM ENIA NUS

o n t a was h a e . C . e t this coin is st mp d S , sh wi g h t it issu d by e author “ of th e e a e an d th e e e e o ea ity S n t , r v rs inscripti n r ds Fid(es) ’2 ° Exerc (itu s)

o 4 1 -44 h Four coins given by C hen (IV M . ) b ear t e reverse in “ ” “ ” li s n d e e o on o Libera ta . a t c iariu m T scripti n Aug r f r this g . wo of e o e a t h er o of e an d a e e Th th m Sh w Lib r lity wi h h rn pl nty t ss ra . e ” o o a th e con iariu m t n M in n o e tw e . o e acr u s d th r p rtr y g i s lf In , a D iadu m enian u s a re seated on a platform with Liberality and another

e a e o e e a o e o o e o ﬁgur ; citiz n (m r lik ly s ldi r) is c ming up fr m b l w .

th e o e a o e a e M acrin u s a n d son e a In th r , s ldi r st nds b hind his , Lib r lity

o a e e a an d a o n of en and e o th e at o a h lds t ss r h r pl ty , b l w pl f rm st nds 21 e o ou a for h a ﬁgur h lding t its h nds t e gift .

h as a ea ee a e th e e a e at o e a e D iad u As lr dy b n st t d , S n t nc n m d m enian us ae a an d e u ven tu tis Th e t e ae a a ea C s r Princ ps J . ti l C s r pp rs

e on h e o n d o Th e e obilissi us r gularly t c ins a inscripti ns . titl N m

e en t o on th e n on e e on h o Ca sar fre qu ly ccurs i scripti s but n v r t e c ins . 22 Princeps Ju ven tu tis is co mmon on th e inscriptions an d is found 2 3 e e on Ro a o on a e o a an d on a fr qu ntly m n c ins , numb r fr m Engl nd ” f o all of e e o e u ven tu tis a ea ew fr m Egypt . On th s c ins Princ ps J pp r s

h nd a as t e e e e o a e e o e e . r v rs inscripti n , is thus giv n sp ci l pr min nc

of e e o too a e as th e e e e e th e e of D iad u All th s c ins , , h v r v rs typ ﬁgur m enian us standing with ensign an d scepter with other ensigns near

2 0 In this connection it is interesting to compare the statemen t of th e Hi storia

- t a h e e e th e o n t f re n an d t a a ta a . 5 7 8 t t e o on o e o t Augus (M cr , ) h s ldi rs w r p i b lli h M cri nus quieted them and hushed th e rumors that h e h ad murdered Caracalla by un usual Th e a n r t n ﬁ at e t an n t a t t tate gifts of money . bove i sc ip io con rms r h r h co r dic s his s f e t . . 0 . m n Cf p . 5 2 1 n t n e a an and a l e n as a o e for t o e Cf . like coi s s ruck u d r H dri prob b y s rvi g m d l h s In e t e of M acrinus o en en 908 Th e t e a t . o h (C h II (Adri ) , yp s v ry sligh ly s m soldier behin d th e emperor is iden tiﬁed as th e pretorian prefect . 2 2 It a ea on n t on o a a a n a e an pp rs i scrip i s fr m Afric , Numidi , Sicily , Sp i , G ul , G rm y and ta I ly . 23 - 40 o en 2 18 Gnecchi e a on o an an . C h IV D , ; I M d gli i R m i (Mil , III , p , 1 2 no . e e a n n 196 . ; W b r S mmlu g (Mu ich,

24 “ ' on ta e a e and Un e Rornan o o n . on . M gu ( R r publish d G ld C i s , Num Chr III , 1 6 en t of 7 . He a the a t t 7 e en e e f ne f t e e e e . , p ) d f ds th genuinen ss o o o h s pi c s s ys u h ici y an e a e in th e t e h as een a tta e but t a t th e on o n for x mpl Bri ish Mus um b ck d , h ly gr u d on in th e ea ette n of th e re e e n t on and t is o n on o e suspici is w k l ri g v rs i scrip i , his f u d s m of th e o n f i n It is e f n a . c i s o M acr n us . He thinks this coin is p rhaps o provi ci l origi o e e t at the e a e o t and n an e e t in o e and m r lik ly h x mpl s fr m Egyp E gl d w r s ruck R m , t at th e t t e was not e n the n a na e h i l us d o provi ci l coi g . M A CRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS 2 9

a or Th o e o te a a ea e . e e a t han d , ft n surm un d by h nds , g rl nds gl s typ s h a t are a a t e a e . No e a e of t v ry sligh ly , but pr ctic lly s m x mpl his

n n n o o of D iad u m enian u s It type is fou d o a y ther c in . is evident then tha t this IS a coin struck purposely to commemorate th e

o D iad u m en ian us th e en a b estowal of this title up n by S te . All of 2 Ro e oo a te a a o 5 them were prob ably struck in m s n f r th t cti n .

n - 2 5 an d 2 6 to h Refere ce h as already been made (pp . ) t e fa ct

a th e t e e e an d e are a few a e a e th t itl s S v rus , Pius F lix in inst nc s ssign d

D dum n i nu s He e e e M acrinus on th e o of to ia e a . is v n styl d c ins 26 2 7 D ocim eum in P a and on on e o o S n nad a the hrygi , c in fr m y in

a t e was of o e a e e sa me province . This l st itl c urs simply tr nsf rr d fro m fa ther to son by a provm cral wh o did n ot un derstan d th e

o Ro system f man nomenclature . D io an d Hero dian a gree in th e state men t tha t D iad u m en ian us was e th e e of ae a b u t e e a a t a o th e giv n titl C s r , n ith r s ys ny hing b ut 2 8 Th e in D io 78 1 9 1 a t th e e . e e e e e titl Augustus r f r nc ( , , ) is tim

D iadu m enian us was s on e o n o an d oe when ﬁrst umm d fr m A ti ch , d s n o h h Th e a a t pre clude t e bestowal of t e title at a later da te . p ss ge

o e o a 4 ad th e o e te e of fr m H r di n (V , ﬁn . ) is in c ncluding s n nc his “ ' a co n of th e e of M crinus ea : Tékec éu TOLOIJT ) 6 c u t lif a . It r ds u Q

‘ ’ ’ ’ M a x tuos é va a r o a vva va t eﬂévr o a trrci m i 7 0 8 wa réé ou 7 V 7rou 0‘ a p xp y , p s j s, 3 1 s

Ka ia a a ALa BOv ez/ t a VOv o h ad o a p , ju If Her dian th ught th t h e h ad th e t e h e o e ta a e e e e ti l Augustus , w uld c r inly h v us d it h r

ea of ae a m a be a e a t a e o a inst d C s r . It y rem rk d in p ssing h t H r di n does n ot mention D iadum enianu s elsewhere in his narra tive Th e Historia Augusta in th e life of M acrinu s agree s with D io an d e o n h a a o a a t e a e e o e . H r di , pr b bly dr wing st t m nt fr m th m (M cr “ 1 0 S cien dum raeterea o ae a e dicitur n on , p , qu d C s r fuiss Augustus

a e e e leri ue a e a e e o Di dum nus pu r , qu m p q p ri fuiss cum p tr imp ri ” “ ” tradid n h eru t . W o are these plerique ? Lé crivain (Hist . Aug .

25 Cf . what was said on page 27 regarding th e coins bearing th e tribunician and ontiﬁcal t t e p i l s .

25 - - . . a . 193 4 Imh f e e n a t e n en en B M Phrygi , pp ; oo Blum r Kl i Asi isch Mu z (Wi , 22 — . 4 9 an d . 22 3 8 . 5 10 . 9 i re . t o e M n . G c p , p , ; I Blum r o q , p 2 7 B . M . r a . 402 Ph ygi , p .

2 3 ’ ' . o e e o x w See ta t on on Cf h w v r Di s sta tements a s to the title Abr o p c wp . ci i ’ a e 30 . o S en e re a an not e ea p g Di s il c g rding th e title Augustus c w igh h vily, e e a en we on In a t th e t t e sp ci lly wh c sider th e mutilated con dition of the text . f c i l of Ain ' ox é r w o the ot e p p w uld imply h r. 3 0 M A CRINUS AND D IAD UM ENIANUS

1 8 7- 8 t n th e e e en e i s to th e e a o e o pp . ) hi ks r f r c Imp ri l Chr nicl fr m “ Eu tro iu s e an d te Eu tro ius 8 2 1 M crinu s which p dr w, ci s p , a cum ” n o a t im era tore s h ﬁlio a e . e o 2 2 1 on t e Di dum f c i p Aur lius Vict r ( , )

a n en t o e e th e e a e a e a o o ther h d m i ns m r ly titl C s r in his bri f cc unt .

h e of D iad u m en ian us 2 2 e e e as e a o on an T e lif ( , ) r pr s nts him Imp r t r ’ e qual b asis with his fa ther a t th e very beginn in g of th e la tter s “ e a o a Herodianu s ae o ae raeteriens r ign , but ls s ys , Gr cus script r h c p D ia d um en u m tantum C aesarem dicit pueru m a militibus n u n cu ” m t a e occisu m Th e e of te a e en e p atu e cum p tr . w ight li r ry vid c e a a th e t e th e o an d o a e th n is g inst itl , but inscripti ns c ins m k it 2 9 a a e e e a o on We th e clear th t in this c s th s uth rities are wr g . ﬁnd 3 0 t e of or Ee am on a o of n o one of ti l Augustus ( ﬂ s) m ny c ins A ti ch , 31 32 33 Hiero olis t ee of e a a on an a tax e e an d p , hr Al x ndri , Egypti n r c ipt “ - d t e o e on ee on e o e o o an a . mil st n s fr m N ricum Afric Fur h rm r , thr 35 o n o D eultu m a e M acrin u s t e a e . c i s fr m in Thr c , is s yl d P t r Aug(usti) Just b efore his downfall M a cri nu s did forma lly a sso cia t e his son

as a n e th e e e a o to D io 78 34 with him full p rt r in mpir , cc rding ( , ,

n d 3 th t of A ox a o e o of 2 a 7 e e br m . , giving him ti l p p His p ss ssi n

Th e a this title is clearly conﬁrmed by numismatic e vidence . f ct tha t th e corresponding title Impera tor is n ot found on th e Roman coins an d Ain ' oxpd‘rwp only on th e provin cial coinage of th e eastern

2 9 It to b e note o e er t at th e t t e oe not a ea on o n o t e of is d , h w v , h i l d s pp r c i s u sid n It te e t at n t o and e an r a an d on n ro n a n t o . A i ch Al x d i , ly i p vi ci l i scrip i s is qui lik ly h it was inserted without proper a uthorization by th e Senate .

3 ° t th e a ea an e of th e Gal . a an 201 n nne t n i . d a . . I o o B . M , C pp . Syri , p c c i w h pp r c ' 2 6 to th e eff e t t at t t e on o n of n t o a e note th e tate ent of a . i l c i s A i ch m y b d s m Di d , c h

o n ere t a t on e a t n t o in the n a e of D iadum enianus b ut n ot in th e c i s w s ruck c A i ch m , na i to th e atte tate en t me Of M a cr nus un til a fter the vote of th e S en ate . As l r s m 12 e e it o n te ou t . e t t fiir at e n cf Z i schrif Numism ik (B rli ) , XXXI , wh r is p i d ’ t at it was o e a t at i i n a e t an in own as it e h m r u ocr ic to coin n h s so s n m h his , impli d the e on succ ssi .

31 — 1mh oof e e e n en n f237 Blum r Gri chisch Mu z (Mu ich , p

32 i net e a e . . t e an a 1483 and D attar o B M Egyp , Al x dri M i Imp ri li Gr chi , Nummi Au s Alex i . andr ni a o 0 1 409 409 . gg (C ir , ,

33 ree a f l 3 a . o t . . 9 Vo . . G k P pyri Bri Mus , II , p , P pyrus CCCLI

34 n e of . . . 22562 e a e and 5708 5728 573 6 . o a C I L VIII , ( r s d) III , , , Als umb r

- n t on o t e tone he e an fﬁ e en t on e as e at Au . , i scrip i s , m s ly mil s s , w r O c r is m i d l g us gg This o e er a t e t 3720 10629 10644 12339 and o e en e . . . . h w v , is r h r d ub ful vid c . Cf C I L III , , , ,

t e t e in the e of e a a o . 53 . Bu l r, S udi s lif H liog b lus (New " rk , p 35 o en 166 167 168 C h IV M , , , . M A CRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS 3 1

a th e e e o e to e a t a e o n o h lf Of mpir w uld t nd st blish his d t , th ugh t to 36 d eﬁnitel o a th e o n a o e e t u o ﬁx it y . Pr b bly pr vi ci l c ins w r s r ck l ng

e o e th e t e h ad ee o a en bu t e it wa s b f r itl b n f rm lly giv , wh n used ’ Th e o informally with M a crin us appro val . R man S ena te was

a t n to e to th e t e t for o a a on on th e a of w i i g b s w itl , ﬁrs f rm l cti p rt

M acrin u s an d t en a e th e o o e of th e a tt e , h until ft r utc m b l with 3 7 a D iadum ni nu s a th e e on o n of Hi li 3 8 a a . e a e ero o s El g b lus b rs titl c i s p , 3 9 40 41 a o e oe as th e of a n a e on a S rdis , Anti ch , B r ( ﬁci l mi t in M c d i ) , 42 43 a e e a in a e o a o t e e n o as e ae Tr p zus , Ed ss M c d ni ( h rwis k wn A g ) ,

t4 4 4 46 l 5 6 n Herac eia a t a a d e a . a o o on ﬂ Thy ir , Cyzicus P rg It is ls f und 47 an t a a a ea e t o e n e e th e in scri Egyp i n p pyrus lr dy m n i n d , but v r in p

o atte a ou r at en t o a a a e . ti ns . This m r will cl im t i n g in l t r

D iadum eni an u s e e e e e th e e of o t e a n v r r c iv d titl P n if x M ximus , 48 o a h Ro No a e of th e t pr b bly b ecause e never ca me to me . tr c itle h n n h o n as ee o e e t e t o or . b f u d , ith r in inscrip i ns c i s M a crin u s was ele cte d to memb ership i n at least two college s of ‘ “ e t a t Ro We a e th e e o of e e o th e a t pri s s me . h v r c rd his l cti n in F s i ” Sod aliu Au us aliu m l u i iu 1 984 11 1 3 m t C a d al m . g VI , , a o his n a e h as ee e a e e a a for of o e lth ugh m b n r s d in gr t p rt , c urs his “ ” e o was dam n a tus Th e a o of e e o th e m m ry . cc unt his l cti n in

35 . t e t e in 53 . th e e e o a a . Cf Bu l r S udi s Lif Of H li g b lus , p 3 7 l 2 . on n e i l n AL n te 4 a o oebler . . . v t . He . a d S ev . . 9 o G Cf H Q u l z d , p , ; ls zur M unzkun e d a e n i 4 294 s . a a a e o en n e t r t fur . 2 . M k d i s IV Z i sch if Num p q , v lu bl art e to be re erre to a a n icl f d g i later . 38 l . Ga . et . 1 . c . 04 B M , p . 3 9 2 ; . a 64 . B M Lydi , p . 40 l 2 . . Ga . etc . . 2 1 224 an 2 d . 0 a o n te . 1 74 nos . 5 B M , , p , ls Hu r . III , p , 41 . . . . 2 a e on a 99 . I B N G III , M c d i , 42 ’ a n ton e e é né ra des onna e e e D Asia ne e ar W ddi g R cu il G l M i s Gr cqu s Mi ur (P is , 1 2 . no . 5 . I , , p III ,

43 ea e h na e e ae ne e . . 4 r i i te t a t t e . . t G . 7 and 48 e e t s a L k N H E , p , wh s d h m A g v r o r on the o n bu t t at e a the o e n a e an d e e t e e o n are ccu s c i s h Ed ss is ld r m , wh r h s c i s dis

' tin uish ed o th ose f i ea e a t a Hellenica g fr m o Edessa n M esopotamia . L k Numism ic and d e en t on on 1 856 and 1859 ll b e te as . . . . o ean an Suppl m (L d , ) wi ci d N H E G (Eur p )

. . . a N H A G . (Asi tic) .

44 ea e . . . . 58 L k N H A G Suppl . , p . . 45 M ionn et 433 7 . 4 2 . . . 5 624 te in . . . Suppl , p , ci d P I R II , p 45 See a t i e n e t . ii r te in note 7 a o e . r icl Z i f Num . ci d 3 b v 47 Pa . . . . . 93 P a . . Gk p B M II , p , p CCCLI

45 61 n e 4 . hi e e te e t Got a . 7 ot Cf Sc ll r G schich der ROmisch en Kaiserz i ( h , p , , and or e ol 3 V . a e 432 B gh si , , p g . 32 M A CRINUS AND D IAD UM ENIANUS

Fasti sacerdotu m in a e de Jo vis Propu gn atoris con sisten tium

2 009 h as e e e a e or o e off e e th e VI , ) b n r s d br k n ntir ly, but context makes it evident tha t it was his ele ction that was here

Th e a o of o o e o a o o e o e o recorded . cti n b th b di s pr b bly f ll w d cl s ly up n

h a o e e of M a crin us as e e o th e e a t e ckn wl dgm nt mp r r by S n te . ’ M acrinu s was very lenient in his treatment of C aracalla s rela 49 H o e his o e tives . e a a to e a o ll w d m th r , Juli , r m in in Anti ch with h er e a ae a o e e th e two a e of th e sist r , Juli M s , t g th r with d ught rs nd was h a te a e o . a e t e a o l t r th ir s ns This hum n , but place ll tted them as a residence was well a dapte d for plo tting against th e n ew ’ e o a e sh e a of h emp r r . Juli wh n ﬁrst he rd er son s death planne d to starve h erself to death for sh e dreaded to be come a pri vate indi

a a e e a s ee e S h e saw o e e a vidu l ft r r igning qu n . Wh n , h w v r , th t M acrin us was treating h er kindly an d th at h er p ossessions were n ot to b e a e o h er sh e a o h Th e t t e o . o t k n fr m , spir d kingd m e emper r hearing of h er efforts ordered h er to leave Antioch at once an d — o e e h a settle s mewh re lse where ver s e wished . When Julia re lized

a h er o a was e th e sh e e e to h er th t c nspir cy nipp d in bud , r turn d o a e o and a e e e o a h e was rigin l int nti n st rv d h rs lf t de th . S further

e to o e th e a a a a e for a o e induc d this c urs by f ct th t c nc r , l ng tim

e e e a e o e an d ea e e to en d h er e oo at qui sc nt , b c m vi l nt thr t n d lif s n

n M acrinus e th of h o a a e . e e t e a t e a e e y r t s nt r st f mily Em s wh r , among their own kith an d kin an d in a garrison Of discontented

o e the a o e o sow th e ee of e e s ldi rs , Syri n w m n c uld s ds mutiny in f rtil soil .

49 For o e for t ent e a a a see Dio 78 23 e o . IV 13 8 to 3 s urc s his ir p r gr ph , ; H r d , , V, ; 1 n 2 a . 9 a d . M cr , CHAPTER V

THE WAR S OF M ACRINUS

The murder of Caracalla o ccurred in th e midst of a campaign

n n h n e s D io 8 h e h ad e ta e a a t e a a . e wa 7 u d r k n g i st P rthi s His pr t xt ( ,

1 1 at th e Artab an u s e e to e a e as , ) th king r fus d giv him his d ught r

Th t a e e n ot e a e for ar an d h h ad o e . e a w e pr mis d P r hi ns w r pr p r d ,

e a e t o t t o t o o on h as Cara calla d vast t d heir c un ry wi h u pp siti . As

2 1 was a a on a h e was b een said (p . ) it during this c mp ign trip

E a o rrh h e making from dess t C a ae that e perish d . Me anwhile Artaban us h ad gotte n his army together a n d came

out n o e o o a a a a t th e Ro a a e e e e to i t M s p t mi g ins m n inv d rs , d t rmin d

a en e th e e a ta t o of o M acrinu s n e a v g d v s i n his c untry . k w th t his

own a was n o t on o D io 78 2 6 2 an d an d rmy in ﬁghting c diti n ( , ,

e to a e ea e th e e a e a on e tri d m k p c with P rsi n king , s nding b ck his pris rs

o n a an d a th e a e of th e war on a a a a wh o wa s v lu t rily l ying bl m C r c ll , H wa s Artaban u s n o a e . e n ow dea d . But was t so e asily persu d d

en a e at th e on e e a e a a a a an d oo e justly r g d wr gs p rp tr t d by C r c ll , l k d

M rin u s s n n ou e upon ac a a upstart who m h e co uld e asily ha dle . C s quen tly h e made hard terms an d dema n ded tha t th e destroye d cities should be rebuilt an d that th e Romans should withdra w entirely fro m M esop ota m l a an d give s atisfa ction for th e deva sta

t o of th e o a o an d for ot n n Nor h e a o i n r y l t mbs her i dig ities . did ll w M acrin u s time for delib eration b u t came a gainst him with a large

4 n d e en o e o . 1 3 a a o e a f rc , including (Her d IV , , ) c v lry , b wm n r gim ts h M rin u s to his of a e . e o a 14 e t e ee of ac c m ls H r di n (IV, ) giv s sp ch

o e on th e eve O f a t e a ee t at h as n o a a t of s ldi rs b t l , sp ch h b sis in f c

o e It ea all th e ear a o a o o c urs . b rs m rks of this class Of rhet ric l c mp

ou Th e o m e n o 78 2 6 t . e t ea o D i si i f rc s n r Nisibis a ccordi g t ( , ,

be o e o o e a e on th e a of If this c rr ct , it Sh ws c nsid rable dvanc p rt “ M a crinu s an d e a t e o o o h a to to b e , l nds lit l c l r t t e P arthi n Vic ry e a o a e discuss d in this ch pter . A glance a t th e m ap sh ws th t whil a an d C arrh a ar in h e o o a a Edess e e t e northea stern part of M s p t mi ,

o a o t e o th e a o a on e nly b ut ﬁf y mil s fr m Syri n b und ry , Nisibis is

e an d e e a e ea a o e o th e hundr d tw nty mil s f rth r st , b ut sixty mil s fr m 34 M A CRINUS AND DIADUM ENIANUS

a o n a an d e a e o Persi n b u d ry, l ss th n thirty mil s s uth of Armenia with

o t M a cri n u s h ad ea a o e a e which c un ry d lings lm st imm di t ly .

e o a 14 an d 1 5 e a i a o of th H r di n (IV, ) giv s v vid cc unt e ba ttle .

Th e e of D io 78 2 6 5 - 8 ere a t a e Th t xt ( , , ) is h b dly mu il t d . e Historia “ 8 3 a : a a . e e a e August (M cr , ) st t s bri ﬂy S n cum esset inferior in eo

b ellO o o esserat Artabane a n qu d Ant ninus g , gr viter ecem suorum

ci viu m vindican te o M a crin u s re u na vit o , prim p g ; p stea vero missis le a tis e t a e a libenti a o e e o g p it p c m , qu m nim int rf ct Antonino Pa rth us ” concessit .

Th e o e of Artaban u s a ea e at e an d f rc s pp r d sunris , in accordance

h e a o o e the Her t e . 1 5 with P rsi n cust m w rshipp d sun ( IV, , Then a n e a e e a e th e Ro a r isi g th ir b ttl cry th y ch rg d m n ranks . Dio says that there was a stream in front Of th e camp and tha t this was the

n f h He a o ea of a sce e o t e b attle . ls sp ks successful charge on the part of th e Roman armor bearers an d bagga ge carriers an d his a ccount of th e battle conclude s with th e sta te ment tha t dishearten ed

th e t of M acrin u s e e e o e h by ﬂigh th y w r c nqu red . B ut t e whole

a a e 78 2 6 5 - 8 is so t a e a we can n ot p ss g ( , , ) mu il t d th t draw con 1 elusions from it .

e o a 1 5 1 - 3 e a th e Ro a e e H r di n (IV, , ) t lls us th t m ns r p lled the a e of th e a a a an d a e t e Th ﬁrst ch rg b rb ri ns ch rg d in h ir turn . e barbarians checked the m by hurling missile s d own up on them from

Th o a o n o e o e an d a e . e R t a e o e e th ir h rs s c m ls m ns c uld st nd b f r th m ,

e e e n a e o so e e e e to e eat but w r b i g tr mpl d up n ; th y pr t nd d r tr , hurling ab out on the sand Sharp p ointed in struments tha t la med the horse s o o n a n d ca mels an d forced their riders t dism u t . Then they were n o a for th e Ro an e e a as e oo e o a en m tch m s , sp ci lly th ir l s ﬂ wing g rm ts

n hindered b oth pursuit a d ﬂight . Th a n o e e th e a e o e ve . e e o fo This did t d cid b ttl , h w r rmi s f ught r H 1 5 4 and two o a to e er . ea days fr m d wn suns t ( IV , , ch side n e th e o th returning to th e ca mp a t night thi king its lf vict r . On e

d a the e a e on ei e o e e to third y P rsi ns , r lying th r sup ri r numb rs , tri d R bu t th e a e e o e an d e e o th e o a e . surr und m ns , l tt r d pl y d pr v nt d this

The ea of o e e e a of th e a e e e th e a e h ps c rps s , sp ci lly c m ls , imp d d b ttl o h o mo vements so that b oth side s withdrew fr m t e c nﬂict .

1 Xi hilinus 344 ne 5 and 6 ee to o t at D io to of two f e en t p ( , li s ) s ms sh w h ld dif r defeats that M acrinus suffered at the hands of Artabanus before h e withdrew to n t A ioch .

M A CRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS

n o Th e e a e e h ad wo a vict ry . S n t d creed to him sacriﬁces of thanks

n an d t a o o a n d a e th e a e a o P r h givi g riumph l h n rs g v him pp ll ti n a t icus .

o e e h e n o t u se e a o we a H w v r , did this titl , lth ugh h ve coins struck in “ ” o honor of his vict ry . A number of these coins are deﬁnitely inscribed an d in o ther

a e th e e e e e ea e e to o a o o c s s r v rs typ s cl rly r f r this cc si n . C hen (IV

1 33 - 14 1 e e o ea th e e e M , ) giv s nin c ins b ring r v rse inscripti on “ ” o a Parthica th e e of o a a or n Vict ri with typ Vict ry dv ncing ﬂyi g , o e t e a e or a a or ea e an d s m im s with di d m g rl nd , s t d writing on h er

e e e a o one o ib 1 3 2 of . . a a shi ld Th r is ls c in ( , ) Simil r type inscribed ”

o a . e e of simply Vict ri Aug S . C . S v ral these coins add th e titles “ ”

. C os . . . o P . M Tr . P . II II P P (P ntifex Maximus Tribunician

o e o a a e P w r II C nsul II P ter P triae) . Th se must have been coined

th e ea e e a re ﬁ ve o e o o e 88 in y r Th r th r c ins in C h n (IV M, , 1 04- 107) tha t carry the same titles a n d though they d o n ot sta te that they were struck in hon or Of this victory th e reverse types

ll of M crin l a e ea . a e e a us s ea e a o a o m k it cl r In th s , s t d in m ving ch ri t , 5 an d is o e to wh o a n e cr wn d by Vic ry st ds b hind him . Th e coins of M oesia Inferior ha ve types that m ay refer to this ” o t e a re a a e of a f e e e e a o an d vict ry , but h y c p bl di f r nt int rpr t ti n

b e a a e a a a of a e ee will e discuss d in l t r p r gr ph this ch pt r (p . Thr

l 08 n o o o t . C o . 3 o e a i e a a ea c ins (Hun III , p . ) fr m Ed ss M s p t mi b r

courte mais excellen te notice sur les campaign es de M acrin con tre les Armenien s et ’ les a e 12 ette not e est en on tra t on a e les ren e ne en t d Hero Ar b s ( , C ic c dic i v c s ig m s

en et to t de on a on M a crin a t aux Parth es o o ten la a des di sur u Di C ssius , f i , p ur b ir p ix , ’ concession s exorbitan tes et accorde aussi de gran ds avan tages au n ouveau roi d Ar ” - - i i a a e e re M acrin a a t il re o te e e et t e . en e T r d te . t t m i , M is p u v i mp r qu lqu s p i s succ s

n to th e n ter reta t on of ero an en in th e te t M acrinu s t e Accordi g i p i H di giv x , migh w ll

n a e o an as n ear in a or t t a a e a s have claimed a draw b ttle . H r di is ly cc d wi h his p ss g i he is with D o . 4 Th e exact date of the entrance on th e tribun ate a t this period is un certain . ’ 2 2 00 Th e a t t at M acrinus was a a e and en taat re t . 8 . Cf . Momms s S s ch , , p f c h l wy r, in e r e ern in a or an e t on t t t ona o o a e o ther resp cts t i d to gov cc d c wi h c s i u i l f rms , w uld m k

i . ec 10 a s e a b . e an ate of D . it likely that h e used th e Old r public d did N rv ( , p ’ Th e date for en tering on th e consulship was th e ﬁrst of Jan uary a fter an emperor s

inus h ad a ea re e e on ar ono n e i . M acr a e on b . cc ssi ( , p lr dy c iv d c sul h rs u d r

ara a a D io 78 13 th o h e re e e to e a t e in his t of t t e . C c ll ( , , p f rr d disr g rd h m lis i l s 5 o en 1 55n a th e t e h as a ter a otta o for a C h (IV M , ) s ys Bri ish Mus um r c m uld “ ” coin Of M acrinus that bears th e reverse inscription M arti Propugnatori with the o a ordinary type of Mars advan cin g to th e left with spear and trophy . This pr b bly

e er to h n r f s t e Parthian campaig . M A CRINU S AND DIA D UM E NIANU S 3 7

EAE A Th e t o l th e reverse inscription OM C C . ﬁrs tw e tters th e editor

' M criniana Ii t o e n e as O ellia a . e e o i terpr ts p his is c rr ct , th y b l ng to ’ th e period just after M acrin us eleva tion to p ower near this very ’ t for e a o a e e o e in M acrin u s a e on o ci y , Ed ss w uld h v r j ic d cc ssi br ught

o th e ea of a a a la n e th e a te h ad t ea ab ut by d th C r c l , si c l t r r cherously e e th e e on of e Ab a ru s D io 77 1 2 n s iz d p rs th ir king , g IX ( , , a d

n o o on a e o to t at t transformed Edessa i t a c l i . Pr vi us h ime they h ad 6 n Th e ene of M acrin u s o on h h ad regal coi a ge . lik ss sh wn t e pla te

i n th e n e a o e o is a e oo on e Th (LXXIX , I) Hu t ri n C ll cti n v ry p r . e

on h as a o n o a e to M in a e o e t . acr u s s m c ll c i (p c i fr m Nisibis ssign d ,

o 9 a is o e but I have alrea dy pointed ut (p . . ) th t this inc rr ctly a ttrib u d te to him .

h a s a ea ee ote M a crin u s n ow o it n e e a t o As lr dy b n n d , f und c ss ry

h f a of e a e e a a n h e h ad to o th settle t e a f irs Arm ni . H r g i und e

a h ad o e Th e of en a h ad mischief that Caracall d n . king Arm i been quarrelin g with his son s an d Ca ra calla h ad summone d them to a

on e en e o a s ea e a e . e e a e o e e c f r c , p sing p c m k r Wh n th y rriv d , h w v r ,

e e e all a e on e a a a a t eat n e a s h e h a th y w r m d pris rs , C r c ll r i g th m d

Ab aru s irid ate s on e of th e o e a e to th e n of a t a g . T , s ns , sc p d ki g P r hi

Dio 77 1 9 an d wh o wa s o e to e e a a to ( , f rc d surr nd r him g in

a M acrin u s et e en a affa n Tirid a s C aracall . s tl d Arm i n irs by putti g te on th e t on e en n a his o e o a a a a hr , s di g b ck with him m th r , wh m C r c ll h ad e a o e for e e en o a n d th e oot t a h ad ee k pt pris n r l v m nths , b y h t b n 7 e o e a Tiridates a o o e to e e e th e a tak n fr m Arm ni . ls h p d r c iv l nds that his fa ther h ad taken in Cappa do cia and th e yearly paymen t

o th e Ro a D io 78 2 7 e e atte e e o te fr m m ns ( , , Th s m rs w r und ub dly a rranged near Nisibis immedia tely after th e conclusion of th e

a a a a an d n ot a e th e e to t o 35 P rthi n c mp ign ft r r turn An i ch (p . , n ote Disregarding th e concession s that Tiridates merely hoped for M a crin u s m a b e a to a e te th e o t a , y s id simply h v righ d wr ngs h t

a a a a h ad o e and we can e a see h ow e o to th e C r c ll d n , r dily in his r p rt S enate h e might make i t appear that h e h ad n ot made a con cession

5 4 e l . . . . . nt 7 . . 30 an e . . 53 and . G . o . 7 a . C d e . . G Cf Hu r III , p L k N H A , p N H E , p Th Th e colonial coin age continued un til Gordian when regal coin age was restored . e t was th e an en t r f Th e a e n an a e it th e na e of t e ci y ci U o th e Chaldees . M c do i s g v m h ir wn an ent a ta e a o ci c pi l Ed ss .

7 It is evident that Tiridates was still in captivity when M acrinu s restored him ’ at e t r ne to his f h r s h o . 3 8 M ACRINU S AND DIADUM ENIANUS but was merely following th e ancient and long established custom of th e Ro a eo e to e o as oo of e Tac m n p pl mpl y kings t ls s rvitude ( . 14 Agr . , 8 In an intercalated pa ssa ge in th e Historia Augusta we are told that M acrin u s carried on successful campaigns n ot only a gainst th e Parthians an d Armenians but also against th e Arabians wh o are 9 on Th e o o called Eudaem es . nly ther e vidence we ha ve on this subj e ct is a reference in th e life of D iadu m enianus to th e dux ” “ ” Armeniae an d th e e a Asiae a e Arabiae a 84 wh o l g tus tqu (Di d . ) a re said to have been pardoned by M acrin us on a ccount of ancient

e a o e h ad e a e a o a a a fri ndship , lth ugh th y ng g d in c nspir cy g inst him .

e o o This is a v ry dubi us reference . It is d ubtful whether there e ver 1 0 n t Th e a e e e e o o were a y such ti le s . st t m nt s rv s merely t intr duce a

o D iad u enianu s to a Th e e as letter fr m m his f ther . e l tt r is intended a e e o on hi s a a te and a a a e o e S o we m a r ﬂ cti n ch r c r is p lp bl f rg ry . y sa th e e e e e to th e a a a a e e o e y r f r nc Ar bi n c mp ign is ntir ly unsupp rt d , not e a a on a a o though nec ss rily f lse th t cc unt . 1 1 Th e a o t e a ee th e ate e a a e o uth ri i s gr in st m nt th t , ft r c ncluding

M c in u to o for th e t a a a r s e a e . his c mp igns , w n t b ck Anti ch win r In

a as h as ee o e ou t a ea D io e e e the ea e f ct , b n p int d lr dy , r pr s nts p c n o o a a e on o a o wa s e g tiati ns s having b een c rri d fr m th t p int . It from there probably tha t th e emperor wrote his Ofﬁcial le tter to 12 R n h o m n n of ome telli g t e story f his ca paig s from his ow p oint view .

o a e o e e a e o e e o e It is pr b bl , h w v r , th t b f r s ttling d wn in wint r qua rters b oth M acrin us and D iad u m enian us made a brief visit to th n f h D io t 78 2 7 t a th e a a e a o t e a e . e 5 b ks D nub lls us ( , , ) h t D ci ns ,

a e e a a t of a a an d e to o e e a e h ving plund r d p r D ci d siring ﬁght m r , r fr in d

o o so a n d ot a th e o a e a a a a a h ad a e fr m d ing , g b ck h st g s th t C r c ll t k n o h of n e h e e o a n or the fr m them under t e name allia ce . N it r H r di n

i e e e o a e o a S cr tores e e to . a p r f r this Numism tic vid nc fr m M c d ni , M oesia Inferior an d Asia Minor strengthen e d by inscriptional evidence from Pannonia Inferior make s it highly prob able tha t

8 12 i a e . a . 6 ote n n ote 3 on 35 M cr , , qu d p g

9 ’ o a a e . e and o t at n e on s . v . Fr m Ar bi F lix , cf L wis Sh r s L i L xic , 1 ° L i . é cri a n . 3 v 3 . Cf , p 1 1 D i 78 26 8 . e . 8 4 o 1 9 a . t ate H r. 5 , , sq (mu il d) ; IV , , ; M cr ,

1 8 Of o e th e ette en in e o an 1 is a o o t on of the a t o c urs l r giv H r di V, c mp si i u h r, ’ and not to b e e te cr di d . M ACRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS 39

M acrin us went in person to the banks of th e D anub e to settle 1 3 t th e a a o a o n ma tters wi h D ci ns , pr b bly d i g it by diploma cy ra ther

a war and as a a a a o on th n , in P rthi , cl iming vict ry very doubtful

o a o ea a D iadu menianus a o gr unds . It is ls cl r th t cc mpanied his

father . ’ M acrinu s shortest way to th e b anks of th e D anube and D acia

o a e o ow e would have lain thr ugh M c d nia . N w ﬁnd tha t th e title veciucopos (aedituu s) is given on M acedon ian coins for th e ﬁrst time

e M acri nus n ot a t th e e e of e on n und r , v ry b ginning his r ign , but coi s made a little later by another hand an d bearing th e liken ess of n n u s a n a o of th e o n o t a th D iad um e ia . Ex mi ti n c i s sh ws h t e word

was a e to th e old e at th e en d an d the t t e o e o dd d di s , i l is ft n l st .

M a crin u s e en an te t e as a e a e e e vid tly gr d this ti l sp ci l privil g . W ﬁnd it on th e coins of B eroe als Provinzialm ii n zstatte Make ” d on icu s with th e reverse typ e of a knight on horseba ck bearing th e

ea e of th e e 2 98 o of M acrinu f tur s Princ III , A c in s

o th e a e n e oe n ot ea th e n o vecbxo o fr m s m mi t , whil it d s b r i scripti n p s, ’ does ha ve a corresp onding reverse type with th e Emperor s features

e e e e e e D iad u meni anus an III , Th s ﬁgur s r pr s nt d M acrin u s an d should b e compared with th e coins of Septimiu s ”1 4 h A n n S everus b earing t e inscription dve tus . They were e vide tly in on o of a n a t a the e e o an d son struck h r c u l visit by mp r r his . Furthermore both th e province of M a cedonia an d th e city sta te of Edessa are a mong th e few towns to give the title of Abr oxpdm p to

D iadu m enian u s .

Th e a a a a e e en e o o bl r let l st p r gr ph is d riv d tir ly fr m G e e . But

th e e t a o a tt e t o a o e o e us carry inv s ig ti n li l fur her . C mp ring nc m r

th e of e D iadum enian u s e as o on a e list citi s giving this titl , f und p g 3 1 a bove an d disregardin g th e Egyptian papyrus there m en 1 5 ti on ed we a ﬁn d t a all e e o n lie on a o e , sh ll h t Of th s t w s r ut that M acrin us an d D iadum en ian us might well ha ve taken on their

wa to or o th e an e e o e ee to a e ee y fr m D ub . Th ir pr gr ss s ms h v b n

a e th e o e o o an d e e a o o m rk d by c ins struck in th ir h n r , sp ci lly in h n r

1 8 e h as een a an e Go ebler in an a t e te on a e 3 1 note 3 7 . This vi w b dv c d by r icl ci d p g , As He bases hi s argument merely on th e u se of th e title ved mop os as explained below . we a a tte t to S o t is onl one of a n e a en t ea n to th e sh ll mp h w, his y umb r Of rgum s l di g

same conclusion . 14 t - . en e 1 15 . Cf Coh IV (S p . 15 73 and note f e a a t f hi a of ate ate . . . 30 or n on o t s Cf p xpl i p pyrus , which is much l r d 40 M A CRINUS AND D IAD UM ENIANUS

f th e n e as e a e o . We a o two e a o pri c , th y p ss d thr ugh ls ﬁnd citi s th t a dded epithets to their city na mes as a tribute to th e n ew emperor

f lie on his o a o L et u s a n d b oth o these pr b ble r ute . refer to them

th o e of th e o e a o of h brieﬂy in e rd r supp s d itiner ry. M st t e coins

ee e on a e 3 1 ha ve already b n cit d p g .

n t o of o e th e ea a e of M a crinus was the A i ch , c urs , h dqu rt rs , 16 starting p oin t an d its mints ga ve th e young prince th e title of 1 7 ee at th e e e o too for h Abr oxpam p . It s ms th mp r r k ship t e ﬁrst part 1 8 of o n e for we th e of Ae eae a on th e u his j ur y , ﬁnd city g , in Cilici g lf of Issos o o o M a x womro dr wv , h n ring him by inscribing its c ins p O ) . M ost of these coins are da ted accordin g to th e era of th e city an d some of these dates correspond to 2 1 7 a n d some to 2 1 7

th o e was a a h o of h o Evidently e j urn y m de ne r t e cl se t e year . S me Of these coins are issued in th e na me of M acrinus an d some in th e

a e of D iad um en ian u s an d one is a o e o ea th e n m , d ubl c in b ring busts

f 2 4 n Th t a t o o o . . a . . e o e a e e b th (B M Cilici , p , o th r pl c h r c g ’ n izes M acrin us wa o a t e a t e on is Cilicia s in this y is nly lit l f r h r . It h E ’ ea t a . t a t o to t e t e ew s gr t ci y , T rsus This ci y , in ddi i n itl ypn , which

e o th e t e of Se timius e e to e e s e a e it us d fr m im p S v rus S v ru Al x nd r , 2 0 a n d a d o to a o o e e e o e th e e in diti n v ri us th r titl s , mpl y d titl 21 M ou ms néu e e a re th e o e n t t e e e q a ms. Th s nly citi s usi g such i l s xc pt

e a e o o a a an d e e o e o t as to th e e Ed ss in M s p t mi , th r is s m d ub int r

n 36 an d The o e t D iadu pre tatio in tha t ca se (cf . pp . th r ci ies giving m en ian u s th e title Abr oxpam p would ha ve been p assed in th e — 22 following order : Perga (where h e m ay have deb arked an d started

15 l n 767 18 . Goeb er a o te an o ate an o n . . . . S ls ci s u l c d Syri c i , I B G M , 1 7 He m a o e e a e on e an ro n t o to Ae eae as h e ee to y, h w v r, h v g by l d f m A i ch g s ms e a Th e o e of t a e oe not have done when h ﬂed from Elag balus (cf . p . m d r v l d s

e r en affect th a gum t . 1 8 For th e n a a o tan e of Ae eae . . . a . ere e e en e v l imp r c g cf B M Cilici , p CXV, wh r f r c is made to a coin of M acrinus showing a lighthouse on top of which is a ﬁgure leaning

i 42 30 an . M onn et . 5 n o . d on a ea e o one or o e e e . . sp r; b l w , m r v ss ls Cf III , p , Suppl 1 58 nos . 3 and 38 . . 7 VII, p , 1 9 — i 2 526 It is 4 6 . Ze ts . 05 n te ...... a 2 o B M Cilici , pp . ; Num XXI , ; Hu r C ll II , p not o a e t at M acrinus to e ere ot o n an d et rn n and t at o n impr b bl h s pp d h b h g i g r u i g , h c i s

ere e in . w issu d honor of both events (cf . p 8 ° f e e a n t o . . . ot o t e t e e on of t t e . . . . B h h s ci i s w r f d i l s Cf B M Cilici , I r d , p CXII sq 21 . . . 36 . 20 G . . 7 . . . 0. I B M , p ; B M Cil , p 28 er a a o t e n an an d so Str t ea n o no t a e een P g is b u six mil s i l d , ic ly sp ki g , c uld h v b th e e a t n e a th e o ne o Ae eae x c poi t Of debarkation . It is more probabl th t j ur y fr m g t o a to e ar not on the hr ugh T rsus P rga was made by land alon g a coast road . T sus is ea e s ither. M A CRINUS AND D IADUM E NIA NUS 4 1

23 o ve a Hi ero olis a e a a ea of th e a t ee a t rl nd , p , S rd s , Thy tir ( ch l s thr 24 a t o of th e oa th e a to a an d th e two junc i n r ds) , Cyzicus , l st s p in Asi , ? 5 a e o a t e e oe and e a e e e a n b ut two M c d ni n ci i s , B r Ed ss Th r r m i

o e to on our Heracleia n a an d a e Th e th r wns list , in Bithy i , Tr p zus .

t o n ou t o e t as we a e e . t e a f rm r ci y, Sh ll pr s n ly p i t (p migh sily

a e ee te on th e e o e an d th e e a e o h v b n visi d r turn j urn y, x mpl fr m n Trapezus is a dubious o e at b est . In this connection we m ay point ou t that th e only towns outside ’ Ma cedonia b earing th e title ved mopos during M acrinu s reign were 2 6 ? 7 Cyzicus an d Nic o media These n eighboring towns both served

h n M acrin us e n as ports for t e passage to a d from Europe . vide tly went ou t by way of Cyzicus an d returned by Nicom edia but of th e

e o n e a e r turn j ur y l t r .

o a e o a our o e o e M acrinu s e Fr m M c d ni , if hyp th sis is c rr ct , w nt

o to th Nor are we e e o e e e on t n rth e D anub e . ntir ly with ut vid nc his ’ o a e o a a a t th e e of an e e o p int . It is w ll kn wn f ct th t tim mp r r s

o e e o e arrl val the oa e e e a . e visit, ft n b f r his , r ds w r put in r p ir Wh n n ew roads were built th e mile- stones naturally b ore th e n ame of th e 8 8 e e o It n ot to e- o e a r igning mp er r . is surprising ﬁnd mil st n s in Afric

ea h M n n D i m n n u e e ar e b ring t e names Of acri us a d adu e ia s . Th s

a e a an d t a e o e o a at a fr gm nt ry mu il t d . An th r fr m D lm i III ,

8307) is so b adly broken that it is n ot e ven certain tha t it. is a mile “ to - n o . s n e . Fr m Noricum there are ﬁve mile stones all i scribed Trib ” Po n h t . a d e e a l at t e e a of 2 1 or o e II , h nc f l ing v ry l st 7 in Th s

83 He en t t r i i 44 . o C b ra on th e wa o er a to H ero olis . . w h ugh y y fr m P g p , cf p 84 ote t at e a th e n e t n at a to n - o nt not n e N h P rg mum, x ur l s ppi g p i , is i clud d in our D i n oﬂ ended t . . o 78 20 10 e e we ﬁn d t at its n a ta t lis Cf , , wh r h i h bi s

M acrin us and e e e r e of r e e rante t e a a a a an d t en e a e w r d p iv d p ivil g s g d h m by C r c ll , h b c us f o t e r n o en e e r f I m a en e a t t er t e . h i i s l c d p ived o citizenship . t y have happ d his v y im Di i 6 a d o e . 5 n h ms lf was made curator of this city and Smyrna by M acrinus . Cf . p Dio 79 7 4 of th e . e a t m a a e o et in to do t a re to ea , , P rh ps his y h v s m h g wi h his f ilu sp k t rip . 85 See . 3 1 note 43 p , . 85 . . a 54 . B M Mysi , p .

2 7 - . 2 4 e e . t . . 1 89 a 3 2 2 . 5 66 73 n te . B M Bi h , p ; W dd . I , , ; Hu r II , p ; R vu Numis at e a 1 83 2 - 8 . 2 6 5 . m iqu (P ris) , , pp 28 All but on e of these are from th e provin ce of Mauretania from which M acrinus

a e . 1f . . t tat n . c m Cf p 6 . wi h ci io s

2 9 - e e e ne 61 t tat on . Th s mil sto s represent four different routes . Cf . p . wi h ci i s s to t n an e A o . . 3 6 n . 4 . ribu ici p w r, cf p , 42 M ACRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS

44 M A CRINU S A ND D IAD UM ENIANUS

o o an d o o th e o e in t o e a e e p lis Nic p lis , nly citi s his pr vinc th t w r 32 o e M acrin u s o e a a allowed to c in und r . Of c urs very l rge number of th e ancien t coin s we n ow p o ssess ha ve been preserved to us by

ea o of th e o o a e of oa an d the a o r s n c mm n pr ctic h rding , pr ctice w uld be esp ecially common in town s n ear th e D anube in constant dan ger

f ta n ot a ffi e e a o for n o a t ck . But this is su ci nt xpl nati n findi g about two-fifth s of all th e coins of this reign in these two provincial towns ’ far a a o th e e e of M acrinu s a a t He w y fr m sc n m in ctivi y . must

a e ee o e e th e o e o wa h v b n c nn ct d with pr vinc in s me y .

th e e o h n In s c nd pla ce note t e large number of double coi s . As

h as a ea ee o e ou t e e e o e 75 of lr dy b n p int d (p . th s citi s furnish v r

a o 90 o e o e e o e o a a o o b ut d ubl c ins . All Of th s c m fr m M rci n p lis 33 ee to a a e of n of a e which s ms h ve m d a spe cialty coi s this ch ra ct r . 34 th e e a o e o o n e e are o o Of r m ining d ubl c ins kn w , s v n fr m Anti ch , ’ 35 M acrinu s ea a e a n d on e o Ae eae th e o h dqu rt rs , fr m g , ﬁrst st pping 36 a e on o n e o e o C b ra a on th e pl c his j ur y . An th r is fr m i y in Phrygi

i e o e e ee e a and Hiero oli s o e o e o d r ct r ut b tw n P rg p . An th r c m s fr m 8 7 Hera clea Salbake on a branch road tha t j oins th e main roa d 8 8 e ee ib r n d Hi r o i o a r o a t ae a ea b tw n C y a a e op l s . F ur e f und C s r in Cappadocia which th e e mperors prob ably visited on their return t Th o o a o rip (p . e only other d uble c in tha t I h ve f und is

38 n 1 . 7 Th e na e of o e oe a was on n e o a . . . . . 8 . o Cf I B N G I , , p c i g L w r M si l g u d r R m

n Th a n t e re e ete co trol . e exact st tus of these two cities a t this time c a no b p cis ly d r ne Th e n a e bu t t e we e e en t in a f e ent ate or o th e ot e . mi d , h y r vid ly di f r c g y fr m h rs m s of ro n a e r n n p vi ci l Oﬁ c rs a e regularly fou d on these coi s .

33 - 1 1 188 note 1 . . oe a n er o . G . nos . 7 5 785 and . Cf I . B . N . , I, , p , ; B M M si I f i r, 32 - 3 pp . . 84 e e n tea of a n th e t or ea a n ea ot e on th e o e e Th s i s d h vi g bus s h ds f ci g ch h r bv rs , i as n th e ot e o e o n a e one on on e e an d on e on th e ot e . . . . h r d ubl c i s , h v sid h r Cf B M l Ga . 2 1 4 a 00 and n t . . . 7 . C . etc . o , p , p . Hu C ll III , p 35 24 . . a . . B M Cilici , p I

85 ’ Kl — - 2 22 55 n o . . e na at e M i rnzen Imh oof e . i si isch Blum r, p , 7 3 t o t to n bid . 1 4 1 tat on was en o n I . 3 no . 0. er e a e , p , V y lik ly d pu i s d w fr m his w to a te Th e re e e t o n s lu M acrinus and D iadum enianus as they passed . v rs Of his c i is

e a ro ate for an n It e e en t M acrinus in n o t ate a v ry pp pri such occa sio . r pr s s u if rm wi h p r a d 59 n a n n the e e o . . . spe r . B ehin d him stan ds th e city goddess crow i g mp r r Cf p e o a t at m a b e a o b l w . There are two coin s of D iadum enianus from Aphrodisi h y

o n te for in th e a e wa to n on th e a e ran oa e on e a ea c u d s m y . This w is s m b ch r d b y d H r cl Salb ke . a i 4 . 19 no . 2 s i bid . . 1 1 7 n 2 an d . Ze t . 3 . o . (Cf , p , , Num , p , 8 8 l . . Ga . a . . 8 nte . 593 . 3 . o . etc . B M , C pp , , p ; Hu r C ll II , p M A CRINUS AND D IAD UM ENIANUS 45

e e to th e te a o e t o at a o a t o n cr dit d Hun ri n C ll c i n Gl sg w, l h ugh o t 3 9 o a is n o te t e a a o e . e e t e lis d in h ir c t l gu Its pr v n nc giv n , but its e are a to o e of t o a o e e e to an d typ s simil r th s An i ch b ve r f rr d , it ea t e a t proba bly co mes from there . It is cl r h n th this large issue of double coms in Marcianopolis was due to th e presence of th e e e o an d t at th e e e of o e o e e to a e mp r rs , h s ri s d ubl c ins s rv m rk th ir

o e on th e t a s th e a e of o ea th e t o pr gr ss rip , in c s c ins b ring inscrip i n

' ’ vecolco o ‘ an d o e D ia du menian u s th e t t e Abr ox o ww p s, th s giving i l p p .

a th e e on o e of th e M oesian o o t a th Ag in , typ s s m c ins sh w h t e visit to M oesia took place after th e settlement of affairs on th e

a e e M a crin u s wa s e e on e o e a a D nub , wh n vid ntly c m r cl iming

o ee o of o o - 4 e e e vict ry . Thr c ins Nic p lis I , ) r pr s nt

M acrinu s t on h is a n th e a a . e e o e in mili ry g rb In s criﬁci g , in th r two o a o n n on ea a t e o h lding gl be a d leani g his sp r . A simil r yp fr m

a a o o 1 7 79 o a a to o e M rci n p lis I , , ) sh ws sm ll Vic ry p is d o e h n in s e e e e v r t e globe a d h o vering o ver M acr u . Th s vid ntly refer to prowess in war and it m ay be said that they have reference to “ ” th e a t a o ta t e on e t o t o e P r hi n Vict ry , but king h m in c n c i n wi h th r , types found on these coin s it is much more likely tha t they ha ve 40 to d o t o h n wi h c ntests with t e D a cia s . 4 1 Two coins from Nicop olis ha ve for a reverse type a trophy

t two o n on a e a n d M a crinus e . e ta wi h pris n rs Nik s nds writi g shi ld ,

ta d o h n n a ea is a o e s n s p inting to t e trophy a d carryi g sp r . This m r

t n e e en e to th e a a e e e t an d th e e to dis i ct r f r c D ci n s ttl m n , with typ s be cited la ter a t on ce remin ds on e of th e column s of Traj an and

a e th e bas e e on th e a a e th e a a o d ei M rcus Aur lius , r li fs st irc s in P l zz

o e a o th e a a a on he a of S e timius e C ns rv t ri , D ci n c ptives t rch p S verus 42 an d h t e coinage of th e emperors wh o fought with th e barbarians .

8 9 i l . 78 h Vo . . . n Gnecc on . 6 1906 109 and a e o Cf Num Chr IV, ( ) p . (s m c i ) , II , p , n 1 o . .

4° ote o e e t at e en t e e o n do o e o ate th e art an cam N , h w v r, h v if h s c i s c mm m r P hi

ai n t e t ea e f M acrinus in o e oe a . p g , h y s ill b r vidence to th e presence o L w r M si Why “ ” oul t e e ro n n a far a a on t e nl e t e sh d h s p vi cials celebrate that victory o w y fr i r, u ss h y were in some way brought in to associa tion with M acrinus?

“ 4 1 th e t o a o on . . . . 1 1 71 1 an 1 22 Th e e to n ote t at I B N G I , , d 8 . di rs h r phy is c mm t e in o o ro a e e or o n ro th e o an wh o yp Nic p lis , p b bly local and n ot a m r b r wi g f m R m s , not a e th e a t ona ﬁ e but see e o . did h v ddi i l gur s , b l w 42 - — - 6 658- 664 724 Of . Se timi us e er o en 229 235 360 374 498 55 p S v us , C h IV, , , , , ;

— - - - a e o en 157 1 7 1 a an o en 1 19 124 184 189 529 538 . M rcus Aur lius, C h III, ; Tr j , C h II , , , 46 M A CRINUS AND DIADUM E NIANUS

o e e e a o of D iad u m en ian us 1 M r d ﬁnit still is c in I , , 1 8 70) from Nicop olis represen ting on th e re verse M acrin us galloping

n on a o e a t e e th e ea a lo g h rs , his m n l ﬂutt ring in wind , his sp r extended

barbarl an h in his right hand . A kneeling benea th t e horse holds

a o and a o o n up his right h nd in submissi n supplic ti n . But m st i

erestin of all are two o o o o 1 1 7 1 2 - 1 t g c ins fr m Nic p lis I , , 3) representing M a crin u s riding in triumph in a chariot drawn by 43 o o e a o e a e o a e e f ur h rs s ; s ldi r m rch s in fr nt with v xillum , b hind is

o o a e o e e e a tr phy with tw c ptiv s at its fo t . This vid ntly r presents a triumphal entry of M a crin u s into M oesia at th e conclusion of his “ ” ar Im h oof— 1 a a w . e 66 o e a a e D ci n Blum r (p . , n t ) s ys th t this typ is a re miniscence of those representing th e entry of Septimiu s S everus o oe a at th e o e of th e a t a War an d at oe not int M si cl s P r hi n , th it d s

e e to a ea en of M acrinu s I I 344 ff th e r f r r l try , , p . ) , but in light of th e evi dence pre sented we conclude that it does represent a real entry of M acrinu s commemorated by a coina ge like tha t 44 e o e o e e a e a e o o e e mpl y d t c l br t lik ccasi n under S v rus .

o a a o o th e o t ea e o e of oe a Fr m M rci n p lis , in s u h st rn c rn r M si

e o ea th e a Sea M acrin us o a a e Inf ri r n r Bl ck , w uld n tur lly r turn h o w c n t a o e t e o . a e . e e a a e a e thr ugh Thr c H r g in , r c his c urs by c ins

o an d a a a one was at th e ea o of D eultum His ﬁrst st p , n tur l , s p rt

o th e o e a o e 1 56 - 1 68 an d a e . just cr ss b rd r in Thr c C h n (IV M , D , 2 5 - 39) lists thirteen coins of M acrinu s from this town an d ﬁfteen of 45 D iadum eni n u s Th e e e e e on one of th e at e o a . r v rs typ l t r sh ws

D i d u n n e a me ia us riding a t a gallop an d hurling a j avelin . Evid ntly One of this was a piece struck in his honor a t the time of his visit . o e th e coins of M a crin us like wise shows him riding a galloping h rs . Th e only other Thracian cities from which we have coins of this

43 in ote t at On one of th e coin s Victory stan ds in th e chariot behin d M acr us . N h almost all the coin s bearing types referring to th e victory come from Nicopolis and not r a i e e o o ﬁr t as h e a e f om Marcianopolis . M cr nus would have r ach d Nic p lis s c m o th e a an and so t to n o a e een th e ﬁr t to o e o ate th e fr m D ci s , his w w uld h v b s c mm m r to in its vic ry coinage . 44 E a te a t an . kh el l e c 7 . 53 fo a a n of a Vo . r o Cf , , p simil r c i M rcus Aur lius f r his P r hi a a n c mp ig . 45 Note th e slight preponderance of coins of Diadum enianus over those of Macri

' “ ” nus o e t ate t . M r over three of these coins of M acrinus give him th e ti le P r Aug(us i) ? t a n e a atten t n i n t t e is o n no e e hus c lli g sp ci l io to Diadum en anus ra k . This i l f u d wh r

- 0 e e e t e n in . a o . e o o n r t n 166 8 . o o n o . o en ls , i h r c i s i scrip i s (cf C h IV M , Cf ls p 6 b l w , note M ACRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS 4 7 period a re Ha dria n op olis with on e coin of Diadum enian u s (Leake G an d a t two o n f . . . . o Di N . H E , p Byz n ium with c i s adum enianus

h Th e a . . a e . oa o t o D (B M T r c , p m in r d s u h fr m eultum runs ’ inland to Ha drian op olis a nd would have been M acrin us na tural

e e th e oa o o a direct o e o h route . Th nc r d f ll ws c urs t t e southea st to

a t Byz n ium . There is also an inscription from Thrace that is of interest in

n n o It a e a o to M a crin u s set h this co e cti n . is d dic ti n up by t e second “ ” o o t of L u cen sian s e o a n umini e c h r d v t ius III , We ﬁn d from another inscription that this same cohort was sta tion ed 0 A D o 1 5 . . . oe a e 3 . h in M si Inf ri r in Suppl III , , p T e “ 46 corpus states that this stone was found a t M u sibeg a Dubn ica ” ion o D i d um ni n n se ten tr em e . a e a us ot a e p v rsus Alth ugh is n m d , it 47 “ is n oteworthy tha t th e lega tus of this legion is called legato

o th o n o f thus referring indire ctly t e y ung pri ce . M st o ’ M acrinu s a e h as ee e a e th e en a o n ot n m b n r s d , but id tiﬁc ti n is

t o e e are two ot e o e e a set ques i ned . Th r h r m num nts xt nt up by b odie s of soldiers in hon or of D iadu m enianu s ; on e is in Egypt an d

h n h n M n ot e i t a . t o o e to acri u s t e h r Os i This is e nly (cf . p . Evi dently th e emperor h ad h ad some dealin gs with this cohort on his way through Thrace .

o a t th e a t o e to o e a on e of th e few Fr m Byz n ium p r y cr ss d Nic m di ,

o o h t d o e o a e citie s h n red with t e ti le ve m pos (p . Th y pr b bly n xt

e Heracleia t a on th e oa of th e a S ea or a t visit d in Bi hyni c st Bl ck , lea st received a deputation fro m tha t town for here a gain we ﬁnd a h ’ ' o i n n u a . . c in giving D adu m e ia s t e title of AIJTOKpoLTwp (Le ke N . H A 44 Th o o l o ae a ea . . e e a G . Suppl r ut s uth y thr ugh C s r (p ) in

a a o a e e an oa o e e an d e e we o C pp d ci wh r m y r ds c nv rg , h r ﬁnd f ur

o o n n m n n s o a e a d uble c ins of M acri us a d D iad u e i a u . It is pr b bl th t “8 40 e o t A a n o a o e . th y t uched a egeae ag in o their h mew rd j urn y (p , note Th e large number of coins found throughout Asia Minor tallies

o e a of all o a o o ou t well with this the ry . Ov r h lf pr vinci l c ins f und

45 Th e o e n D ubnitza o t o a in a a . m d r , s u h Of S phi Bulg ri 47 3708 . This legatus was still in ofﬁce in th e time of Elagabalus . Cf . C . I . G . 48 It is worth noting that this route through Asia Minor that we have traced for th e return journey is in general th e one that M acrinus took later when h e was ﬂeeing

o a a a i e e Ae eae of a is e e m en . o are D o 78 39 fr m El g b lus C mp , wh r g Cilici xpr ssly tioned as th e tart n o nt an d th e ene a ro te a e out . s i g p i , g r l u is m rk d 48 M ACRINU S AND DIAD UM ENIANU S

f oe a n e o o e o t e o an d in o side o M si I f ri r c m fr m his s cti n , m st cases

n h 49 from town s a t o grea t distance from t e routes outlin ed .

a e a en we a e a e e to o e To summ riz this rgum t , h v tt mpt d pr v this trip of M acrin us an d D iadu meni an u s by showing tha t all coins

n th e t e ved mo os a t a all o n a son b eari g ti l p , pr c ic lly c i s c lling his 5 0 Abr ox dr w all o e o of M a crinu s an d D iadum enian u s all p p, d ubl c ins , coins (excep t from Edessa) bearing honorary epithe ts derived from 5 1 a e an d all o n o a e e e o e e on his n m , c i s fr m Thr c w r c in d in citi s lying this itin erary ; that th e large coinage of M oesia Inferior and th e types re presenting a victory o ver th e b arb arians show his presence there after his visit to th e D a cian D anube ; an d that this visit is made more prob able by th e ele ven mile- ston es sho win g th e repair of th e frontier r oad in Pa nnonia Inferior an d by th e monument set

h Lu n i n D io e e to th e a a up in Thra ce by t e ce s a cohort . r f rs D ci n

o e an d ea of a e e a a o e on tr ubl sp ks his qu rr l with P rg mum , n th r city

o e o we a ve n o o . his r ut , fr m which h c ins

4 9 Th e o t tan t to n are no e and ra e on th e oa t of th e m s dis w s Si p , Amisus T p zus c s

ea e are a o o n r a o and e on th e e ean . . Black S . Ther ls c i s f om S m s Eph sus A g Cf

- i i n 1 n 70 an 1 n n 7 . 3 8 a d 89 90 Kle nas at . M z . . 6 os . d . . M o on a . 7 ii B . M . I i , pp ; , p , ; I B

1 and a o . For n e 2 a . f 86 e e . . . G . . 5 or e o Grec . . q , p ; L k N H A , Suppl , p Eph sus S m s Si p 4 1 P h 1 a 1 144 For and ra e 10 . . see o en IV D . . a . . C h ( ) , ; B M p , p W dd I , , Amisus T p zus 1 126-7 n d 24— n 5 . see a . os . a W dd I , , 5 0 — to t h e a e e te d es Oesterr . a e t n e . e er B . M . P l s i , pp LXV LXVI r f s Kubi sc k J hr s h f

ff a i l 1 f r a o n th e ea 19 t era 50 . n d B e b e . 9 o n t t te . I s i u s VI pp , p c i Of y r ci y 2 n a in n ia enianus o n n an but oe not 1 A . D . r re en t M cr us a d D dum ( 8 ) ep s i g j i i g h ds , d s

i n state that t is a double coi .

5 1 e e i s one e e t on to t a o n ro oe e n ea Sestus on th e ra an Th r xc p i his , c i f m C l r Th ci e one e o en M o e e is so o e to th e o te a e out Ch rs s (C h IV This , h w v r, cl s r u m pp d

i e n e e an e e t on that t can hardly b co sid r d xc p i . CHAPTER VI

M A CRINU S A s EMP EROR

AS a e th e e o a e M acrin us e th e st t d in pr vi us ch pt r , sp nt winter in

o e o a 2 a at h e a e a ea a e n ot Anti ch . H r di n (V, ) s ys th m d gr t mist k in

a at o e an d a e to Ro e e e h e dismissing his rmy nc h st ning m , wh r t

eo e e e ea e to e e e D io 78 1 8 D io e p pl w r g r r c iv him ( , , t lls us 78 2 0 1 2 3 t a at th e e e a o of th e a of D iadu ( , , , , ) h t c l br ti n birthd y m enian us on e e e 14 th e o a e at Ro e oo a t a S pt mb r , p pul c m t k p r in demonstra tion proclaimin g that they alone of all nations in th e

o e e o e an d a e out e a to w rld w r with ut rul rs , th t str tching th ir h nds ’ e o e e to b e e e a t hea ven th y impl r d Jupit r th ir king . H rodi n s cri icism “ e e for a e a a o and to a a se ms justiﬁ d , if ft r his P rthi n vict ry trip D ci ,

M acrin u s h a d e th e a an d o e o n o Ro e h e o dismiss d rmy g n t m , w uld

a e on e awa a h ot bed of e e o an d o a e h ad th e h v d y with r b lli n , w uld h v opportunity of really e stablishing his a uthority throughout th e

His a e to d o so was due to a ea e of a a e empire . f ilur w kn ss ch r ct r n an d inability to a c t with quickne ss a d ﬁrmness at critical times . This is seen also in his unwise leniency to Julia an d th e house of

a a a a an d th e o e o a o an d a e to act C r c ll , in wh l st ry Of his cti ns , f ilur s , ’ h a on from t e time Elag balus c spira cy wa s formed until his death . M acrin u s was a well- mean in g m an an d a m an able to ﬁll secondary

o e b u t h wa s n o f o e t o e a e . p siti ns with cr dit , imp ri l timb r 1 Authorities a gree that th e n ew emperor spent th e winter in

n d ff h n f luxury a e eminacy to t e neglect of a dmi istrative a fairs . His

e wa s e a o a e and e o a a o e e e te e dr ss l b r t , his p rs n l d rnments w r b t r ﬁtt d to a barbarian court than to th e provi n cial headquarters of a Roman H e a of a e e o . e a o e mp r r imit t d M rcus Aurelius in sl wn ss g it , in

ea n a e a n a n e an d a low o an d e e th e sp ki g in h sit ti g m n r in t ne , v n in ? meth od of trimming his beard This course of a ction was espe cially ill- advised on th e part of on e whose title to rule was ques

1 Di 78 15 3 er 2 a o H . 8 4 Cf . , , ; V, ; M cr . , .

8 t in o des a n 266- a ea te on a e 9 . t e o 7 Cf cu s Duruy, His ir R m i s , pp . lr dy ci d p g ,

note 17. 50 M A CRINUS AND D IA DUM ENIANUS

ti on able to sa th e e a an d o e e e e o h ad , y l st , wh s pr d c ss r b een ido lized

th e o e on a o of th e o o te o e of H e er . by s ldi rs cc unt pp si m d lif ( IV , 7 a n d 2 a d e o e o e wh o e , V , Furth rm r , th s criticiz d him an d wh o s eemed displeased a t his low birth an d sudden rise to p ower were

n As D i o 78 1 5 4 o n o u a e . t o e n pu ish d ( , , ) p i ts , m d st a d unassuming man n er would ha ve b een b etter p olicy for a n e w e mperor of low

birth .

Th e was e e a a M a crin s army r stl ss nyw y . u wa s n ot th e ﬁrst n or th e la st general to ﬁn d to his co st tha t th e worst thin g for

a n e a an d en e Th e o milit ry discipli is in ctivity idl ss . s ldiers were disapp ointed tha t they were n ot allowed to return to their ho me s 3 n ow t a ea e was a e an d th e war o e o h t p c m d v r . Why sh uld they b e

. k ept in their tents a t An tio ch ? Why Sho uld they en dure th e hard ships oi camp life while an upstart emp eror re velled in luxury?

An d e e o was an d e e e t e a a e an d this mp r r strict s v r wi h th m , s v g cruel

hi s e of h o Th t e e . e o a a 1 2 in punishm nt s ldi rs Hist ri August (Ma cr . )

e o e a o e a e to e n e o t of e d v t s wh l ch pt r his cru l pu ishm nts , m s th m

n e we a n o n i ﬂicted up on soldiers . Whil m y t give crede ce to th e

e ou t a e en u m ea rted we a re a e a a e e sp ciﬁc r g s , s f in ssuming th t th r 4 s f f r h wa some ba sis o fa ct o t e stories . B u t th e thing tha t caused th e greatest dissatisfa ction in th e army ’ n n Th e o was M acrin u s efforts a t ﬁ a cial reform . s ldiers were deprived of e e an d e a e t e a a a a an d th e privil g s immuniti s gr nt d h m by C r c ll ,

ta f wa s e o th e a e o o e 5 s nda rd o p ay r duced t sc l f ll w d under S everus . M a crin u s wa s shrewd enough to pro vide tha t th e pay of those a ea in th e e e o n ot b e e e a th e n ew starid lr dy s rvic sh uld r duc d , but th t

n th e a e o e e s a ards should apply to ew recruits . As l tt r w uld nt r in m ll

e a e a n d o all b e n ew to th e e e h e o e e d t chm nts w uld s rvic , h p d th y

o a e n o o e an d h e n o t th e old o e o w uld m k tr ubl , did think s ldi rs w uld

n o o e o a b e interested in a ma tter tha t did t c ncern th m pers n lly .

' i di n n a s th e of e e e o e e S r a sco te t ea . But bulk th m w r t g th r in y , spr d Th e old soldiers b elieved tha t an exception was made in their favor n ow o a e e a e e e e e e fr m milit ry n c ssity , but th t wh n th y w r disp rs d

3 D i 78 2 e 2 ad ﬁn . o 9 H r . , , ; V, 4 Lé crivain 188 re e to t a te as a t e of a t e and onn , p . f rs his ch p r issu bsurdi i s , H ” l 1 - 16 t n it be l e e . 5 o ue e ters z i el . und . nun d en t . des . H S v uch . u v Q Al x , pp hi ks sh uld e er te e o e of t e e r f red to an alogous a ccoun ts in other biographies . Q ui lik ly s m h s

to e ere du e to a a a D io 79 s ri s w El g b lus (cf . , 5 D io 8 9 2 2 29 7 an d 12 7 and a te 8 and . , , , ch p rs

52 M A CRINUS AND D IAD UM ENIANU S

9 o on th e a of e a e was set o D f und in Egypt isl nd El ph ntin , up t iad u m eni an u s th e t a o o e B asilianu s by hird Cilici n c h rt und r Julius , Prefect of a was e i e th e a e of a a o Egypt , in wh t v d ntly ch p l c nt nment Of 1 0 oo B asilianu s a Ro ma n tr ps in Egypt . was ppointed Pretorian

e e M acrinu s a t th e e a of e Dio 78 Pr f ct by v ry l st his r ign ( , an d this in scription will be discussed in the next chapter in connec

a a o tion with th t m tter . It is w rth while to notice tha t this cohort wa s o a a o e o M acrinus a n fr m Cilici , pr vinc thr ugh which p ssed a d n f r o ea of o t ot a e e . . fr m his s t g v rnm n (Cf p . A third military dedica tion of a similar na ture an d in a like situa tion was discovered at Ostia in wha t were e vidently th e bar 1 1 a for a e a e th e a a o e a t a a r cks d t chm nt Of gu rds st ti n d th t pl ce . It was carved on th e marble b ase of a statue an d dedicated to

n n u s Th t D iad u m e ia . e a e was e e e e e 2 1 7 A D st u vid ntly r ct d in . .

e o e M acrin us e e e o th e o of 2 1 8 for e b f r nt r d up n c nsulship , his titl s “ lli M cri n F li i A e i e c s u . o ea . O e e a . e r d M [ p ] S v ri [ ] Pii g Trib P t st . ” H h h C os e a a ae o o . e as e t e . D sign II P ( tris) P ( tri ) Pr c s h ld tri b unician o e o e h as th e o on a e and IS o s p w r but nc , but Pr c sul t c n ul

for h e o e e to th e o a o e e elect t e s c nd time . This r f rs c nsul r p w rs giv n to a a a a h e e n o t e to a o e e him by C r c ll , which hims lf did lik ckn wl dg “ ” D i o 78 1 3 Th e e o D esi n a tu s o o e e ( , , titl C nsul g II ccurs n wh r 1 2 else an d was prob ably used without referring to him and in ign or

f th Th e e o o ance o his feelings in e matter . titl C nsul II is f und 1 3 e e on Ro a o e e o o a . fr qu ntly m n c ins , but n v r fr m pr vinci l mints On 14 ea o on a e - o e o a a o o inscriptions it app rs nly mil st n fr m Afric , h r ” o o a 7800 an d a a on l gium in L wer Germ ny XIII , ) in scr wl

R o a a a Ro e was th e a oman a mph r XV, N tur lly , m pla ce where th e be stowal of th e consula r ornaments by C ara calla

9 ’ ’ ’ h edenat an i e d Ele h antine o te en d L Acad . Cf . H . T , D s l l p , C mp s R dus

In ri 1 73 5 . . sc . 90 p , , p

1 5 — A bas relief on the walls represents M acrinus with D iadum enianus behin d him .

11 12 F r a e t on of t e a at on see Lanciani E i . 09 o Eph . p g VII , . full d scrip i his xc v i , t 74 1 o e e a 1888 . . N izi d gli Sc vi, , p

18 n a t a a in r a . . . Consul D esignatus appears once o riumph l rch Af ic , C I L VIII , 4598 . . 63 . Cf p .

18 - - 141 o on e ta n o n o n in n an . o en IV M 89 107 137 . C h ( ) , , Als c r i c i s f u d E gl d 2 See . 8 2 note 4 . p ,

4 1 2 2 n tone was ﬁ t e te the ea n . . . 199 but e t C I L VIII, , wh his s rs di d r di g

was COS et . M ACRINUS AND DIADUM ENIANUS 53

be e e e e e an d a e e of n would b st r m mb r d , his l t r dislik them might ot

a e ee o e e a e th e o n a e was e n e wa h v b n kn wn th r until ft r c i g w ll u d r y. Th e tribun ician power was assume d imm ediately up on his a ccession

n d a e on e e a e a on e e e 10 a . . 3 s c d tim r gul rly , p rh ps D c mb r (cf p 6, note It is evident that h e received th e se cond tribunician power

e o e th e o a te a tte of o e o e n h e b f r c nsul , which l r , c urs , w uld b gi with t “ ” “

a ea for C os . a ea o on o n n calend r y r II pp rs nly c i s i scribed Trib . ” t th e a t e n o are a Pot . o e e II , but s m wi h l t r i scripti n m rk d simply “ ”1 5 o a o n a a are th e o on e a h C os . R m n c i s g in nly s th t mark t e secon d tribunician power an d th e only in scriptions are on mile 15 o o n ot t a o n a t st nes from N ricum . It is surprising h t pr vi ci l min s 1 7 n Ro were ot accurate in regard to these distinctively man title s . On th e rear wall of th e Excubitorium Of th e seventh cohort of the a in a e e e a o t o e o o or of gu rds Tr st v r , l ng wi h th r inscripti ns in h n o e e a e o a e of a o t th e a e e o t e e o th r imp ri l p rs n g s b u s m p ri d , h r is f und “ ” 18 n f o a o M acrin a e e e a o o ee . in l rg l tt rs inscripti n thr w rds , S lv Imp

i of h o n o s o e t e e o of e a e . This , c urs , rud w rk s m i dividu l s ldi r A

o o e o ea Ro e o e th e a a e t mbst n f und n r m utsid Pinci n g t VI , 1 9 3 588) marked th e gra ve of a soldier wh o h ad served in Noricum ? O in th e M acri ni an century of a cohort Of Asturian s This b ody of ? troops from northern Spain wa s prob ably organ ized during M a crin us

e o o o an d a a Tarra con ensis reign . Oth r inscripti ns fr m N ricum Hisp ni have to do with M acrin us an d will b e treated later i n this chapter

n d (pp . 60 a

Two a e o Faesulae 1 543 1 544 a st tu s f und in XI , , ) in mutila ted condition were set up to Osiris an d Isis respectively by “ ” a e a cabillarius n u s o o of c rt in C . S M aximus Vetera in h n r his

n The brother Marcus wh o is design ated as a veteran of M acri us .

e en an d a o 3 2 52 6 e a to M acrin u s s v th l st inscripti n VI , ) r l ting

15 - — 3 t 1 a o e . o en IV M 46 52 and 82 88 e er a ml n 1940 . See a o no e C h ( ) , ; W b S m u g ls b v 16 . . . 5708 2 57 8 5 736 1 1833 . C I L III , , , ,

1 7 2 7 n e 18 . ot . Cf p . , 1 8 2 2 . . . 30 5 . . 5 . C I L VI, Cf p .

1 9 - 67 1 n ta n A la i . 668 o t C ud um uv avum th e o ern a . . . . J , m d S lzburg C I L III , pp c i s th e n r t on n 5539 re e to a o o t ro t a e One of t e o . i sc ip i s f m his pl c . h m ( ) f rs c h r Of As t urians .

7 ° Gallaecia a nd Asturia were deﬁn itely constituted as a separate province un der “ a a al a in 2 16 A D ee ullian D e La e o e o n a e ttr e a D iocle C r c l . . S J R f rm Pr vi ci l A ibu ” t en e e r 33 to e . 5 . i , R vu His iqu XIX p M A CRINU S A ND DIAD UM ENIANUS

h o e oe n ot en on a t all a e ee an d t e s ldi rs d s m ti him , but it must h v b n erected in his time b eca use it con sists of a list of soldiers dismisse d

e ea of e e o e e e a 1 97- 8 after tw nty y rs s rvic wh s t rms b g n in . ’ We n ow turn from military ma tters to M acrin us a dministration

f e e a s in th e a h e e o n of civil a fairs . H r rmy tri d t rule with a iron

n we are to e e e th e o a a a a . He h d , if b li v Hist ri August (M cr is

’ a o a e a te t in a a n ef o to e own an e de s id t h v c d hus v i f rt hid his t ce nts .

o o e o e a 1 2 a re o of th e e e of M st h rribl st ri s (M cr . ) t ld s v rity his

n t He a to a e een e e a e to a punishme s . is s id h v b sp ci lly cru l sl ves “ ” 1 3 so a o M c llin u a . 3 e a e e e t as a e s (M cr , th t his s rv nts r f rr d him “ a of M a crin u s e o w s a inste d b cause his h use a a veritable m cellum .

. d n 2 a . o t o e I e e e o a e t a . H r di n (V, init ) c nﬁrms his cru l y sl v s r sp ct

h o o m h to t e ther st ries we ay take t e V ie w alrea dy expressed (p . 50 an d no te) in regard to th e a ccoun t in th e sa me chapter of his treat

e of th e o e a e : t a th e e o a e a re exa m nt s ldi rs , n m ly h t sp ciﬁc utr g s g

e a e or e a e e t a e e was o e a of a g r t d p rh ps inv nt d , but h t th r s m b sis f ct h 2 1 bene ath t e charge s .

eat en of n o e M a crin u s was In his tr m t I f rm rs , strict but just

Dio 78 2 1 1 He e e e an d a e e a e of o e ( , , suppr ss d th m , m d x mpl s s m of th e o o e a e e ea of tt e to w rst n s , but b nish d th m inst d pu ing th m death lest h e himself b e a ccused of doing th e very thin g for which h e as n T o a o t e o e h e n ot e w pu ishing them . v id fur h r tr ubl did s nd ’ any seize d correspondence to th e S ena te after C aracalla s dea th

a e e or a e t a t n o e e of o e h ad st ting , wh th r truly f ls ly , h l tt rs inf rm rs

n H P i cilli n u s D io 78 2 1 3 4 ee o . e a o a s e r s a b f und ls b ni h d Lucius ( , , , )

h n f Flaccu s h ow e t e e a te t e on a o o a e . cit d by S n i s lf cc u t his bus s , “ ” e e D io 78 2 2 e e e th e of e of ae e alim en toru m v r ( , , r c iv d ﬁc pr f ctus

n o 2 4 f n o on his e e e o th e . 55 e as a e a or (p , t ) r w rd i f rming pr d c ss r in off e He a o e D io 78 1 2 1 an d 2 t o e o e for ic . p rd n d ( , , ) h s impris n d

He o a e t e n treas on an d dismissed those awaiting trial . f rb d h killi g 22 ' of e an o th e e a e a e for as a Sen ator h e was Aur li us , wh m S n t h t d ,

n o D i o o an 2 t of e a ar o . e a e . o e i vi l t M s th se d t ils e fr m H r di (V , ) makes th e gen eral statement tha t b oth Rome itself an d th e Roman

‘ e e e ee of b ad m en e an d e e an d n citi s w r fr d by punishm nt xil , duri g

7 1 Th e charges of cruelty brought against D iadum enianu s in chapters eight and n ne of e in i e e t on i his lif th e Historia Augusta are probably con cocted to excuse h s x cu i . Lé ri i . a 26 c v n . 6 . Cf , p

22 Th e te t ere t ate o e e and th e tate en t can not b e a e o t. x h is mu il d , h w v r, full s m m d u M ACRINU S AND D IAD UM E NIANUS 55

’ th e year of M acrin u s reign m en lived in freedom or a semblan ce

f e o Th e let e M a crin u s to th e en ate o n o fre d m . t r Of S f u d in Herodian

1 a e a o e of en t o to e on V, , m k s f ir pr mis s his int i n rul c stitution ally

n d t all e e t for th e e a e an d e e h a wi h r sp c S n t , v ry lik ly t e a ctual le tter Th e e o e n te t o . e o a did xpr ss s m such i n i ns Hist ri Augusta (M a cr .

1 2 a e its e ea a of his e t e o te t e t a n , ft r r h rs l cru l i s , c n nts i s lf wi h s yi g

e ato e n on rob aren t a e adfecit rob aren t e ato D l r s , Si p , c pit , Si p , d l ” n n di isi o e n h pecu iae p raemio i fame s m t . C nsid ri g t e prejudice a a t M acrin u s on th e a t of t te th e a o e ta te en g ins p r his wri r , b v s m t m a b e oo e o as o o o at o of D io an d o y l k d up n c rr b r i n Her dian . ’ M a crin u s severity towards th e infamous spies a n d his lenien ce to political prison ers an d person al en e mie s (n otably his tre atmen t of

a o ete a o to e t an d Juli ) sh w his ﬁrm d rmin ti n rul stric ly , justly

o n th e en a e wa s o e n e en e t n d s a . e a wa f irly H rz g thi ks S t m r i d p d n ,

' ? 3 once more called together by trib u nes of th e people

Th o o e n d He e e mper r als att mpted legal a judicial reforms . was himself verse d in th e law and h e de termined to destroy all th e e of th e e e o n n a a e a th e e o of r scripts mp r rs , thi ki g it sh m th t d cisi ns such rulers a s C ommodus an d C ara calla should stand a s law when

n n n 1 He a e e o as a a e o e a e e a . 3 such mp r r Tr j l ft n wh t v r (M cr , “ ” h h D io restricted t e powers of t e iuridici to their former limits . (

78 2 2 1 e ee to a e ee a n e a e o e , , ) Th y s m h v b n cti g with nl rg d p w rs ? 4 since th e time of M arcus Aurelius

e a e e of t x o too his a n et t o a e W h ve vid nce a ref rms . In xi y r is money C ara calla h ad increase d th e taxes on in heritances a n d manu

85 i h en taat er a n e . er o e te und te der Rom sc Cf H z g G schich Sys m S sv f ssu g (L ipsic ,

2 48 1 and n t Th e a n D io 78 3 7 5 bu t n ote t at t . o e e e o , p . vi w is b s d , , , h his is mentioned a s an exception to th e gen eral rule and a s a m atter of ill omen .

24 Th e a a e in D io ti ate but h as to do t th e ra n tr t on . p ss g is mu l d , wi h g i dis ibu i

Hirschfield D ie a er en er a t n s ea ten auf o c et an Ber n , K is lich V w l u g b m bis Di l i ( li , “ ” 2 1 - 22 i a ro th e iuridici th e on t o . 9 0 an d note t n t at M acr nu s too a pp s , hi ks h k w y f m c r l of th e ra n h ad ro a een ran te t e n er ar re an d a e g i , which p b bly b g d h m u d M cus Au lius , g v “ ” it to th e cu ratores viarum an d t at th e a n on tro h ad een n e th e ana e , h gr i c l b u d r m g “ ” men t of a con sular praefectus alim entorum during this period bu t wa s n ow turned k 2 1080 Rem . t n t tr r m en taa t e t . o e a ai n o t offi e . o v r g dis ic c s M ms (S sr ch , II , , p hi s ’ “ Hirschfield s proof of th e existence of a n ation al praefectus alim entorum from th e 7783 t n ffi ent . ; o e er . . . ime of Marcus Aurelius to M acrin u s is i su ci Cf h w v C I L V, , He o n t out t at te Hirschfield i S o an ffi e n e e e . ci d by , wh ch h ws such O c r u d r S v rus p i s h ’ 13 2 ea of M acrinu s en ero t in th e t t t e n te a r . ot ea of erea r . his i l is h rd h f M c , sp ks g si y “ ” 5 f r a o n t th e n t on nnona t . t t on o n . . 9 o dis ribu i f grai . Cf p c i wi h i scrip i A Augus i 5 6 M A CRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANU S

o o one - t e et to on e - e D io 7 7 9 th e missi ns fr m w nti h t nth ( , , In case of inheritance s h e h ad als o suppressed th e immun ity gran ted

e at e e e e o e e to e h to near r l iv s by his pr d c ss rs , r s rving hims lf t e right

o t e e a o an d n o e e t Th f e . o acc rding h s f v rs , u d ubt dly s lling h m e tax on man umissions was intended to discourage th e freein g of slaves as

s to ro e a o of e M acrin u s o of well a p vid s urce r venue . put b th ? 5 these taxes b ack at the old ra tes NO more i s heard of th e tax

n o a o on manumissio s . Pr b bly b th imp osts were withdrawn by ? 5 o e an b e ee e a e M a crin u s e ea o e Di cl ti It will s n , th n , th t whil nd v r d to put th e State on a sound ﬁnancial basis by lowering th e p ay of h o h o h t e s ldiers e als lowered taxes tha t e considered exorbitant . He discouraged needless waste of gold an d silver in statues of

e e ee a e e o b e o e a e in o a e hims lf, d cr ing th t th r sh uld n n m d g ld l rg r

n than three pounds or Of more than ﬁ ve pounds weight in silver .

D io 78 12 7 o e t o ma be e on e e a ( , , ) In this c nn c i n y m nti d his r fus l to a o o o o of a e on for h e a t a th e ll w public sh ws in h n r his cc ssi , s id h t day was already marked by th e birthday celebration of S everus .

D io 78 1 7 1 a e o e e th e e on o a e m a ( , , ) In this c s , h w v r , c mic sp ct y n ot have h ad so much to d o with his a ction as th e desire to lin k

h a e e e e himself with t e fa mily of S e verus (p . G m s w r h ld in honor of th e birthday of D iadum enian u s on th e fou rteenth of

e e e D io 78 20 S pt mb r ( , , ’ D io gives considerable sp ace to M acrin u s Ofﬁci al app oin tments and e a n ot for D io e was is quit critic l . This is surprising h ims lf on e of his a o ee an d e h e h ad a n o a o h e pp int s whil ﬁrst h nd i f rm ti n ,

o h of fﬁ a a ou He was a e a o of is open t t e charge O ci l j e l sy . m d cur t r 2 7 a a n d e a b y M acri n us an d was o a Smyrn P rg mum , still h lding th t ’ o o a t th e e n of a a a e p siti n b ginni g El g b lus r ign . ’ His main criticisms of M a crinu s app ointments are tha t h e made them rewards for p ersonal services rendered to himself ra ther than

25 i 1 a n D o 78 2 2 . . , , Cf ,

85 On t w o e su b lect o a e o n at t e to e sur les ot In his h l c mp r c g , E ud His riqu Imp s e t e le n 1 5 189- 1 0 o Hirschﬁeld Verwalt a 5 9 . s o ar . dir c s ch z R m i s (P is , pp , Als ,

n e m e - u a 7 8 n 1 an a n e e . sb t n . 9 a d 06 d t t o t g , pp , ci i s h r 27 i 8 24 D o 7 38 2 7 4 7 18 3 ee a e 4 1 a o e note . o . t 9 7 9 . S , , ; , , ; , , p g b v , Als cf Wir h ’ e t one S eve rian 5 t on on t at Dio not ae e . 7 . Q u s i s , (L ipsic p Wir h s c clusi h did

ea e o e for o n e n t a te h e n of a a a a e as it is l v R m his pr vi c u il f r t uprisi g El g b lus , b s d i e e in e e on a e n th e e t ﬁe . t t m r ly v rb ﬁrst p rson plural is not jus i d . (Cf Bu l r S udi s e of e o a a 49 Lif H li g b lus, pp . M A CRINUS AND D IAD UM ENIA NUS 5 7

e a of e an d a h e a o e to of e m n o l r w rds m rit, th t pp int d high ﬁc e f ow ? 8 rank as a means Of obscuring his own low origin His very ﬁrst

o e as a t of o ea e O clatinius Ad n app intm nt w th his c ll gu , ve tu s to be

f h h as a ea ee o e ou - e e o t e . t 2 2 2 an d pr f ct city As lr dy b n p int d (pp . 3

wa s o e e e to et of a an e o o e a . H n t ) , this d n m r ly g rid d g r us riv l e was

e n o e en n o e a o an old m an an d o utt rly i c mp t t , with duc ti n , , alm st

He o not a e a ee an d so a e e blind . c uld m k public sp ch bs nt d himself from th e S enate on th e d ay for th e ele ction of magistrates on th e

h D io 78 1 4 1 an d 2 M in o at was . acr gr und th e ill ( , , ) us soon 2 9 e o e an d a a his a e t w s r m v d him put M rius M ximus in pl c , but his a a t to for a h ad n ot et e d th e o dding insul injury , M ximus y h l c nsul

an d was a e e of th e e o e h e was a e a o D i o ship m d rul r city b f r S n t r . ( 78 14 3 , , )

‘ The e o was a o t e D io 78 1 5 1 for a o t as Emp r r ls cri iciz d ( , , ) pp in ing

ae o a e e a e e an d Adven tus Ul i u s pr t ri n pr f cts , in pl c Of hims lf , p

a an d a e to men a o to D io o Juli nus Juli nus N s r, ( cc rding ) with ut ’ virtue or experience an d notorious for their a ctions in Cara calla s

e He a e o e m en to the o an d at o e en e r ign . r is d s m c nsulship nc s t th m “ ” ou t s o n o D io 8 3 1 o a e . 7 1 e a o g v r rs ( , , ) A c rt in D mitius Fl rus

D io 78 2 2 o e e of th e e a e an d a a a e for ( , , f rm rly cl rk S n t c ndid t

h h d t Pl u i n s s a ae e w o a a e a t a u wa e e . e dil , f ll n wi h , m d tribun V ry

e h e was a e on a e of th e new e ero wh o e h ad lik ly p rs l fri nd mp r , hims lf

ee a o o of Pl u i nus 1 6 He e a e Sabinus an d b n f ll wer a t a . (p . ) r c ll d

‘ C astinu s Di o 78 1 3 2 o a o a and a a on th e e e ( , , ) fr m P nn ni D ci , pr t xt

a h e e e to o e ea t e a e h e e te th t d sir d c nsult th m , but in r li y b c us susp c d AS the m on a ccount of their former friendship for C ara calla .

e o to e h e e D io 78 1 3 2 an d 3 a u a to succ ss rs th m s nt ( , , ) M rc s Agripp

n i nus o a o a P annonia a d then to D a cia an d D ecius Tricc a t P nn ni . Th e former was of servile birth an d h ad suffered b anishment under

e Tricci n us h h e a o a a an d S verus . a ad seen service in t P nn ni n r nks then b eca me doorkeep er for th e govern or an d ruler of the Albanian io 78 a Fau stus Anici us o a a e of e . D c mp . was sent t Asi in pl c Asp r ( ,

2 2 3 an d 4 Th e a h ad e in a o M acrinus , ) l tter b en high f v r with

28 Di 78 1 0 3 1 an 14 4 . 5 o d . . . , , , Cf p

29 Some have thought that thi s is th e same person a s Marius Maximus th e his

193 t e 13 . . . to a i in . bu t . Lé r va n t not a t all e ta n . c ri , , is is c r i Cf , p ; Bu l r, p P I R 30 and 3 1 and 346 n 2 n . . . . o 33 e r t e e t a e zu de . II , p , ; Pl w, K i isch B i r g S H A pp ; a t o t e e u h ri i s cit d in above references . 5 8 M ACRINU S AND D IAD UM E NIANU S

t h e ea b a d e o o e n e h e e un il h rd r p rts c nc r ing him , wh n r calle d him

o eh e o ea o M acrin su mmarily b ef r c uld r ch his pr vince . u s refused to

Auﬁdiu s F o o to a a t o th e o n a send r nt Afric , l h ugh pr vi ci ls a sked for

or to a f e n th e a a to e a a t o e o o him , Asi , O f ri g him s l ry r m in h m . Fr nt

e e a h e e th e of e an d n o t th e o r fus d this , s ying wish d ﬁc m ney .

B asilian u s e e of an d a e e o a e e b e , Pr f ct Egypt , l t r Pr t ri n Pr f ct , will

h Th e o u s h discussed in t e next chapter . c ins give t e names of a

f o a of A liu s Z e o a : e o . e a o numb r pr vinci l fici ls simus , M Aur lius Di d 3 0 3 1 an d Alcim ach u s a a rius o in chus T . Julius in Lydi ; V Ph ebus Mysia ; 32 e e t e e a o a a an d tat o D m rius C l r in Phrygi ; P nti nus , Agripp S ius L ngi 33 n u s o e oe a t o e th e n a e of o e in L w r M si . Inscrip i ns giv us m s th r offi a of o e or e o ta e wh o e of e e M a crin u s ci ls m r l ss Imp r nc h ld fic und r , 34 f o n n o t o e e e o o to . e but n c ssity wi g th ir p siti n him This subj ct ,

o e ve o e th e o e of a e e e so far a s h w r , is utsid sc p this p p r , xc pt in it ’ affects th e question of th e emperor s general p olicy in regard to a o e as e a t th e e of a a a so pp intm nts discuss d b ginning this p r gr ph , ’ n M nu s o n we shall ot a ttempt to make a list Of acri sub rdi ates . L et us con sider th e coin s bearin g on th e civil a dmin istra tion of 85 M in Th e e a e a ae e o o on th e Ro a ac r u s . titl P t r P tri is v ry c mm n m n

o a a e e e th e on tiﬁcal an d a a n d a c ins , lw ys pr c d d by p tribunici n usu lly

h o t a o o ee a a e on by t e c nsular ti le . It is ls f und in Gr k ch r ct rs 56 e e a o o t o an d on one o e o o C oelo s v r l c ins fr m An i ch , fr m H li p lis in 5 7 is o a o n a o a e a . o e e Syri This , h w v r , pr b bly n thi g but f rm l titl

3 5 2 2 19 3 1 64 . . a . 7 B . M Lydi , pp , , 81 4 a . 5 . B . M . Mysi , p 38 16 a . 9 . B . M . Phrygi , p

85 - NO o n of Diadum enianus a e as et een 1 1 679 1 785 etc . I . B . N . G . I , , , c i s h v y b ’ o n t on t an na e bu t t oe not o e h e was th e ﬁ t of th e t ee f u d wi h P i us m , his d s pr v rs hr 1 1 i . . 4 o note to n o . 79 . o ernor . . i b d 57 o t g v s Cf , p , f

’ 84 l an of M acrinu s ofﬁ e e 1233 2262 8 et a ...... 9 E g , C I L III , ; VIII , , M y c rs h ld ’ o arat e few t e of ere re tan e to the over in to Elagabalus reign . C mp iv ly Of h m f d sis c

- Th a n e o e o a a on on . 88 91 n ew r er . . Ha e ul Cf y, Am zi g Emp r r H li g b lus (L d , pp an t 6 - 5 8 . d Bu ler pp .

35 A e e we n e ere o n o n in an a o en IV M 45 etc . S o C h ( ) , , b f r , i clud h c i s f u d Alb i , 18 4 1 65 . on . i 1 no . Ze ts . 4 . n an and t . . . E gl d Egyp Cf Num , p , ; Num Chr III ,

164 i b 35 1 . id . . p . ; IV, p

35 400 a o ea e 391 and 392 an d . 200 no. l 199 nos . . . Ga . a . etc . . B M , C pp , p , p , ; ls L k

. . G . . 18 a N H A . , p .

87 n e 2 5 . t o . . 2 1 no . Hu r. C ll III, p ,

6 0 M AC RINUS AND D IADUM E NIANU S

ea o on e a o an d o e Others r d J vi C s rv t ri , sh w Jupit r with thunderb olt 45 n d e te o et e a o a e M acri nu s z n a sc p r , s m im s cc mp ni d by Jupiter a d 45 M acrin us are also shown together in two coin s b earing th e words “ ” “ ” a th e ofﬁ a Th e a e ot Vota Public with ci l titles . s m V a Publica are expressed in behalf of M acrinus on a number of coins portraying 47 ta e a a - n d S e curitas e a e e a . e e r Fid li s , F licit s , S lus Th s l t r typ s a e often a ccompanied by other inscriptions intended to call a ttention “ ” to th e a o t o of th e a e a s for e a e e a h ppy c ndi i n St t , x mpl , Fid s Public , “ ” “ ” “ ”4 8 elicitas e o a Securitas em oru a m . F T mp rum , S lus Public , T p Th e hope felt on a ccount of th e promised succession of D iadu

m enian u s e e e th e e of e o on o o is xpr ss d in typ Sp s , f und his c ins nly an d n ot on those of M acrin us an d in th e a ccomp anying inscriptions “ ” “ ” e a n d e a o e 1 9 ee o Sp s Sp s Public (C h n IV D , Thr c ins ” from La odicea ad M are in S eleucia are inscrib ed Ro mae Felicitas 4 9 an d represent Ro mulus an d Remus b eing fed by th e wolf 1 we ha ve already referred to th e mile- st one s set up during ’ M acrin us e an d e e a to th e e e e o e o a o a r ign , sp ci lly l v n st n s fr m P nn ni

e o a h o o h n 4 1 n Inf ri r m rking t e r ad al ng t e D anub e fro tier (pp . O ly on e of th e ﬁve from th e continent of Africa is outside of th e provin ce of

th old o f M rin us o o e of a e a a e e o ac . e M ur t ni , h m In Eur p utsid P annonia Infe rior all but two are from th e neighb oring province of Th 5 0 o . e e e o are a e e a e o a a a N ricum xc pti ns m r fr gm nt fr m D lm ti ,

an d on e o arracon ensis fr m Hispania T .

45 2 -4 o en IV M 3 0 . C h ( ) , 45 en M 142 -3 o IV . C h ( ) ,

47 - 1 . o en IV M 144 155 D eB elfort . 1 0 C h ( ) , ; , p 48 e 1 14 -2 - 12 12 1 - 1 1 o n IV M 3 0 1 13 0 3 . C h ( ) , , , , 49 207 2 61 n te o . . e 1 l . I M 75 . a . a . etc . . o n V . G C h ( ) , ; B M , C pp , p ; Hu r C ll III , p , f t o e o no . Th i t e are t ee o 38 . e only other coin s Of M acr nus having this yp hr h s fr m

D eultum a e t t n t e o an t e o n on in two , Thr c (p . Thus his dis i c iv ly R m yp is f u d ly ro n a ea rt Th e to h ad ro a een o t t e e but e ent and p vi ci l s po s . s ry p b bly b h r r c ly “br ugh ’ t ee e e e tr e to o an e t e o n in M acrinus ono . In t s ill s m d fr sh . Th y i d R m iz h ir c i s h r his connection we m ay n ote that th e typ e Roma does n ot appear on coin s Of this reign o f e e o e a o e and on on two or t ee o the o n e . One o t fr m R m , ly hr fr m pr vi c s h s fr m Ed ss e ae a e en t h er eate an d e n on a ea e . . . G . . e e (A g ) , M c d i , (L k N H E , p r pr s s s d b i g 1 is o ne o t n e o e o n a o o a e on a . . . . cr w d by F r u . A d ubl c i , ls fr m M c d i , (I B N G I , ,

o e at i a bu t sh e is e n o n e a a to e in her t an . s m wh sim l r, b i g cr w d by sm ll Vic ry h ld righ h d T a a a he t . e a e o a a a is not o t e en t ﬁe a s o a . hird x mpl , fr m S m ri , p si iv ly id i d R m (B M S m ri , i ea l s f the n . o . man n o o . e e a a n we see a o N p , p XXXII) H r g i R izi g c i s 5 ° to . . . 830 a e . o e o t e en a s i bi . . e e 7 . d C I L III , (cf , p Sc rc ly l gibl S m d ub v

et e it is a m e- t ne wh h r il s o . M A CRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANU S 6 1

th e e- on AS already pointed ou t (p . mil st es from Noricum

re all a e ea th e o e of th e ea 2 1 7 or 2 1 8 an d a d t d n r cl s y r in , represent ’ n o th a o work do n e after M acri u s visit t e D nube . Tw of them b elong to a road leadin g from C eleia n ear th e ea stern b order of th e province 51 n n o th e to of P oetovio O n i s h i to Panno ia Inferior t wn . e t e 56th

e- o e on th e oa o A uan tu m o Raet a mil st n r d fr m g int i III , an d another comes from a nother roa d leadin g from Agu an tu m

o T urni a n d irunu m Th e e a t e a V III , r m ining mile stone from Nori cu m is th e ﬁfteenth on th e ro ad north from Viru n um to th e o of O vilava ea th e a e The t wn n r D nub III ,

o e o a a Tarracon en SIS 4 789 e st n fr m Hisp ni II , ) is chi ﬂy “ ” for o M crin u s th e e o e t a n o oe notable giving t a titl Invict M g . It d s n ot give th e numb er of miles n or th e place from which th e distance 52 ea e an d so can n ot b e e e o a e . is m sur d , d ﬁnit ly l c t d

of th e e- o e o a are t ate or a e a All mil st n s fr m Afric mu il d fr gm nt ry .

e e IS one o th e o e of a o ea T h u rris and Th r fr m pr vinc Afric , f und n r dated in This was a town on th e main roa d between C a rthage

n d e a t o e oe n ot a e e . e e t o e e Th v st It is vid n , h w v r , th t his st n d s

e o to th e a oa to a a oa th e e of b l ng m in r d , but br nch r d built in r ign “ ” M acrinu s for it ea vi a strata n ov am instituerun t an d th e , r ds m m ( ) , number of th e stone (XIV) does n ot correspond to th e distance

Th n h o between urris an d any town of importance o t e main r a d .

t e o e as o e ou th e o th e a e roa was Fur h rm r , is p int d t by c rpus , l tt r d 54 n h built by Hadrian a d ad just been repaire d by C aracalla .

Th e e t of h - n On e was o r s t e mile stones are from M aureta ia . f und ’ a o two e o of a a a oa o o e to M acrinus b ut mil s s uth Tip s , c st t wn cl s

o e ae a ea Two e e e e t on th e h m , C s r VIII , w r furth r w s

oa o o a o m o u 10464 r d fr m P m rium t Nu erum Syr r m VIII , ,

5 1 ll a i n th e . . . 5 736 1 1841 n t e t ot er a No . 736 was o . 5 C I L III , , f u d wi h igh h s m rk g t e o Celeia an d ea n the n a e of e a a an a r an and e er six h mil fr m , b ri g m s N rv , Tr j , H d i S v us ,

o e of t e e n r a e ne o t ean n but s m h m ill gible . This o e has an in te pol t d li Of d ub ful m i g ,

th e na e and t o . . . . m s itles of M acrinus and his son are distinct . P ssibly C I L III, p 1 4 0 9 no . 5 737 a o e on to t t e and a e . , ls b l gs his im pl c 58 i too a t . . . 4790 i s a n to t re n bu t t C I L II , lso thought to belo g his ig , is b dly mu i

ate to be o t e en t fie or to be an a e it o b e ent fie . l d p si iv ly id i d , Of y v lu if c uld id i d 53 . . . 2 1992 2 a o e and note . C I L VIII , cf . p . 5 b v 54 n er a . . . . 2 2 oa was a a n re a e . 865 and 09 Cf C I L VIII , pp . This r d g i p ir d u d M xi 2 mi n t ent ea a ter 10047 22056 etc . te on . 209 a . us w y y rs f w rds . Cf C . I . L . VIII , , , , ci d p , “ where we read viam a Karth agine usque ad finis Numidae provinciae longa incuria ” corru tam at e dila sam p qu p . 6 2 M A CRINU S AND D IAD U M E NIA NU S

a t o one of e e m a e e to e a e e e ea l h ugh th s y r f r Al x nd r S v rus inst d , an d th e l ast one b elongs to a road that led fro m Nu m eru m Syroru m

o th e t a of th e e a to th e oa at a al ng righ b nk riv r Sig c st Sig . 2 2 6 2 8 VIII , )

0 su m e we a e o a e e e of th e e a of T up th n , h v inscripti n l vid nc r p ir

th e on e oa a o th e an e an n o a e o 2 1 fr ti r r d l ng D ub in P ni Inf ri r in 7 , prob ably in preparation for th e visit of M acrin u s ; of work on four roads in th e n eighb oring province of Noricu m after his visit to th e D a nub e ; of work on three roads in his home province of M a ure tania ; of th e buildin g of a n ew bran ch r oa d j oining th e main roa d from C arthage to Theveste n ear Thurris in th e pr ovin ce of Africa ; an d

e a of th e o n or a n of a a p rh ps impr vi g m ki g a roa d in D alm ti . A number of o ther inscriptions of less importan ce b elonging

" to this eriod m a b e e o e e e e on e o D al p y m nti n d bri ﬂy . Th r is fr m 55 a a 1 2 733 e n of th e e n of a a e m ti III , ) t lli g r buildi g m c llum “ e o e ﬁre e th e e t on of a e u e o a o d str y d by , und r dir c i V l rius S p r , pr cur t r ” a r en tariaru e M a crin us o e la e g m und r . An th r (p . muti t d pur

osel e of th e e a of a o o o a o a e oﬂi cial p y, t lls r p ir h r l gium by sub rdin t in

o e e a th e ea 2 8 7800 An a a to L w r G rm ny in y r 1 . XIII , ) lt r

o th e a an e 36 7 h as on on e e th e Jun in V tic mus um VI , ) sid “

o D e di i a 0 . cos . c av t . a . . inscripti n ( ) Pr . Id M rt Imp [M cri ] n [ ] Aug ” et O clatinio e o wa s on a o t or two e o e th e Adv nt . This ly m n h b f r 56 of a a a Th e ea e e e e to a e o uprising El g b lus . l d pip s r f rr d in pr vi us

two a e 2 an d o e m a b e e t o e e e . e e are ch pt r (p . 5 n t ) y m n i n d h r Th r e a e 72 38 o a o th e a e a e x mpl s XV , , pr b bly fr m s m qu duct ,

o on th e e of th e old e o a a on e of e bearin ~ th e f und sit pr t ri n c mp , th m g “ ” o ca stris raetoris e a a o ae o o e T estaccio w rds p . S ver l mph r fr m M nt have th e d a te of th e consulship of M acrin us an d Ad ven tu s scrawled 5 7 on e f ea n th e a e of D iadu . ee a two o e th m Thr p pyri , th m b ri g n m

m enian u s as e a s a of M acrin u s a e ee o . w ll th t , h v b n f und in Egypt

e are tax a o an d a e e an d two of e are a e Th y , l b r gr in r c ipts , th m d t d 5 8 a e th e ea of th e e e o ft r d th mp r r .

55 It n te e t n to not 13 3 t o o e t e e no e t . . a . is i r s i g His Aug M cr , , h ugh Of c urs h r is onne c ction .

55 e e anot e a ta o n in e an set in t e n and o t too Th r is h r l r f u d G rm y up his r ig , fr m his , , na h as e 4 155 . een e a e 1 0 n . . Re 1 1 . 5 o . v . . 9 his m b r s d Cf Arch , ; p , 5 7 . . . 4 108 4109 41 10 4 141 C I L XV, , , , . 5 8 See n e t a te a e 72 -73 x ch p r, p g s . M ACRINU S AND DIAD UM ENIA NUS 63

' ’ B e sides this in dire ct in scription al e vidence regardin g M acrin u s

e n e a o en an d e o a e e e e te i n r ig , c rt in m num ts m m ri ls w r r c d various

a of th e e e on o of e an d of his son We n o p rts mpir in h r hims lf . k w of on e to M acri n u s an d D iad u m en ianu s in a of on e to M n Afric , a cri u s a on e in oeot a an d o to D iad um en ian u s a a a on en l B i , Of f ur in G lli N rb sis ,

e a a e o an d U a e e t e o h G rm ni Inf ri r , Sicily mbri , r sp c iv ly . This c vers t e empire pretty thoroughly . 5 9 By far th e most imp ortant of these is a triumphal arch still stand ing a t Z an a in Algeria (th e an cient Dian a in Numidia) se t up by that

n n n D i u n n u s Th n n city i ho or of M a crin us a d ad m e ia . e i scriptio itself h as b een broken in to sixteen fra gments only on e of which re main s on th e a b u t m a be at e o e e a nd ea its en t e rch , it y p ch d t g th r r d in ir ty .

t of h o e Th e a s Par t e titles ha ve b een erased purp s ly . rch wa ere cte d

2 1 f n n n o D i n u s t . s h 7 orM acri u s e o ate C s . es a t in , is d mi d g As hi is t e 5 0 o t ote o o e of th e e of M a crin u s we e th e m s n w rthy m num nt r ign , giv in scription in full

lli o M acrin o Pio ae . . e o e e e o Imp . C s M Op S v r F lici Aug . P n [t]

M i o ax f . o t os D es . a a t ae o C . . o v Trib P [ es ]t . g P ( tri) P ( ri ) Pr c s Pr i d en tissim o e an i ssi n e t M O ellio n to n o D iad u t S ct m o Pri cipi [ . p ] A ni men ian o Nobilissim o C aesari Prin cipi Ju ven tatis resp u [blica ]

D ia n en siu m i n u ex dec(reto) d ec (ur o m) .

an a was on a tt e a o th e o e of a e an a an d Di ly li l w ys fr m b rd rs M ur t i ,

h f M crin u s here again we have evidence of t e African origin o a .

Th e o in n son are e e en o ther memorials to M acr us a d his l ss pr t ti us . At Chaeron ea in B oeotia on a marble shrine there is a dedication to M a crin u s by th e S en ate an d people of tha t place in which th e Empero r

“ - ' is en titled 7 0V ué’ yw r ov (or 7 61: Oo w na m v a ccordin g to th e earlier “ ea n Ka t ﬂeté r a r ov r di g) . An other marble monument was found in Umbria at Forum

e on a ea th e a n a a was set S mpr i n r Fl mi i n W y XI , It

5 9 to re des o a n . . . 4 a see r 598 . For a cu t t C I L VIII , Of his rch Du uy , His i R m i s

. 2 73 and for a e r t on of e a at on a t an a see en er n e d e ana VI , p , d sc ip i xc v i s Z R i , Rui s Z h ea f r Rev . in th e a tte art e t e on o . e te ( Arch pp . 38 As sugg s d l r icl , r s the sparing of th e titles Severus and Anton in us was that Elagabalus also bore those t t e . . 7 . 6 an n 3 i l s Cf p d ote 9 .

5 5 It n one as do 2 72 and Ha is ot correct to say that it is th e only Duruy (VI , ) y

5 1 - . 7 . Graec . . 1620 Re e te in Inscr . C I G I , v, ( di d , 64 M ACRINU S A ND DIADUM ENIANUS

e e o o of D iadu m enian us o nd up at public exp ns in h n r , wh se name a 52 n a e e o a of e a a e titles have ot b een er s d . A m m ri l lik ch r ct r 58 28) was erecte d by th e inhabitants of C ab ellio in Gallia Narb onen

e e of a o e th e a e o e e a a a eo d e sis . A pi c s ndst n , surf c c v r d with c lc r us

o was o e e in e a a e o t a a e a e a p sit , disc v r d G rm ni Sup ri r wi h fr gm nt ry d dic to D iadum enian us an d a e o tion XIII , in P l rm , Sicily , an a o e e i c o o o there is lm st ill gibl ns ripti n in his h n r X ,

5? 18 4 2 1 1 ot e e a i 8 . . Cf . N izi d gli Sc v , , p CHAPTER VII

THE OV ERTHROW or M AC RINU S

There is naturally but little inscriptional an d numismatic evidence

‘ f or th e period of th e overthrow of M acrin us an d th e rise of Elaga We a e o e e a o D io an 1 a . d e o a a b lus h v , h w v r , full cc unts in H r di n , h cri o r s a 8 4—10 n e a t e S t e . a o bri f summ ry in p (M cr , , inscripti n n d ee a o and o e o n a thr p pyri fr m Egypt , s m inscripti ns a d coins of ' Ela gab alus rela ting to his victo ry over M a crin us and to his a dmission

o th a o e oo an d to o e o e e of e t e Arv l br th rh d th r c ll g s pri sts .

R n e h as a ea ee a e 3 2 to th e efere c lr dy b n m d (p . ) lenient trea tment a o e to th e e a e of a a a a an d to th e a e of th e o cc rd d r l tiv s C r c ll , ng r s ldiers

h e to e e th e a of th e n a w e . h t e t e . 0 To t e at t mpt r duc p y r cruits (p . 5 f )

eo e of Ro e M acrinus was an a e ee e e o for o to sa p pl m bs nt mp r r wh m , y no 49 h h was e a . T e as o t e ea e e . e w e f r l st , th r nthusi sm (p ) tim rip o rev lt .

e th e ea of a o a h er te a ae a and th e Aft r d th Juli D mn , sis r Juli M s two a te of the a e S oaemias an d M am aea e d ugh rs l tt r , , with th ir M n a to e a acri u s H r d . . o e e e e e e . 3 a s ns w r r l g t d Em s by ( V , init ) ’ e oo o e a was a a e a e e e sh e This was v ry p r p licy . Em s Juli s n tiv pl c wh r

o e e se th e ea e o e e e It was far e o c uld x rci gr t st p ssibl inﬂu nc . n ugh o t o to e e ec o a h ad accu m u a way fr m An i ch r nder d t ti n unlikely . Juli a late d great wealth while at co urt an d this was left untouche d (M cr .

9 so sh e h ad e of e o e fO e an d for a , pl nty r s urc s r brib ry instig ting h oo e e o e at a an d a a e o . e o e t e ﬁn ncing r v lt Furth rm r , tr ps w r cl s h nd

n e a e a e e e t o an d o to I wint r qu rt rs , ch ﬁng und r th ir r stric i ns l nging

e an e o e o e w s a a e e e of be releas d d s nt h m . N w ther a m gniﬁc nt t mpl

th e at e a v e not o th e e th e o e Sun Em s , isit d nly by citiz ns , but by s ldi rs

h e o e a e a e e th e a o e from t e n ighb ring nc mpm nt . Juli s cur d pp intm nt ’ h He was a o o of h er a o B assianus as riest of t e od . gr nds n , , p g b ut f ur

1 — t on t er o are a e 3 4 . ern e Dio 78 30 41 e o . o , , H r d V, , M d d scrip i s Of his p i d b s d almost en tirely on th e text of these two a uthors and are often mere paraphrases of

It ee e o to e ea t th e to in eat eta e e . . e e a them . s ms sup rﬂu us r p s ry gr d il h r Cf sp ci lly

43 ff an d Ha . t e . . . Bu l r, p y, ch III M ACRINU S AND DIAD UM ENIANU S

? teen years old an d exceedingly handso me His co stume was of

a a en o an d a le th e e e of th e o . o H b rb ric spl d r d zz d y s unc uth s ldiers . e h o h b eca me at once t e id l Of t e army . Julia wa s quick to see h er Sh e o te ou t a a e e e a chance . p in d m rk d r s mbl nce in his fea tures to 9 4 a a a a a . e e o e C r c ll (M cr , dr ss d him in cl th s such a s C ara calla ’ h ad o D io 78 3 1 and a h er a e e a o w rn ( , , s criﬁcing d ught r s r put ti n , she h ad an to be a e sh e ea th e e o at B n if y s criﬁc d , spr d r p rt th a ssia us

was ea an e a e son of a a a a . m a a e ee t e r lly ill gitim t C r c ll This y h v b n ru , ’ e e e or not h ad h e e e e f M s t e . ae a s o e of but wh th r tru it d sir d f ct m n y , h o e a e ea e to e e e t e o . o a was o c urs , m d it si r b li v st ry A c nspir cy f rme d to take th e yo ung prince into th e ca mp an d have him pro claime d o Th e a o o b o o emper r . dmiring s ldiers c uld e trusted t e sp use his ca use and e e o d f nd his pers n .

e o a 3 a e a e a th e e o e th e o o H r di n (V , ) m k s M s prim m v r in pl t fr m

D o 7 3 1 n d 4 e 3 e to end . i 8 1 a e e a b ginning ( , , ) r pr s nts Eutychi nus as th e a ctual lea der an d stat es tha t h e an d B assianus went to th e camp

i o h e o of a e a or o s e o a by night w th ut t kn wledge M s S aemia . H r di n

3 a d h e o e a was e e e th e a on . a t e (V , ﬁn ) s ys wh l f mily r c iv d in c mp night together with sympathizers fro m th e surro unding country and that preparations were a t once ma de to resist th e impending atta ck ’ f M a rin u s e o a a o ee o e a e o is o c . H r di n s cc unt s ms m r pl usibl , th ugh it

te o a e a a m a - a e a e as o - e ee a n d qui pr b bl th t Eutychi nus y h v ct d g b tw n , m o on e e a n e a a a e a e e a . a a t y h v m d m r th n pr limin ry trip At y r t , da wn th e next d ay Bassianu s wa s pro claime d emperor by th e

s oldiers .

e e ﬁ e D io 78 3 1 4 a s th e ee of This d a te is d ﬁnit ly x d by ( , , ) sixt nth

M a a e e n o ea a e e o e o . y, but his st t m nt is by m ns cc pt d with ut qu sti n 4 Wirth held that this date was impossible and that it was d ue to a ’ f a e on o a th e o M a a ee t e or . mist k Di s p rt , w rd y h ving b n wri t n April

He a c o o on th e a e e of Dio a an b sed his nclusi ns , ﬁrst , st t m nt th t “ ” o in rO T a “f é a éx iva s Dio 78 30 e e e clipse ccurred g wp s e ( , , This clips , h o b oo a o e e e on th e 1 2 t of . o e t str nom rs t ll us , f ll April A m nth w uld

h e ee as e . e o a e a long a period to suit t Gr k phr S c nd , it is str ng th t M h cla e a e a . t e ro troops should still b e in wint r qu rt rs in y Third , if p

s no a e M a D io o not ave ma tion of Elagabalus wa t m d until y, w uld h

8 3 . ll nt is a n o Her. Almost a this accou dr w fr m V,

3 47 note t e eren e t e e te . F t e . or t an . Eu ychi us cf Bu l r, p , wi h r f c s h r ci d

4 t ae t one Severianae . 40 and tat on . Wir h , Q u s i s , p , ci i s

68 M ACRINUS AND D IADUM ENIANUS

11 e e too o for all th e e e a be o e i ntir ly sh rt v nts th t must cr wd d into t .

Th e e t b e o o e a to M a crinu s a t o a n ws mus br ught fr m Em s Anti ch , 1 2 f 2 He e j ourney o 1 5 miles . must s nd Julianus with picked troops

to e th e . Th e e o e o to a ea e a qu ll mutiny Emp r r must th n g Ap m , d cl re “ ” Diad um enianu s e a o an d a e to a th e oo Imp r t r tt mpt p cify tr ps .

He e two e e to th e e a e on e e of h must s nd l tt rs S n t , t lling t e revolt th e ’ f o a e o He n o e o . e e e to o Th th r his s n s cc ssi n th n r tir s A ti ch . e force s of his rival are increased by continual accessions until ﬁnally they are

o e o to a e th e e an d e a a a str ng n ugh t k ﬁ ld , th y ctu lly dvance almost to

e o th e a t e Ha Antioch b f re b t l . y clinche s his argument by reference to an en th e e o s of th e a o e 2 4 try in r c rd Arv l Br th rs VI , 10 ) tha t S hows that b ody considering th e admission of Elagabalus on the

30th of M a e o a e ee e o fo y, wh n it w uld h v b n utt rly imp ssible r news of a e o t on M a 1 6 to a e ea e Ro e 5 — . e 7 63 r v l y h v r ch d m Butl r (pp . ) dis p oses of this inscription by in serting a new date where th e stone is broken and by making th e entry for M ay 30 en d with th e preceding

o e th e a e e on e a l sentence . Of c urs d t suppli d is th t meets a l re quire

T sa th ea o e e o h e . o e e ea e m nts y l st , h w v r, this is h r ic tr tm nt . T e ’ n o a e ee case is o e that is hard to de cide . Di s d t s ms almost impossible when on e considers all tha t must tra nspire between th e procla mation of n n d th e a h h the ew e e o a e e e . t e o e a t e mp r r d cisiv b ttl On th r h nd , 13 e a -o f Basilian u s o to is a to e a d l y in Egypt fr m April July h rd xpl in . Nor does it seem likely that D io would ha ve made a mistake of a

a o o e e own a e e a month in a d te cl sely c nn ct d with his c r er . P rh ps ’ m o e e th th e trouble arises fro a scribe s err r . Aft r surv ying e evidence ’ ’ we m a o e a o a e e a e a a e y c nclud th t Di s d t is unt n bl , but th t Wirth s d t h no a e T e a e o . is t est blish d . m tt r is still in d ubt

h h e To e to t e a a e . a t e o a e e r turn n rr tiv Juli nus , pr t ri n pr f ct ,

a e to b e ea Dio 78 3 1 4 and a t o e a a e th e a h ppen d n r ( , , ) nc tt ck d c mp ,

1 1 e e a en t of o e rt o not use a te a o at n th e ea n Th s rgum s , c urs , Wi h c uld f r dv c i g r di g

of for ne as th e ate of th e att e . July Ju d b l ,

’ 12 It b e note in o o t on to e o an 4 ad n t . a o nt . o This is H r di s (V, i i ) cc u sh uld d pp si i this that D io represents Julian us as b eing n ear th e place by chance when th e revolt started and as taking th e ﬁrst steps to quell it on his own initia tive without consulting

the e e e e eta b e t eate o e in the o o n a e . mp ror. Th s d ils will r d m r fully f ll wi g p g s

1 8 1 a 2 an d note e e it is o n t at th e a o n t en t Cf . o e e a e 7 nd 7 , h w v r, p g s s wh r sh w h pp i m ’ ma not a e een a e o t and t at B asilianus e o m a a e een on y h v b m d pr mp ly, h succ ss r y h v b an bu t t at t e ma a e e tate to a e the an e en t o e was e n h d , h h y y h v h si d m k ch g wh r ubl br wi g in the n provi ce . M ACRINUS AND DIAD UM E NIANUS 69

e e o e e o h e h a d o e He ﬁrst x cuting s m susp cts wh m in his p w r . might ‘ th e a a t n ot d o so a e a e . e a a h v t k n c mp th t nigh , but did P rh ps , s ys

Dio 78 3 2 h e was a a to o or e a h e o f ( , , fr id g in p rh ps h ped or a

n a te th e n h o a e e . a v lunt ry surr nd r At y r , during ight t e gates that h ad b een broken were repaired and th e garrison successfully resisted

h i was e e e th e n e t o D io 8 t e a a e t . 7 3 2 2 tt ck wh n r n w d x m rning ( , , ) ’ We a e a o t at e a e o a a e e t 4 d cc pt this cc un r h r th n H r di n s st t m n (V, a

a th e e was t en to M acrin u s an d a n init . ) th t n ws ﬁrs s t th t Julia us was

e en to e th e e o e a e is o e e an d ee th n s t qu ll r v lt , b c us it m r sp ciﬁc s ms less ’

an e on . e o e e o a e te e t e o like inv nti Furth rm r , H r di n s chi f in r s se ms t lie in th e descriptive pa ssages an d h e pa sse s over th e con necting links

e e o o n too t a t D io 78 3 2 1 a e quit hurri dly . It is w rth n tici g h ( , , ) st t s that M oorish forces made th e atta ck on th e ﬁrst d ay an d fought with

f - o a vigor or their fellow c untrym n . ’ Then those in charge of Elagab alus campaign re sorted to a ”14 e e off ve Th e o e o a e to e p ac ensi . s ldi rs fr m within displ y d th ir comrades wh o were beseigin g them th e purse s of mon ey tha t they h ad

e e e o e new a e an d th e o n e e was led r c iv d fr m th ir m st r , y ung pri c hims lf ab out on th e walls an d his fea ture s compared to those of th e youthful

a a e e e to la o e a an d to ea e to C racall . Th y urg d th m y d wn th ir rms c s

a a th e son of e en e a o o a o a th e ﬁght g inst th ir b f ct r , pr cl iming l udly th t ’ n ew ton e was n o e o t a a a son e th e ofﬁ e An in n ther han C r c lla s . Sinc c rs were restraining th e soldiers from deserting to th e stan dard of Ela ga

a an e th e ate to e of e o b lus , Eutychi us urg d priv s kill th ir ﬁc rs , pr mising t e as e a the of e of o e o e e D io 78 32 h m r w rd ﬁc s th s wh m th y kill d ( , ,

Th e e of an off m b n an e r sult such er ay e rea dily imagi ed . Juli us hims lf

ee to a e e a e a t was oo o e e an d e a s ms h v sc p d ﬁrst , but s n disc v r d d c pi 1 d 5 Th o e a tate . e e e a e o e to a a a ntir rmy w nt v r El g b lus , wh s r nks were also swelle d continually by th e daily a rrival of companies of

e e e o o e oo of M acrin u s a h e oo e a e d s rt rs fr m th r tr ps . In f ct s n b c m strong enough to come ou t from his fortified camp an d march straight for o to o h Anti ch disp ssess t e usurper . a n o e a for Me nwhile M acri us was finally aroused fr m his l th rgy , 1 5 at fi h e e e th e e o s of c o an d e a rst d spis d r v lt a a piece hildish f lly , b g n He to muster his remaining troops to opp ose th e n ew Antonine .

14 Di 78 32 2 an 3 e 4 o d H r . . , , ; V, 15 D i 4 4 4 o 78 3 Her . , , ; V, .

15 Her . 4 ad n t Di 8 o 7 36 1 . V, i i ; . , , 70 M ACRINU S AND DIAD UM ENIANUS

— e to a ea D i o 78 34 1 3 e e th e e o a o w nt Ap m ( , , ) wh r s c nd P rthian legi n , 1 7 h was o a n o as t e a a e . e e a e kn wn Alb ni ns , l c t d H r in ndeavor to ste m th e e a h ad set to a th e o a a a he ro tid th t in w rds y uthful El g b lus , p “ ”1 8 a e o son Diadu m eni an us e a o n cl im d his y ung , , Imp r t r a d in his hon or b estowe d gifts an d restore d privileges to th e soldiers without

a an e e e e to th e e o for h e n o h m king y r f r nc insurr cti n , did t wish t e

b o h h act to a ea to e e . e e was t e of a pp r f rc d But whil in midst this ,

o e e e a For e e a e o disc nc rting incid nt ups t his pl ns . th r c m t him a ’ pa ckage sealed with Julianus seal an d purporting to be th e head of

e e e th e a e e e ove th e a his n my , but wh n wr ppings w r r m d gh stly

e of a e e e e o e to vi e o o e featur s Juli nus hims lf w r xp s d w . N l ng r daring to e a t e e M acrin u s ﬂed to o an d th e a a an d r m in h r , Anti ch , Alb ni ns o th e e his a o e e thers in e vicinity d s rted stand rd . B th sid s s nt mess en

e to o e s a o e an d a o e to o e g rs m r di t nt pr vinc s g rris ns urging th m j in th m , — n o e D i 78 34 4 7 a d ea o e . o gr t c nfusi n r sult d ( , , ) Of course M acrin u s notiﬁed th e S enate of th e insurrection (D i o — 78 36 1 5 a an d a b u t a t th e a e e h e o e , , ) c lling it childish r sh , s m tim wr t ’ to a th e t e e o e eta e of th e o e M ximus ci y pr f ct in m r d il , t lling him s ldi rs

n d of h o of a t e H e demands a t e imp ssibility s tisfying h m . e bitt rly criticized C ara calla an d sp oke of th e hatred that was apt to destroy

e a e a h e was n ot ea of e as o an rul rs , but st t d th t sp king hims lf th ugh y ” one o a to i on e of th e e a o a to w uld wish him h rm , wh ch S n t rs is s id

n ll He ee o a e e a have resp o ded tha t they a wished it . s ms t h v s nt ’ o hi s - s e co nd le tter also ann uncing s son s app ointment a co ruler .

Dio 78 3 7 5 He e th e o e of th e n ew o e ( , , ) criticiz d y uthfuln ss Ant nin , “ ” a o own son o h e n ow a e e ato was lth ugh his , wh m n m d Imp r r , much

o e D io 78 38 War was e a e o a a a y ung r ( , , d cl r d up n El g b lus , his

o e o e an d a o e a e was of e e c usin , th ir m th rs gr ndm th r , but mn sty f r d

1 7 2 t 8 a e el l . t 2 n . 8877 te S . o . o t e a e 5 no e nd a u e . v Cf . Bu l r, p g , D ss u , I s r p , ci d

1 8 It is unreason able to suppose that th e coins struck in honor of D iadum enianus ’ - ox ar t e On th e ot e an a t on giving him th e title Ain p wp were issued a fter this im . h r h d c i i e t o e t a t the a o a of t o t at thi t e s e a e . It ett o t his s r s im v ry pl usibl is b r supp s h , wi h ppr v l of M acrinus th e t t e was a e in a oo e wa in th e o n e on e o e t , i l ppli d l s y pr vi c s l g b f r his , and that th e coins bearing this inscription were struck at th e time of th e trip through

- - he a ea n a h an 41 an n te . AS to t no to t e e . . . 30 3 1 39 d o Asi Mi r D ub Cf pp , s p pyri b ri g 0 t t t e . . 73 n . 3 . his i l , cf p ,

1 5 7 One o e e who was on e e to be of n o n mi n Dio . 78 3 , h w v r, c sid r d u s u d d ( , M A CRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANU S 7 1

of o o e wh o o e to M rin to those his f ll w rs w uld r turn ac us . This was in

o e h e h e had a D io a o a e a e . 78 38 1 cc rd nc with pr mis ims lf m d ( , , ) Up on th e dea th of Julian us it became necessary for M acrinus to sele ct a new pretorian prefect an d he app oin ted B asilian us wh o was

e o th e e e e of . IS n o t e e a to o e th n h lding pr f ctur Egypt It n c ss ry supp s , o e e a a o e was a e e a e o h w v r , th t this pp intm nt m d imm di t ly up n receipt ’ of th e a e o a o th e o e e e ea p rc ls p st th t br ught f rm r pr f ct s h d . It is much more likely tha t th e Emperor ﬁ rst thought of his own personal safety and ﬂed to Antioch an d from there sent word to B asilianu s of his

o o o e to e a th e e a of t prom ti n . This w uld h lp xpl in d l y h e latter in

a 6 76 8 wa h n Egypt referred to alre dy . (pp . ) Egypt s t e stro ghold of

M in u n o t at th e a a n o h acr s . It is surprising th inh bit ts sh uld en t usias tically fa vor th e on e wh o h ad o verthrown th e perpe trator of th e " Alexandrian massa cre? an d that they should look with utmost disfa vor on a young prin ce whose claim to th e throne was b ase d upon his liken ess to their ha ted persecutor an d his supposed descent

o e was th e o on from him . This pr vinc nly e in which there seems to

a e ee an e o e a e to th e a e o of a h v b n y s ri us r sist nc cc ssi n El gab alus . B asilianu s h ad been sent out by M acrin us to take th e pla ce of Valerius 2 1 D atus wh o e e th e ea of a a a a . We a e a o , s rv d until d th C r c ll h v m nu

e o o of Di ad um enian us o on th e an of an t e m nt in h n r , f und isl d Eleph in

a was set u the o o of a a a a bas th t p by third c h rt Cilici n c v lry . It is

e e on a e e a an d e e e M acrin us an d son Th e r li f t mpl w ll r pr s nts his . “ former is only referred to in directly in th e expression Aug(usti) ” n(ostri) ﬁlio and D iadu m enian us is n ot give n th e title of Augustus o a of a o Th e o e o b e e e o e th e r th t Imper t r . inscripti n th n sh uld dat d b f r 22 o a o a a t on at a ea f rm l pr cl m i Ap m . ’ When th e news of Elagab alus uprising rea ched Egypt M arius

e wh o h a d ee a e e a o an d a e o e oe a S cundus , b n m d s n t r pl c d v r Ph nici by ? 5 M acrin us was a th e an a e e t of aff a , with him ssisting in m g m n irs

8" Di 22 2 77 an 3 Her . o d 9 . , ; IV, 7 1 2 . i r f i e i . er e 3 . e e D e P ae ect t m ah rh Cf P . M y r, A gyp i II J (H m s p ’ 88 -5 1 . 73 . o . o tes en de L Academie des n t on 905 Cf C mp R dus I scrip i s , , pp Als 2 a p . 5 bove . 25 Is it not possible that h e h ad been sent by M acrinus to take over the govem ent and let B asilianu s o to n ew o t but h ad not et e e e en th e m g his p s , y r li v d him wh disturban ce arose and that this disorder in th e State delayed the tran sfer of authority? il Or e This would go far towards explaining th e delay in th e departure of Bas ianus . d rs would ﬁrst be sen t to M arius Secun dus to repair to Egypt from Phoenicia with instruc t on to B ili oe not e e a e a a te e a e i s as anus to come to M acrinus . This d s pr clud s p r m ss g to Basilianus to come on as soon as he should be relieved by Marius Secundus . 72 M A CRINUS AND D IADUM ENIA NUS

o of e e m en e e a n e of M acrinu s an d o B th th s w r st u ch fri nds , kn wing th e tren d of public opin ion in Egypt to be in his fa vor they killed

f a a a o M i h e e e e o . e e acr nus h ad e e t m ss ng rs El g b lus H w v r , n mie s here

too a o o o e an d a an d e e was , m ng b th s ldi rs civili ns , th r much unrest

h n e of e ea a e o h until t e ws his d f t rrive d . This mb ldened t e opposi

n d oo n B sili o a a e o o o e . a anu s e ti n , bl dy insurr cti f ll w d scaped by ﬂight to Italy where h e was b etrayed by a false frien d an d la ter taken n d D i 8 3 1 to o e a a e . o 7 5 e o o a Nic m di kill d ( , , This r v lt pr b bly did n ot ea ou t e e a ee a e th e e ea of M acrinu s Th e br k until s v r l w ks ft r d f t . priva te desp atches sent to th e go vernor would b e kept secret as long

o e Th e e o a o u or b e o to th a s . e t ea o t e p ssibl n ws w uld h v l k , br ught

o a o e own e e e Th e e o m a a e ther f cti n by th ir m ss ng rs . insurr cti n y h v a e for e e a a or for e e a ee th o we can n ot a e l st d s v r l d ys s v r l w ks , st t p ositively tha t Basilian u s was still in Egypt when th e news of M acri ’ ? 5 ’ n us death arrived We have evidence tha t M acrin u s authority

was e o n e a s a e a s th e 9th of at e still r c g iz d in Egypt l t July , which tim h e was o a ea th o th e e o n ot e t a e h ad e to pr b bly d d , n ws w uld y h v tim

o a o a to e e e on t of ee tra vel fr m C app d ci Egypt . This vid nc c sis s thr

on n d two th e Th e a a e e a e . p pyri , in L ipsic in British Mus um ﬁrst is 85 tax receipt dated in th e second year of M acrin u s on th e fourth d ay of th e o E ei h was th e e o of th e ee e m nth p p , which s c nd thr summ r

o th e e o of th e a o a n d o a e o e o e m nths ( p ri d inund ti n) , w uld h v c rr sp nd d ? 7 to ou r month of July Th e names of father an d son a re coupled

“ ’ ” K O ne of and they are referre d to simply a s a w dpwv 7 63V nvpubv. ? 8 those in th e British Museum is a certiﬁcate for labor on th e em

f h a e the b an km en ts o t e e a e e a tax . Nil , p r nni l in Egypt It is d t d in

e o ea of M acrinu s th e o a n o e o to s c nd y r in m nth P u i , which c rr sp nds ? 7 D i d u nianu s n o o Th e d a of th e o June a m e is t menti ned . y m nth

h h h h o e ee to b e t e l 0t t o t e ea 1 8 o . s ms , r ding d ubtful If c rr ct, this

84 Very likely this execution took place while Elagabalus was spendin g th e winter D i 79 6 at o e a o . Nic m di ( , ,

25 50 tate h e re e en e D i oe not ear out th e ta te ent. t e . so but t to o Bu l r (p ) s s , f r c d s b s m a a a e re e e eat Th t p ss g f rs to his d f .

85 e e rkundun der Pa rus aml un zu e . r te an Cf . Gri chisch U g py s g L ipzig E s r B d, M it h eis 2 1 . 7 no . 7 t a n n . 769. t . 9 O o o L , p , , s r k

7 8 nd o a t on on . a o n and t e a en e n t a Cf F yum T w s h ir P pyri (Gr f ll , Hu H g r h , L d , 2 4- 0 . pp . 5

88 . ee a of the r t e ata o e t te t Vol . Cf Gr k P pyri B i ish Mus um , C l gu wi h x s , III a e 60 a r 126 p g , P py us 7a . M A CRINU S AND DIAD UM ENIANU S 7 3

e e was e t a e th e e ea of M acrin u s e o h r c ipt issu d jus ft r d f t , but b f re t e news 2 9 Th e t could p ossibly ha ve rea ched Egypt . hird is th e most elab ora te l an d con tains th e latest date of al . It is a certiﬁca te fro m th e collec tors oi Neilop olis (through their secretary) for amoun ts of three an d two artab as of whea t mea sure d by them on th e 1 0th Pa un i an d 9th

E ei h e e th e e o ea of M acrin u s i e . e . e 1 0 p p r sp ctiv ly in s c nd y r , , Jun

8 B C D iadu m em an us i s e t o e in n and 9 2 1 . . o t o July , m n i n d c junc i n with

at e an d e a re e th e a e e on e of t e his f h r th y giv n s m titl s , h m being ﬁ" ’ Aar onpam p Th e news of M acrin u s formal b estowal of this title

o son a t a ea h ad e en ea e Neilo olis wa s up n his Ap m vid tly r ch d p , which a o 1 50 e th e e o e a a an d a o t b ut mil s up Nil fr m Al x ndri , his uth ri y

Th n o m was still recognized there . e i surrecti n ay ha ve b een in ’ o e a t e an a th e o e of M acrin u s a th e pr gr ss Al x dri , but p w r p rty in

e o wa s n ot et o e an d the e of th e eat of th e e e o int ri r y br k n , n ws d h mp r rs h ad n ot t e e ilo olis uIte e t a was on e of ye r ach d Ne p . It is q lik ly h t this ’ th e la st documents anywhere to bear M acrin u s name for most of th e provinces seem to ha ve submitted as soon as they learn ed of his

e ea o e of t e o a as oo as e ea of th e d f t , s m h m pr b bly s n th y h rd ﬁrst

o a a t o of a a an a e th e a e a pr cl m i n Elag b lus . At y r t this is l st xt nt

f hi Th o f o e o a o s e e o e a e a o t e . m m ri l reign . pr c ss r sur is b ut b gin

AS a ea a e ea o of th e o t e a e on to lr dy st t d , by r s n c n inu d cc ssi s his ranks Ela gab alus beca me strong eno ugh to march a gainst M acrin u s

a h h h d o a o in Antioch . In f ct e made such progress tha t e a c vered b ut 100 of th e 1 2 5 miles from Emesa to Antioch when M acrin us m e t him 31 n h h n o t e 8t Of Ju e ne ar a small village an d engaged in battle . ’ a a a a e e a th o t a n e a aff a G nnys , El g b lus g n r l , un r i d in milit ry irs , sho wed skill in th e arrangement of his m en a t th e en tra n ce of th e

a e an d e o o ea n n e e o vill g , th y f ught furi usly , f ri g pu ishm nt if th y Sh uld

8" 18 8 l . 9 . ee a th e r t e a ta o e t te t Vo Cf Gr k P pyri Of B i ish Mus um , C l gu wi h x s II ( ) a e 93 a r . p g , P py us CCCLI

8" Th e a en e of t t t e o the ot e e e t o e tt e for t t e o bs c his i l fr m h r r c ip s pr v s li l , i l s w uld nat all be omi tte o a o ent bu t th e n a e o a be n e ur y d fr m such d cum , m s w uld h rdly li k d with th e same titles (as also in th e Leipsic papyrus) nor would th e title Abr oxp ar wp be

e to e e e t e e no t ﬁ at on for it e e are o na ne o en t b s w d w r h r jus i c i . Th s rdi ry busi ss d cum s , not coin s struck in honor of an emperor or in scription s in tended to prolon g his fame .

81 8 1 and see t e e o an a on th e o e of en a an d a . . . H r di s ys b rd r Pho ici Syri Cf p , Bu l r, a e 53 n e 6 Imm ae but oe not e ot . Ha . 6 e h e att e at p g , y (p 9) locat s t b l , d s giv his Her F a a a see . a t or t . or th a f e in t e e u h i y e b sis o statemen ts con tain d h s p r gr phs , V, 4 and Dio 78 a e 3 38 3 t 7 9 . , ch p rs , , 74 M A CRINUS AND D IADUM ENIANUS

’ M acrinus men as a o e n ot be conquered . wh l did ﬁght with th e sa me

o e o a a a e a o o a eo vig r , but his pr t ri n gu rds m d m st c ur g us stand . It was n o ea o for th e o e of th e o e h sy vict ry f rc s y ung princ . In fact t e

a e a o e a a S oaemias an d b ttl lm st w nt g inst him , but M aes a rushe d among th e s oldiers and by their personal entreatie s checked their

a ﬂight . Elagab lus himself appea red on horseback with drawn sword

n d th d a as e M acrinus h a e y w sav d . himself despaired o f t e event an d fled o th e e ea th e e o fr m fi ld , l ving pr t rians still fighting for a

e e a wh o h ad e e e o e o f g n r l d s rted th m . This c ntinu d s me time or they

e e a a e to e e o e n o o h d w r sh m d surr nd r , th ugh th y did t kn w what a

e o e of e e e a an d e e at a o as to a to d o b c m th ir g n r l w r l ss wh t next . When those a cting for Elagab alus found o ut from deserters what h ad

ea a e e e e e a to th e e o a wh o e e r lly h pp n d , th y s nt h r lds pr t ri ns , w r by this

e o o n all th e e of th e a of e e a e an d tim pp si g r st rmy, f ring th m mn sty

. the o t a e of e an e o h ad c n inu nc th ir r k if th y w uld surrender . As they

o o to for th e off M crinu e e a e e e . a s ea n thing m r ﬁght , th y cc pt d r m n

e a few e o ﬂed to o all ee o e to whil with c nturi ns Anti ch with sp d , in rd r o h f n d h o t e e o o e ea a e e e t e as a . utstrip r p rt his d f t , nt r d city if vict r ’ Th e Emperor s ﬁrst thought was for th e safety of his son a n d imme diately after th e battle h e sent him in care of a certain Ep agath u s t o

Artab an us of th e a a o h e h ad a e ea e , king P rthi ns with wh m , m d p c in

th e o H o o A b n s o b previ us year . e pr b ably th ught that rta a u w uld e likely to prote ct him a gainst th e supp osed son of th e m an wh o h a d

a a e o n d e o D io 78 r v g d his c untry a d secrated his ancestral t mbs . ( , 1 2 , ) Very soon Antioch heard th e real result of th e b attle an d exce ss e s 32 M c in ﬂ a r u s s o to e e . were b eing committed . wa bliged e in disguis

Sh avm off ea a a e o a a a e an d o th e g his b rd , l ying sid his r y l pp r l d nning

a of an o a a e e h e set ou t on o e ac d rk suit rdin ry tr v l r , by night h rs b k

“ e h e e e o o with a fe w others for Ae geae . Thenc w nt by r gular p st p sin g

as a e o e one of th e e a e a e a nd a e o privat s ldi r , m ss g c rri rs , p ss d thr ugh 33 a a o a a a a an d a to th e ea o of E rib olus C pp d ci , G l ti Bithyni s p rt

32 e o an 4 a not n of to in n t o bu t a e flee da a nd H r di (V, ) s ys hi g his s p A i ch , m k s him y ni t tra t o th e fie of att e e e ent n e as a e en er ent t gh s igh fr m ld b l , r pr s i g hims lf m ss g s wi h ’ all i AS a e o an a o n t is o e t e e but speed by M acr nus himself . usu l H r di s cc u m r pic ur squ e e fle a a as nt in a b o a not ta e . e e h e e s f r o t w ut l ss d il d V ry lik ly did A i ch his y, pr b bly i n disguise until after leaving Antioch .

83 - 42 n d e e t at M acrinus . 39 43 an n ote a o m a on a e a o . d Cf pp s , ls p p g bs rv h took practically th e same route in his ﬂight that h e h ad taken on his return from th e

76 M ACRINU S AND DIADUM ENIANUS

e o of a e for Ze a was on the very thr sh ld s f ty, ugm Euphrates just across from M esopota mia an d took its n ame from th e bridge of b oats that 35 So en de th e o of M in n th e e . e acr u s H spa ned riv r d h p s . e lacked a

o of e ﬁft - o ea o few m nths b ing y f ur y rs Old . C unting up to th e day of 37 th e a e h e e a ea an d two o a ee a b ttl , rul d y r m nths , l cking thr d ys . The government was at once established in th e hands of Elaga f h e o h d n a . e o ee t a e a o o e to of b lus Outsid Egypt s ms h v tr ubl speak . a e e e o e e e o o 58 M ny pr t nd rs r s , but w r pr mptly put d wn (p . , n . P artisans of M acrin us wh o were willing to a cknowle dge th e new dynasty were granted a mnesty an d there seems to ha ve b een n o 3 8 n fﬁ i l Th e n h wholesale cha ge in o c a s . ew emperor wrote t e S enate a

e e D io 79 1 h e criticized. M acrin u s on a o of l tt r ( , ) in which , cc unt his low for a th e e a o e e h e was n ot a e a o birth , his t king imp ri l p w r wh n s n t r , for e of a a a a an d for a son e his murd r C r c ll , m king his Augustus wh n o ﬁ v ea old Th e ea a e o D iadu m n i n us e e nly e ( 1) y rs . y rs t k n fr m e a w r

a e o e o a a a an d h e was e a e to b e of th e c lmly b st w d up n El g b lus , d cl r d

n h n a a o e same age as Augustus whe e came i to power . El gab lus als s nt to th e e a e an d o e Dio 79 2 1 th e e e M acrinus to S n t s ldi rs ( , , ) l tt rs Of

h M crinu Th a t e e e o e a e a e a s . e M ximus pr f ct , in rd r th t th y might h t subservi ent S ena te pa ssed th e usual curse upon th e memory of th e

a e e e o and a e a of son was e a e o th e f ll n mp r r his n m , with th t his , r s d fr m

o e Dio 79 2 o e e ee was n ot e o e m num nts ( , , Of c urs this d cr nf rc d in e e a e a e a e n e th e o a e th e a e v ry c s , but v ry l rg umb r Of inscripti ns h v n m s

n d f inu n d D i du m ni n u s o or a e a e a titles o M acr s a a e a wh lly in p rt r s d . “ ” There is a marke d tendency to allow th e names of S everus and “ ”

o to a e o e e are e a e . o a Ant ninus st nd , wh n th r titl s r s d This is pr b bly ? " due to th e fact that Elagab alus also b ore these titles

85 ’ f t t ona o eo a s . v . Cf . Smi h s Dic i ry G gr phy, 3 7 i 1 D o 78 4 1 4 78 5 4 8 1 6 . , , ; , , ; 7 , ,

88 Some of th e foll owers of Caracalla and Severus wh o h ad withdrawn i nto private F r n tan e th e ate life during the reign of M a crinus off ered their services to him . o i s c l r 4 4 an i n e h ra ia t . . M ax D uo d e e o M ax mi us th c n . mp r r, T (His Aug ,

3 " 4598 th e i he a e of . . . 63 n . 9 n t h as een note a rea . 5 This b d l dy (p , ) c s C I L VIII , ( 2 1 b u t an o e n tan e m a t 185 . a a en e Rev . r . riumph l rch) by R i r ( A ch , , p m y m r i s c s y “ 14 2 5 10618 10635 be te e e a . . . . 3 7 37 for th e na e e e e . : ci d , sp ci lly m S v rus , g C I L III , , , , ,

10637 10644 all e- tone o annon a n e o 10464 2 1992 22626 , ( mil s s fr m P i I f ri r) ; VIII , , , mil e- tone o a 72 80 n r t on to D iadum enianus o ( s s fr m Afric ) ; X , (i sc ip i fr m Sicily) ; VI , 1984 a a E 2 a e a e at t . t . 1 09 O (F s i) ; Eph p . VII , (m rbl b s s i ) M ACRINUS AND DIADUM E NIANUS 77

C ohen gives two coin s of Elagab alus tha t seem to refer to this n 3 3 1 n o 69 h i o O e of e . . ea t e e e v ct ry . th m (p , ) b rs r v rse inscription “ ” Jovi Vi ctori an d th e reverse type shows Elagab alus standing and

o a t n e o an d ea an ea e at h lding hu d rb lt sp r , gl his feet an d two “ Th o e 334 n o e . . 108 ensigns behind him . th r (p , ) is inscribed M ars ” 4" o and o a od ea an d o e n Vict r sh ws th t g with sp r tr phy . Th re is a

o o a a o e to e e to o inscripti n fr m Numidi th t is supp s d r f r this vict ry . Elagabalus also prob ably founded th e city of Nicopolis in P alestine on the site of th e ancient Emmaus to commemora te th e overthrow of 41 M c inus a r .

4° 4 5 note 8 . L 7963 . t e . I . . C . VIII, , cf Bu l r, p ,

’ 41 1 - e e l . 78 9 and e hronicorum duo o n vo . Cf . Eus bius C Libri (Sch ) II , pp Duruy ’ 2 2 e t t ona of An ent eo ra o e 7 not . e i t deS Rom . H s . VI , , Smi h s Dic i ry ci G g phy, h w v r, ’ an m a question s Eusebius identiﬁcation of Nicopolis d Em us . CHAPTER VIII — TH E LITERA R" S OURC ES GREEK

As this study of th e lives of M acri nu s an d D iadu m enianus is

a e a o th e o an d o n ee e e to b s d prim rily up n inscripti ns c i s , it s m d b st give in th e ﬁrst chapter a preliminary survey of th e nature an d extent - of t a e e e eav th e o of th e e o te a h t vid nc , l ing discussi n w ll kn wn li r ry

o e t ate s urc s ill l r .

Th e t an d o o a n of th e a e of o e a ﬁrs m st imp rt t l tt r is , c urs , C ssius

D io a e e a ea ei for h e was n ot e e a . His st t m nts c rry gr t w ght , m r ly conte mpora ry but an ofﬁce holder under M a crinu s an d h ad th e

o o t a t an d a o to e e a a e o a o . pp rtuni y , bili y inclin ti n s cur ccur t inf rm ti n

D io 79 7 4 He was n o a a o e a t o o o t ( , , ) sc nd l m ng r , l h ugh in c mm n wi h other ancient authors h e was exceedingly superstitious an d cre dulous 1 s o an d o e e m a be o te o t e o a to mens pr digies . Th s y mit d with u s ri usly We are interfering with th e parts of th e work that a re of real value . ’ ? o a too a o e a t o for e o T h e te f rtun te, , in h ving Di s x c w rds this p ri d xt for most of th e later b ooks exists only in his epito mator Xiphilin u s an d a o e e for oo 78 an d 79 o ve th e ea in v ri us xc rpts , but b ks , c ring y rs

2 1 7 to 2 1 9 e e e th e o e of all th e a a a e , th r xists ld st m nuscripts , p rchm nt

o a s a a 1 288 o h as ee on e on th e e kn wn V tic nus . Much w rk b n d t xt of D io an d many a ttempts have b een ma de to restore th e mutilated

o o e e e a o e e a a a e e e oo p rti ns . Th r still r m in , h w v r , m ny p ss g s in th s b ks ? tha t are either obscure or entirely illegible ’ o a o a e a e e e a ae o e in com Di s cc unt , p rtly b c us Of th s l cun , is ft n

l n d o e e n a e e a ea e p ete a disc nnected . Whil d ﬁ ite st t m nts c rry gr t w ight o o d o n ot for a a e th o o e m a a e een missi ns , in m ny c s s e p ints mitt d y h v b

th e a o o o eo e th e a o a included in mutil ted p rti ns . M r v r cc unt is b dly

e o an d e t e a e a are e e at jumbled . Digr ssi ns par n h tic l r m rks ins rt d

o e e e e e o are so o as to ea unsuitable place s . S m tim s th s digr ssi ns l ng br k th e ea of th e o an d e a o i e o a s to th e e e e thr d st ry , giv wr ng mpr ssi n s qu nc

1 2 D io 78 7 8 5 30 and 37 . Cf . , , , , 8 ’ ’ d 20 . . o ter 18 an o o e o . Cf F s s Di s R m (Tr y , I , pp 8 Th e t e t on t at of o e a n e n is the bas of our e b s di i is h B iss v i (B rli , which is n citatio s . M ACR INUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS 79

4 a e so far t a one t a h of events . This is c rri d h t migh lmost say t e treat

e o a b u t t not o for th e a e o a r m nt is t pic l , his will h ld s m t pics e discussed

n D io ee to a e in more than o e pla ce . s ms h v recorded immediately

a e e th e a o a t o of eas e a e to his Th wh t v r ss ci i n id r c ll d mind . e natura l

n a result is a scrappy arr tive .

We a o a e o o e a on th e e e of th must ls t k int c nsid r ti pr judic s e author . 5 D io was a en ato an d th e a e a of o a s o te o n s r in l tt r p rt his w rk , F s r p i ts

Ou t a too ea t e o th e e at o of th e e e o to h , l ys gr t s r ss up n r l i n mp r r t e

h f M rin u s for e a h h e a e . t e e o ac e t e et e to t e s n t In r ign , x mpl , l t rs ’ e a e th e a t o of th e e a e and th e e e o t eat en of s n t , c i ns s n t mp r r s r m t th e senate are given unusual promm en ce when on e considers that

M a crin u s a s an o e his own e a o a a w a bsentee emp er r . Prid in s n t ri l r nk helps to explain th e e mphasis h e lays on th e low birth of th e upstart e e o an d t of th e a o n e to fﬁ e of t o e n ot , mp r r his cri icism pp i tm nt O c h s

e a o or of th e e a o e of e a o e e to a e s n t rs , sudd n pp intm nt s n t rs m r ly m k

n 4 h e ove o e ate D io 78 1 3 1 etc . a e th m g r rs imm di ly . ( , , , ) In f ct , ’ clo se s his a ccount by saying that M a crin us one mistake was in m ak i n e o or a o o g hims lf emperor instead of choosing some senat r f th t p siti n . D io 78 4 1 2 ( , , )

h a s ee a D io e wa s an of e o e e M acrinu s As b n s id , hims lf ﬁc h ld r und r , an d th e grea t a mount of sp ace tha t h e gives to criticisms of the ’ e e o a o a one t a h e m a a e ee mp r r s pp intees m kes . think h t y h v b n

a t a te a e ta n f a o He e M acrinus c u d by c r i a mount of o ﬁcial j e l usy . giv s

e t o e e e e h e h e e e e an d on th e o e m a cr di , h w v r , wh r thinks d s rv s it wh l y

b e a to eat D io was e e an offi a s id tr him very fairly indeed . vid ntly ci l of a bility and well qualified to judge of th e fitness of other officials for

th e offi e to t He m a e a e oo e c s which hey were assigned . y w ll h v l k d with disgust at pro vin cial officials who m h e felt h ad received their o ffices a s rewards for personal service s to M acrin us an d n ot b ecause of ’ e for e o t on D io as n ot on e of M a crin u s new a o fitn ss th ir p si i s . w pp int

ees h ad e ofﬁ e e e t a e e an d a a a a an d , but h ld c und r P r in x , S v rus C r c ll , h e continued in ofﬁcial p ositions under Elagabalus an d perhaps un der

‘ e a e e v M a crin u s was e a o Al x nd r S erus . His service under th n but sh rt 5 e o e of a a pis d in his ﬁci l c reer .

4 h a n not e o e nti . t e on e a i an a Cf l g d l y n th e accoun t of th e Parthi c mp ig , r c rd d u l

a te 26 t e o e th e ch p r jus b f r revolt of Elagabalus . 5 ’ ’ . o ter l 0 o 3 . o e Vo . . Cf F s s Di s R m , I , p 5 ’ ’ - i f r an a o n t his . o ter D o o e 38 40 t tat on o D o o Cf F s s i s R m I , , wi h ci i s fr m , cc u Of fﬁ a a O ci l c reer. 80 M ACRINU S AND D IAD UM ENIANUS

Attention h as already been called to his unsatisfactory version of 3 5 2 n d th e a a a a . o e a e a e e P rthi n c mp ign (p , n t ) Arm ni n s ttl ment (p .

an d to a o t e t e om1 ss1 on of th e a a 3 7 f . ) his lm s n ir D ci n se ttlement

8 i ate for th e o a at o of 3 f . a a a too . a e (p ) His d pr cl m i n El g b lus is l t (p .

66 o e a e a e e a s far as e o a e en In th r m tt rs his st t m nts , th y g , h v g rall ee a e e at e a e va e th e e e y b n cc pt d th ir f c lu in pr ceding pages .

e o a th e e o era o e He a o a o e o a H r di n is s c nd lit ry s urc . ls is c nt mp r ry , for h e sta tes tha t th e e vents h e describes occurre d in his own life ? e o o e e e a a e e a o e tim His w rk is m r sk tchy , l ss ccur t in d t ils , but m r

o a a a e and o e ea a e a due to l gic lly rr ng d much m r r d bl . This is p rtly th e e e o o of the e a ea e e ee to ea b tt r c nditi n t xt , but in gr t r d gr his pl sing

o an d e an d to o of Th o n o ea dicti n styl his m de trea tment . by m ns as p ainstakin g a s D io h e is sufﬁ ciently a ccurate as ancient historians

a a He a e ai to o e an e e deﬁned ccur cy . m k s it his ﬁrst m pr duc int r sting an d ea a e a a e a o e th o a a e o e r d bl n rr tiv . Such w rd pictur , in ccur t in s m

o a e a o e e a e e ea of th e e o e unimp rt nt d t ils , ft n giv s us b tt r id p ri d und r

o a a o e e a e an d a a e at th e a e e a discussi n th n m r d t il d ccur t , but s m tim

o o a a o m re pr s ic cc unt .

o a e e o a a ee or le e D io and In m st inst nc s H r di n gr s with supp m nts ,

it e e a h e seldom ﬂatly contradicts him . In fact seems quit lik ly th t

a e D i o as one of e a o e o h e e m y have us d s ver l s urc s fr m which dr w , pa ssing o ver lightly those things that h e considered unimportant and too o a for o e o an d e a o o e pr s ic a p lish d hist ry, nl rging up n th s

of a a ea a of th e a a e c on susceptible dr m tic tr tment . M ny pp r nt ’ tradiction s m ay be harmonized by n oting Herodia n s tendency to hasty generaliza tions in th e case of subj ects h e does n ot care to

‘ n ion o e e treat in detail a d his liking for dram atic descript s . S m tim s ’ where th e two a ccounts differ on e can see tha t Herodian s is the on e “ most likely to have been comp osed p ost eventum as a pla usible explanation of wha t h ad occurred Th e tendency to generalization imparts a much more rapid

h L o e a few e a e a ea movement to t e narra tive . et us c ll ct x mpl s lr dy e e noted in various connections on previ ous pages . Aft r d scribing in

e a th e o a a a a a a an d i ea e o a a e o e d t il pl t g inst C r c ll h s d th , H r di n p ss s v r

a o th e o o of h o e or a e and th e ea with w rd disp siti n t e c rps sh s , d th of n d h r Artab anu s a Julia a plunges at once into t e wa with , much ’ o e o a a a e a e e as to o e s m r l gic l pl n th n Dio s . His bri f st t m nt inf rm r

7 Her 1 n . . 3 a 1 5 d 7 . Cf I , , II, , M ACRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS 8 1

’ 4 m a e be a e e a i a t o a e on o e a e a o (p . 5 ) y w ll g n r l z i n b s d Di s d t il d cc unt .

of the ot a a a e o a h as o o s In telling pl Of El g b lus , H r di n n thing t ay a e e e t ae a a s th e e o n about Eutychi nus , but r pr s n s M s prim m ver a d 66 e e a a h e is ain tin e ea e . . l d r (p ) H r g in p g his pictur with swift , He oo o a a s a o n broad strokes . l ks up n Eutychi nus sub rdinate a d o h Th deals only with th e main act rs in t e dra ma . e question as to whether Eutychianus a cted with or without authority on th e night

h e o was a a o a e an d e an d h o h when t pl t ctu lly c nsumm t d , just wh n w t e

n h a 66 h e o oo o a ot o t e . s royal f mily g i t c mp , (p ) w uld l k up n a of

ta D io e o o e e a th e e a e little impor nce . r c unts in s m d t il imm di t steps a on own to e th e o 8 e e e . . tak n by Juli nus his initiativ qu ll r v lt (p 6 ,

1 2 e o a 4 a e M acrin us th e e to of th e o e e n . ) H r di n (V, ) m k s dir c r m v m nt and describes his reception of th e news of th e revolt and his sending “ of th e e e t a e a a e for a was th e re pr f c , dding wh n Juli nus c m , th t p ’ ” nd f ea it th e e ten s a e a e o e . fect n m , t lling his d th w hin n xt lin s In

n h a a on th o e f o a an d a o a t e e e o e . 73 l c ti g ﬁn l b ttl b rd rs Ph nici Syri (p ,

o e e o a a o a o e o e e e a a n t H r di n is dr wing fr m n th r s urc , but h r g in ’ h e a n He a e n o e e e e to M acrinu s o at e is gen r lizi g . m k s r f r nc st p

t o a te e ea th e o e of a a a h as ﬂee An i ch f r his d f t by f rc s El g b lus , but him

o th e of a 7 o e a a e e e e . 4 in disguis dir ct fr m ﬁ ld b ttl (p , n t This g in is

a n o n a o of not so much co tradicti n as a omission of details . His cc unt h f n s h an h e t e d eath o M acri u i s of t e most summary nature (p . 75) d t natural inference from it is tha t D iadu m enianu s was a ctually with H 4 d a e e e e e o a t e an d e er . a his f th r wh n th y w r b th c p ur d kill d ( V, ' This is th e only place where Herodian mentions th e young

e o e of o o a e on a o t of o princ , c nsid ring him min r imp rt nc cc un his y uth , ’ an d h e may mean merely tha t th e fa ther s downfall wa s a ccompanied

a of h son by th t t e . ’ Herodian s fondness for dra matic descriptions appears in some of the a a e e th e e o a a a He e e att e p ss g s cit d in pr vi us p r gr ph . xc ls in his b l

e a o n H h t et ee a e a a er . 1 5 t e sc n s , gr phic lly p rtr yi g ( IV, ) ﬁgh b w n M cri — an d Artabanus 33 35 an d n a e of the nus (pp . ) givi g us vivid pictur ’ a e e ee M a crinu s an d a a a t th e o e b ttl b tw n El g b lus wi h f rm r s ﬂight , th e embarra ssing situation of th e troops h e h ad deserted an d their

a e e 73 e e a o o be o e descri ﬁn l surr nd r (pp . H r ls sh uld n t d his p

o of the e o a a a a e of M a rinu s H r 2 an d of h ow h e e c e . ti n p rs n l pp r nc ( V, )

ate a an d e e a en e of imit d M rcus Aurelius (p . sp ci lly his p pictur the o a a a a e a Her his e o y uth El g b lus cl d in his pri stly g rb ( . V, p rs n 82 M ACRINU S AND D IAD UM E NIANU S

a o e o e ta e o a th e e e d rn d with ri n l spl nd r , d zzling y s of th e rude sol 65 diers (p . We see this same ten dency in th e le tter an d speech of his own

o o t on n e e e o a . e e a re e a o a e an d c mp si i i s rt d by H r di n Th s l b r t lengthy .

He e an n a a a e to th e o e H er . 14 1 su giv s i ugur l ddr ss s ldi rs ( IV, , ) p

o e to a e een e e e e o e th e a e t Artab anu s p s d h v b d liv r d b f r b ttl wi h . The letter sent to th e sen a te from Antioch o ccupies a whole chapter

H r o e th e a o of e . a e e o h ( V , C nsid ring m unt sp c giv n t t e reign of

M acrin u s ee an d e te are of e e t th o n this sp ch l t r undu l ng h , ot of

o th e V e o n of th e a o course fr m i w p i t uth r . ’ e e a a e e e th e two a o diﬂ er e o a In s v r l c s s wh r cc unts , H r di n s seems

For o e e a a e e o . e a e to Her 1 2 4 m r lik l t r inv nti n x mpl , his s ry ( . IV , , ) of th e re que st se nt by Cara calla to M aternian u s tha t h e should consult th e oracle s in his b ehalf an d th e suggestion that th e la tter seized th e t to n M acrinu s th e a H o o . e e er 1 2 2 pp rtuni y rui (p st t m nt ( . IV , , ) tha t M a crin us wa s already in disfa vor with th e e mperor an d ridiculed

o H 1 3 1 of th n 2 0 e er . a d . e a e a by him (p ) his v rsi n ( IV, , ) r nk gri v nce ’ 2 f th e a e a of a a . 0 a t o a ea M rti lis (p ) ; m tt r Of Juli nus ﬁrst c i ns , lr dy 8 o an d th e a a o of M a crinu s referred t ; e d c pit ti n . ’ o a o of e n t e a mo o Her di n s hist ry this r ig is , h n , swiftly ving pan

h n of h e a a o a ra ma of t e pri cipal deeds t le ding ct rs . It is m de up from

on of was o a Dio o a o o e e e . e a v ri us s urc s , which pr b bly hims lf H r di n o t at h e o e o a or o a a mi s th which c nsid rs pr s ic unimp rt nt , summ rizing it brieﬂy where it is necessary to d o so in order to keep from breaking

h e o He e a e o t a is e th e thread of t st ry . nl rg s up n h t which susc ptible of dramatic trea tment an d inserts a couple of rhetorical compositions n of his ow .

8 67-6 81 4 . a o e . 9 . Her . . V, Cf b v pp ,

84 M ACRINUS AND D IADUM ENIANUS is pu t together like a piece of patchwork with ﬁrst a scrap from one source an d then from another with but little regard for continuity or

e e e an d of o e e e e e o Th s qu nc , c urs with much us l ss r p titi n . e life of D iad um en ian u s doe s little more than ring the changes on th e title of

o and a one eo a t e e e e o Ant ninus , in f ct th ry is th t h s liv s b l nged to a col

e o of e f th e o e an d a e a th e a a e l cti n liv s o Ant nin s , th t this xpl ins dis rr ng 5 of th e e th e a Th e e of D iadu n n ment liv s in m nuscripts . lif me ia us was placed after that of Ela gabalus because th e former was a false

o e an d th e o a of M acrin us was a h Ant nin , bi gr phy dded because e was “ ” h a of an o e a 7 5 Th a o t e e . e e F th r Ant nin (Di d , uth r hims lf states tha t th e life of D iadu men ian u s would n ot ha ve been worth 7 h ad h e n ot an o writing been Ant nine . Th e life of M acrinu s is a ssigned in th e manuscripts to C apitolin us and t a of D iad u m enian u s to L am ridius n o ea h t p , but this is by m ns c Th of M a crin u 1 5 4 e a e o o e o e . e e s t a nclusiv lif ( , ) is d dic t d Di cl ti n

n a e h of h o h a d is thus pl c d in t e list t e earlier bi graphies in t e collection . 8 " u s of e o at a a Th e two et its e Gre k s urces milit es g inst this view . h f o 6 1 o a e t o a e to e e a o a . bi gr phi s , ssign d di f r nt uth rs might (fr m Di d , )

on o L m ridiu R be o to a e ee e e a a s . e e th ught h v b n writt n by uth r , p f r “ ence is made in b oth live s to th e duo Gordiani while in th e life of th e o a a o a e to C a itolin us e wh o ea G rdi ns , ls ttribut d p , writ rs thus sp k of two Gordians instea d of three are referred to contemptuously a s “ ” 9 quida m imperiti scriptores . On th e whole th e b est theory is tha t held by Lé crivain that the life of M acrin us belongs to th e ﬁrst series and tha t this serie s was th e work of Spartianu s ; tha t It was revised by C apitolinu s wh o added l n He e o a e e o e o of a l o a d a e o e . p rs n l r ﬂ cti ns , inv nti ns s rts f ls d cum nts

5 i t 149-50 ete to a t a ete D ie Scri tores Histor ae Au us ae . Cf . P r, p g , pp ; P r His ri Cri ic ’ i Praefatio to ete t on of i i 1 5 a o . n Scri torum H stor ae Au ustae . p g , p ; ls p XIII P r s Edi i “ ” i e e Giambelli tto e a to a ta . th e Scr tores . p Vi w uph ld by , Gli Scri ri d ll S ri Augus , p wh o t n the e an at on n at a to and o e Lé cri ain . 1 72 . Opp s d by v (p hi ks xpl i u s isf c ry insuﬂi cient and shows that it does n ot accoun t for all th e disarrangements in th e lives .

7 a 10 6 D a 6 1 M cr. , ; i d . , .

8 i i in On thi e t o a e o en D e Scr tores t . . e e s subj c c mp r M mms , p His Aug H rm s

- - i . i cr t res t . . 76 7 and 4 S o . 1 8 2 0 1 n n te ete D e . 1890 . 7 a d o XXV, , pp ; P r, p His Aug , pp , p

9 i mbelli 163 t eat 1 . a . t e 6 3 rdd . 3 5 a . Go t . a . p Cf M cr , ; Di d , ; G ( ) r s his subj c o a e Clodius n 4 2 and a Ca itolinus is ea n e e in ene a fully, c mp r s Albi us , , s ys p sp ki g h r g r l ” te and n anot o e rms usi g her s urc . M ACRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS 85

used Greek sources (including Herodian) an d put his own na me to

e o e th e e a o to o et a a e h this r visi n , but l ft d dic ti n Di cl i n unch ng d . T e

e of D iad u m en ian u s was o a t e La m ridiu s as lif pr b bly wri t n by p , it

o to a e ee too was e e an d e e at a purp rts h v b n , but it r vis d r writt n later ? " da te by C apitolin u s

t o e C ordu s 3 as on e of h We have already men i n d (p . 8 ) t e sources

o ot e o from which th e a uthor or auth rs drew . An h r s urce fre quently

a e th e S cri tores th o n ot te as an a o e e e n m d in p , ci d uth rity in th s liv s ,

is a a o th e a e one wh o e of e e M rius M ximus , p ssibly s m h ld ﬁc und r “ M c inu e was e e an e r 5 7 . 2 e a o a s . 9 (p . , n ) Th r vid ntly Imp ri l Chr n ”11 l o n d Eu ro us a o ic e from which Aurelius Vict r a t pi ls drew . Hero

o 2 n d a 8 3 - 1 0 4 i a 5 a . s a a e e e e t . e di n is dir ctly r f rr d in Di d , , M cr , , t k n 1 8 o B ut a ea ea of th e e of M acrin u s and a o all fr m him . gr t d l lif lm st tha t of D iadu m enianu s IS composed of inventions of th e writer and

o a a o a o o e oe n o of w rthless m terial g thered fr m v ri us s urc s . This d s t

‘ ea a e e a e e b u t a a e ea is mixed m n th t it is ntir ly v lu l ss , th t littl wh t with a a e a o of aff Th e a o e o an d l rg m unt ch . cc unts in Aur lius Vict r

Eutro iu s are so e an d o e e an d of so e a e a t e p bri f c nd ns d , littl v lu , th t h y

d o n ot e e a a e o m rit s p r t discussi n .

e th e e a o a e a a of e e e e o e o Aft r l b r t n lysis th s liv s , s cti n by s cti n , — — e L cri vain 1 8 2 1 0 2 64 8 ee e o é . 9 e t a e giv n by (pp , ) it s ms us l ss tt mpt

t t o o a n o b ou of a e a . e e m t e t a e ny hing fur h r Of th t s rt H w v r , it y pl c to a e u e ea a te t o t ou t e e a a t k p bri ﬂy ch ch p r in urn , p in ing its g n r l ch r a cter an d referring to some p oints n ot already mentione d in th e pre ceding page s .

f M c in u s a o o th difﬁ e o a r e 1 . ea e Lif , ch pt r Intr ducti n d ling with culty of writing th e live s of th e lesser emperors an d referring to

o d e t o on th o o o h of C r us . Evid n ly m delled e intr ducti n t t e life 18 Pescen nius e a e to S artian u s Nig r ttribut d p .

1 " 4 i 2 i A . 1 8 . . Lé cr vain . 20 18 266 a o ete Die Scr tores t . u Cf , pp , , ; ls P r, p His g , p

1 1 i 2 2 in th e i to Lé cri a n . 4 3 4 4 0 e f a a e a . v 7 3 . H e a t o Cf , pp , , giv s lis p ss g s H s ri “ Augusta (includin g the lives of M acrinus an d D iadum enianus) drawn from this Im ” an d Eutr i s perial Chronicle with th e parallel passages from Aurelius Victor op u .

4 a a ta n e . . a o a e 29 Htinn . h s e e one r na e e e f (p ) lik bl with o two additio l r f r c s Cf ls p g . above .

18 2 1 note an mm en Die i e . 7 d . o Scr tores t . . e Cf M s , p His Aug (H rm s XXV, p , ) ,

87 e o . see p . b l w

1 8 1 -2 - e e t a e zu den . e . . 1 an d 9 1 2 see a o e t Cf P sc Nig , , ; ls Pl w, Kri isch B i r g

A. . 9 and HO 4 . nn S . H , p , , p . . 86 M A CR INUS AND D IAD UM E NIANU S

a e 2 e a e e of th e ea t Of a a a n h Ch pt r . Bri f st t m nt d h C r c lla a d t e

on of M a crin u s th e att t e of th e e a e an d h h a ccessi , i ud s n t t e giving of t e

o o D iadu m n n u s title of Ant ninus t e ia .

3 a e e a o of h a e . t e a e o Ch pt r A p r nth tic l discussi n n m Ant ninus . “ ” é cri in a 14 a e e . L va e e a t e of a e V lu l ss t rms this ch pt r issu bsurditi s .

a te 4 o e o of o e e a th a Ch p r . A c ll cti n st ri s r g rding e e rly life of

M a crin u s o e of e e e a a a o e a to a e , s m th m inv nt d by El g b lus , th rs s id h v

en t Th e o n e e e e of his of been curr . cl si g s nt nc t lls murder Cara calla

n d o ea e of th e e e e o e e n ot a a c nc lm nt crim . Th s st ri s whil uthentic n a s Th h are ot e e a e e e . e e a a re o t e n c ss rily ntir ly f l d t ils dubi us , but

e a e of th e o e o o gen r l tr nd st ri s is w rth n ticing .

te oo a o th e a t of h o a t e e e t e e a e . Ch p r 5 . L ks b ck l s s nt nc s c nd ch pt r ’ Th e e n of a a a a o to Ro e Ad en u s M cri u s s ndi g C r c ll s b dy m by v t . a n 15 o t o He a e th e a e e e an d e a o a fears opp si i n . t k s n m S v rus giv s d n tive

h H tt o h Th h to t e o e . e e a e e t t e e a e e a e e t s ldi rs s nds l r s n t . st t m nt in e ﬁrst sentence tha t D iad um en ianu s was a t once a sso ciated with his

a e th e e e of o e an e o ta e e a f th r in mpir is , c urs , rr r if it is k n lit r lly , but it e viden tly refers merely to th e taking of th e na me An toninus and

a for th e o thus b eing design ted successi n . Chapter 6 purports to consist of extra cts from th e letter of M acri ’ to h e e a e e e a re of o th e a o e o a s t . e nus s n t Th s , c urs , uth r s inv nti n in th e case of th e much more elab orate letter recorded by Herodian

an d a o discussed b ve . 1 5 - M c in - 1 4 o o o e to a r u s . 5 8 o e a e 7 . . Ch pt r , H n rs v t d An th r

n h a o n d os h h discourse o t e n me Ant ninus a th e w o held t e title .

Valueless . — t 8 1 2 o a a e e a a a e th e a e e a e . Ch p r , Hist ric l st t m nt g in ft r p r nth sis

h n o n on of h r th e on t e e . e e e e e t e a a Wa A t ni s T lls in s nt nc P rthi n ,

an d th a of M acrin u s uprising of Elagabalus e de th .

4 1 i i F r ael is ne in a te he 183 . o th e ate est ent o t Lé cr va n . C , p v s m i d his ch p r

o a e e t . 4 2 c mp r s P r , .

5 1 Th e a t o e o t a o e t at was r en t M acrinus est e uo u h r r p r s j k h cu r Sic Sev rus , q ” 185 t n a an n te n Lé crivain . t ea nt modo Diadumenus An to inus . (p ) hi ks his pl s ry i r

’ “ ” olation e a e of the use of a en for Diadum enianu s bu t t o o e p b c us Di dum us , his w uld pr v ’ in e a a t e en t a to a itolinus too . e n ot e oo oo C much This sp lli g h r p ss g s , , vid ly l ks b ck p ’

Th e e a e e a e een en t in o e r n M acrinus e n . source . jok m y v ry w ll h v b curr R m du i g r ig

15 ” Th e a e o o e on tiﬁces no e vocan t is n ter o ate as o n te cl us qu s h di p mi r s i p l d , p i d t i i I ta en o 57 3 e e the ou t o eter and Lé cr va n . t b h by P is k fr m Livy XXII , , wh r i i 185 re e en e s t 2 16 B D 2 i a n . ie . A 8 and Lé cr . o . C . . ete v f r c Cf P r, S H . . , p . , p M ACRINU S AND DIAD UM E NIA NU S 87

4 a a is 1 7 a e 8 3 to 10 . e a e on e o a as h a s Ch pt r , , This p ss g b s d H r di n ,

o n ou 85 It a n h already been p i ted t . (p . ) is brief accou t of t e peace

Artab an u s th e o of ae a th e e o th e e on of a with , pl t M s , r v lt , d serti M cri ’ o e th e ea of a th e and ea of M rin u s nus s ldi rs , d th Juli nus , ﬂight d th ac ’ and D iadu m en ian us an d o e e o a tate t a , cl s s with H r di n s s men th t

D iadum enianu s was a e ae a n ot t Th e a sen m d C s r , but Augus us . l st

' ten ce in chapter ten states th a t th e life of D iadu men ian u s would n ot ha e ee o t n h ad h e n o t ee an o n e 4 v b n w r h writi g b n Ant ni . (p . 8 ) Th e remainder of th e life is devoted to th e chara cterization of

n Th e e atte of th e e t M acri u s . subj ct m r n x three chapters is in each

a e h t te e case summ riz d in t e ﬁrs sen nc . “ a te 1 1 tamen ta e a o a a o ri idior et Ch p r , Fuit in vi imp r t ri p ul g ” au sterior te of e e to be o a s e e an d e t n a of , lls his d sir kn wn S v rus P r i x , 1 8 his a ccep tan ce of th e title of Felix an d his (supp osed) refusal of 1 9 h of of o t on th e e t t e t e . e a a a e ti l Pius It includ s st nz p ry subj c ,

n i M nu f e n n o o e o . a d a a swer to t ascribe d to acri s . This c urs is w rthl ss “ a te 1 2 uit e et san u in ari u s et o a Ch p r , F igitur sup rbus g v l ns ” ’ militariter e a e i s e o e to o a a e of th e e e o imp r r , d v t d m st wful t l s mp r r s

5 5 4 an d o e t a e e en e to th e o e . e . 0 cru lty (pp , ) cl s s wi h r f r c inf rm rs

54 In th e m e of a te t o th e e o n e (p . ) iddl this ch p r wi h ut slight st c n c “ o on e a e en e e of o a e Pu n avit tam en ti n is mispl c d s t nc hist ric l valu . g et o a Parth os et o a en o e t on a a o o Eud ae c ntr c ntr Arm i s c tr Ar b s , qu s ” o e vocan t n on fortiter a e e a e e a m n s , minus qu m f licit r . This is g n r l statement fro m an other source an d th e ﬁrst half of it would represent ’ fro m M acrin u s p oint of view th e ca mpaigns recorded by Dio an d

e o an Th e e e en e o th e a a h as a ea ee H r di . r f r c t Ar bi ns lr dy b n dis

e cuss d (p .

a te 1 3 F e n on in callid u s te of a an d Ch p r , uit in iur , lls judici l a n n n n dmi istrative reforms a d is interesti g a d valuable (p . but ’ a e off to ta e of M acrin u s e t o an n an d w nd rs in l s cru l y , g urm dizi g

e stingin ss .

1 7 - Lé ri in 18 2 1 ff f eta e o ar on . As . 1 c va . 7 and Hii nn . 3 . or Cf , p , pp d il d c mp is

o n te u n 14 th e o ar a fo ae a ta en ro th e at n o e p i d o t by HO n (p . ) f rm V i r M s is k f m L i s urc

n 10 1 Th e r mira i s a o o th e a t n o r e and o a o in Hel . mia . o S is f u d ls , f m y ls fr m L i s u c i 186 6 n i l 14 4 Lé cri a n . 2 1 and . v note a d o n n He . ( , p , ) is f u d , ,

1 8 Contradicted by th e inscriptions as shown on pages 25 and 26 .

1 9 Lé crivain Th e stanza is supposed to have been translated from th e Greek .

10 e ri t res of e e o e (p . 1) giv s a number of other examples from th e Sc p o v rs s supp s dly

- 2 - 6 1 5 . min the . . 1 o o ee e e . . 8 6 and c g fr m Gr k, g , P sc Nig , , 88 M A CRINU S AND DIAD UM ENIANUS

’ 4 o to M a crin u s lo o Chapter 1 . Allusi n w rigin with some more p oetry supp osed to be translated from th e Greek an d another state

ment of his death . n f h a e 1 5 . o e ate e o t e ea of M acrinu s Ch pt r A th r st m nt d th , this “ ” e a a a e and of th e a e o of a a a tim in Bithyni n vill g , cc ssi n El g b lus . ’

h e at e a a e . o e a t o to o et a T l t r s ch r ct r Cl sing d dic i n Di cl i n . It will be seen fro m th e above summary tha t th e biography is

f n o o n o o e o a . a o a e o 2 c mp s d intr ducti n (ch hist ric l s cti n (ch . incoherent with a large admixture of triﬂing legends ; a chara cter

M n s 1 1 - 14 n ﬁn h analysis of a cri u (ch . ) with a a ttempt at literary is ; and a concluding chapter ( 1 5) referring to his successor an d d edicat

h o o o t a ing t e w rk t Di cle i n .

Th of D i dum enianus as h s a 4 e e a a ea ee a . 8 lif , lr dy b n s id (p ) “ o e a o h one ea of th e a e o o rev lv s r und t e id n m Ant nine . H nn (pp . 1 7- 1 9) goes so far a s to say that there are n o historical fa cts in it except those culled fro m th e life of M acrinu s an d that th e life is so

a n d o n thoroughly f lse a w rthless that a analysis is useless .

f D i du en ianu s a 1 of h o a e e o a m e . e t e e e Lif , ch pt r Gri f s ldi rs b c us

s n o o th t M acrinu s a e there wa Ant ninus in e S a te . fe rs th y will

o a e son as o . e turn t o thers . D esign t s his Ant ninus Addr ss sup posed to ha ve been delivered to th e soldiers a t this time an d their

o f o th e e e e e e o . a e a a . r c pti n it A m nif st f bric ti n In ﬁrst s nt nc , “ ” a e v a e o a e o o est dictus of nihil h b t it m m r bil , nisi qu d Ant ninus

l o a o a . 1 0 o e o t 6 . c urs ks b ck M cr ,

2 - 3 1 o e ee e of M acrinu s an d D iadu a e . Ch pt r , Supp s d sp ch s

m enianu s at th e v of th e o a e o a th e e o gi ing d n tiv . Pr b bly Emp r r

no on Th one a e e a e a ee at e t e . e m d sp ch this tim , but this ccr dit d

n n old bo to Diadu m enia us is certainly ela b ora te for a te yea r y. ’ A sentence is inserted here making direct reference to Herodian s

Version tha t D iad u m enian us received only th e title of C aesar . ? " M o ney coined in Antioch in honor of D iadum en ian u s and M acrinus “ ” o of o e a e An toninianae e to th e eo e o o St ry r b s c ll d giv n p pl , f ll wing “ 81 n u m h e a e of a a a a o of e e ee a co iari . t ex mpl C r c ll . C py dict d cr ing g

8" T r f he enate e t ona e he o e a t on e th e atte a te th e e ee o t . f m r c , l r f r d cr s A qu s i bl i s statement as the elevation of D iadum enianus implied th e elevation of M acr nu (cf . ’ t t fur " et in ea e ne to e ta on Zei schrif Num . XXXI his g r ss s blish his s s e on M a in e f r t cr us ma a on e o et n O t e o . succ ssi , y h v d s m hi g his v y s r

21 Cf. Lé cri ain 26 v . 5 . , p M ACRINUS AND DIADUM ENIA NUS 89

M acrinu s h as the Antonine standards brought into camp an d 88 orders tha t images of silver and gold be set up to Cara calla an d ’ “ tha t a seven days supplicatio be celebrated for th e name of “ ” o Ant ninus . -4 e o of th e e o a f a e 3 2 . a ea a e o . Ch pt r , D scripti n p rs n l pp r nc

D i adu m enian us .

Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to a list of th e omens that are said

‘ to have o ccurred at th e birth of D iadu menianu s and durin g his f o e o o Th n a o e are o . e o e a to inf ncy . Such st ri s , c urs , c mm n h ving

d th e o of his a e of e a n te e and h as a ea o with rigin n m is sp ci l i r st , lr dy “ 1 1 ff as h as a o th e t t e o a o a erarii ee e . b n discuss d (p ) , ls i l pr cur t r ” m i M acrinus 1 6 o e Th e a e e t a h ior s e to . e a giv n (p , n t st t m nt h t was b orn on th e birthday of Antoninus Pius is n ot in accord with h a e e as e te e 14 a of Dio w o ﬁxes his birthd y d ﬁnit ly S p mb r . Th t

Pins 1 o o was e e e 1 9 . e e tw Ant ninus Pius S pt mb r (Ant , Th s

a e are o e e o o e e to be ea o o e a a e d t s cl s n ugh , h w v r , sily c nf und d by c r

e less writ r .

a 6 o e o e on th e a e o Ch pter . An th r disc urs n m Ant ninus , giving

a of o e wh o a e e it an d e h ow an d it was list th s h v h ld , t lling why

o a a Th e a e o e a o e b est wed in e ch c se . ch pt r is intr duc d by n th r

a o o for the e at all a to th e on e at th e e p l gy writing lif , simil r v ry ﬁrst

f h oo o t e b k . a o e o e ve e o e to be a a e o Ch pter 7 . S m m r rs s supp s d tr nsl t d fr m h su t e ee e are a e e to o o . o a e e Gr k . Th y ddr ss d C mm dus Als l tt r p

o e to a e ee e M acrinus to e o a e a o e p s d h v b n s nt by his wif , N ni C ls ( th r

e ow e t th e e o a of the a e o wis unkn n) , xul ing in b st w l n m Ant ninus

o e son mo oo an d a e a a o . up n th ir . A st f lish m nif st f bric ti n ’

a t 8 o e a e e of th e e t of M acrinus e . Ch p er . C rr ct st t m nt l ng h r ign ’ son e a of h a e e o to His kill d bec use t e f ther s faults . A l tt r purp rting

a e ee e D iadu m enian us to his a e t for h v b n s nt by f th r , cri icising him ? 8 undue lenience to certain conspirators Th e letter i s concocted in an effort to prove th e cruelty of the young prince and to justify his e e o o o h e e 2 72 com x cuti n . It includes a qu tati n from t e A n id (IV, ) paring D iadu menianu s to Ascanius an d is totally unlike wha t wou ld

88 i 26 e e t e a t o th e Lé criva n . 5 o nt out t at t m a be (p ) p i s h his y v ry w ll ru , l h ugh enate h ad hi s a e e t o e Dio 78 In a M acrinus e to on ate s im g s d s r y d ( , c mp wish d c cili he o e an t s ldi rs d hide his own part in the death of Caracalla . 88 “ Th e titles D ux Armeniae et item legatus Asiae atque Arabiae are evidently ﬁ t t o . . Lé crivain . 33 c i i us Cf , p . 90 M ACRINUS AND DIAD UM ENIANUS

o a o bo a th e o b e exp ected fr m y ung y . In f ct c mpiler himself recog n ises an d a e a o e n was th e o of t to this st t s th t s m thi k it w rk his u r , but ” t e e ex u a a aret a a e fu turu s iu v ni s i ix ss e e e s v i et . n v r h l ss q pp , qu m sp r ,

o e et e th e a a 1 h Chapter 9 . An th r l t r in s me str in w t ﬁctitious

It a o a e e D i d u m en an u s to a e . t e e a i n m s is s id h v b n s nt by his mother .

o Urbicu s e o e e e e e e to o e e e an d L llius , m nti n d h r , is r f rr d n wh r lse 4 m a b e a o a a te ? an a e th e o e e to y ﬁctiti us ch r c r At y r t , st ry cr dit d him that th e rea ding of these letters to th e soldiers caused th e death of D iadu m en i anu s e t e e e a o to a e a e , wh n h y w r b ut s v him ft r killing

a e a t e a a e th e e ta e a o t of th e his f th r , is utt r v ri nc with s blish d cc un

eat of th e two as i s th e ta te e t t a t t e ea We e on a d h , s m n h h ir h ds r put ? 5 j a velin by th e soldiers Th e life closes with a brief notice of th e n ew

e o a a a e mp r r El g b lus .

t e of ve a e e a th e a e of on n e of o e S ripp d rbi g r g rding n m Ant i , m ns , forged le tters an d speeche s an d of manifest b orro win gs from th e

e of M acrin u s e e a a o e t of th e e of D iadu lif , th r is pr ctic lly n thing l f lif

nian u s a to sa a for o a o e h as n o m e . It is f ir y th t hist ric l purp s s it

a a e independent v lue wh tev r .

a ea tate th e o e a o r e e o As lr dy s d (p . th r L tin s u c s , Aur lius Vict r

an d Eu tro iu s are so o e e a e a re of e o a e . p , c nd ns d th t th y littl imp rt nc

Th o o e e th e a e 8 2 1 e o . a e f rmer (ch XXII) c nt ins f ur s nt nc s , l tt r ( , )

ea a e a e e e or two o th e a of th e e of three . In ch c s s nt nc fr m l st lif

a a a a o of e t C r c lla is ls int res .

84 2 61 n te i t t . . e e . o o m en D e . Cf . M m s , Scrip His Aug (H rm s XXV , p ,

i i r e o e er en t ﬁe t a a anot e a o Lé cr va n a e 89 . o ls , p g B gh si , h w v , id i s him wi h f mily h r representative of which is known in th e time of Hadrian and th e Antonines (B orghesi i 302 and note te n t er . Oe re 9 . uv s , p , ci d Bu l , p 85 6 1 f e . . i 2 r n en e o . Lé ri a n . 66 t n t a e c v (p ) hi ks his mi isc c P sc Nig ,

92 M A CRINU S AND DIADUM E NIA NUS

INS CRIPTIONS CITED

. . 22056 C I . L VIII , 22 562 22626 22628 3347 X , 7280 1543 XI , 1544 61 16 5828 XII , 1 798 XIII , 1938 2280 7379

7570c 7800 2257 XIV, 4108 XV, 4109 41 10 4141 7238 733 1 7343 7505 1620 C . I . G . I , v, 3708

E . 1209 Eph . p VII , 335 VIII , 336 337

t . en . Comp R d Ac .

Inscr . et B . L . 1905 73 ( ) p . 1 r . 1 Rev . A ch ( 91 ) 504 no 1 55 XVIII , .

(1. a Not . Sc vi 1891 204 , p .

Greek Papyri of Brit .

. 93 M us . II p , P ap . CCCLI 1267a 60 Pa . III , p . , p

Pa . h rk . . Griec . U d p zu Leipzig

2 17 no . 79 I , p . , M ACRINUS AND DIADUM ENIANUS 93

LIST OF COINS USED

2 d . a en Vol . e Coh II , Lydi - 4 41 a an 1 19 12 . 97 no . Tr j P , - 1 10 184 189 . 3 12 no . P , 529-538 Mysia 25 -2 60 ed 2 54 n . 9 o en Vol . . . o C h III , P , Marcus Aurelius 157-174 Paphl agonia l 1 1 d 2 . 0 no . 59 o en Vo . e . C h IV, P , Septimi us Severus Phoenicia - s 165 - 166 1 1 7 no . 5 . 7 P , - 2 2 n 2 22 235 . o . 38 9 P 7 , 360-374 Phrygia 56 498 169 no . P . , l a an a 556 Seleucia (Ga . C pp . d Syri ) - 391 -2 65 64 1 9 nos . 8 6 . 9 P , 2 400 7 4 200 no . P . ,

inus 2 61 no . 97 M acr . P , 1 - 1 2 M acrinus and Diadum enianus B . M . C . 14-52 Cappadocia 69 s 282 -4 83 no . P . , 82 - 13 1 Cilicia 1 - 143 2 7 33 24 n o . P . , 5 note - 15 aea . — Jud , p LXV LXVI 156 168 Moesia In ferior - —8 1 70 32 3 nos . 30 3 Pp . , 1 d a a . an 75 Seleucia (Gal . C pp Syri ) 1 7 s 403-406 7 200 no . . P . , Diadumenianus D iadum enianus B . M . C . 1 -39 Cilicia 41 - 2 - 5 2 5 6 nos . 8 3 Pp . , 43 Cyr rh estica E a a a 54 145 no . l g b lus P . , 69 Egypt (Alexandria) 108 483 no . 1 British Museum Catalogue Ionia M acrinus 2 8 0 no . 9 P . 9 , Bithynia Lydia 1 . 89 no . 55 264 no . 169 P , P . , Cilicia Mysia

- . 24 nos . 25 26 261 54 no . P , P . ,

. 135 no . 3 1 a P , Phrygi

. 200 n s 2 4 20 32 o . 0 5 194 no . P , , P . , on a 402 53 I i ,

- - . 89 2 a . n r a 90 n s . 3 al a d o 9 7 G . P , Seleucia ( C pp Sy i )

- . 378 2 no . 6 407 415 9 201 nos . P , P . , 94 M ACRINUS AND D IAD UM E NIANU S

hra e a in ton 3 T c W dd g , I , - . 104 n os . 89 90 468 . n o . 549 P , P , 1 — . . . . 550 n s 2 66 I B N G I , , o . 7

- 1 78 - Nos . 7 5 5 55 1 2 , 68 2 73 1679- 1 785 ea e . . . . 1 G . 8a L k N H A , P 1791 ea e L k N . H . A . G . Suppl 1822 5 1 P . 1 870 58

- III nos . 297 299 ea e , L k N . H . E . G . in as . . Kl e . unz . 48 I B M P . 6 1 0- n os . 7 7 1 P . , 52 1 1 7 22 , D e B elfort 1 34 10 1 10 2 , P . ( coin s) 2 24 , 9 1 1 1 225 10 , e e a n n o 1940 W b r S mmlu g . 255 22 7 ) ’ 7 , 1962

nn . - . . o Grec . D attari n s 4 I B M q , o . 90 1 2 86 iP . Gn ecchi 78 . n o 1 II , P , . 367 40 1 III , 398 E kh el c 7 . 53 , , P

nte an o e t on M ionnet . 7 Hu ri C ll c i . 452 624 , sup , P , 2 4 . 5 n o . 16 ron II , P , Num . Ch . 526 7 , 122 III , P . 593 79 , 1 63 ff P . . 1 74 242 , 35 n . o . 3 P , 3 22 1 5 , 35 1 n . o . 10 IV , P , 308 2 8- 30 , 109 P . 3 15 2 e t r f , Num . Z i sch i t t n 1 a n o , 2 1 20 W ddi g I , , P . 5 24 n 1 1 1 nos . a d . 4 1 4 1 P , . , P 26 68 no . 1 , 43 19 n 8 . o . 9 , P , 69 12 7 , Revu e Numi smatique 206 144 18 3 22 — , 8 . 5 6 , Pp Z it e . 2 s fur Num . p . 94 if

hi t in e on t o e o n to eﬁn te and e ﬁ e e en e is ade T s lis clud s ly h s c i s which d i sp ci c r f r c m .

O e 900 o n e e te o ate and a ﬁe as a a for th e on on ere n v r c i s w r lis d , l c d cl ssi d b sis c clusi s h i .