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NCAVC

CRITICAL INCIDENT RESPONSEGROUP FBI Academy Quantico, Virginia JUNE 1998 FBIIDOJ ¬ i § ¬ E ?

r The Critical Incident Response Group

2? CIRG!

The CriticalIncident ResponseGroup CIRG!is anFBI eldentity locatedat theFBI Academy Quantico,in Virginia.Established May in 1994,the CIRGwas designedto provide rapid assistanceto incidents of a crisis nature.It furnishes emergency responseto terrorist activities, hostagesituations, barricaded subjects,and other critical incidents.

The CIRGis composed of diverse units thatprovide operationalsupport andtraining and conduct researchin related areas. Expertiseis furnished in cases involving abduction or mysterious disappearanceof children, crime sceneanalysis, proling,crisis management, hostage negotiations,and specialweapons andtactics.

The National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime NCAVC!

The NationalCenter for the Analysisof Violent Crime NCAVC!, one ofthe major componentsof the CIRG, combinesinvestigative/operational functions, support research,and s training inorder toprovide assistance,without charge,to Federal, state, local,and foreignlaw § enforcement agenciesinvestigating unusual,bizarre, or repetitive violent crimes.

4 In vestigative/OperationalAssistance 3 The experiencedFBI SpecialAgents andother professionalswho comprisethe NCAVC 3 staff provideadvice andsupport thein generalareas of Crimes Against Children;Crimes Against Adults; andThreat Assessment,Corruption, andProperty Crimes.Typical casesreceived for services includechild abductionsor mysteriousdisappearance children, of serial murders, single homicides, serialrapes, extortions,threats, kidnappings,product tampering,arsons and bombings, weaponsof mass destruction, publiccorruption, anddomestic andinternational terrorism.

The NCAVC staff reviewscrimes fromboth behavioraland investigativeperspectives. r This criminalinvestigative analysisprocess servesas a tool for client lawenforcement agencies i by providingthem withan analysisof the crime aswell asan understanding of criminal motivation andbehavioral descriptionsof the offender. Servicesprovided to law enforcement i agencies throughthis processinclude the following: i _.._. .

Crime Analysis: The NCAVC staff member reviewsthe initial crime scene information and preliminaryinvestigative effortsand offerssuggestions thatmay helpdirect the course ofthe investigation. V

Investigative Suggestions:Certain investigativesuggestions andstrategies may be offered basedon a review of theentire case, focusing particularly onan evaluation of the crime scene and an assessment ofthe likely offender.

Proles of Unknown Oenders: By analyzing the details by which a crime was committed, NCAVCstaff memberscan oftenidentify importantpersonality and behavioral characteristics of an offender. Certain crime scenes may reveal behavioral characteristics thatgive cluesabout anoffender's personalityor lifestyle and allow investigators topredict futureactivity.

Threat Analysis:Communicated threats are evaluated todetermine whetherthe authoror caller has the intent, knowledge, or means to carry out any stated or implied threat. A behavioral descriptionof the unknown offendermay beprovided toassist in identication and apprehension. Knownoffenders whomake threats or who appear to pose adanger maybe assessedfor potentialdangerousness, givenappropriate and sufficient background data.

Critical Incident Evaluations: NCAVC staff serve as a resource to CIRGs crisis management, tactical,and on-scenecommanders duringcrisis situations by offering overall behavioralassessment criticalof incidents,crime scenes,and potentially dangerous individuals.

Interview Strategies:The NCAVC staff canmake suggestionsabout interviewstrategies of subjects,suspects, orwitnesses, basedon a general assessment of the person andan analysis ofthe crime s!and behaviorexhibited. Suggestionsmay relateto the most appropriate typeof interviewer,desirable approach,and thebest environmentin which to conduct the interview.

Major CaseManagement: TheNCAVC staff can provideguidance andresources to manage andorganize amajor multiagencyinvestigation, suchas thosethat occurin child abduction or serial murder cases. Particularly helpful to those investigating the abduction or mysterious disappearance ofa child is the Child AbductionResponse Planprepared by NCAVC staff with the assistance ofand advice from FBI and police investigators who have extensiveexperience workingchild abductioncases.

Search Warrant Assistance: Research and experience have shown that certain behavior and personality traits are commonly possessedby specic types of offenders. This information can be particularly beneficial to support affidavits for search warrants.

2 *

ProsecutiveTrial Strategies: and At therequest the of investigatingagencyor prosecutingthe attorney, NCAVCstaff makemay recommendationsregarding possible cross-examinationfor offenderstechniquesor witnesses, overall prosecutivetheme development,or suggestions for juryselection. K criminalExpertinvestigative Testimony: NCAVCcrime membershave analysis, qualiedto testify scenecriminalas experts analysis, in theareasand violent of behavior, assessment ofdangerousness. Violent CriminalApprehension VIC/1P!: Program isVICAPa behaviorally-based crime analysisthat tool beenhas signicantlyredesignedstructured andaddress to violent crime problemsaffectingenforcement law The agencies. systemnew ofconsistsa revised VICAPCrime AnalysisReporta anduser-friendly computer designed system to enhanceanalysis crime specic for violentcrimes, includingsolvedunsolved or homicides,persons, missingunidentied and persons. deadis available It free of charge to anyagency towilling becomea part of this effective of networkcrimeanalysis. ln additionto theabove services,the NCAVC staff cancoordinate obtain and other resourcesapplya to givento investigation. NCAVC The maintainsa referencele forexperts in various forensicdisciplinesas odontology,suchanthropology, or pathology.entomology,Staff memberscan coordinate acquisition special of trackingaircraft,or cadaver dogs, use of orthe FBls EvidenceResponse The Team. NCAVCalso worksclosely the with National Centerfor MissingExploited and inChildren childabductions other and victimizationchild cases.

Research perspective.The NCAVCprimaryalso Ofconductsto interestresearch researchers is howviolent into the crime fromoffenders a inlaw the study enforcement committed their crimes and how theyavoided detection,identication, apprehension,and conviction.The researchdesigned is gain to insightinto criminal thought processes,motivations,behavior. and Insightsthrough gainedresearch theare rened into innovative investigative and techniques appliedundergraduatesimprove tograduate enforcements law andworking students internsagainst effectivenessasthe violent in NCAVCthe provide criminal.College assistanceto the staff inmany of the research efforts. Resultsthe of research are sharedwith lawthe enforcementand academicworld through *5.5 publications,presentations, training,well as and throughas application theknowledge ofthe to §1 investigativeand operationalfunctionsthe Center. Some of are ndings useful also to incorporatecrime prevention intoprograms. and Pastplannedresearch studies includessexual of homicide,rape, child serialmolestation abduction, and arson, bombing,using acts weaponsof mass destruction,threatening communications,and serialmurder.

3 Training The NCAVCstaff participatesin numerous training functionsthroughout year.the The NCAVCis represented at major law enforcementconferences as such theInternational Associationof Chiefs of Police and NationalSheriffs Association.Staff memberstake part as attendees speakersand at symposia sponsored such by organizationsas the American Professional Societyon theAbuse of Children, Academy of Forensic Sciences, International Homicide InvestigatorsAssociation, AmericanBar Association, and the Academy of Criminal Justice Science. Requeststraining for presentations or the byNCAVC should made be throughthe local FBI eld ofce.

NCAVC toll-free number: 800-634-4097

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NCAVC FBI ACADEMY Quanco, Va. NATIONAL CENTERFOR-TIIE OF VIOLENT CRIME * * * * *

FOREWORD

This bookletis a compilation of articleswritten bymembers the of BehavioralScience Units, NationalCenter thefor Analysisof Violent Crime, the at FBIAcademy. Topicscovered in this booklet are:

Criminal InvestigativeAnalysis Proling!

Sexual Homicide

Criminal InvestigativeAnalysis Special Agentsassigned the to Criminal Investigative AnalysisProgram CIAP!of the National Centerfor the Analysis Violentof Crimeprovide operationaland investigative sup- port FBIto eldofces andlaw enforcementagencies investigatingviolent crimes.The terms "psychologicaland prole" "criminal personality areprole" nolonger usedin describing the work doneby the analysts. Althoughthe "prole" or description of the type ofperson who would belikely tohave committedthecrime or crimes analyzed is part of theservice pro- vided,is secondaryit to theoverall crime analysis. The analystsalso provide suggestions for investigative strategy,interviewing investigative and techniques,search warrant information, and prosecutivestrategy. some In cases,the Agents may testifyin court as expertwitnesses about theprocess ofcriminal investigativeanalysis. The articlesincluded thisin sectiondescribe criminalinvestigative analysisin general. Some articlesthat deal with analysisin particular crimes suchas homicide or rape are included in books or sections dealing with that crime.

Sexual Homicide The FBIsBehavioral ScienceUnits conductedresearch intosexual homicide.The pro- ject involvedthe interview of 36convicted, incarceratedkillers, manyof whom were serial killers. Thearticles inthis sectiondescribe resultsof that research. _

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Criminal InvestigativeAnalysis * CriminalProling: AViable InvestigativeTool Against ViolentCrime * Criminal Proling fromCrime SceneAnalysis * OffenderProles: AMultidisciplinary Approach * A Psychological Assessmentof Crime:Proling

Sexual Homicide * Sexual Homicide: AMotivational Model * Sexual Killers andTheir Victims: Identifying PattemsThrough CrimeScene Analysis * Murderers Who Rapeand Mutilate * The Men Who Murdered * The Split Realityof Murder * ClassifyingSexual HomicideCrime Scenes: Interrater Reliability * Crime Scene andProle Characteristics of Organizedand DisorganizedMurderers * InterviewingTechniques Homicide for Investigations * The Lust Murderer * Rapeand Rape-Murder:One Offender and TwelveVictims >l<*>I<****

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIVE ANALYSIS

Criminal Proling:A Viable Investigative Against Tool ViolentCrime Criminal Prolingfrom CrimeScene Analysis Offender Proles:A MultidisciplinaryApproach A PsychologicalAssessment Crime: of Proling

>l<>l<>I<*>l<*>!< Criminal Profiling A Viable Investigative Tool Against ViolentCrime

Quickly apprehendinga perpetrator 1! Evaluationof thecriminal act itself, of aviolentcrimerape, homicide,child BY 2! Comprehensiveevaluation abduction-isa major goal ofall lawen- JOHN E. DOUGLAS, M.S. forcement agencies. Unlike other of the specifics of the crime disciplines concernedwith human scenels!, Special Agent/ProgramManager violence, lawenforcement doesnot, as 3! Comprehensiveanalysis of Profiling andConsultation Program a primaryobjective, seekto explain the the victim, Behavioral Science actions ofa violent offender. Instead,its 4! Evaluationof preliminary Investigative SupportUnit National Centerfor the Analysis task isto ascertain the identityof theof- police reports, fender basedon whatis knownof his 5! Evaluationof themedical of Violent Crime actions. Describedby oneauthor asan FBI Academy Quantico,VA examiners autopsyprotocol, emitter signalsof duringcommission of and 6! Developmentof profilewith a crime, the criminal must be iden- ALAN E. BURGESS, M.Ed. tifiedas quickly as possible to prevent critical offender characteristics, further violence.While studiesexplain- and Special Agent/UnitChief ing why certain individualscommit 7! Investigativesuggestions Behavioral Science violent crimes may aid them in their predicated onconstruction the of Investigative SupportUnit and search, lawenforcement investigators must adaptthe studyfindings tosuit profile. Deputy Administrator their ownparticular needs.Criminal pro- National Centerfor the Analysis filingis a tool law enforcement'may useTheprocess by used theperson of Violent Crime to combine the resultsof studiesin other preparinga criminal personality profile FBI Academy Quantico, VA disciplines withmore traditionaltechni- is quitesimilar tothat usedby clinicians quesin an effort tocombat violentto make a diagnosisand treatmentplan: Cl'l"l8. Data is collected and assessed, the situation reconstructed,hypotheses are The Profiling Process formulated,a profile developed and The profilingprocess isdefined by tested, andthe resultsreported back. the FBlas aninvestigative techniqueby Criminal personalityprofiling has which to identify themajor personality been usedby lawenforcement withsuc- and behavioralcharacteristics ofthe cess inmany areasand isviewed asa offender basedupon ananalysis ofthe way inwhich theinvestigating officer crimels! heor shehas committed.The can narrowthe scope of an investiga- process generallyinvolves sevensteps. tion. Profiling unfortunately does not provide theidentity ofthe offender,but it does indicate the type of person most likely tohave committeda crime having certain uniquecharacteristics.

Publishedthe FederalbyBureau Investigation, of Department U.S.Justice! of Reprintedthe from FBILaw EnforcementBulletin, December1 98 6. f

to build a profile of the offender.5 The Profile Applications theory behind this approach is that One area in which criminal pro- behavior sexual,physical, verbal! filing personalityassessment! has been reflects personality, and by examining useful is in hostage negotiation? Law the behavior of the rapist during the enforcement officers need to learn as assault, the investigator may beable to much as possible about the hostagedetermine what type of person is takerin order to protect the lives of the responsible for the offense. Common hostages. They must be able to assesscharacteristics of arsonists have been the subject in terms of his probablederived from an analysis of the Uniform course of action and his reactions to Crime Fteports.° Knowledge of the ar- various stimuli. ln such cases, policesonisfs psychodynamics can aid the in- Special Agent Douglas obtain information about the offendervestigator in identifying possible through verbal contact with the hostagesuspects, predicting location of subse- takerand possibly through access to his quent arsons, and developing techni- familyand associates. ques and strategies for interviewing Criminal profiling techniques have also been used in identifyingsuspects.Criminal profiling has been useful anonymous letter writers 3 and personsin investigating sexual homicides who make written or spoken threats of because many of these crimes appear violence. ln cases of the latter, motiveless and thus offer few obvious psycholinguistic techniques have beenclues about the killers identity. ln used to compose a threat dictionary,"murdersthat result from jealousy or whereby everyword in a message is a family quarrel, or take place during assigned, by computer, to a specificcommission of a felony, the readily category. Words as they areused in the identifiable motive generally provides message are then compared to thosevital information about the identity words as they are used in ordinaryof the killer. Because many sexual speech or writings, and the vocabularyhomicides fail tu provide this infor- usage of a particular author or speakermation, investigators must look to may yieldsignature words unique to methods that supplement conventional that individual. In this way, police may investigative techniques to identify the not only be able to determine that Special Agent Burgess several letters were written by the same perpetrator. individual but also learn about the Case in Point background and psychology of the Criminal profiling uses the offender. behavioral characteristics of the of- Flapists and arsonists also lendfender as its basis. Sexual homicides, themselves to criminal profiling techni-for example, yield much information ques. Through careful interview of the about the mind and motivation of the rape victim about the rapists behavior, killer. A new dimension is provided to law enforcement personnel may beable the investigator via the profiling techni- que,particularly in cases where the underlying motivation for the crime may besuddenly hidden from even the more-

2

inn Criminal profiling uses the behavioral characteristics of the offender as its basis.

sea. ,

On occasion, NCAVC prolilersor major case specialists willconduct on-siteconsultations. Pictured fromleft are Special AgentsRobert Hazelwood, RayPhelps, JamesWright kneeling!, Robert Ressler,and AlanBurgess.

detective The following nations, background of the victim, and her panties were pulled down to her illustrate this oint previously reported neighborhood knees. The murder weapon hammer! the fall of 1982 an urban crimes, etc., was still pending, the belonging to the victim was found in kit- Olice de aitment detective detective was advised that a profile chen sink, and it appeared that the vic- contacted the FBl'scould not be provided at that time. After tim'sblood had been washed off the Science Unit at the FBI approximately 1 week, the detective for- hammer by the subject. Crime scene for some assistance warded the necessary information to the photographs further revealed that the described in detail the local FBI field office criminal profile subject opened dresser drawers and of a 25- ear old white coordinator. After reviewing the case for closet doors. investigative reports in- The detective advised completeness, the profile coordinator dicated the victim's husbandadvised where the victim was forwarded the materials to the that jewelry belonging to victim was ransacked but they Behavioral Science Investigative Sup- missing. etermine at that time port Unit at the FBI Academy for The victim and her husband had by the killer In analysis. lived in the apartment for approxi- many leads were Color 8 x 10 crime scene photo- mately 6 months, and neighbors and and information con graphs re-created the crime and re- associates reported they were friendly laboratory exami vealed that the victim was killed in her and quiet and kept to themselves. The living room, with no evidence of any medical examiner concluded in his struggle or defense attempts by her. The victim was lying face up on the liv- ing room floor. Her dress was raised up over her hips exposing her genital area,

3 ,

K Profiling. . . doesnot providethe identityof t_he of- fender, but- it does indicate- - the type- of person- most likely- - to have committed a crime having certain unique characteristics.

"sign,

Profilers inThink tank"session. Seated:SAs /V TY: James Wright,Patricia Kirby,and Ronald we 1% ' 4 Walker. Standing:Lt. ThomasCronin, Chicago PD, PoliceFellow left!and SA R. Stephen Mar- 's§¥§z " digian right! protocol that there was no apparent in- returned to the living room where he The detective was coached regard- dication that the victim was sexually confronted the victim face to face and ing suggested reinteniiew techniques of assaulted. Laboratory reports indicated repeatedly struck victim about her head the victims husband. In addition, the that the victim had been drinking at the and face. After killing her, the offender detective was further advised that if the time of the assault, and there was no realized that the police would surely im- victim's husband were given a evidence of semen present in or on the plicate him as the obvious murderer. He polygraph examination, he in all prob- victim or her clothing. then washed blood from his hands in the ability would react more strongly to the From the above information, the kitchen sink and also cleaned blood and known fact that he was soiled by his criminal profiler advised the detective fingerprints from the hammer. He roll- wife'sblood than to questions concern- that he had already interviewed the ed the victim over in a face-up position ing his wifes murder. The detective was killer. The surprised detective was and "staged" the crime to appear the told to have the polygraph examiner presented with the following probable way he felt a sexually motivated crime direct questions at the husband, crime scenario. should look. He conducted the staging acknowledging the fact that he got The victim was drinking with the by making it appear that the offender blood on his hands and washed them offender prior to her death. An argument searched for money or personal proper- off along with the hammer in the kitchen ensued, reaching a threshold where the ty in the apartment. sink. offender could not take it any longer. Upon hearing this analysis of the About 5 days later, the detective Angered, he obtained a weapon of crime, the detective exclaimed, You called the criminal profiler to advise opportunity" from a kitchen cabinet and just told me the husband did it. thatthe victims husband wascharged with murder. According to the detective, the husband failed the polygraph and subsequently admitted his guilt to the polygraph examiner.

4 where the detective has another in- The Profiling and Criminal profiling is available to local, State, Federal, and foreign law vestigative weaponavailable tohim in Consultation Program solving a violent crime. The offender, on The FBls profiling program has enforcement agencies or departments. grown considerablysincethe late 1970'sit should be noted that not every violent the other hand, has an added worry that crime matter lends itself to the profiling in time he will be identified, indicted, from informalanalysis andprofiling successfully prosecuted, and sen- during criminalpsychology classesat process. The criminal profile coor- tenced for his crime. the FBI Academy to the present for- dinators in the FBI field offices deter- mine during review ofthe casewhether malized program.Currently, the pro- it can be profiled. However, whilea case gramconsists of one programmanager and seven criminal profilers andcrime may not be suitable for profiling, the analysts. These Agents wereselected coordinator may still submit it to the primarilyfor their investigative ex- Behavioral Science Unit for other types perience, expertise,and educationalof services. Criminal profilers at the FBI Academy mayassist the law enforce- backgrounds. TheBehavioral Science Footnotes investigative SupportUnit has found ment community by providing inter- M. Willmer, Crimeand informationTheory Edin- viewlinterrogation techniques, in- burgh, EnglandThe Universityof Edinburgh. i970!. that anyone seeking transferinto this 2 MFieiser, Crime-specific PsychologicalConsulta- highly specialized program must vestigative suggestionsand techniques, lion," ThePolice Chief,March 1982,pp. 53-56. establish probable cause for search 3 M Casey-Owens, TheAnonymous Letter possess above all other attributes and Writer-A PsychologicalProfile? Journalof Forensic warrants as a result of National Center S 'cience, 0| v. 29. 1984 816, pp. - 819. accomplishmentsa strong investigative M. S. Mironand John E Douglas, "Threat background thatincludes participatingfor theAnalysis of Violent Crime violent Analysis: ThePsycholinguistic Profile,"FBI Law offender research findings, assist pros- Enforcement Bulletin,vol. 4B, No. 9.September 1979, in, supervising, and managing major pp.5-9 ecutors relative to prosecutive 5 Fl.Pl. Hazelwood,The Behavior-orientedinter- case assignments. view ofRape Victims:The Keyto Profiling,"FBI Law During 1985,the CriminalProfiling strategies, and possibly provide Enforcement Bulletin,vol. 52, No. 9.September 1983. testimony as a witness for the prosecu- pp. B~15. and Consultation Program received 5 A. O. Flider,The Firesetter-APsychological Pro- over 600 requests for profiling tion or as an expert witness during the file, FBlLaw EnforcementBulletin, vol.49, No.B. June assistance. it is anticipated that once sentence phase of the trial. All cases 1980. pp. 4-ll. must be submitted to the local FBI field ' VernonJ. Geberth, Practical HomicideInvestiga- the FBls Violent Criminal Apprehension tion: Tactics,Procedures andForensic Techniques New Program 92/ICAP!is fully operational, theoffice for review and administrative York: Elsevier,1983!, p 399 number ofprofiling requestswill nearly handling by that criminal profile coordinator. double annually. One keylink to the successof the Lt. Commdr. Vernon J. Geberth of FBls Criminal Profiling Program is its the New York City Police Department criminal profile coordinators who are wrote in his book, Practical Homicide In- located atevery oneof the FBls 59field vestigation: Tactics, Procedures and offices. These highly trained and Forensic Techniques,This programhas selected Agents are responsible for proven tobe beneficialto law enforce- screening cases and for providing ment and has provided homicide detec- preliminary investigativesuggestions to tives with a viable investigative investigators. While the field coor- tool. . . . Criminal profilingwill never take the dinators do not have the authority to pro- vide profilesto requestinglaw enforce- placeof a thorough and well-plannedin- ment agencies,they are authorizedto vestigation norwill it ever eliminatethe prepare preliminaryrough draft"pro- seasoned, highly trained, and skilled detective. Criminal profiling has, files which are reviewed by the profiling however, developeditself to a level staff at the FBIAcademy prior to being "lisseminated to the requesting agency.

5 Criminal Proling from Crime Scene Analysis

John E. Douglas. Robert K. Ressler Ann W. Burgess. R.N. Carol R. Hartman, R.N.

Since theI 970s, investigative prolersat the FBI sBehavioral ScienceUnit now partof the National C enter for the Analysisof Violent Crime! havebeen assistinglocal, state, and federalagencies narrowing in investigationsby pro- viding criminalpersonality proles.An attempt is now being made to describe this criminal-prole-generatingprocess.A series of veoverlapping stages lead to the sixth stage, the or goal of apprehensionthe of offender: I! proling inputs, !decision-process ! models, crime assessment, ! thecriminal prole, !investigation, ! andapprehension. Two keyfeedback ltersin the processare: a!achieving congruencewith theevidence, decisionwith models, andwith investigation recommendations, b! and theaddition newof evidence. "You wantedto mock yourself at me! . . . Youdid notknow yourHercule Poirot." Hethrust outhis chestand twirledhis moustache. I lookedat himand grinned. . . "All right then."I said. Give usthe answer to theproblems-if youknow it." "But of course I know it.

John Douglas,E. M.S.,is Supervisory Special Agent.Federal Bureauof Investigation and Program Manager.Proling andConsultation Program,National Centerfor theAnalysis of Violent Crime,FBI Academy, Quantico. RobertVA; Ressler,K. M.S.,is Supervisory Special Agent. FederalBureau Investigation of Program and Manager,Violent CriminalApprehension Program. NationalCenter thefor Analysisof Violent Crime, FBIAcademy, Quantico,VA; Ann W.Burgess. R.N.,D.N.Sc., van is AmeringenProfessor Psychiatric of MentalHealth Nursing. Universityof Pennsylvania SchoolNursing, of Philadelphia,PA; andCarol Hart-R. man. R.N.,D.N.Sc., Associate is Professorand Coordinator of the Graduate Programin Psychiatric MentalHealth Nursing,Boston CollegeSchool Nursing, of ChestnutHill, MA. Preparationthis ofmanuscript was supported by an Ofce Juvenileof Justiceand Delinquency Prevention 84-IN-K010!. grant authors The towish acknowledge Allen G.Burgess, CynthiaJ. Lent. andMarieanne Clark L. forcontributions this to manuscript. Correspondence reprint and requestsshould be addressedJohn to: Douglas.E. Academy. FBI Quantico.VA Z2135. Behavioral Sciences& the Law, Vol 4. No. -4. pp.40]-421 I986! © I986John Wiley& Sons, Inc. CCC 0735-3936/86/040401-21504.00 l!Uu_92_'lJ92al kflllllllalProfiling er fromCFIITIL SceneAnalysis

Hardcastlc staredat hinil92.TCClul0u.92l_92 . . "Excuseme. MonsieurPoirot. you claimthat youknow whokilled threepeople. why?And. . . Allyou mean isthat you have ahunch " l willnot quarrelwith youover a word . . . Comenow. Inspector.l know really know. . . l perceiveare you still sceptic. firstBut letme saythis. To besure meansthat whenthe rightsolution reached. is e92erythingfalls into placeYou perceivethat noin otherway couldthings havehappened." tChristie. 1%}.pp. 227-223! The abilityof HerculePoirot to solve a crimeby describingthe perpetrator is a skill shared theby expertinvestigative proliler.Evidence speaksits own languagepattems of sequences and can that reveal the offendersbehavioral characteristics.Poirot. Like theproler cansay. "lknow whohe mustbe." This articlefocuses the on developingtechnique criminal of proling.Special Agentsthe at FBI Academy demonstrated have in expertise crimescene analysis of variousviolent crimes.particularly thoseinvolving sexualhomicide. This article discussesthe history of proling and thecriminal-prole~generating pro- cess andprovides case a exampleto illustrate the technique.

INTRODUCTION: HISTORYOF CRIMINAL PROFILING Criminal prolinghas been used successfullyby lawenforcement several in areas and isa valuedmeans which by narrowto eldthe ofinvestigation. Proling does notprovide specicthe identityof theoffender. Rather.it indicates the kind ofperson mostlikely tohave committeda crimeby focusingon certain behavioral andpersonality characteristics. Proling techniqueshave beenused various in settings.suchhostage as taking Reiser. l982!.Law enforcementofficers needto leam as muchas possible about the hostagetaker inorder toprotect thelives ofthe hostages.In such eases. police aidedare byverbal contact althoughoften limited! with theoffender. and possiblyby access to his family andfriends. Theymust ablebe assessto the subjectin tenns of whatcourse action of ishe likely to takeand whathis reactionsto various stimuli might be. Proling beenhas usedalso identifyingin anonymousletter writers Casey- Owens V984!and persons who makewri tenor spokenthreats violence of Miron & Douglasl979!. casesIn the of latter.psycholinguistic techniqueshave been used composeto threat a dictionary."whereby everyword ina message is assigned.computer. by a specic to category. Wordsas theyare usedin the threat messageare thencompared those with wordsas they are usedin ordinary speechwritings. or vocabulary The in usage themessage yield may signature words uniqueto the offender.this ln way.police maynot onlybe ableto determine thatseveral letterswere writtenby thesame individual.but alsoto leam aboutthe backgroundand psychologyof the offender. Rapists arsonistsand lend also themselves to proling techniques. Through

BEHAVlOFlAL SCIENCES& THE LAW

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~ 4 I _ Douglas alet . CrinuntilProfiling fromCrime SceneAnal92'~|~ careful interviewof the rape victimabout therapist's behavior.law enforcement personnel beginto build a prole of theoffender Hazelwood.I983!. Thera- tionale behindthis approachis thatbehavior reectspersonality, andby ex- amining behaviorthe investigatormay beable todetermine whattype ofperson is responsiblefor theoffense. Forexample. commoncharacteristics arsonists of have beenderived froman analysisof the data fromthe FBIsCrime in the United States Rider. 1980!.Knowledge ofthese characteristicscan aid the investigatoridentifying in possiblesuspects andin developing techniques and strategiesinterviewing for them.However, studiesin this area havefocused on specic categoriesof offenders and arenot yetgeneralizable all to offenders. Criminal prolinghas beenfound beto ofparticular usefulnessin crimes such as serialsexual homicides.These crimescreate a great deal offear becauseof their apparentlyrandom andmotiveless nature.and they are alsogiven high publicity. Consequently.law enforcement personnel under are greatpublic pres- sure toapprehend perpetrator the quickly as aspossible. At the same time,these crimes maybe themost difcultto solve,precisely becauseof their apparent randomness. While itis notcompletely accurateto say that thesecrimes aremotiveless, the motivemay alltoo oftenbe oneunderstood byonly the perpetrator. Lunde 976! demonstratesthis issuein terms of the victimschosen bya particular offender. AsLunde pointsout, althoughthe serialmurderer maynot knowhis victims. theirselection isnot random.Rather. it is basedon the murderers perceptioncertain of characteristicsof hisvictims thatare ofsymbolic signi- cance tohim. Ananalysis ofthe similaritiesand differencesamong victimsof a particularserial murdererprovides importantinformation concemingthe mo- tive" inan apparentlymotiveless crime.This. inturn. mayyield information about theperpetrator himself.For example. the murdermay bethe resultof a sadistic fantasyin the mind ofthe murdererand a particularvictim maybe targeted becauseof a symbolic aspect theof fantasy Ressler al., et 1985!. In suchcases. theinvestigating ofcerfaces a completelydifferent situation from theone inwhich amurder occursas theresult ofjealousy ora family quarrel, duringor thecommission another of felony.In those cases, readily a identiable motivemay providevital cluesabout theidentity ofthe perpetrator. i In thecase ofthe apparentlymotiveless crime,law enforcementmay needto look toother methodsin addition to conventionalinvestigative techniques,in its effortsto identifythe perpetrator.In this context, criminalproling hasbeen productive, particularlyin thosecrimes wherethe offender has demonstrated repeated patternsat the crime scene. A l s THE PROFILING OF MURDERERS rt l Traditionally. twovery differentdisciplines haveused thetechnique pro-of El ling murderers;mental healthclinicians whoseek toexplain thepersonality and actionsof a criminal through psychiatricconcepts, andlaw enforcement '%

VOL 4. NO 4 -1986 é

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9 .2 é Douglas al.:et CriminalProling fromCrime SceneAl1I_92Sl92 agents whosetask isto determinethe behavioralpattems ofa suspect through investigative concepts.

Psychological Proling In I957,the identicationof George Metesky. arsonistthe in New York Citv's Mad Bombercase whichspanned I6years!. wasaided by psychia- tristcriminologist JamesA. Brussels staccato-style prole: Look fora heavy man. Middle-aged.Foreign bom.Roman Catholic.Sin- gle. Liveswith a brotheror sister.When yound him.chances arehe'll be wearinga double-breasted suit. Butioned."

Indeed. theportrait wasextraordinary that in theonly variationwas that Metesky livedwith two single sisters.Brussel. a discussion in about thepsy- chiatrist actingas Sherlock Holmes. explainsthata psychiatrist usually studies a personand makessome reasonablepredictions abouthow that person may react toa specic situation andabout whathe orshe maydo in the future. What is donein proling. according Brussel. to to is reverse this process.Instead. by studying indi92idual'san one deduces deedswhat kindof a personthe individual might be Brussel. I968!.

The ideaof constructinga verbal picture ofa murderer using psychological terms notis new. In I960. Palmerpublished resultsofa three-year study of5] murderers whowere servingsentences New in England.Palmers typicalmur- derer was23 yearsold whenhe committedmurder. Usinga gun, this typical killer murdereda male stranger duringan argument. He camefrom alow social class andachieved littlein terms of educationor occupation.He hada well- meaning maladjustedbut mother.and heexperienced physicalabuse andpsy- chological frustrationsduring hischildhood. Similarly. Rizzo I982! studied3] accusedmurderers duringthe course of routine referralsfor psychiatric examination a court at clinic. Hisprole ofthe average murdererlisted theoffender a 26-year~oldas male whomost likely knew his victim.with monetarygain themost probablemotivation forthe crime.

Criminal Proling Through thetechniques usedtoday, lawenforcement seeksto do more than describetypical the murderer,if infact thereever wassuch person. a Investigative prolers ." a It na yzein 'onnation f gathered fromthe crimescene forwhat itmay reveal aboutthe typeof personwho committedthe crime. Law enforcementhas had some outstandinginvestigators; however.their skills. knowledge.thought and processeshave rarely been capturedin theprofessional literature. Thesepeople weretruly the experts theof lawenforcement eld,and their skillshave beenso admired that manyctional characters Sergeant Cuff,

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10 Douglasal.: ctCriminal Proling Crime from SceneAnalysis 405 Sherlock Holmes,Hercule Poirot,Mike Hammer,and Charlie Chan! havebeen modeledthem. Although on Lunde l976!has statedthat the murders ction of bearno resemblance to themurders reality, of a connection between ctional detective techniquesand moderncriminal prolingmethods indeed may exist. For example,it isattention detail to thatis thehallmark famous of ctional detectives;smallest the atitem acrime scenedoes escape nottheir attention. As statedSergeant by Cuff in Wilkie Collins"The Moonstone, widely acknowledged as therst full-lengthdetective study: At oneend ofthe inquirythere wasa murder, and at the other endthere wasa spot of inkon a tablecloththat nobodycould accountfor. Inall my experience. . . l have nevermet withsuch a thing as a trie yet. However, unlikedetective ction,real casesare notsolved oneby tinyclue but theanalysis ofall cluesand crimepattems. Criminal prolinghas beendescribed a collection as of leads Rossi, 1982!, as aneducated attemptto provide specic informationabouta certain type of suspect Geberth,l98l!, andas biographicala of sketch behavioral pattems, trends, tendenciesand Vorpagel,I982!. Geberth 981! hasalso describedthe proling processas particularly useful whenthe criminal has demonstrated some form psychopathology.of used theAsby FBIprolers, criminal-prole the generatingis process denedas a technique for identifying the majorpersonality and behavioralcharacteristics an individual of based uponan analysis of the crimesor heshe has committed.prolers The skillisin recognizing the crime scene dynamicsthat linkvarious criminalpersonality who types commitsimilar crimes.The processusedan by investigative prolerin developing a criminal prole is quitesimilar that to usedby clinicians to makea diagnosis and treatmentplan: data arecollected assessed, and situation the reconstructed,hypotheses formu- lated,a prole developed tested, and the and results reported Investigatorsback. traditionallylearned have prolingthrough brainstorming,intuition,edu- and cated guesswork.Their expertiseisthe result of yearsof accumulated wisdom, extensive experiencein theeld, and familiarity a largewithnumber cases. of A prolerbrings the to investigationthe abilityto make hypothetical for- mulations onbased hisor herprevious experience.A fomtulation is dened here as concepta organizes, that explains,or makesinvestigative out sense ofin- formation, that andinuences the prolehypotheses. These formulations are basedclusters on information of emergingfrom thecrime scene data and from the investigator'sexperienceunderstanding in criminalactions. A basicpremise criminal of prolingis thatthe waya person thinks hisi.e., or herpattems thinking! of directsthe person's behavior.when Thus, in-the vestigativeanalyzes prolera crime scene notes and certaincritical factors,he or shemay ablebe determine to motive the type and person of committed who the crime.

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THE CRIMINAL-PROFILE-GENERATING PROCESS Investigative prolersat theFBls BehavioralScience Unit now panof the National Centerfor the Analysis of Violent Crime [NCAVC]! have been ana- lyzing crimescenes andgenerating criminalproles sincethe |970s.Our de- scription of the constructionof proles represents theoff-site procedureas it is conducted at the NCAVC. as contrasted with an on-site procedure Ressler et al., I985!. The criminal-prole-generatingprocess isdescribed as having ve main stages.with a sixth stage or goal being the apprehension ofa suspect see Fig. I!.

1. Proling Inputs Stage The proling inputsstage begins the criminal-prole-generatingprocess. Com- prehensive casematerials areessential foraccurate proling.In homicidecases, the requiredinformation includesa complete synopsis of the crime and a de- scription ofthe crimescene, encompassingfactors indigenousto that area to the time of the incident such as weather conditions and the political and social environment. Complete backgroundinformation on the victim is also vital in homicide proles. Thedata should cover domesticsetting, employment,reputation, habits. fears. physical condition, personality, criminal history, family relationships, hobbies, and social conduct. Forensic informationpertaining to the crime is also critical to the proling process, includingan autopsy report with toxicology/serology results,autopsy photographs, andphotographs ofthe cleansedwounds. Thereport should also contain the medical examinersndings and impressions regardingestimated time and causeof death, type of weapon. andsuspected sequenceof delivery of wounds. In addition to autopsy photographs, aerialphotographs if available andap- propriate! and8 X I0 color pictures ofthe crimescene areneeded. Alsouseful are crime scene sketchesshowing distances,directions, and scale, aswell as maps ofthe area which may cross law enforcement jurisdictionboundaries!. The proler studies ailthis backgroundand evidenceinformation, aswell as all initial police repons. The data and photographscan revealsuch signicant elements asthe level of risk of the victim, the degree of control exhibited by the offender,the offendersemotional state,and his criminal sophistication. Information the proler does not want included in the case materials is that dealing with possible suspects.Such informationmay subconsciouslyprejudice the proler and cause him or her to prepare a prole matching the suspect.

2. Decision Process Models Stage The decisionprocess beginsthe organizingand arrangingof the inputs into meaningful pattems.Seven key decision points, or models, differentiate and

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12

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Douglas etaI.: CriminalProling fromCrime Scene Analysis organize theinformation fromStage and I forman underlyingdecisional structure for proling.

Homicide Type and Style As notedin Table I, homicidesare classiedby type and style.A single homicideis one victim, one homicidal event;double homicideis two victims, one event,and inone location;and a triple homicide hasthree victimsin one location duringone event.Anything beyondthree victimsis classied a mass murder; thatis, four or more victims in one location, and within one event. There aretwo typesof mass murder: classic andfamily. Aclassic massmurder involves oneperson operatingin one location atone periodof time._That period of time could be minutes or hours and mighteven be days. The classicmass murderer usuallyis describedas amentally disorderedindividual whoseproblems have increasedto the point thathe actsagainst groupsof peopleunrelated to these problems. He unleasheshis hostilitythrough shootingsor stabbings. One classic mass murderer was Charles Whitman, the man who armed himself with boxes ofammunition, weapons,ropes, radio,a andfood; barricadedhimself on a tower in Austin,Texas; andopened re for 90minutes, killingI6 peopleand wounding over30 others.He wasstopped onlywhen hewas killedduring an assault onthe tower.James Hubertywas anotherclassic massmurderer. With a machinegun, heentered fasta foodrestaurant andkilled andwounded many people. Healso waskilled atthe siteby respondingpolice. Morerecently, Pennsylvania massmurderer SylviaSeegrist nicknamedMs. Rambofor her military styleclothing! wassentenced life to imprisonmentfor openingre with a rie at shoppersin a mall in OctoberI985, killingthree andwounding seven. The secondtype ofmass murderis familymember murder.If more than three family membersare killedand theperpetrator takeshis ownlife, it is classied as a mass murder/suicide. Without the suicide and with four or more victims, the murderis calleda family killing. Examplesinclude JohnList, aninsurance salesman whokilled hisentire familyon November9, 1972, in Westeld, New Jersey. Thebodies ofLists wifeand threechildren agesI6, 15, and I3! were discovered intheir frontroom, lying side by sideon topof sleepingbags as if

TABLE I Homicide Classicationby Style and Type

Style Single Double Triple Mass Spree Serial

Number of I 2 3 4 + 2 + 3 + Victims Number of I l I I l 3 + Events Number of I l I I 2 + 3 + Locations Cool-Off N/A N/A N/A N/A No Yes Period

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1 4 Douglasal.: et CnminalProling fromCrime SceneAnalysis in amortuary. Theirfaces werecovered andtheir armswere foldedacross their bodies. Eachhad beenshot once behind the leftear, exceptone son who had been shotmultiple times.A further search theof residencediscovered body the of List'smotherin a third oorcloset. Shehad alsobeen shotonce behind the left ear.List disappearedafter thecrime andhis carwas foundat anairport parking lot. In anotherfamily killingcase, William Bradford Bishopbeat todeath his wife, mother,and threechildren inthe familysBethesda, Maryland,residence in March1976. Hethen transportedthem toNorth Carolinain the family station wagon wheretheir bodies,along withthe familydog's, buried were ain shallow grave. Bishopwasunder psychiatric care andhad beenprescribed antidepressant medication. Nomotive wasdetermined. Bishopwasa promisingmid-level dip- lomat whohad servedin many overseas jobsand wasscheduled higherfor level ofce inthe U.S.Department State. of Bishop,like List,is aFederalfugitive. There is strong indicationboth crimeswere carefully planned andit is uncertain whetheror not the men havecommitted suicide. Two additionaltypes ofmultiple murderare spreeand serial.A spreemurder involves killingsat two or morelocations withno emotionalcooling-off time period betweenmurders. Thekillings areall theresult ofa singleevent, which can beof shortor longduration. OnSeptember 1949, 6, Camden,New Jersey, spree murdererHoward Unruhtook loadeda Germanluger withextra ammunition and randomlyred thehandgun whilewalking throughhis neighborhood, killing l3 peopleand wounding3 in about 20 minutes.Even thoughUnruhs killings took sucha short amount oftime, theyare notclassied as a mass murder because he moved to different locations. Serial murderersare involvedin threeor moreseparate eventswith anemo- tional cooling-offperiod betweenhomicides. Thistype killerusually premeditates his crimes,often fantasizingand planningthe murderin ever, aspect withthe possible exceptionof thespecic victim.Then, whenthe timeisright for him and heis cooledoff fromhis lasthomicide, heselects hisnext victimand proceeds hiswith plan. The cool-offperiod canbe days, weeks, months, or and is themain elementthat separatesthe serialkiller fromother multiplekillers. However, thereareother differences between themurderers. Theclassic mass murderer andthe spreemurderer notare concernedwith whotheir victimsare; they willkill anyonewho comesin contact withthem. In contrast,a serial murderer usuallyselects a type of victim.He thinkshe willnever becaught, and sometimeshe is right. Aserial murderercontrols theevents, whereasa spree murderer, whooftentimes hasbeen identiedand isbeing closelypursued by law enforcement,may barelycontrol whatwill happennext. Theserial killeris planning, pickingand choosing, and sometimesstopping acttheof murder. A serialmurderer maycommit a spree of murders.In 1984,Christopher Wilder, anAustralian-bom businessmanand race car driver,traveled acrossthe United Stateskilling youngwomen. Hewould targetvictims atshopping malls or wouldabduct themafter meetingthem througha beauty contest settingor dating service.While a fugitive as aserial murderer,Wilder wasinvestigated,

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identied, andtracked bythe FBland almostevery police departmentthe in country. thenHe wentona long-tenn killing spree throughout thecountryand eventually waskilled duringa shoot-out with police. Wilder's classicationchanged fromserial to spree because of themultiple murders andthe lackof a cooling-offperiod duringhis elongatedmurder event lasting nearlyseven weeks.This transitionhas beennoted inother serial/spree murder cases.The tensiondue to his fugitivestatus and the highvisibility of his crimesgives the murderera sense of desperation.His acts are nowopen and public andthe increasedpressure usuallymeans cooling-offno period.He knows he willbe caught,and thecoming confrontationwith policebecomes elementan in hiscrimes. Hemay place himself in a situationwhere heforces thepolice to kill him. It is importantto classifyhomicides correctly.For example, a single homicide is committedin acity; a weeklater a secondsingle homicideis committed; and the thirdweek. a third single homicide.Three seeminglyunrelated homicides are reported,but bythe timethere isa fourth, there isa tie-in through forensic evidence andanalyses ofthe crimescenes. These threesingle homicidesnow point toone serialoffender. is It not mass murderbecause the of multiplelocations and thecooling-off periods.The correctclassication assistsin proling and directs theinvestigation serialas homicides.Similarly, prolingof a single murder mayindicate theoffender hadkilled beforeor wouldrepeat thecrime in the future.

Primary Intent of the Murderer ln somecases, murdermay bean ancillaryaction andnot itselfthe primary intent ofthe offender.The killersprimary intentcould be: l! criminalenterprise, ! emotional,selsh, orcause-specic, ! or sexual. The killermay beacting on his own or as partof a group. When theprimary intentis criminal enterprise, killerthe maybe involvedin the businessof crimeas hislivelihood. Sometimesmurder becomespart ofthis business eventhough thereis no personal malicetoward thevictim. Theprimary motive money.is Inthe l950s,a young man placeda bomb in hismothers suitcase thatwas loadedaboard a commercial aircraft. Theaircraft exploded, killing 44people. Theyoung mansmotive hadbeen collectto moneyfrom the t ave] insurance hehad takenout onhis motherprior to the ight.Criminal enterprise killingsinvolving a group include contractmurders, gang murders, competition murders,andpolitical murders. When theprimary intent involves emotional, selsh,or cause-specic reasons, the murderermay killin self-defenseor compassion mercy killingswhere life support systemsare disconnected!. Family disputesor violence may liebehind infanticide, matricide,patricide, andspouse andsibling killings.Paranoid re- actions mayalso resultin murder as inthe previouslydescribed Whitmancase. The mentallydisordered murderermay commita symboliccrime orhave a psychotic outburst.Assassinations, as such those committed Sirhanby Sirhan and MarkChapman, alsofall intothe emotionalintent category.Murders thisin

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16 . ,. am:

=:=_==z=4 V },55E5:5ElEi§Y"92? /

// ,~ / K 4 / > ? Douglas etal.: CriminalProling fromCrime SceneAnalysis é y category involvinggroups arecommitted a varietyfor of reasons:religious Jim / Jones andthe Jonestown,Guyana, case!,cult CharlesManson!, andfanatical organizations as suchthe Ku KluxKlan andthe BlackPanther Partyof the 19705. _ Finally, themurderer mayhave sexualmotives forkilling. Individualsmay kill asa result of orto engagein sexual activity, dismembemient,mutilation, eviseration, otheror activitiesthat havesexual meaningonly forthe offender. Occasionally,or two more murderers committhese homicides togetherin as the 1984-1985 casein Calaveras County, Califomia,where LeonardLake andCharles Ng aresuspected as ofmany as 25 sex-tortureslayings.

Victim Risk The conceptof thevictims riskis involvedat severalstages ofthe proling process providesand informationabout thesuspect terms in howof heor she operates. Riskis detemiined using suchfactors asage, occupation,lifestyle, physical stature,resistance ability,and locationof the victim, andis classied as high,moderate, or low. Killers seekhigh-risk victimsat locations where people maybe vulnerable,such asbus depotsor isolated areas. bow-risktypes include thosewhose occupationsand dailylifestyles donot leadthem tobeing targetedvictims. as Theinfomation onvictim riskhelps togenerate image an of thetype ofperpetrator beingsought.

Oender Risk Dataon victim risk integrateswith infonnationon offender risk, orthe risk the offenderwas takingto committhe crime.For example,abducting a victim at noonfrom a busy street ishigh risk.Thus, alow-risk victimsnatched under high-risk circumstancesgenerates ideasabout theoffender, suchas personal stresses ishe operating under, hisbeliefs thathe willnot beapprehended, or the excitementhe needs in the commissionof thecrime, orhis emotionalma- turity.

Escalation lnforrnation aboutescalation derivedis froman analysisof factsand pattems from theprior decisionprocess models.Investigative prolersare ableto deduce the sequenceof acts committed duringthe crime.From thisdeduction, theymay be ableto makedeterminations aboutthe potentialof the criminal notonly to escalate hiscrimes e.g.,from peepingto fondling to assaultto rape to murder!, butto repeathis crimesin serial fashion. Onecase exampleis David Berkowitz, the Sonof Samkiller, whostarted hiscriminal actswith thenonfatal stabbing of a teenagegirl andwho escalatedto the subsequent .44-caliberkillings.

Time Factors There areseveral timefactors thatneed to be consideredgenerating in a criminal prole.These factorsinclude thelength timeof required:! to kill the

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