SpringerBriefs in Psychology

SpringerBriefs in Behavioral Criminology

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Robert R. Hazelwood Editor

Wives of Child Molesters Within the Family Editor Robert R. Hazelwood Federal Bureau of Investigation (Ret.) Quantico , VA , USA

ISSN 2192-8363 ISSN 2192-8371 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Psychology ISBN 978-3-319-15571-5 ISBN 978-3-319-15572-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15572-2

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Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace

Crime is a complicated topic. Sexual offending is one of the most complex subcat- egories of criminal behavior and the sexual abuse of a child is among the most abhorrent and least understood criminal behaviors. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a better understanding of the relationship between the inter- familial child molester, the victimized child, and the mothers of those children. This study came to be as a result of a conversation between Dr. Andi Taroli and myself during a conference at which I presented fi ndings from my interviews of 20 former wives and girlfriends of sexually sadistic offenders. Dr. Taroli, a forensic pediatrician who was at that time the director of the Pegasus Child Advocacy Center in Carbondale, PA, asked if any consideration had been given to conducting similar research on the female partners of child molesters and this project was born. The fi rst task was to form the research group and we invited Dr. Janet Warren (DSW), Jeanne Rosencrance (clinical psychologist), and Mike Napier (retired FBI) to join us and we began to meet and discuss various aspects of the project. Over several months, we developed and refi ned the interview protocol which eventually reached 82 pages in length and included 379 questions. Over time, and prior to any inter- views, Steven Conlon (FBI) and Dr. Vanessa Edkins (PhD) joined our team and Jeanne Rosencrance left. This project provided the rare opportunity to ask questions of the one person most closely associated with not only the criminal but also the victims. These women were the female partners of the child molesters at the very time of their offending and they were also the mothers of the children who were molested and are reported on in this book. In our discussions, we came to understand that this study provided a wonderful opportunity to cross-culturally compare fi ndings and it was decided to invite Dr. Bram Van der Meer (forensic psychologist) to form a team in the Netherlands and, utilizing a Dutch translation of our protocol, conduct inter- views of 20 Dutch women who were partners of the child molesters at the time of their offending. Dr. Van der Meer agreed to join the research and subsequently invited Dr. Anton van Wijk and Ilse van Leiden to work with him. As mentioned, in an earlier study I interviewed 20 wives and girlfriends of sexu- ally sadistic males. Each of those women reported being physically, sexually, and

v vi Preface emotionally abused by their male partners, and, in fi ve of those cases, the women also participated in the rape and murder of the man’s victims. While none of the women in this study reported being involved in criminal behavior with their male partners, all of them suffered either physically, sexually, or emotionally at the hands of the child molester. This book has fi ve chapters, with the fi rst chapter introducing the reader to the history of the women who were interviewed, their own childhood sexual abuse, and their relationship with the molester of their children. Chapter 2 describes the inter- view approach, structure, and format utilized in gathering the information reported herein. Chapter 3 deals with the necessity of the examining physician’s obtaining complete medical, developmental, and behavioral information about an alleged child victim of sexual abuse. The physician needs to insure that medical and social infor- mation about the child’s parents and caregivers is captured as well as whether the child’s mother was a survivor of childhood sexual abuse. Chapter 4 is a discussion of the demographics of the child victims, the common behaviors exhibited by the molesters in his interactions with children, and the mother’s reactions to learning of the abuse. Chapter 5 presents a comparative analysis of the fi ndings of the US and Dutch teams. The Dutch data were not gathered in the same manner as the US data and some methodological differences surfaced which left us unable to draw true con- clusions based on cultural differences. Therefore, it serves as an exploratory study and the fi ndings presented highlight some interesting similarities and differences.

Manassas, VA, USA Robert R. Hazelwood Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Dr. Andi Taroli for introducing me to the concept of this study. She not only originated the idea, but she was also intimately involved in the devel- opment of the interview protocol and she arranged and participated in the interviews of the fi rst two women in this study. I would like to give special thanks to contribut- ing authors Michael Napier and Steven Conlon who made many trips to Florida and Pennsylvania to conduct long and exhausting interviews of mothers of the victim- ized children. Special thanks also go to contributing authors Vanessa Edkins, who volunteered to take on the responsibility of project statistician and who also led the comparative analysis of the US/Dutch data; Janet Warren, a friend, colleague, and one of my mentors for many years; Bram Van der Meer, a close friend of many years, who coordinated the efforts of the Dutch research team; and Isle van Leidan and Anton van Wijk who identifi ed, solicited, and interviewed the 20 women from the Netherlands. This was a massive undertaking. Also, thanks to Jeanne Rosencrance for her contribution to the development of the interview protocol. Finally, a special word of thanks to Kena Childers, AGI Executive Assistant, without whose invalu- able editing assistance, this book would not have been possible. This project would not have been possible without the participation of four advo- cacy organizations: Delaware County Women Against Rape in Media, PA; the Pegasus Child Advocacy Center in Carbondale, PA; the Family Learning Program, located on the campus of the Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne, FL; and the Crime Victim Center in Chester County, PA. The staffs of these groups identifi ed the molest- er’s wives and girlfriends whose children were victims of sexual abuse and acted as intermediaries for the research team. The Family Learning Program and the Delaware County Women Against Rape generously provided interview space. Of special note is the fact that the founder and Executive Director of Delaware County Women Against Rape, Joyce Dale, and her Director of Sexual Assault Services, Candice Linehan, coor- dinated the interviews of 15 of the 20 women. Joyce, Candice, and other staff members participated in each of those 15 interviews, most of which occurred on a Saturday. Sincere appreciation is extended to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, for their review and approval of this research study (FL IRB #09-027).

vii viii Acknowledgments

Most importantly, I would like to extend the team’s gratitude to the US and Dutch women who agreed to be interviewed about their relationship with the men who molested their children. It was an emotionally diffi cult event in which they agreed to participate, and while each of the women expressed appreciation for the manner in which they were treated, it was nonetheless a very hard experience for them to re-live their lives with the molester of their children. Thank you, ladies. This book is dedicated to you and your children.

Robert R. Hazelwood, MS Editor Contents

1 The Wives of Child Molesters: A Descriptive Study ...... 1 Robert R. Hazelwood , Janet I. Warren , Vanessa A. Edkins , Michael R. Napier , Steven R. Conlon , and Andi Taroli 2 Interviewing the Wives and Girlfriends ...... 19 Michael R. Napier , Robert R. Hazelwood , and Steven R. Conlon 3 Diffi cult Conversations: Opportunities for Intervention in Primary Care ...... 31 Andrea Taroli 4 Adult to Child Sexuality ...... 41 Robert R. Hazelwood , Vanessa A. Edkins , Michael R. Napier , and Steven R. Conlon 5 A Cross-Cultural Comparison: United States and the Netherlands ...... 53 Vanessa Edkins , Bram Van der Meer , Anton van Wijk , and Ilse van Leiden

ix

Editor

Robert R. Hazelwood , MS is a retired Supervisory Special Agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and is currently affi liated with the Academy Group, Inc., in Manassas, VA. He holds a BS in sociology and an MS in counseling psychology, and he attended a 1-year fellowship in forensic medicine at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology while a major in the U.S. Army Military Police Corps. He has coauthored 5 books and 10 book chapters and published more than 45 articles. He has testifi ed as an expert witness in civil and criminal cases in city, county, state, military, and federal courts and has appeared before the U.S. House and Senate Armed Services Committees.

xi

Contributors

Steven R. Conlon , MS has served as a municipal police offi cer, an Iowa state trooper, and a state criminal investigator. He attended a 1-year FBI residential fel- lowship in criminal investigative analysis in 1986 and subsequently consulted on violent crime throughout the state of Iowa. He currently serves as a faculty member of the FBI Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit (formerly the Behavioral Science Unit). He conducts research on violent crime and teaches courses which focus on the identifi cation and interpretation of behavior exhibited during the com- mission of violent crime. Mr. Conlon also manages the Evil Minds museum and Research Project at the FBI Academy in Quantico, VA.

Vanessa A. Edkins , PhD is an associate professor of psychology at Florida Institute of Technology. She earned her doctorate in social psychology, with a focus on psychology and the law, at the University of Kansas. The majority of her research focuses on plea bargaining and on racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Dr. Edkins’ work in legal psychology has been published in academic jour- nals and presented at national and international conferences in addition to receiving coverage by mainstream media, including The Wall Street Journal. She has assisted the former FBI Behavioral Science Unit and The Academy Group with various research endeavors.

Ilse van Leiden , MSc is a psychologist and criminologist. She currently holds the position of senior researcher with Bureau Beke in the Netherlands. Her research and publications focus on a broad spectrum of criminal behavior, including criminal investigation, serial offenders, homicide, assault, missing persons, sexual crime, organized crime, and extortion. Her main interest involves the analysis and recon- struction of violent crime, and she attended the Criminal Investigative Analysis (CIA) training provided by the Academy Group Inc. Her most recent publication is “Serieplegers: kenmerken, achtergronden en opsporing” (serial offenders: charac- teristics, background, and investigation), 2013.

xiii xiv Contributors

Michael R. Napier , BS retired from the Federal Bureau of Investigation as a Supervisory Special Agent after more than 27 years of service. At the time of his retirement, he was assigned to the Critical Incident Response Group and the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime at the FBI Academy, Quantico, VA. He is vice president and FBI-certifi ed polygraph examiner with the Academy Group, Inc. in Manassas, VA. He is a graduate of the Department of Defense Polygraph Institute. He specialized in the analysis of violent crime and the study of interviewing and interrogation and has authored a textbook (Behavior , Truth and Deception : Applying Profi ling and Analysis to the Interview Process ) on the topic.

Andi Taroli , MD is Board Certifi ed in Child Abuse Pediatrics. Dr. Taroli’s experi- ence involves thousands of children evaluated in a child advocacy center setting and with hospitalized children. A member of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) and the Academy on Violence and Abuse (AVA), she has provided education and training for state and local law enforcement, social ser- vices, medical professionals, educators, foster parents, legal guardians, and com- munities on a state, regional, and national level. She loves her farm, dogs, horses, bees, and chickens, but most of all she adores her husband and three children.

Bram B. Van der Meer , MSc is an investigative psychologist and threat assessment professional. His background is in the fi elds of forensic psychology and law enforce- ment. He worked for several years with the behavioral analysis unit of the Netherlands National Police, specializing in the analysis of violent crime. He cur- rently heads his own consultation service, Van der Meer Investigative Psychologists, providing expertise in national and international investigations, offender profi ling, threat assessment, threat management, and interview strategy. He is a researcher and published author and was the President of the Association of European Threat Assessment Professionals from 2010 to 2014.

Janet I. Warren , DSW is a professor of psychiatry and neurobehavioral sciences (PNBS) at the University of Virginia. She serves as teaching and research faculty at the Institute of Law, Psychiatry and Public Policy, a multidisciplinary policy center organized under the auspices of the School of Law and the School of Medicine at the University of Virginia. She has worked with the FBI’s Behavioral Sciences Unit in developing paradigms relevant to the criminal investigative analyses of sexual offenders. She has collaborated with the FBI National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime in conducting research on the crime scene analysis of serial rape, sexually sadistic murder, and the criminal histories of individuals convicted of sexual crimes against children. Professor Warren has published in peer-reviewed journals on topics including forensic evaluation and opinion formation for the courts, serial rape, child abduction and murder, crime scene analysis of sexually sadistic crimes involving children and adults, consensual and coerced sex in prisons, risk factors for violence, personality disorders, psychopathy, female inmates, linkage analysis involving sexual crimes, the use of third-party information in conducting evalua- tions for the courts, and juvenile adjudicative competency and restoration outcomes. Contributors xv

Many of these publications have derived from research funding that was awarded by the National Institute of Justice, the Offi ce of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services.

Anton van Wijk , PhD is a psychologist and criminologist and CEO of Bureau Beke in the Netherlands. His background is scientifi c research with the Netherlands Police Academy, focusing mainly on violent behavior. He has contributed to several books and publications in academic journals and has (co-)edited several books, including “Zedencriminaliteit in Nederland” [Sexual crimes in the Netherlands], 2006, “Facetten van zedencriminaliteit [Aspects of sexual crimes], 2007, “Een verkennend onderzoek naar downloaders van kinderporno” [An exploratory study to those who download child pornography], 2009, “Zeer gewelddadige verkrachters” [Severely violent rapists], 2011, and “Serieplegers: kenmerken, achtergronden en opsporing” [Serial offenders: characteristics, background, and investigation], 2013.