ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES
1987-1988
PRESIDENT Thomas Barker, Jacksonville State University
1st VICE PRESIDENT AND PRESIDENT ELECT Larry Gaines, Eastern Kentucky University
2nd VICE PRESIDENT Edward Latessa, University of Cincinnati
SECRETARY/TREASURER David Carter, Michigan State University
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Robert Regoli, University of Colorado
TRUSTEES
Ben Menke, Washington State University Robert Bohm, Jacksonville State University Gennaro Vito, University of Louisville
REGIONAL TRUSTEES
REGION I-NORTHEAST Raymond Helgemoe, University of New Hampshire
REGION 2-SOUTH Ronald Vogel, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
REGION 3-MIDWEST Allen Sapp, Central Missouri State University
REGION 4-SOUTHWEST Richard Lawrence, University of Texas at San Antonio
REGION 5-WESTERNAND PACIFIC Judith Kaci, California State University, Long Beach
PAST PRESIDENTS
1963-1964 Donald F McCall 1975-1976 George T Felkenes 1964-1%5 Felix M Fabian 1976-1977 Gordon E Misner 1965-1966 Arthur F Brandstatter 1977-1978 Richard Ward 1966-1%7 Richard 0 Hankey 1978-1979 Richter M Moore J r 1967-1968 Robert Sheehan 1979-1980 Larry Bassi 1968-1969 Robert F Borkenstein 1980-1981 Harry More J r 1%9-1970 B Earl Lewis 1981-1982 Robert G Culbertson 1970-1971 Donald H Riddle 1982-1983 Larry Hoover 1971-1972 Gordon E Misner 1983-1984 Gilbert Bruns 1972-1973 Richard A Myren 1984-1985 Dorothy Bracey 1973-1974 William J Mathias 1985-1986 R Paul McCauley 1974-1975 Felix M Fabian 1986-1987 Robert Regoli ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENICES
25TH ANNUAL MEETII�G
APRIL 4- 8, 1988
SAN FRANCISCO HILTON & TOW'ERS
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNI.A
PROGRAM
THEME: CRIMINAL JUSTICE: VALUES IN TRA.NSITION ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES
Dear Colleagues:
Welcome to San Francisco and the 19 88 Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. This year marks the 25th anniversary of ACJS and we are pleased that you are attending our celebration party. There are 19 0 panels, workshops, and roundtables scheduled. In addition, a plenary session will cover the "History of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences."
Registration, exhibits, and a message center are located in the Franciscan Ballroom. Em_ployment exchange is set up in the \VhitneyRoom. The Plenary Session and ACJS Business Meeting will be held in the Cypress Room.
Social activities have been scheduled, including a reception hosted by Michigan State University on Tuesday evening, participant's reception Wednesday evening, awards luncheon Thursday noon, and a reception sponsored by the;� University of South Carolina on Thursday evening.
Finally, the 19 88 Program Committee would like to thank you for participating in the 25th Annual Meeting.
THE 1988 ACJS PROGRAM COMMITTEE
Joanne Belknap Ben Menke University of Cincinnati Washington State University
Norman Bottom Eric Poole Journal of Security Administration University of Colorado at Denver
Finn-Aage Esbensen Mittie Southerland University of Colorado Eastern KentuckyUniversity
Donna Hale Gennaro Vito University of Baltimore University of Louisville
Fred Jones Ron Vogel Simpson College Universityof North Carolina
Larry Mays John Vollmann Jr New Mexico State University SE Florida Inst of Criminal Justice
19 88 Program Committee Chairwoman Deborah G Wilson University of Louisville
Local Arrangements Coordinator Anna Kuhl San Jose State University
2 CONTENTS
SUM"MARY PROGRAM ••••..••..••..••..•...••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••...••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•• 5
ALPHA PHI SIGMA ...•..•...•...... •...... •...•..••..•••••••••••••...••••••..••.•••.••.•••.••.••..••..•..•••.••.•...•...... •.... 19
ACADEMY SUPPORTERS ...... ••..••.••....•...•..••..••...... •..•...... 23
MEETING ROOMS ...... •...•...... ••..••.•••.••...••..•••.••..••.•••••.....•...... •...... •...... 24
ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM •..••...••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••.•...•..••..•..•...... •...... 25
INDEX OF ADVERTISERS ...... •..•..••.•••.•••..••..••..••..••..•.•...... •...... 95
ABSTRACTS ...... •.••...... •••...•..•••....•.•...... •••.••.•••••••••••.•••.•...•...••..••.•••••••••••.•...... ••...... •...... 99
INDEX 0 F PARTI CIPANTS ••••....•...••.••...•••..•..•••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. .•••••••••••••••••••.....•.• 155
3 A Resolution from �lNDERSON PUBLISHING CO.
WHEREAS, Al\DERSONPUBLISHING CO. recognizes that the ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JlJSTICE SCIENCES is a national organization dedicated to the furtherance of professional excellence in the field of Criminal Justice, and
WHEREAS, the ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES will be commemorating its Twenty-FifthAnniversary in 1988 in San Francisco at its Annual Meeting, now
THEREFORE, J3E IT RESOLVED, that ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO. hereby spreads upon its minutes a resolution of Congratulations and Best Wishes for that nzemorable occasion, and
RESOLVED Fl!RTHER, that ANDERSON PUBLISHING CO. affirms its continued support and advocacy of the ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES in the years ahead as the Academy continues to provide academic and professional growth to the field of Criminal Justice.
Resolution pas��ed unanimously at the December 29, 1987 meeting of the Board of Directors of Anderson Publishing Co.
4 SUMMARY PROGRAM
ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIEN(�ES
ANNUAL MEETING
APRIL 4-8, 1988
Theme: Criminal Justice: Values in Transition
Monday, April 4, 19 88 12 :00 p.m.-8:00 p.m. Registration 3:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m. ACJS Executive Board Meeting
Tuesday, AprilS, 1988 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Registration 6:30 p.m.- 7:15 p.m. Regional Meetings 7: 30 p.m.-9:30 p.m. Reception Sponsored by Michigan State lJniversity
8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m. PANELS
1. Roundtable: Certification Process in North Carolina: A Working Model (J T Henson) 2. Motivational Dynamics and Delinquency (Eric Hickey) 3. Distinctive Perspectives on Criminal Justice Education: Clientele and Curricula (Jay Berman) 4. The British Criminal Justice System (Frank Devine) 5. Educating the Loss Prevention/Security Professional: A Practitioner's View (Lyle Shook) 6. Theoretical Issues Concerning Woman Battering (Michael Steinman) 7. Alternatives to Incarceration (Everett Laning) 8. The Police Personality: Examination and Assessment (Allen Wagner) 9. Issues in Police Training: Innovations and Analysis (Steve Egger) 10. Roundtable: Technology and Tough Guys in Modern Retail Security (Michael Magill) 11. Workshop: Battered Women Who Kill (Sara Johann and Frank �Osanka)
10 :10 a.m.-11: 40 a.m. PANELS
12 . Roundtable: Alternative Remedies for Police Misconduct (Steve n Puro) 13 . Economic Issues in Criminal Justice (Michael Victor) 14 . Evaluation Research in Corrections (Michael Neustrom) 15 . Roundtable: Youth Gangs in Chicago: An Update (Sloan Letman) 16 . Court Actors and Institutions (Norman Kittel) 17 . Current Dilemmas Facing Jails (L Thomas Winfree) 18 . Applied Research in the Criminal Justice Setting (Daniel LeClair)
5 NOW AV AI LADLE FROM WAVELAND PRESS, INC.
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Larry Miller, East Tennessee State University Geoffrey P. Alpert, University of Miami Michael Braswell, East Tennessee State University Roger G. Dunham, University of Miami
Changes in the current edition of this widely adopted Policing Urban America integrates the policy impli text attempt to build upon and expand the positive ap cations of empirical research into a comprehensive plications of using the experiential case study approach review and discussion of issues concerning policing to acquaint the reader with the many facets of the in urban America. criminal justice experience. Contents 1. Police in the American System of Crimin 180 pages, $10.95; ISBN 0-88133-292-5 al Justice 2. History of the Police 3. Police Recruit Instructor's Manual ment, Selection and Training 4. Police Organization and Administration 5. Police Socialization and Police Subculture 6. Police Deviance: Corruption and Con trol 7. Styles of Policing 8. Hazards of Police Work 9. The Future of Policing 10. Careers in Law New edition! Enforcement
"ORDER UNDER LA�N" 194 pages, $8.95; ISBN 0-88133-321-2 Readings in Criminal J tJtstice, Third Edition
Robert G. Culbertson, Arkarzsas State University Ralph Weisheit, Illinois State University
An ideal supplementary text for introductory courses, this popular collection of eighteen contemporary and classic articles explores important controversies and If you would like complimentary issues in the field of criminal justice. review copies for possible adoption, write to us providing the following Four new articles make the Third Edition even more information; 1) course title; 2) annual valuable than its predecessors: enrollment; 3) next decision date; "The Rediscovery of Crime Victims" 4) text(s) currently in use. (Andrew Karmen) "Patterns of Female Crime" WAVELAND PRESS, INC. (Ralph Weisheit) P.O. Box400 ''Guilty Until Proven Innocent'' Prospect Heights, Illinois 60070 (C. Ronald Huff, Arye Rattner and Edward Sagarin) 312/634-0081 "Inside America's Toughest Prison" (Newsweek)
280 pages, $10.95; ISBN 0-88133-333-6 Instructor's Manual
6 19. Misbehavior by Private SecurityWorkers, A Scandal (William Taggart) 20. Women Professionals in the Criminal Justice System (Imogene lvloyer) 21. The Police in Historical and International Perspective (Finn-Aage Esbensen) 21A. Violence and Health (William Parsonage) 22. Workshop: Serial Rapist: Research by the FBI (James O'Connor)
11:50 a.m.-1:20 p.m. PANELS
23. Public Perceptions and Attitudes Toward the Police (David Hayeslip, Jr) 24. Corrections: Overcrowding and Privatization (Peter Wickman) 25. Roundtable: Numeric Risk Index in Calculating Terrorism Threats to Business Travelers (Mari Bottom) 26. Criminal Justice Evaluation: Policies and Programs (Doris MacKenzie) 27. Educational Considerations and Juvenile Offenders (Myrna Cintron) 28 . Reforms in Criminal Justice: Examining the Consequences (Eugene Schmuckler) 29. Some Issues of Concern for Police Management and Organization (Robert Langworthy) 30. Urban and Rural Components of Crime (Thomas Courtless) 31. Corrections: Organizational and Environmental Issues (Frank Schmalleger) 32. Legal Issues of the Eighties (W Timothy Austin) 33. Workshop: Forensic ClinicalAssessment Workshop for the Crinlinal Justice Practitioner (Laurence French)
1:30 p.m.-3:00 p.m. PANELS
34. Roundtable: Futuristics in Private Security: Prospectives and Priorities (Richter Moore Jr) 35. Criminal Justice Education: Integrating Theory and Practice (Marilyn Ford) 36. Issues in Domestic Violence (Bernadette Holmes) 37. Organized Crime (Stephen Brown) 38. The Jailing of Juveniles: Recent Legal and Public Policy Developments (Ira Schwartz) 39. Perspectives on Youth Violence (Susan Caulfield) 40. Issues in Right-wing Extremism (Joseph Vaughn) 41. Portrayal, Innovation and Opinion: Police Role, Administration, and Efficiency (Jack Greene) 42. Student Panel: Issues in the Criminal Justice System (Deborah 'Vilson) 43. Innovations in Probation Supervision (Harry Allen) 44. Workshop: Detecting Deception in the Witness, Victim, or Defendent: A Model and Method (Jack Annan)
3:10 p.m.-4:40 p.m. PANELS
45. Historical and Comparative Perspectives (Susan Noonan) 46. Correctional Philosophy and Programs (Gerald Garrett) 47. Decision Making in the Juvenile System (Leslie Wooten) 48. State and Local LawEnforcement Agencies: Problems, Policies, and Concerns (Jeffrey Rush) 49. To Live and Die in the U.S.A. (George Rush) 50. Law andthe Mentally Ill (Harold Pepinsky) 51. Concepts of Fairness: Victim's Rights and Assistance (Brent Smith) 52. Critical Issues of Contemporary Policing (Robert Frazier) 7 THINK MACMILLAN
------WHEN YOU THINK OF ------CRIMINOLOGY E:XPLORING CRIMINOLOGY by WILLIAM J. CHAMBLISS, George Washington University, 1987/88 President of the American Society of Criminology 1988 JUVENILE DELINQUENCY \JUVENILE DELINQUENCY by ARNOLD BINDER, GILBERT GElS, and DICKSON BRUCE, all of the University of California at Irvine 1988 CRIME IN AMERICAN SOCIETY CF:IME IN AMERICAN SOCIETY Second Edition by CHARLES McCAGHY, Bowling Green State University, and STEPHEN A. CERNKOVICH 1987 CRIMINAL JUSTICE Af\IJERICAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE AN INTRODUCTION by CLEMENS BARTOLLAS, University of Northern Iowa, and LORAS JAEGER 1988
Other Macmillan Criminology and Criminal Justice Titles
CHARLES S. SWANSON, LEONARD TERRITO and ROBERT TAY LOR POLICE ADMINISTRATION, Second Edition, 1988
JOHN E. CONKLIN CRIMINOLOGY, Second Edition, 1986
ROBERT D. PURSLEY INTRC)DUCTION TO CRIMINA L JUSTICE, Fourth Edition, 1987
ADOPTION DEADLINE NEAR? For urgent adoption consideration only, dial toll- free 800-428-375 0 between 8:30 a.m.--4:30 p.m. (In Indiana, dial317 - 298-5513). For less urgent needs, please write: MA�CMILLAN PUBLISHING COMPANY
COLLEGE DIVISION • 866 THIRD AVENUE • NEW YORK, NY 10022 53. Police Arrests: Influences and Results (Robert Worden) 54. Student Panel: Correctional Issues (Ronald Vogel) 55. Workshop: Developing Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors (William Hayden)
4:50 p.m.-6:20 p.m. PANELS
56. Issues in Training and Education (Marian Darlington-Hope) 57. The Death Penalty (Lynette Lee-Sammons) 58. Criminal Justice and Popular Culture (C Allen Pierce) 59. Student Panel: Sexual Abuse, Spouse Abuse and Domestic Violence (Gloria Lessan) 60. Theories of Punishment (Ineke Marshall) 61. Courts and the Criminal Justice System (Otwin Marenin) 62. Probation Supervision: Relevance and Revocation (Jane Totman) 63. Terrorism: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (Frederick Lynch) 64. Feminist Issues in Victimization (B Keith Crew) 65. New Directions in CriminalJustice (John Klofas) 66. Workshop: Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis for Law Enforcement (James O'Connor)
Wednesday, April 6, 1988 7:30 a.m.-9:00 a.m. JQ Editorial Board Breakfast 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Registration 1:30 p.m.-3:00 p.m. Plenary Session 5:00 p.m.-6:00 p.m. ACJS Business Meeting 6:30 p.m.-8:00 p.m. Participant's Reception
8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m. PANELS
67. Criminal Justice Management: Issues of Efficiency and Support (Stanley Cunningham) 68. White Collar and Corporate Crime (Lawrence Salinger) 69. Roundtable: Small Town and Rural Police: Issues of Concern (Vic Sims) 70. Criminology is Losing Appeal, Welcome to Loss Control: A New Approach (Chris Hertig) 71. DelinquencyPrevention (M Jane Kvetko) 72. The Investigation of Criminal Offenses (Frank Horvath) 73. Research on Court Decision Making (Malcolm Holmes) 74. Police Personnel: Training and Performance (Vance McLaughlin) 75. Police Attitudes and Assistance Regarding Juveniles (Richard 1\lartin) 76. Guns and Society (Robert Holland)
8:30 a.m.- 11.40 a.m. WORKSHOP
77. The School Resource Officer as Probation Liaison (David Yurchuck)
10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANELS
78. Victims in Residential and Organizational Communities (Ronald Vogel) 79. The Youthful Victim (DeeHarper) 80. Substance Abuse Programs and Community Supervision (Dallas Reed) 81. For the LastTime: "Security Is More Than Equal to CJ" (Dona1d Becker) 82. Trends in Criminological Thought (Robert Mutchnick) 9 Editor : Andre Normandeau
This Periodical is presented in such a way as to be of interest to professionals. The articles are many and varied : they include not only research data, but also commentaries on recent publications, proposed legislation, actual experiences. The articles in this periodical are written in French, however, English summaries are _, also included. • d
Already published
D La Determination de la sentence 7,50$ D Criminels et psychiatrie 7,50$ D Faire les nouvelles D Droit et justice 7,50$ Journalisme et affaires criminelles 7,50$ D Liberation conditionnelle 7,50$ D La Prediction de la carriere criminelle 7,50$ D Criminalite et realites sociales 7,50$ D Politiques et pratiques penales D Octobre 1970 : dix ans apres 7,50$ 25 a/15 de refiexion e; d'action 15$ D Regards sur la victime 7,50$ D Le Vol a main armee a Montreal 7,50$ D Probation : aide au contrainte ? 7,50$ D Histoire du controle social 7,50$ D Justice et public 7,50$ D La OangeroszH 7,50$ D Normes et politique criminelle 5$ D La Police apres 1984 7,50$ D Centres d'accueil du Quebec 5$ D Les Femmes et la j 'A-stice penale 7,50$ D etc. D La Peur du crime 7,50$
Annual subscription 1988 Individuals : Canada : 12$ Foreign : 14$ Institutions : All Countries : 24$ Single issue : 7,50$ Issued twice a year (Autumn and Spring)
Catalogue available at the publisher's
Les Presses de l'Universite de Montreal C.P. 6128, succ. A, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7 Tel. : (514) 343-6929
13:ll �'�II� [I]10 I{I!� I 83. The Use of Classification and Prediction in the Juvenile Justice System (Pam Swain) 84. Staff Behavior and Perceptions (Linda Zupan) 85. Police Personnel Issues (Franklyn Robbins) 86. Roundtable: Current Supreme Court Decisions-Values in Criminal Justice (James Walker) 87. Psychological and Physiological Consequences for Police: Policy and Profile (Michael Donahue)
11:50 a.m.-1:20 p.m. PANELS
88. A Potpourri of Criminogenic Concerns (Frank Hagan) 89. Healthcare Security and Safety: What is Wrong? (Norman Bottom) 90. Morality and Criminal Justice (F Frederick Hawley) 91. Violence in Correctional Institutions (Mary Stohr-Gillmore) 92. Roundtable: The Integration of Microcomputers/Computers into the CriminalJustice Curriculum (John Pfuhl) 93. Police Liability: Emerging Trends and Issues (Keith Haley) 94. Educational Philosophy and the Criminal Justice Curriculum (James Adamitis) 95. Processing Juveniles as Adults (Jeffrey Rush) 96. Criminal Justice Curricula: Whose Definition, Whose Agenda? (Stan Shernock) 97. Roundtable: Police Research: Use of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods (Ken Ayers) 98 . Workshop: The Survival of Constitutional Rights in the Face of the Science and Technology Explosion in Criminal Justice (Gene Stephens)
1:30 p.m.-3:00 p.m. PLENARY SESSION
HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES (RICHTER MOORE JR)
3:10 p.m.-4:40 p.m. PANELS
99. Issues in Probation and Parole Supervision: The Officer's Perspective (Edna Erez) 100. Legal and Extra-legal Variables in the CriminalJustice System (William Wilkinson) 101. Definition, Change and Professionalism (Charles Chastain) 102. Youth and Violence (Sloan Letman) 103. Women's Correctional Institutions (Sally Lawrence) 104. Criminal Justice System Responses to Woman Battering (Susan Miller) 105. Police Integrity: Standards and Recommendations for the Future (David Farmer) 106. Roundtable: Potpourri V: And Still More Things I've Wanted to Say (Or Publish) But Which Nobody Wanted to Hear (Or Read)-A Continuation From the Last Four Years (Gerald Rigby) 107. Student Panel: Crime and Justice Issues in America (Gennaro 'lito) 108. Domestic Violence: Causation and Prevention (Bill Parker) 109. Workshop: Exam Software for Criminal Justice Educators (Ron Vogel) 110. Workshop: Hostage Negotiations: Past, Present, and Future (Wayman Mullins)
Thursday, April 7, 1988 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Registration 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m. Awards Luncheon 5:30 p.m.-7:00 p.m. Justice Professional Board Meeting 7:00 p.m.-8:30 p.m. Reception Sponsored by University of South Carolina 11 HOMICIDE IN CHICAGO: AGCREGATE AND TIME SERIES PERSPECTIVES OF VICTIM, OFFENDER AND SITUATION (1965-1981)
by
Carolyn Rebecca Block Senior Research Analyst Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority
This is a scholarly analysis of homicide in Chicago during the period 1965-1981. Dr. Block uses n�gression techniques based on time-series data to determine whether the homicide trend can be attributed to changes in the gender, age and race/ ethnicity composition of Chicago•s population.
Block differentiates between robbery homicide and assault homicide, weapon used, and the demographic characteristics of offender(s) and victim(s).
Integrated throu9hout the discussion are references to other studies on this subject. Dr. Bleck discounts the validity of simplistic explanations of recent increases in Chicago1s homicide rate.
227 pages ( softcover) ISBN 0-911531-16-5 $6.50 (Plus $.75 postage & handling)
CENTER FOR URBAN POLICY LOYOLA UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 820 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, IL 60611 (312) 670-3112
Mail and phone orders accepted.
MY SPJ�CIAL THANKS TO THE 1988
PROGRAlVl AND LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS
COMMITTJEES. YOUR EXCELLENT WORK
MADJ� MY ROLE MUCH EASIER.
DEBORAH G. WILSON 1988 PROGRAM CHAIR
12 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m. PANELS
111., Incarceration of Juveniles (Obi Ebbe) 112. Deadly Force: Examination, Performance and Comparison (Ja�nes Hendricks) 113. Volunteers and Families in Corrections (Greg Pierce) 114. The Management of Private Security-Its Negative Impact on the Public Good (Joseph Chernicoff) 115. The Economically Disadvantaged and Criminal Justice (Gregg Barak) 116. Constitutional Issues in Criminal Justice (Otis Stephens) 117. Community Corrections: Programs and Issues (Richard Lawrence) 118. Problems of Jail Overcrowding (Paul Lockman) 119. Comparative Criminal Justice: Recent Research (John Smykla) 120. Roundtable: Historiography (Jim Thomas) 121. Workshop: A New Phenomenon in Homicide (James O'Connor) 122. Workshop: Comparative Studies of Post-critical Incident: Michigan-England Northern Ireland-Denmark (Roger Wittrup)
10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANELS
123. Decision Making in the Juvenile Court (R Dean Wright) 124. "Revitalizing" the Police Organization: An Examination of Personnel and Planning Issues (Sean Grennan) 125. Criminal Punishment: Issues and Influences (Obie Clayton) 126. The Media and Constitutional Issues in Self-Defense (Raymond Kessler) 127. Perceptions Regarding Crime and Justice Issues (Gene Stephens) 128. Mental Health Issues in Jails (Joel Thompson) 129. Roundtable: Promoting Better Cooperation BetweenCriminal Justice Academicians and Practitioners: What Can Be Done? (Rolando del Carmen) 130. Inmate Perceptions and Values (Constantine Souris) 131. The Criminal Justice Vocation: A Quest for Legitimacy(Kelsey Jones) 132. Roundtable: Gender and the Curriculum (Jo Beth Wolf) 133. Workshop: Practical Applications of Imagery to Transfer Train[ng to the Workplace (James Lockard)
1:40 p.m.-3:10 p.m. PANELS
134. Cultural Perspectives on JuvenileJustice (Monroe Miller) 135. Home Incarceration and Electronic Monitoring: Programs and Issues (Kay Bush-Morgan) 136. The Subculture of Policing: Examination and Analysis (James LeBeau) 137. Understanding the Female Felon (Susan Hunter) 138. Roundtable: The Problem of Police and Drug Law Enforcement (Charles Chastain) 139. Roundtable: The Use of Force in Jails (Gerald Lynch and Barbara Price) 140. International Crime and Criminal Justice (Richard Ward) 141. Police Investigations: Problems and PolicyConcerns (John Burge) 142. Drug Testing: Criminal Justice PolicyImplications (Laurence French) 143. Current Issues in the Victimization of Women (Faith Lutze) 144. Workshop: Victim Counseling (William Garrison)
13 Ne"\\rTexts fromWest in1988:
Criminal}t:lStice,Joel Samaha. Instructor's Manual with Test Bank. Study Guide. Transparency Masters. 1988.
Juvenile D«�linquency: Theory, Practice and Law,Third Edition, Larry). Siegel, Joseph). Senna. Instructor's Manual with Test Bank. 1988.
CriminalE·vidence: Principles and Cases, Second Edition, Thtomas}. Gardner. Instructor's Manual. 1988.
Introduction to Private Security, KarenMatison Hess, Henry M. Wrobleski. Instructor's Manual. 1988.
Top texts from1987:
Criminaljl.Jstice: Proceduresand Issues, Sue TitusReid. Instructor's Manual with Test Bank. Study Guide. Transparency Masters. 1987.
Introduction to CriminalJustice, Fourth Edition, Joseph}. Senna, Larry). Siegel. Instructor's Manual. Test Bank. Study Guide. Transparency Masters. 1987.
For more information about these or other West texts, please write: WEST PUBLISHING
50 W. Kellogg Blvd. P.O. Box 64526 St. Paul, MN 55164-1003
14 3:20 p.m.-4:50 p.m. PANELS
145. Private Justice and Security (Gerald Rigby) 146. Policy Issues on Jails (Linda Zupan) 147. Criminal Justice Personnel: Stress Management and Cross-Pollination (Mittie Southerland) 148. Woman Battering and the CriminalJustice System (Susan Noonan) 149. Comparative CriminalJustice Systems (Richard Terrill) 150. Problems in CommunitySupervision (George Wilson) 151. Student Panel: Legal Issues in Criminal Justice (Harvey McMu:rray) 152. Sexual Assault and the Legal System (Robert Sigler) 153. Criminal Justice and the Problem of Crime (Robert Taylor) 153A.Law Enforcement and Democratic Ideals (Mark Pogrebin) 154. Workshop: UCR Statistics for the 21st Century and Research into Convicted Killers of Law Enforcement Officers (Edward Davis)
5:00 p.m.-6:30 p.m. PANELS
155. Rape: Theoretical and Practical Issues (Robert Coates) 156. Legal Isues in Corrections (Burk Foster) 157. Organizational Social Control (Allen Sapp) 158. Community Policing in the 1980s: Pros and Cons (Roy Roberg) 159. A Potpourri of Criminal Justice Topics (Richard Holden) 160. Student Panel: Potpourri of Criminal Justice Concerns (LarryTravis III) 161. Issues in Juvenile Justice Management (Belinda McCarthy) 161A.Innovations in Criminal Justice Research (Dean Spader) 162. Roundtable: Recruiting Criminal Justice Majors (Ken Ayers) 163. Workshop: Progressive Alternatives to the Conservative Agenda in Criminal Justice (Robert Bohm) 164. Workshop: Metropolitan Police (London): Tradition in Transitjon (Joseph Auten)
Friday, AprilS, 1988 8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m. Registration 8:30 a.m.-10:30 a.m. ACJS Executive Board Meeting
8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m. PANELS
165. Student Panel: Adolescents as Victims and Perpetrators (Robin Russell) 166. Drugs, Alcohol and Crime (Cheryl Tieman) 167. Conflict Management Through Mediation (Bernard McCarthy) 168. Flotsam and Jetsam: Outcasts and Criminals in Modern European History (Alan Williams) 169. Comparative Examinations of Police: Attitudes, Problems, and :Legal Infractions (Mahendra Singh) 170. Historical Analysis of Juvenile Justice Systems (Lorene Stone) 170A.Roundtable: Police Misconduct: ThePerspecti ve of the Police Chief (Fred Meyer) 171. Historical American Criminal Justice (David Bodenhamer) 172. Police Management and Administration: Planning, Budgeting, Implementation, and Technological Considerations (Ralph Baker) 173. Corrections Research: Explaining Offender Behavior (Steve Gibbons)
15 Your FIR�)T MOVE Will be Your Last The only bot:>k you'll need for Street Survival Defense
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FIRST MOVE has many outstanding features that will help you gain confidence in your self defense:
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Charge my cred1t account: 0 V1sa 0 Master car Address d ------Account No MC Bank tJ Ill I II I I I I I I I I I 0 I I II I City State ZIP Exp Date _ S1gnature ______--- d ( To order directl call 1-800-338-5578 2460 Ker er Boulevard • p 0 Box 539 • Oul)uque. Iowa 52001 16 174. Workshop: Emerging Groups in Organized Crime Conspiracie:s (Steven Bertucelli) 175. Workshop: Should Prison Be A Country Club? (W Richard Paschke and Dena Baumgartner) 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANELS 176. Nutrition and Crime (Stephen Schoenthaler) 177. Law Enforcement Personnel Selection: Concerns and Constitutionality (William Tafoya) 178. Roundtable: The Concept of "Community" in Contemporary Society: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy (Peter Benekos) 179. Student Panel: Youth and LawEnforcement (Robin Russell) 180. Organizational Influenceson Case Processing (Dean Champion) 181. The United States Constitution and Law Enforcement Activities (Anthony Cortese) 182. Workshop: Marital and Date Rape (LauraX) 183. Workshop: Bizzare Crime Scene Investigation (Charles Edel) 184. Criminal Justice Research: Problems and Prospects (Michael Kirby) 185. Roundtable: A New Approach to Measuring Criminal Justice Teaching Objectives: CompetencyBased Testing (Nicholas Astone) 186. Roundtable: The Reagan Era: Legacy and Prospects (Tony Platt) A T T E N T I 0 N POLICY -- POLICY -- POLICY -- POLICY ALL MEETING SPACE IS NON-SMOKING ATTENDEES MUST WEAR ACJS NAMETAG: ------IN EXHIBIT HALL ------IN BREAKOUT ROOMS ------TO ALL FOOD FUNCTIONS 17 College of Criminal Justice Tl1e University of South Carolina An outstanding faculty of 15 is dedicated to interdisciplinary, taking advantage of other strong producing the most know] edgeable, capable and academic programs to enrich each student's par understanding criminal justice practitioners pos ticular interests. sible- men and women able to function in crit • The College offers both the Bachelor of Sci ical social circumstances with effectiveness and ence with a major in Criminal Justice and the restraint. Master of Criminal Justice. A significant feature of the Graduate student enrollment is that there is a Graduate assistantships offer students the rich mix of pre-service and in-service students. opportunity to assist faculty engaged in practical and theoretical research that has a meaningful • Through its Office of Agency Research and impact on existing crime-related problems. The Service, the College maintains its commitment to current value of the assistantships exceeds $6,500 assist local and state agencies with the difficult for the academic year. mission of administering justice and maintaining order through research, technical assistance and A variety of graduate assistantships in state conferences on selected issues. Students partici agencies are available in addition to the traditional pate in this process through theses, portfolio pro graduate research assistantships within the Col jects, internships and as members of research lege. This enables the College to offer some form of teams. financial assistance to all qualified full time gradu • The College has its own computer laboratory ate students. which contains multiple terminals to the Univer This is one of only ten criminal justice pro sity's main frame computer and micro-computers, grams in the nation organized as an independent as well as special hardware providing graphics college, and it is one of only a very few which are capability. All equipment is available for use of the separate colleges within a major flagship state uni College's approximately 450 graduate and under versity. The flexibile curriculum is based on the graduate students. Other computer terminals are highest academic standards and is substantially located throughout the College. For further information concerning this program, write directly to the Assistant Dean, College of Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, or call (803) 777-7097. 18 ALPHA PHI SIGMA NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE HONOR S MONDAY, APRIL 4, 1988 1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. Registration FRANCISCAN BALLROOM 5:00 p.m. APS Executive Committee Meeting 8:00 p.m. National Office Party TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988 8:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m. Registration FRA�CISCAN BALLROOM 9:00 a.m. - 11:00 a.m. Welcome and Introductions CONTINENTAL PARLOR 8 Roll Call Nomination Speeches-Candidates for 1988-89 Slate & Vice President WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988 8:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. Officers Reports CONTINENTAL PARLOR 8 Paper Presentations Logo and Song Awards Guest Speaker- Donal MacNamara 1:00 p.m. Constitutional Revision Meeting THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988 8:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. 1988-89 Officers Elections CONTINENTAL PARLOR 8 New Business Guest Speaker - Herb Olsen - FLETC Recognition and Presentation of Awards Oath of Office - 1988-89 National Officers 1:00 p.m. -2:00 p.m. 1987-88/1988-89 Officer and Advisor Meeting 6:00 p.m. - 7:00 p.m. Reception Sponsored by the University of South Carolina 19 E1\STERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY Master's Degree Program in Criminal 1 ustice Options: Applying: Inquiries a be made at any time by writing to: Dr. Richard W. Snarr Eastern Kentucky University College of Law Enforcement Stratton 105 Richmond, KY 40475-0957 Phone: ( 606) 622-1157 20 privatization correctional counseling security working with resistant clients civil liability correctional law international corrections working with aggressive juveniles correctional facility design alternatives to incarceration liability of probation & parole officers prison violence legal authority of correctional officers report writing • . • These are som�e of the areas ACA's new books cover, a.Jtd cover wen. For a com:plete catalog, call us today, toR-fr ee, 1-800-825-BOOK or (301) 699-7627, ext. 21 AMERICAN CORRECTIONALASSOCIATION 4321 H�a.rtwick Road CoBege Par1�, MD 20740 21 C R I M I N A L J U S T I C E S T U D I E S A T T H E U N I V E R S I T Y 0 F W I S C 0 N S I N - M I L W A U K E E THE UNIVERSITY The University of Wiscons in-Milwaukee is the metropo 1 i tan campus of The University of Wisconsin System. The 90 acre campus, located in a residential neighborhood on Milwaukee's northeast side, lies between Lake Michigan and the Milwaukee River. UWM was formed as a university in 1956 and, through a multi-million dollar program effort, has kept pace with the growth of its student body, which now numbers more than 26,000, including 4,500 graduate students. THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAM The Criminal Justice program offers courses leading to a Bachelor's and a Master's Degree. It is part of the School of Social Welfare, a'n inter disciplinary School which encourages cooperative work by professionals from a variety of disciplines. A favorable faculty-student ratio permits graduate students in the Criminal Justice program to work closely with faculty on a collaborative basis. Close contacts between faculty members and the practice community ensure that students will be able to relate what they are learning in the classroom to the activities of criminal justice practitioners. THE MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE The Criminal Justice Master's Degree (MSCJ) offers a program of study designed to produce criminal justice professionals with a competence in program evaluatic•n, research, administration and planning. These techniques can be applied in all the working areas of the criminal justice system includ ing law enforceme·nt, the courts, and corrections. The curriculum is designed to educate studEmts for leadership positions by providing a professional graduate education focused upon the application of scientific and technical knowledge to solve problems encountered by practitioners and administrators within the criminal justice system. CORRECTIONS CONCENTRATION IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Students with a professional interest in corrections can enroll in a corrections concentration that utilizes the strengths of corrections special ists in both thE! Criminal Justice and Social Work graduate faculties. The corrections conc•mtration in Criminal Justice is designed to prepare indi viduals to assume administrative/management positions in correctional settings. APPLICATION AND INFORMATION For further information and applications for admission, please call or write to: The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Criminal Justice Program P.O. Box 786 Milwaukee, WI 53201 (414) 229-4851 22 ACADEMY SUPPORTERS THE ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES APPRECIATES THE FOLLOV'iiNG CONTRIBUTIONS: ACADEMY SILVER ANNIVERSARY SUPPORTE�R Anderson Publishing Company John Jay College of Criminal Justice ACADEMY FRIEND Waveland Press Inc Jacksonville State University ACADEMY CONTRIBUTOR The Foundation Press Inc ACADEMY SPONSOR University of Cincinnati Michigan State University University of Nebraska at Omaha Other Saint Xavier College Southern Criminal Justice Association 23 ��EETING ROOMS BALLROOM LEVEL flliSSTRHT m m A IMPERIAl � BAllROOM ...... ANZA ROOM 5 c.: � c.: g >- 6 YOSEMITE ;::: HAll GMB) A 8 c � ---r---·7--- 7 f 8 9 CRffN � m I ROOM O�ARRH S1RHT FOURTH FLOOR ROSEWOOD TEAKWOOD WALNUT ROOM ROOM ROOM TOYON ROOM SARATOCA A CARMEL ROOM 0 ROOM �Is RESTROOM I I a:! ELEVATORS LASSEN ROOM MONTEREY ROOM DIABLO ROOM < WHITNEY ROOM � � SHASTA ROOM V) II') w 0:: Q.. >- u TAMALPAIS ROOM SAUSALITO BELVEDERE TIBURON BELMONT STORACE ROOM ROOM ROOM ROOM ROOM TI 0 -o -c::r MARIN A B A B A B SONOMA ROOM ROOM 24 ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE S�CIENCES SILVER ANNIVERSARY ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM SAN FRANCISCO HILTON & TOWERS SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA APRIL 4-8, 1988 THEME: CRIMINAL JUSTICE: VALUES IN TRANSITION MONDAY, APRIL 4, 1988 12:00 p.m.-8:00 p.m. Registration FRANCISCAN BALLROOM 3:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m. ACJS Executive Board Meeting ROSEWOOD A TUESDAY,APRIL 5, 1988 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Registration FRANCISCAN BALLROOM 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Exhibits Open FRANCISCAN BALLROOM 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Employment Exchange WHITNEY 6:30 p.m.-7:15 p.m. Regional Meetings Region One: NEACJS ROSEWOOD A Region Two: SCJA ROSEWOOD B Region Three: MCJA TEAKWOOD A Region Four: SWACJE TEAKWOOD B Region Five: WPACJE WALNUT A 7:30 p.m.-9:30 p.m. Reception Sponsored by: Michigan State University COl\rTINENTALPARLORS 8/9 TUESDAY, APRIL5, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.rrt. Panel 1 ROSEWOOD A Roundtable: Certification Process in North Carolina: A Working Model Convenor: J T HENSON, Surry Commtmity College Participants: BARTON PARKS, Guilford College DARL CHAMPION, Fayetteville Technical Institute RONALD VOGEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College RICHARD RIPLEY, North Carolina Department of Corrections RICHTER MOORE JR, Appalachian State University 25 Comprehensive Crime and Justice: An Introduction Howard Abadinsky, Saint Xavier College, Chicago coverage .. This lively introductory text, written by an educator who is also an experienced law enforcement professional, Law and Justice provides a balanced treatment of the history, theory, and practice of criminal justice in America. Howard Abadinsky, Saint Xavi,�r College, Chicago Throughout the text, Abadinsky takes care to develop Lawand Justice examines the law, the courts, and the judi the historical background of his various subjects, and the cial process in their historical context. The classroom detailed look at federal law enforcement is an addition tested format provides the instructor with a book appro not usually found in such books. Each chapter concludes priate for law-related courses in both criminal justice and with a series of review questions designed to reinforce political science. Law and justice are treated both mstru_ learning. Crime and Justice is an exceptionally useful mentally and functionally in order to convey a thorough teaching tool. Based on the latest research data, trends in understanding of the major legal issues of the day. An ex the field, and relevant legal changes, it is the most com amination of the policy implications of law is also in prehensive examination of criminal justice available. cluded. Cloth/ ISBN 0-8304-1134-8 This is the first book to cover the entire legal system. Such topics as common law, the history of law, criminal Introduction to Criminal Evidence, and civil trials, and equity are handled with facility and insight. The neglected subject of the influence of law Second Edition schools on society is presented. No other text has the Jon R. Waltz, Northwestern University breadth and scope of Law and JHstice. Abadinsky merges This newly revised, illustrated, and updated introduc the best of political science, sociology, and criminal jus tory text thoroughly explores all of the important eviden tice in a clear and comprehensive approach to his subject. tiary rules that apply to criminal cases. It is written in Paper/ ISBN 0-8304-1188-7 plain English and avoids, whenever possible or desir able, the use of jargon and ''legalese.'' Criminology Cloth/ ISBN 0-88229-130-0 Frank E. Hagan, Mercyhurst C:Jllege Paper/ISBN 0- 8304-1062-7 Many criminology texts focus on le�alistic, adminis�ra tive, and social control aspects of cnme while_ devotmg little attention to the various forms of criminal activity ••• thoughtfulanalysis and the theories and research that explain crime. Ha gan's Criminology is an exception. While offering full cov Research Methods in Criminal Justice: erage of legal and administrative issues, Hagan devotes seven chapters to the complete range of criminal An Introduction behavior-from violent street crime to the more subtle or Jack D. Fitzgerald, Knox College; Steven M. Cox, ganizational and corporate crime found in white collar Western Illinois University settings. Hagan also thoroughly assesses current re In this text a step-by-step approach is used to introduce search methods and examines the classical and current students to the basics of criminal justice research. The au criminological and sociological theories that deal with thors proceed from relatively simple research metho�ol crime. ogies to relatively complicated ones, constantly showmg Cloth/ ISBN 0-8304-1068-6 the connections between different approaches. They de scribe basic research techniques, elementary descriptive Organized Crime, Second Edition and inferential statistics, research design, sampling, and Howard Abadinsky, Saint Xa\'ier College, Chicago the various scientific perspectives used in research. This analysis of organized crime provides a theoretical Paper/ ISBN 0-8304-1099-6 basis for understanding how criminal organizations are structured and how they function, and presents a history FUTURE TEXTBOOKS of organized crime with detailed coverage of the period Howard Abadinsky, Saint Xavier College: Drug Abuse: An from the late nineteenth century to the present. Aba l11troduction. dinsky presents two models of criminal hierarchies-the Steven M. Cox, Western Illinois University: Introduction to Policin . bureaucratic model and the patron-client model-and g . applies these models to a variety of crime organizations Cynthia Combs, consultant: Terronsm. including Italian-American "families," outlaw motorcy Gary Green, Albany State College: Occupatio11al Crimi- cle gangs, Latin-American "families," black criminal na/itt;. . Wilfiam Hyatt, Western Carolina University: Ethics and groups, and independent whi :e gangs. Criminal Justice. . . Cloth/ISBN 0-8304-1165-8 Michael J. Palmiotto, Armstrong State College, Crmu11al Paper/ ISBN 0-8304-1126-7 I nucstigation. Nelsor1-Hall Publishers Series Consulting Editor: IIHoward Abadinsky 111 N. Ce':lnal, Chicago 60606 Saint Xavier College •••••••• 26 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.1n. PANEL 2 ROSEWOOD B Motivational Dynamics and Delinquency Chair: ERIC HICKEY, Ball State University Papers: "Preliminary Thoughts on the Relationship of Stake-in-Conformity and Self-Concept to Neutralization of Deviant Acts Among Juveniles," FRED JONES, Simpson College "The Dynamics of Moral Character Construction in a Juvenile Court," RANDALL BERGER, Drury College "Adolescent Suicide: Rural/Urban Attitudinal Comparison," DANIEL PARTRICH, Chadron State College "Social Bonding and Interactions: An Extension and Refmement of Hirschi," SUSAN CAULFIELD, Indiana University Northwest Discussant: ERIC HICKEY, Ball State University PANEL 3 TEAKWOOD A Distinctive Perspectives on Criminal Justice Education: Clientele and Curricula Chair: JAY BERMAN, Jersey City State College Papers: ''T caching Criminal Justice in Maximum Security Prisons," FRANKLYN ROBBINS, Community College of Rhode Island-Flanagan "Integrating Security Management into the Criminal Justice Degree," PAUL CAMPBELL, Wayne State College and MICHAEL STOLEY, Northeast Community College "Advantages of Social Work as Foundation for Criminal Justice Curriculum," JAMES BRUJ�ER, East Carolina University Discussant: ANTHONY BRUNO, Community College of Philadelphia PANEL4 TEAKWOOD B The British Criminal Justice System Chair : FRANK DEVINE, University of Southern Mississippi Papers: "British Institutional Corrections: Significant Differences?" MIKE CARLIE, Southwest Miswuri State University "Politics and Prison Privatization in Britain," MICK RYAN, The University of Akron "Margaret Thatcher's Law and Order Agenda: The Forgotten Policy Window," RICHARD TERRILL, Georgia State University Discussant: FRANK DEVINE, University of Southern Mississippi 27 COLLEGE OF CRI MINAL JUST ICE JACK SO NV ILLE STATE UN IVERSITY The College of Criminal Justice, J.S.U. offers the Bachelor of Science Degree with Majors in Law Enforcement, Corrections, and Forensic Science (Investigation) . At the Graduate level , the College offe rs a Master's of Science in Criminal Justice and a Master's of Publ i c Administration with a concentration in Criminal Justice . In addition to traditional academ ic course offerings the co llege has a dynamic internship program and its faculty is actively engaged in outreach activities involving resea rch, training and consultation with a variety of loca l , state and federal criminal justice agencies . The loca tion of the college is ideally situated fo r the academ ic preparation and training of criminal justice students. The college is located in Brewer Hall which is also the site of a regional police academy and the state crime laboratory. Students enrolled in the crim inal justice program at Jacksonville benefit from the close proximity of these resources . In addition, the College is located adjacent to Fort McC lellan which is the site of the U. S. Army's Milita ry Police School , Criminal Investigators School and the Department of Defense's internationally known Polygraph School . Students, staff and faculty are enriched from their interaction from these agencies . For further information contact Dr. Tom Barker , Dean , College of Criminal Justice , Jacksonville State University , Jacksonville, AL 36265 or call (205) 231-5335. 28 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a.m. PANEL S WALNUT A Educating the LossPrevention/Se curity Professional: A Practitioner's View Chair: LYLE SHOOK, AuburnUniversity Papers: "Educating the Professional, Part 1," JOHN OSBORN, Wickes Lumber "Educating the Professional, Part II," LES GLANZ, Wickes Lumber Discussant: WILLIAM WILKINSON, Pan American University-Brownsville PANEL 6 WALNUT B Theoretical Issues Concerning Woman Battering Chair: MICHAELSTEINMAN, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Papers: "Towards a More Inclusive Theory: Battering in the Hispanic Community," VERNETIAYOUNG, University of Maryland "Sex Role Trait Ascriptions of Battered Women," CHRISTINE MATILEY and MARTIN SCHWARTZ, Ohio University "A Transformation of Theoretical Approaches to Battering: Addressing the Invisibility of Black Women," SUSAN MILLER, University of Maryland "Patriarchy and Woman Abuse: Preliminary Findings from a Toronto Survey," MICHAEL Sl\HTH, York University Discussant: ROSE MARY STANFORD, University of South Florida at Ft Myers PANEL ? TOYON A Alternatives to Incarceration Chair: EVERETI LANING, Simpson College Papers: "Mediation of Juvenile Restitution: Performance and Prognosis," HARRYMIK A, Central Michigan University and KIMBERLEY COLE, University of Texas at Dallas "Diverting the Juvenile Shoplifter: AnEval uation of a Voluntary Youth ServicesProgram," L THOMAS WINFREE JR, New Mexico State University; CHRISTINE SELLERS, PATRICIA DUNCAN, and BARIELLE KELLY, Louisiana State University; LARRY WILLIAMS, Midwestern State University; and LAWRENCE CLINTON, East Texas State Uni\ersity "Juvenile Justice Jumble: Oregon Downsizing," KENNETH VIEGAS, University of Oregon Discussant: MONROE MILLER, University of Pittsburgh 29 Distinguished Professor in Criminology The Department of Criminology at Indiana University of Pennsylvania is ac:cepting nominations and applications for the newly created position of distinguished professor. The professorship is a'railable beginning with the 1988-1 989 academic year. TJlle university seeks an eminent scholar to assist in the implementation of its new Ph.D. Degree Program in Criminology. Other responsibilities will be negotiated commt!nsurate with the individual's credentials and experience. I,lease send all nominations and applications to Dr. W. Timothy Austin, Department of Criminology, IUF�, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705. 30 TUESDAY, APRIL S, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a.m. PANEL S TOYON B The Police Personality: Examination and Assessment Chair: ALLEN WAGNER, University of Missouri-St Louis Papers: "Bossiness and Proauthority as Measures of Authoritarianism of Law Officers, Students and Townspeople," MARY HAGEMAN, Virginia Commonwealth University and KEN RIGBY, South Australian Institute of Technology "Police Cynicism, Job Satisfaction, and Work Relations of Police Chiefs: An Assessment of the Influence of Organizational Size," ROBERT REGOLI, University of Colorado; JOHN CRANK, Illinois State University; and ROBE:RT CULBERTSON, Arkansas State University "Post Secondary Education and Police Attitudes," JOHN HAMLIN and WILLIAM FLEISCHMI'\N,University of Minnesota, Duluth Discussant: GARY CORDNER, Eastern Kentucky University PANEL 9 LASSEN Issues in Police Training: Innovations and Analy�;is Chair: STEVEEGGER, Sangamon State University Papers: "The Creation of a Statewide System for the Delivery of In-service Law Enforcement Training: The Mobile Team Unit Concept," THOMAS JURKANIN and JEWETT BENNETT,Southwestern Illinois Mobile Team Unit In-service Training Unit "Standards for Police Personnel: Holding the Line or Redrawing It?" KEITH HALEY, Ohio Peace Officer Training Council "State Policing Training: A Role for the College or University?" ROOSEVELT SHEPHERD, Shippensburg University Discussant: RICHARD RAUB, State of Illinois Department of State Police PANEL 10 DIABLO Roundtable: Technologyand Tough Guys in Modem Retail Security Convenor: MICHAELMAGILL, Long's Drug Stores Participants: CHUCK SENNEWALD JOHN CHRISTMAN, Macy's of California PANEL 11 Cc)NTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: Battered Women Who Kill Co-convenors: SARA JOHANN and FRANK OSANKA 31 un TH:E DORSEY PRESS CHICAGO PRCUD PUBLISHERS OF A1nerican Delinquency: Its Meaning and Construction RE VISED EDITION La11ar T. Empey Instructor's Manual 1982 I Hardbound I ISBN 0-256-02677-7 Analyzing Deviance Jam.es D. Orcutt, Florida State University 1983 I Paperbound I ISBN 0-256-02303-4 Ne wly Available! Runaways and Non-Runaways in an American Suburb Albert R. Roberts, Indiana University, School of Social Work 1981 I Paperbound I ISBN 0-256-05650-1 WE INVITE YOU TO ORDER A COMPLIMENTARY COPY Call our toll-free number: 1-800-323-4560 or write to us: The Dorsey Press, 224 S ..Mich igan Av enue, Chicago, IL 60604 Manuscript proposals should be addressed to: Paul O'Connell, Senior Editor 32 TUESDAY, APRil5, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANEL 12 ROSEWOOD A Roundtable: Alternative Remedies for Police Misconduct Convenor: STEVEN PURO, St Louis University Participants: "Controlling the Cops: Alternative Remedies," SAM WALKER, University of Nebraska at Omaha "Civilian Oversight: Non-litigation Efforts to Oversee Police," JOHN CREW, ACLU Northen1 District of California "Police Decertification: An Alternative to the Exclusionary Rule?" ROGER GOLDMAN, St Louis University Law School "The New Blue Line: Changing Roles of Police," JEROME SKOLNICK, University of California-Berkeley Law School PANEL 13 ROSEWOOD B Economic Issues in Criminal Justice Chair: MICHAELVICTOR, Universityof Texas at Tyler Papers: "Landlord Liability for Failure to Provide Security," DAVID SKELTON Indiana State University "When Product Liability Constitutes Criminal Liability," THOMAS BRIGHT, Shippensburg Vniversity "Exploring Alternatives to Economize Corrections," JACK DISON, Arkansas State Universit} Discussant: MICHAEL VICTOR, University of Texas at Tyler PANEL 14 TEAKWOOD A Evaluation Research in Corrections Chair: MICHAELNEUSTROM, University of Southwestern Louisiana Papers: "Alternatives to Incarceration: The Problem of Putting Theory into Practice," WILLIAM CLEMENTS, Norwich University "Community Service Centers in Pennsylvania: An Assessment of Post-release Outcomes," JAMES JENGELESKI and DAVID RICHWINE, Shippensburg University "Evaluating the Impact of Intensive Incarceration in Louisiana," DORIS MACKENZIE, LARRYGOULD, and LISA RIECHERS, Louisiana State University Discussant: CAROLE BARNES, California State University-Sacramento 33 100% BA DGE CONTROL Visitor can fill i111 his Printing can be own name with the ...____ customized to your TEMPiog One-WritEt System specifications Receptionist or "isitor White background turns prints date on badge- __.,...... dark like this-shows tamper evident 1�aper badge is VOID We sell millions of our ne!wly patented self-destructing 'SMART' badges for visitor control. They will improve your security, reduce your bad�1e control problems, and actually save you money by eliminating labor costs. Worn under normal offic•� or factory lighting conditions, the white background of the badge tints blue only slightly. However, brief exposure to DAYLIGHT causes the entire background to turn blue making the badge VOID. These adhesive backed badges are either Ink Printed like other badges or Flash Printed which causes the entire badge design to be obliterated when the badge turns blue. The badge's color channe prevents reuse and reentry, makes the badge tamper-proof, and enables a guard to 'read' the badge from a distance. CONTACT US FOR FRE.:E SAMPLE BADGES. We can print badges with any design in any language. Once you try them, you will see how well they solve your problems. 100% PEOPLE CONTROL " Visitor sign-in and badge issuing can be a continuing problem ... that's why we developed the One-Write Visitor Sign-in System. With more than 10% of a Com pany's plastic visitor badges lost each year, visitor control is a problem; you can reduce these problems with the TEMPiog System. " The TEMPiog System gives you a permanent log record ·'or each visitor while the visitor automatically creates his 1)Wn Visitor Badge. The visitor does all the writing , not the ·eceptionist or guard. It also guarantees that no visitor re ,:;eives a badge without signing in. In addition, the log sheets :;an be filed by date. patents pending ,, The TEMPiog System consists of a light-weight writing board, similar to a clip-board, equipped with a coil cord ball point pen. To use, one places three strips of badges on the board [1]. A Sign-in Log Sheet is then secured in place over the badges [2]. Each Log Sheet contains twelve sign-in boxes that are carbon-backed in the areas where the visitor is asked to print NAME and DATE. When the visitor completes the sign-in, he has automatically made his own badge. All that remains is for the receptionist to tear the badge off the strip and issue it to the visitor [3]. TEMPbadge manufactures and distributes every type of badge for Security, Meetings, Events, Seminars, and Conventions. The following list summarizes these products. Con tact us for samples and literature. 24 flour Shipment on Hundreds of stock Pa�•er and Plastic Badges and Supplies, Call To ll Free For Samples and Catalog! P. O. Box 659 Spring Valfey, N. Y. 10977 (BOO) 62B-0022 in N. Y. (BOO) 556-0110 34 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.nt. PANEL15 TEAKWOOD B Roundtable: Youth Gangs in Chicago: An Update Convenor: SLOAN LETMAN, Chicago State University Participants: ELIZABETH NUNN, Chicago State University HERBERT SCOTT, Chicago State University HENRY DAVIS, Chicago State University ESTHER HARVEY, Chicago State University SUZETTE McNEAL Chicago State University ROSLYN ALLEN-TUCKER, Chicago State University HELEN RHOADES, Chicago State University AVON BURNS, Mott Community College PANEL 16 WALNUT A Court Actors and Institutions Chair: NORMAN KITTEL, St Cloud State University Papers: "Accountability vs Independence: The Myths of Judicial Selection," MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, Memphis State University "The Changing Composition of the Private Criminal Bar," NORMAN KITTEL, St Cloud State University "Is the Investigative Grand Jury This Country's New Star Chamber?" JAMES HALSTED, University of South Florida "An Evaluation of the Mediation of Child Abuse Cases," ANITA PLINER, American International College Discussant: FRANCES BERNAT, New Mexico State University PANEL 17 WALNUT B Current DilemmasFacing Jails Chair: L THOMASWINFREE JR, New Mexico State University Papers: "Disjunction of Perceptions: The Failure of Correctional Officers to Identifythe Needs of Inmates," MARY STOHR-GILLMORE, Washington State University and LINDA ZUPAN, University of Alabama at Birmingham "Competing Ideologies of Jail Confmement," PATRICK JACKSON, University of Missouri-St Louis "The Use of Jail Confmement in the Disposition of Felony Arrests," BELINDA McCARTHY, University of Alabama at Birmingham "Penal Institution Fires," FREDERICK MERCILLIOTT, University of New Haven Discussant: JOLANTA JUSZKIEWICZ, Pretrial Services Resource Center 35 April, 1988 Dear AcadeJmy, We, the meiJabers of the Department of Criminology at Indiana lfniversity of Pennsylvania congratulate you on this �y-our Silver Anniversary. /&c��d/P� $� £.JI,4i� u._..�J- t!- �c.r�fa. �N_ 711� � � 8e�2�� 36 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.11rt. PANEL 18 TOYON A Applied Research in the Criminal Justice Setting Chair: DANIEL LeCLAIR, Massachusetts Department of Correction Papers: "Policy, Practice and Applied Research: The Case of the Massachusetts Higher Education in Prisons Program," KIT BRYANT, University of Massachusetts-Boston "Evaluation of a Substance Abuse Program," MICHAEL FORCIER, Massachusetts Department of Correction "Pretrial Detention of Juveniles in Massachusetts: Issues and Trends," SUSAN GUARINO-GHEZZI, Salem State College "Rearrests Following Residential Treatment for Driving Under the Influence of Liquor," KATHLEEN HERR and DENNIS McCAR'IY, Massachusetts Department of Public Health Discussant: JAMES AUSTIN, National Council on Crime and Delinquency PANEL 19 TOYON B Misbehavior by Private Security Workers, A Scandal Chair: WILLIAM TAGGART, New Mexico State University Papers: "Drug and Alcohol Use by Private Security Guards," WILLIAM McCOWN, Tulane University Medical Center and JUDITH JOHNSON, New Orleans Veterans Administration Hospital "Sexuality in Retail Security: Civil and Legal Implications," LYLE SHOOK, Auburn Universi1:y "Assault on the Polygraph," FRANK HORVATH, Michigan State University Discussant: MICHAEL PALMIOTIO, Armstrong State College PANEL 20 LASSEN Women Professionals in the Criminal Justice Syst,em Chair: IMOGENE MOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Papers: "The Parole Officer and Parolee: The Communication Gap," SHIRLEY DAVIS, University of North Carolina at Charlotte "Affirmative Action in Law Enforcement: Women in the Workplace," LANA WACHNIAK, Georgia Southern College "Women in Law Enforcement: Has Their Status Changed?" KIMBERLY BUDNICK, Florida Department of Corrections " Issues for Women Correctional Officers in a Male-dominated Facility: An ExploratoryStudy," JOANNE BELKNAP, University of Cincinnati and CHARMAINE McGUFFEY, Hamilton County Justice Center- Cincinnati Discussant: JILL ROSENBAUM, California State University-Fullerton 37 o·RGANIZED CRIME Il'l AMERICA: Cclncepts and Controversy edited by Timothy S. Bynum Issues in Crime and Justice Volume I Sponsored by the Academy of Criminal justice Sciences. Contents: "Introduction: Controversies in the Study of Organized Crime." Timothy S. Bynum "A E·rief History of American Syndicate Crime." Humbert S. Nelli "Natcotics Activities of Organized Crime." Pete<" Lupsha "Tht: McDonald's-ization of the Mafia." Howard Abadinski "Vidence in Organized Crime: A Content Analysis of the DeCavalcante and DeCarlo Transcripts." Kip Schlegel "Following Dirty Money: The Kaufman Commission and Organized Crime." john Dombrink and Malorie Melrose "Tilting at Windmills: The Chicago Crime Commission v. Organized Crime, 1980-1984." Dennis Hoffman "Predicting the Incidence of Organized Crime: A Preliminary Model." jay .Albanese "America's Toxic Waste Racket: Dimensions of the Environmental Crisis." Frank Scarpitti and Alan Block "Unusual Crime or Crime as Usual: Newspaper Images of Corruption at the Interstate Commerce Commission." Merry Morash and Donna Hale ISBN 0-9606960-2-4 Publication date Winter 1987. Single copies $25. (Quantity discounts available for classroom orders.) Order from: CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRESS a division of Willow Tree Press, Inc. PO Box 249, Monsey, NY 10952, U.S.A. (phone information: 914/354-9 139) 38 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.nt. PANEL 21 DIABLO The Police in Historical and International Perspective Chair: FINN-AAGE ESBENSEN, University of Colorado Papers: "Predicting the Past: The Future Impact of USAssistance Programs to Central American Police Forces," 01WIN MARENIN, University of Alaska and MARTHA COTIAM, University of Denver "Policing Non-affluent Societies: A Mexican Perspective," DILIP DAS, Western Illinois Univ�rsity "Police Cynicism Among Transkeian Police," P J POTGIETER, University of Transkei "Rethinking the History of the Urban Police in America," JOHN CONLEY, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Discussant: FINN-AAGE ESBENSEN, University of Colorado PANEL 21A CONTINENTAL PARLOR 9 Violence and Health Chair: WILLIAMPARSONAGE, Pennsylvania State University Papers: "Violence and Public Health: An Overview of the Intentional Injuries Section at the Centers for Disease Control," LINDA SALTZMAN, Centers for Disease Control "Violence: A Hazard to the Public's Health (A Report of Conference Outcomes)," ARTHUR LAWRENCE,US Public Health Service "The Victimization of Probation/Parole Officers:An Occupational Health Problem," WILLIAM: PARSONAGE,Pennsylvania State University and W CONWAY BUSHEY, Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole "Interpersonal Violence, Aggressionand Health: A Multidisciplinary Perspective," EVAN PATI ISHALL, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences PANEL 22 C�ONTINENTAL PARLOR 7 WORKSHOP: Serial Rapist: Research by the FBI Convenor: JAMES O'CONNOR, Deputy Assistant Director, FBI Academy Participant: ROBERT HAZELWOOD, Supervisory Special Agent, FBI Academy 39 'TERMEDlATE PUNISHMENTS: ;!nsive Supervision, Ho1me Confinement and Electronic Surveillance edited by Belinda R. McCarthy Issues in Crime and Justice, Volume 2, Sponsored by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. "j c is a needed publication chat addresses rystem.acically thegeneral issue of incenswe supen!ISion and home confinement and electTonic surverllance.'' Vincent O'Leary President, SUNY -Albany Contents: "Intrcoduction:" Belinda R. McCarthy Pare l: Intensive Supervision "Georgia's Intensive Probation: Will the Model Work Elsewhere?" Joan Petersilia "Intensive Supervision in Probation: A Comparison of Three Projects." Todd �. Clear, Suzanne Flynn and Carol Shapiro "Managing Change in Probation: Principles and Practice in the Implementation of an Intensive Probation Supervision Program." RonaL:i P. Corbect, Jr. , Donald Cochran and ]ames Byrne "Intensive Supervision: Officer Perspectives." John T. Whitehead and Chari.� Lindquist "Taking Qu ality into Account: Assessing the Benefits and Costs of New Jersey's Intem ive SupervisionProgr am." Frank S. Pearson "The Effectiveness of Intensive Supervision with High Risk Probationers." Edwa1 d ] . Latessa "A R·�assessment of Intensive Service Probation." l.Au'Tence A. Bennett Pare I.': Home Confinement and Electronic Suweillance "Electronic Monitors." Annesle, K. Schmidt and Christine E. Curtis "Planning for Change: The Use of Electronic Monitoring as a Correctional Alternative." joseph B. Vaughn "Home Confinement and Electronic Surveillance." Thomas G. Blomberg, Gordon P. Waldo and Lisa C. Burcroff "Palm Beach County's In-House Arrest Work Release Program." "Homt."Incarceration with Electronic Monitoring in Kenton County, Kentucky: An Evaluation." ]. Roberc Lilly, Richard A. Ball andJennifer Wright ISBN 0-9606900-4-0 Publication date Spring 1987. Single copies $25. (Quantity discounts for classroom orders @$ 15.) Order from: CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRESS a division of Willow Tree Press, Inc. PO Box 249, Monsey, NY 10952, U.S.A. (phone information: 914/354-9139) 40 Tuesday, April 5, 1988, 11:50 a.m.-1:20 p.m. PANEL 23 ROSEWOOD A Public Perceptions and Attitudes Toward the Police Chair: DAVID HAYESLIP JR, University of Baltimore Papers: "Perceptions of Police Verbal Abuse as an Influence on Respondent Attitudes Toward the Police," TERRY COX and TRACY BASEHART, Eastern Kentucky University and MERVIN WHITE, Clemson University "Public Support and Confidence in the Police: A View From the 1980s," TIMOTHY FLANAGAN, State University of New York Albany "Public Perception of Police Delivery of Services," WILLIAM FLEISCHMAN and JOHN HAMLIN, University of Minnesota, Duluth Discussant: DAVID BORDUA, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign PANEL 24 ROSEWOOD B Corrections: Overcrowding and Privatization Chair: PETER WICKMAN, State University of New York-Potsdam Papers: The Privatization of Prisons: A Growth Industry," PHILIP ETHRIDGE, Sam Houston State University "Crisis in Confinement: Efforts to Develop Alternatives to Long-term Imprisonment in Louisiana," BURK FOSTER, University of Southwestern Louisiana "Private Prisons and the State," ROBERT WEISS, State University of New York-Plattsburgh "Overcrowding, Court Orders and Solutions: The Perspective of United States Prison Administrators," FRED HOLBERT, University of Nebraska at Omaha and JACK CALL, Radford University Discussant: PETER WICKMAN, State University of New York-Potsdam PANEL 25 TEAKWOODA Roundtable: Numeric Risk Index in Calculating TerrorismThreats to Business Travelers Convenor: MARl BOTTOM, Journal of Security Administration Participant: HENRY HENN, Bank of America World Headquarters PANEL 26 TEAKWOOD B Criminal Justice Evaluation: Policies and Progratns Chair: DORIS MACKENZIE, Louisiana State University Papers: "Roadblocks and Drunk Driving: A Time Series Analysis," MICHAEL NEUSTROM and KATID{ COOK, University of Southwestern Louisiana "Preventive Detention: The Impact of the 1984 Bail Reform Act in the Eastern Federal District of California," RODNEY KINGSNORTH, CAROLE BARNES, CYNTHIADAVI S, TINA HODGINS, and CAMILLE NICHOLS, California State University Sacramento "Methodological, Conceptual and Policy Issues in Criminal Career Research," INEKE MARSHALL, JULIE HORNEY, and VINCENT WEBB, University of Nebraska at Omaha Discussant: JAMES DAVIS, New York City Department of Probation 41 SAN FRt�NCISCO HILTON & TOWERS PHIL LEUR'S STE:AKERY: Steak by the ounce cut to fit one's appetite. This feature has made Phil Lehr's one of America's most famous dinner steak houses. KIKU: Step into the exotie world of the orient and enjoy authentic Japanese creations for lunch and dinner. Lunch: 11:30 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. Monday-Friday Dinner: 5:30 p.m. - 10:00 p.m. 7 days a week SIDEWALK CAFE/Piano Bar: Open 24 hours a day. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner is servedquickly and efficiently in a relaxed and friendly old world atmosphere. HENRI'S: Famed panoramic dining destination, 46-stories atop Hilton Square's Tower I, Henri's is a delight to the senses. The cuisine is innovative and daring. The magnificent 360 degree view gives a full panorama of the Golden Gate Bridge and the Bay Bridge, Sausalito, the financial district, Telegraph Hill and the East Bay. The unique retractable skylight reveals the night sky in all its splendor. Live entertainment Tuesday through Saturdays nights. Lunch: 11:30 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. Monday-Saturday Brunch: 11:00 a.m. -2:30 p.m. Sunday Dinner: 5:30 p.m. - 10:00 p.m. Sunday-Thursday 5:30 p.m. - 11:00 p.m. Friday-Saturday / 42 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 11:50 a.m.-1:20 p.m. PANEL 27 WALNUT A Educational Considerations and Juvenile Offenders Chair: MYRNA CINTRON, West Georgia College Papers: "Learning Disability and Juvenile Delinquency: Is There a Connection?" CONCEITA CULLIVER, Murray State University "Educational Transitioning and the Handicapped Juvenile Offender: Who Will Take Responsibility?" BARBARA ZAREMBA and LISA YARYAN, The College of William and Mary "Teaching Adolesc�nts in a Juvenile Detention Center: Are They or Aren't They Handicapped?" ROBIN HERMAN, Central State University Discussant: JOHN McGAHA, Southeast Missouri State University PANEL 28 WALNUT B Reforms in Criminal Justice: Examining the Consequences Chair: EUGENE SCHMUCKLER, Georgia Public Safety Training Center Papers: "The Price of Justice: Costs of State Court Financing in New Jersey," MONA MARGARITA, Stockton State College "The Administrative Release Revocation Hearing and Due Process: What are the Costs and Benefits of Giving Up One's Rights?" L THOMAS WINFREE JR, New Mexico State University; ROY ROBERG and WILLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT, Louisiana State University; and VERONICA BALLARD, Texas Parole Commission "Reforming Sentencing Guidelines: Life in the Budgetary Fast Lane," ROGER HANDBERG and N GARY HOLTEN, University of Central Florida "Consolidation: The New MexicoExperience," JAMES RILEY, PAULABLEVINS, and MICHAEL SHAUGHNESSY, Eastern New Mexico University Discussant: EUGENE SCHMUCKLER, Georgia Public Safety Training Center PANEL 29 TOYON A Some Issues of Concern for Police Management and Organization Chair: ROBERT LANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati Papers: "Where We Always Go Wrong: Management Is Not Organization," SAM SOURYAL, Sam Houston State University "Police Goals - An Assessment," MAHENDRA SINGH, Grambling State University "Professional Policing: An Elaboration of James Q Wilson's Styles of Police Behavior," MICHAEL MEYER, University of North Dakota "Organized Labor Influence on Police Unionization," LARRY HOOVER, Sam Houston State University 43 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 11:50 a.m.-1:20 p.m. PANEL 30 TOYON B Urban and Rural Components of Crime Chair: THOMAS COURTLESS, George Washington University Papers: "Changing Crime Patterns in the Rllral Components of an SMSA: A Tale of Two Counties," THOMAS COURTLESS, George Washington University "An Examination of Changes in Part I Offenses in the City of Houston (1984-1986) by Neighborhood Racial Composition," KENNETHJACKSON and OSWALD GIBBONS, University of Houston-Downtown "Residential Segregation and Street Crime: Another Look," MICHAEL VICTOR, University of Texas at Tyler "The Relationship of Sex Roles to Fear and Risk of Crime Victimization," RODNEY HENNINGSEN, Sam Houston State University and ANN HENNINGSEN, Trinity University Discussant: CHERYL TIEl\rfAN, Radford University PANEL 31 LASSEN Corrections: Organizational and Environmental Issues Chair: FRANK SCHlVlALLEGER, Pembroke State University Papers: "Going to Prison: A Descriptive Study of Visiting Rules and Regulations," NANCY SCHAFER, University of Alaska-Anchorage "Prison Security Technology," SUS � NOONAN and EDWARD LATESSA, University of Cincinnati "Organizational Features of a Medium Security Prison," BARBARA OWEN, Federal Bureau of Prisons "Television in Prison,'' MARK�lM, ROBERT HUCKABEE, and PATRICK McCARTHY, Indiana State University, and DIANE DAANE and J STEVEN SMITH, Ball State University PANEL 32 DIABLO Legal Issues of the Eighties Chair: W TIMOTHY AUSTIN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Papers: "The War on Crime-The Reagan Years," WALTER HOPKINS, University of Southern Indiana "Manifest and Latent Functions in the Behavior of Law: Affrrmative Action," FREDERICK LYNCH, California State University San Bernadino "The Legal Concept of 'QualifiedImmu nity': Its Meaning and Impact on Criminal Justice Personnel," STANLEY COHEN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "AI Capone's Administrative Remains: Calder vs IRS and a Justice Historian's Experiencewith the Freedom of Information Act," JAMES CALDER, University of Texas at San Antonio PANEL 33 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: Forensic Clinical Assessment Workshop For the Criminal Justice Practitioner Convenor: LAURENCEFRENCH, University of New Hampshire 44 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 1:30 p.m.-3:00 p.m. PANEL 34 ROSEWOOD A Roundtable: Futuristics in Private Security: Prospectives and Priorities Convenor: RICHTER MOORE JR, Appalachian State University Participants: E DUANE DAVIS, Western Carolina University GENE STEPHENS, University of South Carolina LAWRENCE LYNCH, Onondaga Community College PANEL 35 ROSEWOOD B Criminal Justice Education: Integrating Theoryand Practice Chair: MARILYN FORD, Florida Department of Corrections Papers: "An Evaluation of Undergraduate Internships by Recent Criminal Justice and Social Work Graduates," JOHN POWELL and WAYNE SMITH, East Carolina University "Cooperative Education in Criminal Justice: Learning in Transition," JAY BERMAN, Jersey City State College "Tasks Based ParadigmsTo Evaluate Work Experience For Criminal Justice UndergraduateAcademic Credit," JAMES ADAMITIS, University of Dayton "Assessment of UndergraduateCriminal Justice Education," MATTEICHOR and RICHARD SLUDER, Northeast Missouri State University Discussant: ELIZABETH SEBUCK, Moraine Valley Community College PANEL 36 TEAKWOODA Issues in Domestic Violence Chair: BERNADE'ITE HOLMES, Old Dominion University Papers: "Women Abuse in Dating Relationships: The Role of Male Peer Group Dynamics," WALTER DEKESEREDY, York University "A Profile of Marital Homicide: Detroit 1982-83," ANN GOETTING, Western Kentucky University "Marital Status and Women Abuse," DESMOND ELLIS, York University "Female Homicide Victims in New York State, 1984," PAUL GOLDSTEIN, Narcotic and Drug Research and HENRY BROWN STEIN, New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services PANEL 37 TEAKWOOD B Organized Crime Chair: STEPHEN BROWN, East Tennessee State University Papers: "The New Godfathers? Issues Regarding Asian Organized Crime in the U S," JOHN DOMBRINK, JOHN SONG, and HAN PHI, University of California-Irvine "Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs as Organized Crime," DOUGLAS SEVERSON, University of Nebraska at Omaha 45 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 1:30 p.m.-3:00 p.m. PANEL 38 WALNUT A TheJailing of Juveniles: Recent Legaland Public PolicyDevelopments Chair: IRA SCHWARTZ, University of Michigan Papers: "Litigation on Behalf of Children in Adult Jails," MARK SOLER, Youth Law Center "California Ends the Jailingof Children: The Story of a Public Policy Reversal," DAVID STEINHART, National Council on Crime and Delinquency "The Jailing of Juveniles in Minnesota: A Persistent Problem," IRA SCHWARTZ, University of Michigan; LINDA HARRIS, University of Minnesota; and LAURIE LEVI, Northwest Area Foundation "The Need for Alternatives to the D•!tention of Juveniles," CHRISULA ASIMOS and PATRICIA MARLOW, Contra Costa County Mental Health Department Discussant: RONALD HID�F, Ohio State University PANEL 39 WALNUT B Perspectives on Youth Violence Chair: SUSAN CAULll?IELD, Indiana UniversityNorthwest Papers: ChildhoodVictimization in the Etiologyof Serial Murder," ERIC HICKEY, Ball State University and JOHN FULLER, West Georgia College "Correlates of Violent Crime in a Youthful Offender Population," JOYCE CARBONELL, Florida State University "Drugs and Youth Violence: The Link? A Review on the Literature," MYRNA CINTRON, West Georgia College Discussant: THOMAS BLOMBERG, Florida State University PANEL 40 TOYON A Issues in Right-Wing Extremism Chair: JOSEPH VAUGHN, Central Missouri State University Papers: "Extreme Right-wing Views on Taxation and Money," ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University "God's Law: Criminal Process and Right-wing Extremism in America," RICHARD HOLDEN, Central Missouri State University "Societal Changes and Right-wing Membership," MICHAEL WIGGINS, Central Missouri State University ''The Impact of Extremist Ideologyon American Correctional Institutions," DENNY LANGSTON, Central Missouri State University Discussant: JOSEPH VAUGHN, Central Missouri State University 46 TUESDAY, APRIL S, 1988, 1:30 p.m.-3:00 p.m. PANEL 41 TOYON B Portrayal, Innovation and Opinion: Police Role, Administration, and Efficiency Chair: JACK GREENE, Temple University Papers: "The Role of Popular Culture in Policing," ELIZABETH McCONNELL "The Portrayal of Police Administration inPopular Fiction," GARY CORDNER and RICHARD GIVAN, EasternKentucky University "Law Enforcement Management Experts: Who Are They?" WILLIAM TAFOYA, FBI Acad·�my "The Police Screening Unit," ROBERT FITZSIMMONS, Chicago Police Department PANEL 42 LASSEN Student Panel: Issues in the Criminal Justice Sys1em Chair: DEBORAHWILSON, University of Louisville Papers: "A Theoretical Examination of the Effects of Investiture/Devestiture Socialization Processes in Police Organizations," JILL SEMMERLING, Eastern Kentucky University "An Analysis of Social Organizational Patterns in an Urban Coroner's Office:Implications for Criminal Justice Theory and Practice," DAVID MANN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "Traditional Criminal Behavior Systems Applied to Environmental Crime," LARRY DOMBROWS KI, Mercyhurst College "Loss Prevention Methods Used in a Medium Size University Library in Pennsylvania," CHARLES WAWRZYNIAK, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "A Comparison of Serial Killers and Traditional Killers," SUSANNAH CORNETT,University of Louisville PANEL 43 DIABLO Innovations in Probation Supervision Chair: HARRYALLEN, San Jose State University Papers: "Implementation of the New Federal Sentencing Act: A Federal Probation Officer's Experience," FRANKLIN MARSHALL "Intensive Supervision and the Alcoholic Offender: An Examination of Treatment and Ou1 come," DINA CHIRICHELLA and EDWARD LATESSA, University of Cincinnati "Evaluating the Impact of Intensive Probation Supervision Programs: Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice," JAMES BYRNE, University of Lowell and DONALD COCHRAN and RONALD CORBETT "An Evaluation of the Probation Development Project," TODD CLEAR, CAROL SHAPIRO, SUZANNE FLYNN, and ELLEN CHAYET, Rutgers University PANEL 44 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: Detecting Deception in the Witness, Victim, or Defendant: A Model and Method Convenor: JACK ANNON, Universityof Hawaii 47 TUESDAY, APRIL5, 1988, 3:10 p.m.-4:40 p.m. PANEL 45 ROSEWOOD A Historical and Comparative Perspectives Chair: SUSAN NOO!'.AN, University of Cincinnati Papers: "Politics and Prison Development: A Case Study," STEVE GIBBONS, Western Oregon State College and GREG PIERCE, Blue Mountain Community College "British Institutional Probation Services: A Descriptive Study," MIKE CARLIE, Southwest Missouri State University "A Comparison of Correctional Systems: California and Brazil," RUTH MASTERS, MAX FUTRELL, and CLIFF ROBERSON, California State University-Fresno Discussant: SUSAN NOONAN,University of Cincinnati PANEL 46 ROSEWOOD B Correctional Philosophy and Programs Chair: GERALD GARRETT, Universityof Massachusetts-Boston �apers: "A SociologicalAssessment of Post--scared Straight Delinquency Prevention Programs,"ROBERT KELLER,University of Southern Colorado "Reinforcement: Facilitator or Victimizer of Rehabilitation?" JACK HIRES and MICHAEL McCUDDY, Valparaiso University "Correctional Treatment: Values in Transition," SHELA VAN NESS, Indiana State University "Towards the Recriminalization of Crimes While Under the Influence," WILLIAM McCOWN, Tulane University Medical Center Discussant: GERALD GARRETI, University of Massachusetts-Boston PANEL 47 TEAKWOOD A Decision Making in the Juvenile System Chair: LESLIE WOOTEN, Cleveland State Community College Papers: "Orientations Toward Justice Among Juvenile Justice Decisionmakers: Exploratory NotesFrom a Statewide Survey," MARGARET FARNWORTH, State University of New York at Albany; CHARLES FRAZIER, University of Florida; and ANITA NEUBERGER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "The Impact of Standards on the Role of Detention in Juvenile Probation," MARCELLA SZUMANSKI, Shippensburg University "Youth Gangs and Police Organizations: Re-thinking Structure and Functions," RONALD HUFF, Ohio State University "Family System Correlates of Dehnquency," JOHN McGAHA, Southeast Missouri State University Discussant: RODNEY FRIERY, Jacksonville State University 48 TUESDAY, APRIL S, 1988, 3:10 p.m.-4:40 p.m:. PANEL 48 TEAKWOOD B State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies: Problems, Polici�es, and Concerns Chair: JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University Papers: "State Police Vehicular Pursuit Policies: A Critique and Analysis," FRANK SCHUBERT, Northeastern University "Implications of US Border and ImmigrationIncidents for State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies," THOMAS FOSTER, Ohio State University Discussant: CHARLES FIELDS, Appalachian State University PANEL 49 WALNUT A To Live and Die in the U.S.A. Chair: GEORGE RUSH, California State University,Long Beach Papers: "Death Penalty, A Con Approach," VICTOR STREIB, Cleveland State University "Multi-national Perspectives on the Abolition of Capital Punishment," FRANK ZIMRING, University of California-Berkeley "Death Penalty Focus, OrganizedOpposition," GEORGE RUSH, California State University, Long Beach "Capital Sentencing in Kentucky: A Multivariate Analysis," GENNARO VITO and THOMAS KEIL, University of Louisville "Selecting Juveniles for Death: The Kentucky Experience," GENNARO VITO, University of Louisville Discussant: GEORGE RUSH, California State University, Long Beach PANEL 50 WALNUT B Law and the Mentally Ill Chair: HAROLD PEPINSKY, Indiana Universi1y Papers: "Collateral Consequences of Official Labels:A Comparison of Legal Rights Lost by Felons and Ex-mental Patients," VELMER BURTON JR,University of Cincinnati "Guilty but Mentally Ill and the Jury Trial: A Case Study," JOHN KLOFAS, IllinoisState University and JANETTEYANDRAS ITS, University of Akron "Restricting Civil Commitment to Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: The Impact of the Use of Drugs and Restraint," MICHAEL LEIBER, DEBORAH CHARD, and MAHESH NALLA, State University of New York at Albany "Victimless Crime: The ThirdPart of the Mala Prohibita/Mala in se Dichotomy," C ALLENPI ERCE, YoungstownState University Discussant: HAROLD PEPINSKY, Indiana University 49 TUESDAY, APRIL S, 1988, 3:10 p.m.-4:40 p.m. PANEL51 TOYON A Concepts of Fairness: Victim's Rights and Assistance Chair: BRENT SMITE[, University of Alabama at Birmingham Papers: �'The Meaning of Fairness to Victims: A Values Perspective," MARKUMB REIT, Minnesota Citizen's Council on Crime and Justice "An Analysis of Victim Assistance :Models," JOYCELYN POLWCK-BYRNE, University of Houston-Downtown "Victim Assistance Programs: An Assessment," MARY EGNER, Michigan State University "The Rise and Decline of the Victims' Rights Movement in Alabama," BRENT SMITH, University of Alabama at Birmingham Discussant: GEORGE WILSON, North Carolina Central University PANEL 52 TOYON B Critical Issues of ContemporaryPolicing Chair: ROBERT FRAZIER, Lamar University Papers: "Drug Testing in Police Agencies: Legal Issues," GAYLE CARPER, Western Illinois University "Drug Testing of Law Enforcement Officers and the Fourth Amendment/' ALTON SLANE, Muhlenberg College "AIDS and the Police: Exploring Some Critical Issues," MARK BLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University Discussant: BURK FOSTER, University of Southwestern Louisiana PANEL 53 LASSEN Police Arrests: Influences and Results Chair: ROBERT WORDEN, Michigan State University Papers: "Community Correlates of Police Agency Arrest Policies," ROBERT LANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati "Initial Charges Filed by the Police Officer as a Function of Suspect's Race or Sex," WAYMAN MULLINS, Southwest Texas State University "Factors in the Arrest of Child Abusers," C AARON McNEECE, Florida State University "The Fate of No-ID Arrests inthe IITmois Criminal Justice System: AnExploration in the Policyand Practice of Gun Control," DAVID BORDUA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 50 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 3:10 p.m.-4:40 p.m.. PANEL 54 DIABLO Student Panel: Correctional Issues Chair: RONALD VOGEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Papers: "Telemonitoring as an Effective Means of Surveillance,,JOSEPH ASBROCK, University of Cincinnati "Inmates and Treatment: Con Game or Reality,, FAITH LUTZE, Pennsylvania State Unive:�sity "Prison Overcrowding: Policy Alternatives,, KEITH HAYNES, BILL FINGER, JACK BETTS , and ELIZABETH LELAND, North Carolina Central University "The Advantages and Disadvantages of Confming Juveniles in Adult Jails and Lockups,, KYLE FOLSOM, University of Nebraska at Omaha Discussant: RONALD VOGEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte PANEL 55 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: Developing LawEnf orcement Firearms lm;tructors Convenor: WILLIAM HAYDEN, National Rifle Association TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 4:50 p.m.-6:20 p.m. PANEL 56 ROSEWOOD A Corrections: Issues in Training and Education Chair: MARIAN DARLINGTON-HOPE, Universityof Massachusetts-Boston Papers: "Investigating Disciplinary Events: Liability and the Need for Training,, H TODD WCKLEAR and MELANIE LOCKLEAR, Georgia State University "Training the Correctional Staffon Aids: What Policy Issues Need to be Addressed,, STEPHAN KAFTAN, Minot State University "Needed for Teachers: Attitude and Cultural Awareness,, LEE ROY BLACK, California State University "Character and Corrections,, A J STUART JR, National Character Laboratory Discussant: Marian Darlington-Hope, University of Massachusetts-Boston 51 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 4:50 p.m.-6:20 p.m. PANEL 57 ROSEWOOD B The Death Penalty Chair: LYNETIE LEE-SAMMONS, Washington State University Papers: "Bloodbath and Brutalization: Public Opinion and the Death Penalty," DONALD WALLACE, Central Missouri State University "A New Proposal to Ameliorate the Inequities of the Death Penalty," JEFFERSON INGRAM and MICHAEL PAYNE, University of Dayton, and DARREL DeGRAW, American Technological University "Murder and Capital Punishment: A National, Monthly Time Series Analysis," WILLIAM BAILEY, Cleveland State University and RUTH PETERSON, Ohio State University "Changing Death Penalty Opinions: The Influence of Different Stimuli," ROBERT BOHM, Jacksonville State University Discussant: LYNETTE LEE-SAMMONS, Washington State University PANEL 58 TEAKWOOD A Criminal Justice and Popular Culture Chair: CALLEN PIEltCE, Youngstown State University Papers: "Criminal Justice and Popular Culture: Some Preliminary Notes," GRAEME NEWMAN, State University of New York at Albany "Back to the Future: The Black Inmate Subculture Revisited," MARIANNE FISHER-GIORLANDO, Grambling State University "From Poe to Chandler: Black Characters in Crime and Detective Fiction," FRANKIE BAILEY, Kentucky State University "The Southern Violence Construct: A Skeleton in the CriminologicalCloset," F FREDERICK HAWLEY, Louisiana State University Shreveport Discussant: C ALLEN PIEIRCE, Youngstown State University PANEL 59 TEAKWOOD B Student Panel: Sexual Abuse, Spouse Abuse and Domestic Violence Chair: GLORIA LESSAN, Old Dominion University Papers: "Must the Circle Stay Unbroken? Clinical Observations as Research Data on the Victimization of the Sexually Abused Female," TULA STARCK, University of Nevada at Las Vegas "The Battered Woman Who Kills," LISA DiPLACIDO, Mercyhurst College "System Responsiveness to Domestic Violence," THOMASA EVANS, University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa "Victimized in the Courts," BRIAN PAYNE, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Discussant: GWRIA LESSAN, Old Dominion University 52 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 4:50 p.m.-6:20 p.m. PANEL 60 WALNUT A Theories of Punishment Chair: INEKEMARSHALL, Universityof Nebraska at Omaha Papers: "Justice as Responsiveness," HAROLD PEPINSKY, Indiana University "Technical and Legal Reasoning: Habermas' 'Technology and Science as Ideology' Revisited,". CHARLES FIELDS and ARTHUR FELTS, Appalachian State University "Theories of Punishment: Classical and Modern," HELEN MOLANPHY, Richland College Discussant: INEKE MARSHALL, University of Nebraska at Omaha PANEL 61 WALNUT B Courts and the Criminal Justice System Chair: 01WINMARENIN, University of Alaska at Fairbanks Papers: "Conflict Resolution: A Multi-level Model for Intervention," MICHAEL WELCH, St John's University "Lay Judges in Capitalist and Socialist Criminal Courts," NANCY WOLFE, University of South Carolina "Hawaii's Judiciary Scandal: Indications of a Need for Political Development," AGNES BARO, Hawaii Department of Corrections Discussant: 01WIN MARENIN, University of Alaska at Fairbanks PANEL 62 TOYON A Probation Supervision: Relevance and Revocation Chair: JANETOTMAN, CaliforniaState Polytechnic University Papers: "The Presentence Probation Report: No Longer Relevant?" JOHN ROSECRANCE, University of Nevada, Reno "Employment in Probation: The Image and the Reality," JOHN WHITEHEAD, East Tenness1!e State University "Evaluating the Adult Probation and Parole Revocation Process in Florida," JUDY NORMAN, LANA ARNOLD, and KIMBERLY BUDNICK, Florida Department of Corrections "Potential Civil Liability of Parole Personnel for Decisions Related to the Release, Supervision and Revocation of Parolees," PAUL LOUIS and ROLANDO del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University Discussant: EDWARD LATESSA, University of Cincinnati 53 TUESDAY, APRIL 5, 1988, 4:50 p.m.-6:20 p.m. PANEL 63 TOYON B Terrorism: Historical and Comparative Perspectives Chair: FREDERICK ·LYNCH, California State University-San Bernardino Papers: "Born in Blood: The Short and Vioknt History of the Irish National LiberationArmy," PAUL CLARE,State University of New York at Plattsburgh "Political Offense Exception in Uni.ted States Extradition Law: Issues and Applications," CLARK RODGERS, Kentucky Wesleyan College "A Comparative Study of Anti-terrorist Laws," WILLIAM NElSON, James Madison University "Profiling the New Terrorism: An Historical and Comparative Study," JOHN KEENAN, University of Wisconsin PANEL 64 LASSEN Feminist Issues in Victimization Chair: B KEITHCREW, University of Northern Iowa Papers: "The Feminist Pornography Debate," RONALD BERGER, PATRICIA SEARLES, and CHARLES COTILE, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater "Scottsboro: A Re-interpretation," JULIA DALLAS, American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists "Characteristics of Spousal Homiddes: A Comparison to Wolfgang,, CHRISTINE RASCHE, University of North Florida Discussant: DIANE DAANE, Ball State University PANEL 65 DIABLO New Directions in Criminal Justice Chair: JOHN KLOFAS, Illinois State University Papers: "Water-based Crime: A New Direction in Aquatic-crime Research," DAE CHANG, Wichita State University "The Role of Political Pressures in Developing Sentencing Guidelines for Drug Offenses: The Case Study of the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing," JOHN KRAMER and JOHN McCWSKEY, Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing "Legal Services in Transition: Prualegals in Criminal Justice," FRANCES COLES, California State University-San Bernardino PANEL 66 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis for Law Enforcement Convenor: JAMES C)'CONNOR, Deputy Assistant Director, FBI Academy Participant: KENNETH LANNING, Supervis,:>ry Special Agent, FBI Academy 54 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988 7:30 a.m.-9:00 a.m. JQ Editorial Board Breakfast TAMALPAIS 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Registration FllANCISCAN BALLROOM 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Exhibits Open FllANCISCAN BALLROOM 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Employment Exchange WHITNEY 1:30 p.m.-3:00 p.m. Plenary Session CYPRESS ROOM 5:00 p.m.-6:00 p.m. ACJS Business Meeting CYPRESS ROOM 6:30 p.m.-8:00 p.m. Participant's Reception CONTINENTAL PARLORS 8/9 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.1m. PANEL 67 ROSEWOOD A Criminal Justice Management: Issues of Efficiency and Support Chair: STANLEY CUNNINGHAM, Western Illinois University Papers: "Managing Fraud: A Study in Organizational Inefficiency," ROBERT TAYLOR, University of Texas-Tyler "Determinants of Police Allocations," RODNEY WITT, Bemidji State University Discussant: JOSEPH FOWLER JR, Florida Community College at Jacksonville PANEL 68 ROSEWOOD B White Collar and Corporate Crime Chair: LAWRENCE SALINGER, Adrian College Papers: "Fining Corporations: Practices, Problems and Alternatives," KIP SCHLEGEL, IndianaUniversity "White Collar Crime inthe News: AnExploratory Study of Shifts inEmphases inCoverage ofPoli1 ical and Corporate Elite Deviance," PETER WICKMAN, State University of New York-Potsdam "Increased Punishment of Physicians," PAUL JESIWW, Universityof California-Irvine "The Scandalization of America and White Collar Crime," DAVID SIMON, San Diego State University Discussant: LAWRENCE SALINGER, Adrian College PANEL 69 TEAKWOOD A Roundtable: Small Town and Rural Police: Issues of Concern Convenor: ·viC SIMS, Lamar University Participants: GERALD GALVIN, Chief of Police, Vallejo, CA ROGER PARKS, Indiana University-Bloomington VIC SIMS, Lamar University 55 WEDNESDAY, APRIL6, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a.m. PANEL 70 TEAKWOOD B Criminology is Losing Appeal, Welcome to Loss Control: A New Approach Chair: CHRIS HERTIG, York College of Pennsylvania Panels: ''Whither Thou Goest Loss Control: Examination of the Embryogenesis, Birth and Post-emergence," JOHN NEE, Mercyhurst College "Private Security Yields to Loss Control," WILLIAM WILKINSON, Pan American University-Brownsville "Certified Protection Officers: The Future-College and Foundation Joint-Sponsorship," RON MINION, International Foundation for Protection Officers Discussant: ROBERT GAIJLATI, Northeastern University PANEL 71 WALNUT A Delinquency Prevention Chair: M JANE KVETKO, Simpson College Papers: "Keeping Juveniles Out of Juvenile Hall: A Family Systems Intervention," INGER SAGATUN, San Jose State University "Y.O.U. as a Delinquency Prevention Program," LORENE STONE, Lamar University "The Impact of Minimum Age LegilSlationon Alcohol Related Juvenile Offenses," C AARON McNEECE, Florida State University "The Influence of Peers, Parents and Prevention on Adolescents' Tobacco Use," RHODA ESTEP, California State University Stanislaus and DOREEN McDONALD, Stanislaus County Public Health Department Discussant: JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University PANEL 72 WALNUT B The Investigation of Criminal Offenses Chair: FRANKHOR VATH, Michigan State University Papers: "The Impact of City Size on Criminal Investigation Resources," ROBERT WRINSKAS, Southern Illinois University "Investigation of Serial Crime," STEVEN EGGER, Sangamon State University "The Role of Law Enforcement Intelligence in Criminal Investigations," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University "Crime Victim Evaluation of Police Investigative Performance," STEVEN BRANDL and FRANK HORVATH, Michigan State University 56 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a. nll. PANEL 73 TOYON A Research on Court Decision Making Chair: MALCOLM HOLMES, University of Texas at El Paso Papers: "Safety-Values, Plea Bargaining, and KhakiJustice," GARY KEVELES, University of Wisconsin-Superior "Felony Factorial Scenario Decisions by Potential Jurors: Conviction, Sentencing, and Differential Treatment," FRANKWILLIAMS III and MARILYN McSHANE, Sam Houston State University "Prosecuting Mentally Disordered Misdemeanants," ELLEN HOCHSTEDLER, University of V/isconsin-Milwaukee "Building a National Data Set to Test Caseload Pressure Effects," J MICHAEL THOMSON, Northern Kentucky University and JOHN WINKLE, University of Mississippi Discussant: WILLIAM TAGGART, New Mexico State University PANEL 74 TOYON B Police Personnel: Training and Performance Chair: VANCE McLAUGHLIN, Savannah Police Department Papers: "A Focused Examination of Police OfficerStandards and Training Commissions," THOMAS JrRKANIN,Illinois Police Training Board "DemographicTrends of Entry Level Police Recruits and the Impact on Police Performance Standards: A LongitudinalStudy (1978- 1985)," JOHN BURGE, California State University-Fresno "The GeorgiaSher iff: A Proftleof Activities and Training Needs," LARRY LINKERand DAMON CAMP, GeorgiaState University Discussant: ROOSEVELT SHEPHERD, Shippensburg University PANEL 75 LASSEN Police Attitudes and Assistance Regarding Juvenile:; Chair: RICHARD MARTIN, Aurora College Papers: "Police Repeat-offender Programs: Implementation inOrange County, Florida," N GARY HOL1EN, University of Central Florida "Current Status of Curfew Ordinances," ROGER PENNEL, Central Missouri State University "Law Enforcement's Role in Parental Kidnappingand Runaway Children," CAROL RASOR,Pinellas County Sheriffs Department and WILLIAM BWUNT, University of South Florida "Juvenile Arrests as a Function of Police Department Characteristicsin the State of Maryland," DAVIDHAY ESLIP JR, KATHLEEN BLOCK, and DONNA HALE, University of Baltimore 57 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a.m. PANEL 76 DIABLO Guns and Society Chair: ROBERT HOLLAND, Queensland State Police Papers: "Age, Gender and Weapon Use in Black Homicides in Baltimore, 1974 to 1986,"DERRAL CHEA'IWOOD, University of Baltimore "Make My Day: A Descriptive Analysis of Crime Victims Using Guns or Knives in Self-defense," CHRIS MARSHALL, University of Nebraska at Omaha "Religion and Handgun Ownership: Evidence New and Old," ROBERT LITTLE and RONALD VOGEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Discussant: ROBERT HOLLAND, Queensland State Police VrEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANEL77 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: The School Resource Officer as Protection Liaison Convenor: CAPTAIN DAVID YURCHUCK, Broward County Sheriffs Department Participants: CAROLE ANDREWS, School Resource Program DEPU1Y ROBERT DINKEL, Broward County Sheriffs Department DEPU1Y CARLOS FJ\.RINA, Broward County Sheriffs Department LINDA LOPEZ, Broward County School Board �IEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANEL78 ROSEWOOD A Vktims in Residential and OrganizationalCommunities Chair: RONALD V()GEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Papers: "Factors Related to Completed Versus Attempted Burglary," RICHARD TITUS, National Institute of Justice "The Community Factor and Response to Crime," PETER BENEKOS, Mercyhurst College "Reducing Workplace Violence: Victims Struggles," CHARLES REASONS and KEVIN YOUNG, University of Calgary "Invading the Work-space: The Correlates of Public Support for Drug Testing," LEO BARRILE, Bloomsburg University Discussant: RONALD VOGEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte 58 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANEL 79 ROSEWOOD B The YouthfulVictim Chair: DEE HARPER, LoyolaUniversity Papers: "Songs of Despair: A Case Study of Adolescent Suicide," ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University "Social Connections of Juvenile Victims and Juvenile Offenders," L EDWARD WELLS, Illinois State University "Dirty Pictures, Dirty Acts: Child Sexual Abuse and Pornography," TOM SCHADE and DEBE.IE BYERS, Arizona State University "Parental Child Stealing: The Law and Legal System Reactions," INGER SAGATUN , San Jose State University and LIN BARRETT, Family Court Services Discussant: DEE HARPER, Loyola University PANEL 80 TEAKWOOD A Substance Abuse Programs and Community Supervision Chair: DALLAS REED, University of Nevada at Las Vegas Papers: "Informational Indicators as Precursors to ProgramEvaluation: The Case of Community Corrections," DALLAS REED, University of Nevada at Las Vegas "Community Based Substance Abuse Programs: The Pennsylvania Experience," WARREN COTTER, Kings College "Drug Use and Violence Among Heroin Users in Treatment," BARRY SPUNT, PAUL GOLDSTEIN, DOUGLAS LIPTON, PATRICIA BELLUCCI, THOMAS MILLER, NILDA CORTEZ, MUSTAPHA KHAN, and ANDREA KALE, Narcotic and Drug Research "Conceptual Design of a College for Offender Rehabilitation," BRUCE JOHNSON, John Jay College of Criminal Justice Discussant: GENNARO VITO, University of Louisville PANEL 81 TEAKWOOD B For the Last Time: "Security Is More Than Equal to CJ" Chair: DONALD BECKER, University of Central Florida Papers: "AnInside View of Security Education," CHRIS HERTIG, York College of Pennsylvania "Private Security Values for Criminal Justice," ROBERT GALLATI, Northeastern University "Private Security: True Interdisciplinary Partner of Criminal Justice," DONALD BECKER, University of Central Florida Discussant: MARl BOTTOM, Journal of Security Administration 59 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANEL 82 WALNUT A Trends in Criminological Thought Chair: ROBERT MUfCHNICK, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Papers: "Examining Trends in Criminological Thought," B GRANT STI'IT, University of Michigan-Flint and DAVID GIACOPASSI, Memphis State University "Structuralism, Subjectivismand Marxism,"W BYRON GROVES, University ofWisconsin-Green Bay and MICHAEL LYNCH, State University of New York at Albany "Iran/Contra Gate and the Crimes of Collectivities," GRAY CAVENDER and NANCY JURIK, Arizona State University "Competing Theoretical Perspectives on Cocaine Use: DifferentialAssociation Versus Control Theory," PATRICK MACDONALD, University of California-Davis "DefiningCriminology: Conceptual Boundaries," STEPHEN BROWN, East Tennessee State University PANEL 83 WALNUT B The Use of Classification and Prediction in the Juvenile Justice System Chair: PAM SWAIN, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Papers: "Classiftcation and Prediction in Juvenile Justice: Key Issues to Consider," TODD CLEAR, Rutgers University "Balancing Risk and Need: The Massachusetts Department of Youth Services' Risk/Need Classillcation for Juveniles Placed in Community Settings," EDWARD LOUGHRAN, Massachusetts Department of Youth Services "The Development of Risk/Need ClassillcationSystems in Juvenile Corrections: A Look at the NIC Model," CHRIS BAIRD, NCCD Midwest "What We Now Know About ClassiJication for Risk, Treatment and Control in Juvenile Justice: A Review of the Available Research," JAMES BYRNE, University of Lowell and SUSAN GUARINO-GHEZZI, Salem State College Discussant: DON GOTIFREDSON,Rutgers University PANEL 84 TOYON A Corrections: Staff Behavior and Perceptions Chair: LINDA ZUPAN, University of Alabama at Birmingham Papers: "The Educational Background of Correctional Executives," DOUGLAS SHANNON, California State University "Working with Youth in Custody: Perceptions on StaffStress," ALIDA MERW and WILLIAM BENNETI, Westfield State College "Alienating Factors in Correctional Officer Environment," STEPHEN WALTERS, University of Wisconsin-Platteville "An Examination of Philosophica] Attitudes Among Correctional Officers: An Exploration of the Importation and Functional Perspectives," STAN STOJKOVIC, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 60 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 �t.m. PANEL 85 TOYON B Police Personnel Issues Chair: FRANKLYN ROBBINS, Community College of Rhode Island-Flanagan Papers: "Public Versus Private Sector Employees: Job Involvement as a Function of Income," STANLEY CUNNINGHAM and JOHN DANIELS, Western Illinois University "Validation Testing for Police Officers," JOSEPH FOWLER JR, Florida Community College-Jacksonville "Evaluating Police Basic Training as a Function of Perceived Organizational Philosophy," l\U'ITIE SOUTHERLAND, Eastern Kentucky University and EUGENE SCHMUCKLER, Georgia Public Safety Training Center "Applied Principles of Adult Learning:The Police Sergeant's Development Program," ERNEST TOMPKINS, Winston-Salem Police Department Discussant: FRANKLYN ROBBINS, Community College of Rhode-Island-Flanagan PANEL 86 LASSEN Roundtable: Current Supreme Court Decisions - Values in Criminal Justice Convenor: JAMES WALKER, Wright State University Participants: KENNETH BETSALEL, South West Missouri State University MALCOLM FEELEY, University of California, Berkeley SUSAN KAY, Vanderbilt University MARGARET KLEMM, Saginaw Valley State College PANEL 87 DIABLO Psychological and Physiological Consequences for Police: Policy and Profile Chair: MICHAELDONAHUE, Appalachian State University Papers: "Policy Implications of Police Postassault Reactions," HARVEY McMURRAY, North Carolina Central University "The Recovering Alcoholic Police Officerand the Danger of Professional Protective Emotional Suppression," DAVID MACHELL, Western Connecticut State University "A Five Year Coronary Risk Profile Study of Police Officers," DONALD QUIRE, St Petersburg Police Department and WILLIAM BLOUNT, University of South Florida "Life Expectancy of Retired Police Officers," RICHARD RAUB, Illinois State Police "Police Employee Assistance Counseling," MICHAEL NORMAN, Weber State College and HUGH BATES, Aspen Crest Hospital 61 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 11:50 a.m.-1:20 p.m. PANEL 88 ROSEWOOD A A Potpourri of Criminogenic Concerns Chair: FRANKHAGAl' ·, Mercyhurst College Papers: "Some Exposure oflndecent Exposure Crimes and Their Adjudication," DANIEL GLASER and MARGARET GORDON, University of Southern California "Varieties of Treason: Ideology and Criminality," FRANK HAGAN, Mercyhurst College "Cheque Fraud: What Protection for the Victim?" ROBERT HOLLAND, Queensland State Police "Living Successfully in Troubled Lands: A Study of American Missionaries," CHESTER QUARLES, University of Mississippi Discussant: ARTHUR CLAGETI, Stephen F Austin State University PANEL 89 ROSEWOOD B Healthcare Security and Safety: What is Wrong? Chair: NORMAN BOTfOM JR, Journal of Security Administration Papers: "Beyond Security-Professional Certification in Healthcare," KENNETH CHRISTIAN, Michigan State University "Child Kidnapping in Health Care Settings," JAMES TURNER, Memorial Medical Center Discussant: RON MINION: International Foundation for Protection Officers PANEL 90 TEAKWOOD A Morality and Criminal Justice Chair: F FREDERIC�� HAWLEY, Louisiana State University-Shreveport Papers: "The Constitution, Morality and the Common Law: Implications of Bowers vs Hardwick," PATRICIA WATSON, University of South Carolina "Lawlessness in Collegiate Athletic�;: A National Survey of NCAA Head Football Coaches," FRANCES CULLEN, EDWARD LATESSA, and JOSEPH BYRNE, Lniversity of Cincinnati "Deviant Subcultures, Law, and Economic Systems," WILLIAM LEWIS, John Jay College of Criminal Justice Discussant: F FREDERICK HAWLEY, Louisiana State University-Shreveport 62 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 11:50 a.m.-1:20 p.m. PANEL 91 TEAKWOOD B Violence in Correctional Institutions Chair: MARY STOHR-GILLMORE, Washington State University Papers: "Individual and Contextual Effects on Inmate Assaults on Staff," STEPHEN LIGHT, Old Dominion University "Predicting Violence Soon After Assessment: Decision Making by Corrections and Staff and Empirical Correlates of Inmates' Violence," ROBERT COOPER and PAUL WERNER, California School of Professional Psychology-Berkeley "A Comparison of Prison Riots and an Evaluation of Causative Theories," RANDY MARTIN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "A Study of Serial Assailants in Prisons," KEVINWRI GHT, State University of New York at Binghamton and FRANKTRACY, State of New York Department of Correctional Services PANEL 92 WALNUT A Roundtable: The Integration of Microcomputers/Computers into the Criminal Justice Curriculum Convenor: JOHN PFUHL, Monmouth College PANEL 93 WALNUT B Police Liability: Emerging Trends and Issue:5 Chair: KEITH HALEY, Ohio Peace Officer Training Council Papers: "Police Liability for Failure to Protect Battered Women," ROBERT JERIN, Sam Houston State University "Suing the Cops: Issues and Trends in Police Malpractice Litigation," BURK FOSTER, University of Southwestern Louisiana "EmergingTrends in Police Civil Liability for Failure to Arrest Drunk Drivers," VICTOR KAPPELER and ROLANDO del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University "Security and Police Negligence Litigation: The Australian Experience," R PAUL McCAULEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania PANEL 94 TOYON A Educational Philosophy and the Criminal Justice Curriculum Chair: JAMES ADAMITIS, University of Dayton Papers: "The Importance of Integrating 'Divergent Thinking' in Today's Criminal Justice Curriculum," SUSAN TAKATA, University of Wisconsin-Parkside "Criminal Justice Education: Beyond Repression," PETER SANZEN, Hudson Valley Community College "Justice, the Missing Concept in Criminal Justice Education," J R ALTEMOSE, Lamar University "Transmitting Values and Ethics in Criminal Justice Education," GWENSON YUEN, Cham Lnade University 63 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 11:50 a.m.-1:20 p.m. PANEL 95 TOYON B Processing Juveniles as Adults Chair: JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University Papers: "Teen-age Felons and Waiver Heatings: Some Recent Trends," DEAN CHAMPION, University of Tennessee "Legal and Extra-legal Factors Influencing Remand and Subsequent Sentencing," CAROLE BARNES, California State University "Waiver: A Reflection of a Decline in Concern," ELIZABETH McGRATH, Loyola University Discussant: TIMOTHY BUZZELL, Governor's Alliance on Substance Abuse PANEL 96 LASSEN Criminal Justice Curricula: Whose Definition, Whose Agenda? Chair: STAN SHERNOCK, Norwich University Papers: "Criminal Justice Education: In Search of a Proper Definition," JOSEPH ANDRITZKY, Marquette University and FRANK ANDRITZKY, St Mary's College "System Science and Criminal Justi ce Education," CHARLES TRACY, Portland State University "The Integration of Curriculum and Instruction: A Paradigm for Faculty Development in the Administration of Justice," KELSEY JONES, University of the District of Columbia Discussant: ROBERT MUTCHNICK, Indiana University of Pennsylvania PANEL 97 DIABLO Workshop: Police Research: Use of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Convenor: KEN AYE RS, Kentucky Wesleyan College Participants: CHARLES FIELDS, Appalachian State University FRANK WILLIAMS III, Sam Houston State University DONNA HALE, University of Baltimore PA�EL 98 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: The Survival of Constitutional Rights in the Face of the Science and Technology Explosion in Criminal Justice Convenor: GENE S'IEPHENS, University of South Carolina 64 ,. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 1:30 p.m.-3:00 p.m. PLENARY SESSION CYPRESS History ofthe Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences RICHTER MOORE JR, Appalachian State University WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 3:10 p.m.-4:40 p.m. PANEL 99 ROSEWOOD A Issues in Probation and Parole Supervision: The Officer's Perspective Chair: EDNA EREZ, Kent State University Papers: "Modeling the Relations Among Probation Resources, Activities and Outcomes," PATRICIAHARDYMAN, University of Louisville "An Evaluation of the Iowa Department of Corrections Probation Classification System," EVERETT LANING, Simpson College "Texas Adult Probation Officer Task Anaylsis," PETER PHILLIPS, Sam Houston State University "The Effect of Parole as Documented by Parole Officer's Evaluations," EDNA EREZ, Kent State University Discussant: ROBERT CULBERTSON, Arkansas State University PANEL 10 0 ROSEWOOD A Legal and Extra-legal Variables in the Criminal Justice System Chair: WILLIAM WILKINSON, Pan American University-Brownsville Papers: "The Courtroom Workgroup and Plea Bargaining," SHARON PINKERTON, University of Cincinnati "The Survival of Constitutional Rights in the Face of the Science and TechnologyExplosion in Criminal Justice," GENE STEPHENS, University of South Carolina "Victims' Impact Statements Victimized by Per Se Rule in Booth versus Maryland," GARY COLBOTH, California State University, Dominguez Hills "The Decision to Charge Older and Younger Offenders: A Comparision of Prosecutors and Students," KENNETH GEWERTH Discussant: WILLIAM WILKINSON, Pan American University-Brownsville 65 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 3:10 p.m.-4:40 p.m. PANEL 101 TEAKWOODA Definition, Change and Professionalism Chair: CHARLES CHASTAIN, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Papers: "The Problem of Defining Obscenity," CHARLES CHASTAIN, University of Arkansas at Little Rock "Change in the Juvenile Justice System-Issues of Interest," MARY PARKER, University of Arkansas at Little Rock "The Importance of Personality and Temperament Type Testing in the Criminal Justice Field," ALICE MUNSON, University of Arkansas at Little Rock "Professionalizing a Police Force in a Developing Nation," WILLIAM COLWELL, University of Arkansas at Little Rock PANEL 102 TEAKWOOD B Youth and Violence Chair: SLOAN LETMAN, Chicago State University Papers: "Juveniles: Incest, Self-esteem and Pregnancy," PATRICIA SCHMIDT, University of South Florida "Characteristics of Sexually Abused Children and Their Relationship to Adolescent Prostitution," MAGNUS SENG, Loyola University of Chicago "Brothers and Sisters: Sibling Conflict," M JANE KVETKO, Simpson College "The Prediction of Violence Among Institutionalized Delinquent Males," SHELA VAN NESS, Indiana State University Discussant: RODNEY FRIERY, Jacksonville State University PANEL 103 WALNUT A Women's Correctional Institutions Chair: SALLY LAWRE NCE, University of Florida Papers : "NIC Task Force on Women Offenders: Conclusions and Implications," SUSAN HUNTER, National Institute of Corrections "The Female Offender in Correctior.s," STEPHEN DOEREN, Wichita State University "Women Behind Bars: A Forgotten Population," BARBARA BLOOM "The Impact of Litigation on Female Correctional Institutions: A Case Study," ROSLYN MURASKIN, Long Island University "Personality Types of Women in Pri:;on," LAURIE LIPPIN, University of Maryland Discussant: SALLY LAWRENCE, University of Florida 66 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 3:10 p.m.-4:40 p.m. PANEL 104 WALNUT B Criminal Justice System Responses to Woman Battering Chair: SUSAN MILLER, University of Maryland Papers: "Evaluating a System-wide Response to Spouse Abuse/' MICHAEL STEINMAN, University of Nebraska-Lincoln "Building a Second Closet: Official Responses to Victims of Lesbian Battering," CLAIRE RJ�NZEITI, St Joseph's University "Assessing the Need for Police Training in Responding to Battered Women: Preliminary Findings," JOANNE BELKNAP and JULIE TUCHFARBER, University of Cincinnati "Grassroots Efforts to Obtain Legislation Mandating Counseling for Batterers in Domestic Violence Situations," JUDY KACI, California State University, Long Beach PANEL 105 TOYON A Police Integrity: Standards and Recommendations for the Future Chair: DAVID FARMER, Virginia Commonwealth University Papers: "Police Ethics," DILIP DAS, Western Illinois University "Controlling Off-duty Behavior: Higher Standards of Integrity for Police," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University "Sanctioning Certified PoliceOfficers in Georgia:An Overview," DAMON CAMP, LARRY LINKER and TERRY NORRIS, Georgia State University "A Theory of Police Cynicism: An Ethical ConflictWithout Resolution," GARY SYKES, University of Louisville Discussant: JAMES NESS, Southern Illinois University PANEL 106 TOYON B Potpourri V: And Still More Things I've Wanted to Say ( ()r Publish) But Which Nobody Wanted to Hear (Or Read) - A Continuation From the Last Four Years Chair: GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University Papers: "Restitution - A Viable Alternative to Incarceration and Victim Compensation," JOSEPH SROKA, North Carolina Central University "A Comparison of the Beliefs of Volunteers and Probation Officers Toward Probation Services and Offenders," ROBERT MEADOWS, Glendale College "Directed Profanity by Police in Interactions With Students: An Analysis of Motivations and Effects on Attitudes Towards the Police," TERRY COX, Eastern Kentucky University "Child Abuse Investigation," HOWARD TRIIT, Kent State University "TBA," M NICHOLAS MEIER,Tiff m University "Jail Population Management: An Interim Report on a LocalSolution to a Criminal Justice Problem," GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University 67 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6, 1988, 3:10 p.m.-4:40 p.m. PANEL 107 LASSEN Student Panel: Crime and Justice Issues in America Chair: GENNARO VI1r0, University of Louisville Papers: "Classification of Juvenile Offender:;," RENEE KOPACHE, University of Cincinnati "How Useful is Self-report Data in Estimating Crime?" ROBIN WALDEN, Western Carolina University "The Forgotten Element in Crime," DANA LEVY, University of Cincinnati "Nebraska Probation Trends - An Eight Year Study," CHRISTINA PACKER, Chadron State College Discussant: GENNARO VITO, University of Louisville PANEL 108 DIABLO Domestic Violence: Causation and Prevention Chair: BILL PARKEB� Central State University Papers: "The Linkages Among Weather, Discretionary and Obligatory Routine Activities and Requests for Police Response to Domestic Dispute," JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University "Family and Intimate Assault in Atlanta: Prior Police Involvement of Perpetrators and Victims," LINDA SALTZMAN, JAMES MERCY, and MARK ROSENBERG, Centers for Disease Control "Domestic Violence Legislation: A Review of the Past Ten Years," JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University "Experiments as Reforms: The Impact of the 'Minneapolis Experiment' on Police Policy," JAMES MEEKER and ARNOLD BINDER, University of California-Irvine "Factors Predicting Decision to Arr1!st and Its Impact on Subsequent Domestic Violence Incidence," EVA BUZAWA, University of Lowell and JAMES JACKSON, Detroit Police Department PANEL 109 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: Exam Software for Criminal Justice Educators Convenor: RON VOGEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte PANEL 110 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 9 Work:ih.Qn: Hostage Negotiations: Past, Present, and Future Convenor: WAYMAN MULLINS, Southwest Texas State University Participants: JAMES TURNER MICHAEL McMAINS, San Antonio Police Department CHRIS HATCHER, Langley-PorterNeuropsychiatric Institute 68 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Registration FF�CISCAN BALLROOM 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Exhibits Open FF�CISCAN BALLROOM 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Employment Exchange WHITNEY 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m. Awards Luncheon IMPERIAL BALLROOM 5:30 p.m.-7:00 p.m. Justice Professional Board Meeting TAMALPAIS 7:00 p.m.-8:30 p.m. Reception Sponsored by University of South Carolina SUITE 1907 -09 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a.m . PANEL 111 ROSEWOOD A Incarceration of Juveniles Chair: OBI EBBE, State University of New York at Brockport Papers: "Placing Juveniles in Adult Jails: Conflict Between the Courts and Juvenile Justice Practitioners," R DEAN WRIGHT, Drake University and TIMOTHY BUZZELL, Governor's Alliance on Substance Abuse "Certification to Adult Courts: The Juvenile Court's Most Serious Decision," JOSEPH SANBORN JR, Glassboro State College "Self-injurious Behavior in Adolescents of a Juvenile Detention System," CHRISULAASIMOS, Contra Costa County Mental Health Department "Predictors of Recidivism Among a Population of Juvenile Incarcerates," LYNNE GOODSTEIN, Pennsylvania State University Discussant: JULIUS KOEFOED, Kirkwood Community College PANEL 112 ROSEWOOD B Deadly Force: Examination, Performance and Comparison Chair: JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University Papers: "Confrontation Marksmanship: Police Performance in Dangerous Environments," GIB BRUNS and TOM SCHADE, Arizona State University and GREG MORRISON, Gunsite Ranch "Who Police Shoot At: An Examination of Weapon Possession and Suspects' Criminal Hi:;tories," MICHAEL DONAHUE, Appalachian State University "The Use of Deadly Physical Force - A Comparison of Maleto Female Police Officers,"SEAN GJRENNAN, Long Island University C W Post Campus 69 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a.m. PANEL 113 TEAKWOODA Volunteers and Families in Corrections Chair: GREG PIERCE, Blue Mountain Community College Papers: "Religion in Prison: Providing Religious Services to Offenders in the Christian Community," SLOAN LETMAN and LEONEL CAMPOS, Chicago State Univenity "Prisoners Wives Reactions to Courts, Lawyers and Sentencing Day," LAURA FISHMAN, University of Vermont "Current Perspectives of the Prisoner Self-help Movement,'' MARK HAMM, Indiana State University "Developing a Policy Agenda: Families of Adult Offenders," CREASIE HAIRSTON, Indiana University School of Social Work "The Rehabilitative Effectiveness of a Community-reintegration Program: The Utilization of Incarcerated Volunteers as Workers in a Human Service Setting," CONSTANTINE SOURIS, University of Massachusetts-Boston PANEL 114 TEAKWOOD B The Manage1nent of Private Security -Its Negative Impact on the Public Good Chair: JOSEPH CIIERNICOFF, USAFIC International Papers: "Novel Preemptive Techniques i11 Retail Security," LEE NEUMAN, Safe Store System "Health Care Contribution to Crime," CALVIN ROBINSON "Eco-societal Conditions and Se,:urity Affects on Crime," JOSEPH CHERNICOFF, USAFIC International "Fan Violence: The Management Style of Security and its Implications in the Criminal Justice System," JOHN THOMAS, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Discussant: ROBERT �riEADOWS, Glendale Community College PANEL 115 WALNUT A The Economically Disadvantaged and Criminal Justice Chair: GREGGBARAK, Alabama State University Papers: "Unemployment, Prosecution an d Punishment: An Empirical Assessment," THEODORE CHIRICOS, Florida State University and WILLIAM BALES, Florida Department of Corrections "The Criminality of Economic Punishment of Indigent Criminals," WILLIAM DAVIS JR, North Carolina Public Defender's Office "Incarceration, Unemployment, and Social Welfare: A Conceptual Application," JEFFREY SENESE, Michigan State University "Crime Among the Homeless," FRANKLYN DUNFORD, University of Colorado 70 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a.m . PANEL 116 WALNUT B Constitutional Issues in Criminal Justice Chair: OTIS STEPHENS, University of Tennessee Papers: "Miranda Revisited: The Erosion of a Clear Standard," ALFREDO GARCIA, University of Texas at San Antonio "Griffith vWisconsin, Special Needs Versus Probable Cause: An EmergingStandard," JOHN JONES, VICTOR ASCOLILLO, and JOSEPH HANRAHAN, WestfieldState College " 'He's in the Jailhouse Now': The Legal Rights of Jail and Prison Inmates," FRANCES BERNAT and ROBERT GODLOVE, New Mexico State University "The Differential Impact of Deinstitutionalization on White and Nonwhite Incompetency to Sl and Trial Committees," THOMAS ARVANITES, Villanova U Diversity Discussant: J MICHAEL THOMSON, Northern Kentucky University PANEL 117 TOYON A Community Corrections: Programs and Issues Chair: RICHARD LAWRENCE, University of Texas at San Antonio Papers: "Alternative Dispute Resolution: The Effectiveness of a Community Mediation Program," MICHAEL AGO PIAN,California State University, Long Beach and LAURA SHUTMAN, Claremont Graduate School "An Analysis of Spatial Density and Adjustment in Community Treatment Centers," WILLIAJ\1 ARCHAMBEAULT and DARLA O'CONNOR, Louisiana State University "The Changing Role of Community Reintegration Programming in the Wake of Prison Overcrowding," DANIEL LeCLAIR, Massachusetts Department of Correction "Texas Restitution Centers: A Descriptive and Evaluative Study," RICHARD LAWRENCE, University of Texas at San Antonio "Predicting Parole Success in Ohio: Yet Another Study," LAWRENCE TRAVIS III, University of Cincinnati Discussant: STANTON FJELD, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga PANEL 118 TOYON B Problems of Jail Overcrowding Chair: PAUL LOCKMAN, Eastern New Mexico University Papers: "Three Stages of Jail Overcrowding: A Case Study of a Jail for the Year 2000," MICHAEL KIRBY, Rhodes College "The Opening of a New Jail: Problems and Prospects in Population Management," BERNARD McCARTHY, Jacksonville State University "The Implications of Effective Case Processing for Crowded Jails: The Prosecutor's Role," JOLANTA JUSZKIEWICZ, Pretrial Services Resource Center "Professional Perceptions ofthe Etiology fo J ailcrowding in Orange County: Implications for Changes," HENRY PONTELL, WAYNE WELSH, MATTHEW LEONE, and PATRICK KINKADE, University of California-Irvine Discussant: DAVID KALINICH, Michigan State University 71 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a.m. PANEL 119 LASSEN Comparative Criminal Justice: Recent Research Chair: JOHN SMYKLA,University of Alabama-Tuscaloosa Papers: "Fieldnotes on the Philippine Vigilmte Movement," W TIMOTHY AUSTIN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "Crime and Criminal Justice in Po:;t-Franco Spain, 1975-1985," FRANK MORN, Illinois State University "Crime and Underdevelopment: An Analysis of the Jamaican Gun Court Act," WILLIAM CALATHES, Jersey City State College Discussant: JOHN SMYKLA� University of Alabama-Tuscaloosa PANEL 120 DIABLO Roundtable: Historiography Convenor: JIM THOMAS, Northern Illinois University Participants: "Experiences with the Freedom of Information Act," JIM CALDER, University of Texas-San Antonio "Theory and Method in Criminal Justice History: The Impossible Dream?" JOHN CONLEY, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee "Historical Records and Their Influence on Research Questions," BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University PANEL 121 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: Serial Murder: A New Phenomenon in Homicide Convenor: JAMES O'CONNOR, Deputy Assistant Director, FBI Academy Participant: ROBERT RESSLER, Supervisory Special Agent, FBI Academy PANEL 122 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 9 Workshop: Comparative Studies of Post-critical Incident: Michigan-England-Northern Ireland-Denmark Convenor: ROGER 'WITIRUP, Birmingham Psychological Services 72 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.rn. PANEL 123 ROSEWOOD A Decision Making in the Juvenile Court Chair: R DEAN WRIGHT, Drake University Papers: "The Effects of Due Process on Juvenile Intake Dispositions," CHRISTINE SELLERS, Louisiana State University and JEAN KROGMAN, Kirkwood Community College "The Changing Role of the Juvenile Court: Development or Delusion?" MONROE MILLER, University of Pittsburgh "Delinquent Careers and the Chronic Delinquent: A Longitudinal Study of 1000 Youths Referred to Juvenile Court," RANDALL SHELDEN, University of Nevada-Las Vagas "Juvenile Processing of Minority Youth," CARL POPE and WILLIAM FEYERHERM, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Discussant: ROBIN HERMAN, Central State University PANEL 124 ROSEWOOD B "Revitalizing" The Police Organization: An Examination of Personnel and Planning Issues Chair: SEAN GRENNAN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus Papers: "An Analysis of Rater-Ratee Race and Sex Influences Upon Field Training Officer Program Evaluations," WILLIAM DOERNER, Florida State University; JOHN SPEIR, Georgia State University; and BENJAMIN WRIGHT, Louisiana State University "Stress Among Female Police Officers: The Times Are They a Changing?" PEARL JACOBS, New York Institute of Technology "Crime Analysis: Reinventing the Police," SHARON TAFOYA, Prometheus Consultants "Police Stress Inventory: An Examination of a Modified Version," VIVIAN WRD, North Carolina Justice Academy Discussant: MARY HAGEMAN, Virginia Commonwealth University PANEL 125 TEAKWOOD A Criminal Punishment: Issues and Influences Chair: OBIE CLAYTON, Atlanta University Papers: "Community Influences on Criminal Punishment: The Role of Local Legal Cultures," THOMAS CASTELLANO, Southern Illinois University and BEN MENKE, Washington State University "Sentencing Reform in Washington State: An Examination of Disparity," MARY STOHR-GILLMORE and DENNIS ROGAN, Washington State University "Deterrence and Opportunity: Some Theoretical and Empirical Developments," BEN MENKE, DAVID WARD, LOUIS GRAY, and MARK STAFFORD, Washington State University "Perjury: A Most Common Crime," GORDON MISNER, University of Illinois at Chicago 73 TIIURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANEL126 TEAKWOOD B Th�� Media and Constitutional Issues in Self-Defense Chair: RAYMOND KESSLER, Sul Ross State University Papers: "Journalistic Attention to Crime: 2CO Years of American News Coverage," RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College "The Law and Practice of Self-protect ion: The People and Bernie Goetz versus the Media Elite," PAUL BLACKMAN, N R A Institute for Legislative Action "A View to a Kill: The Bernhard Goetz Case and Criminal Justice Interpretation of Citizen Self Defense," LLOYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College-CUNY and JOAN LUXENlfiURG, Central State University "Justifiable Homicide in the United :States," RAYMOND KESSLER, Sul Ross State University and BYRON JOHNSON, Memphis State University Discussant: BRENT SMITH, University of Alabama-Birmingham PANEL 127 WALNUTA Perceptions Regarding Crime and Justice Issues Chair: GENE STEPHENS, University of South Carolina Papers: "A University Cohort Study on Crime and Justice," R THOMAS DULL, California State University, Fresno "Citizen Reactions to the Guardian Angels: The Detroit Survey," JOSEPH ALBINI, Wayne State University "The Role of Values in Crime Prevention," ROBERT WALSH, University of Houston-Downtown "The Victims of Repeat Offenders," GEORGE RENGERT, Temple University "Woman with Crime Partners Who Are Men," SUE MAHAN, University of Central Florida-Daytona Beach PANEL 128 WALNUT B Mental Health Issues in Jails Chair: JOEL THOMJt»SON, Appalachian State University Papers: "Fear in Jails: A Comparison Analysis of Fear as Experienced by Inmates in Traditional and New Generation Correctional Facilities," LINDA ZUPAN, University of Alabama at Birmingham "Services for Acute and Chronic Psychiatric Patients in an Urban County Jail," RICHARD KOMISARUK and JEANETTE JERRELL, Santa Clara County Mental Health Bureau "An Evaluation of Services to Mentally Disordered Inmates in an Urban County Jail," JEANETTE JERRELL and RICHARD KOMISARUK, Santa Clara County Mental Health Bureau "Mental Illness, Bond Status, and Criminal Sentencing: A Classification of Jails in the United States," DAVID KALINICH and JEFFREY SENESE, Michigan State University Discussant: G LARRY MAYS, New Mexico State University 74 THURSDAY, APRIL7, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.nt. PANEL 129 TOYON A Roundtable: Promoting Better Cooperation Between Criminal Justice Academicians and Practitioners: What Can Be Done? Convenor: ROLANDO del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University Participants: DENNIS WNGMIRE, Sam Houston State University TODD CLEAR, Rutgers University DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University NANCY CAMPBELL RON CORBETIJR, Lowell University PANEL 130 TOYON B Inmate Perceptions and Values Chair: CONSTANTINE SOURIS, University of Massachusetts-Boston Papers: "The Value Systems of Incarcerated Embe:zzlers Compared to Other Inmates and the General Population," MICHAEL WELCH, St John's University "Moderating the Material Aspirations of Criminals," NORMAN GREENBERG, Westfield Sta1:e College "Inmate Perceptions of Determinate and Indeterminate Sentencing," CALVIN LARSON, BRUCE BERG, and LESLIE HULCOOP, University of Massachusetts at Boston "Inmates' Perception of the Pains of Imprisonment," COLUMBUS HOPPER, University of Missisippi Discussant: CONSTANTINE SOURIS, University of Massachusetts-Boston PANEL 131 LASSEN The Criminal Justice Vocation: A Quest for Legitirracy Chair: KELSEY JONES, University of the District of Columbia Papers: "Criminal Justice Education: The Distance Traveled," ROBERT MUTCHNICK, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "The Role of the Community College in the Post-LEAA Era," ANTHONY BRUNO, Community College of Philadelphia "The Minority Perspective in Criminal Justice-A Decade Later," LAURENCE FRENCH, The Laconia State School and Training Center "Women in Criminal Justice: An Examination of the Aspirations and Perceptions of Criminal Justice Majors," KAREN PUGLIESI and ROBERT WEISS, State University of New York-Plattsburg Discussant: KELSEYJONES, University of the District of Columbia 75 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANEL 132 DIABLO Roundtable: Gender and the Curriculum Convenor: JO BETH WOLF, Keene State College Participants: LAURA FISHMAN, University of Vermont IMOGENE MOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania EDNA EREZ, Kent State University JO BETH WOLF, Keene State College PANEL 133 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: Practical Applications of Imagery to Transfer Training to the Workplace Convenor: SERGEANT JAMES LOCKARD, Metro-Dade Police Department THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 1:40 p.m.-3:10 p.m. PANEL 134 ROSEWOOD A Cultural Perspectives on Juvenile Justice Chair: MONROE MILLER, University of Pittsburgh Papers: "Juvenile Justice System in Southern Nigeria," OBI EBBE, State University of New York at Brockport "Native American Families in Transition: A Study of Juvenile Delinquency," SUSAN ROBBINS, University of Houston "Reform Through Education-Reform Through Labor: Formal and Informal Control of Delinquency in the People's Republic of China," JOHN HEWITI, Ball State University and ROBERT REGOLI and GEORGE RIVERA, University of Colorado Discussant: LESLIE WOOTEN, Cleveland State Community College PANEL 135 ROSEWOOD B Home Incarceration and Electronic Monitoring: Programs and Issues Chair: KAY BUSH-MORGAN, Florida State University Papers: � "Correlates of Success or Failure of the OffendersSupervised in the Community," HARJITSANDHU, RICHARD DODDER, and MINU MATHUR, Oklahoma State University "The Decision Not to Adopt Electronic Monitoring Systems in Probation," BAHRAM HAGHIGHI, University of Dayton "A Legislative History of Electronic Probation in South Carolina," REID MONTGOMERY, University of South Carolina "The Need for Systematic Evaluation of Home Confmement as an Alternative to Incarceration," KAY BUSH-MORGAN, Florida State University "Probation Violation Patterns in Four Sites," PATRICIA HARRIS, Sam Houston State University Discussant: GEORGE RUSH, California State University, Long Beach 76 THURSDAY, APRIL7, 1988, 1:40 p.m.-3:10 p.m. PANEL 136 TEAKWOOD A The Subculture of Policing: Examination and Analysis Chair: JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University Papers: "An Empirical Examination of the Relationship Between Police Solidarity and Community Orientation," STANLEY SHERNOCK, Norwich University "Organizational Structure and Organizational Subcultures: An Analysis of Police Departments," ROBERT WORDEN, Michigan State University "Humor in the Briefmg Room: A Symbolic Resource for Police," MARK POGREBIN and ERIC POOLE, University of Colorado at Denver Discussant: JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University PANEL 137 TEAKWOOD B Understanding the Female Felon Chair: SUSAN HUNTER,National Institute of Corrections Papers: "The Female Felon: Recent Trends in Sentencing Severity," DEAN CHAMPION, University of Tennessee "Criminality and Drug Abuse History of 150 Incarcerated Women," SALLY LAWRENCE, University of Florida "Women on Death Row," L KAY GILLESPIE, Weber State College "A Comparison of the Situational Determinants of Males and Females Convicted of Murder," RUSS WINN and LINDA HAUGEN Memphis State University and NANCYJURKIN, Arizona State University "Sex, Age and Criminal Behavior," JILL ROSENBAUM, California State University-Fullerton Discussant: SUSAN HUNTER, National Institute of Corrections PANEL 138 WALNUT A Roundtable: The Problem of Police and Drug LawEnf orcement Convenor: CHARLES CHASTAIN, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Participant: WILLIAM COLWELL, University of Arkansas at Little Rock 77 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 1:40 p.m.-3:10 p.m. PANEL 139 WALNUT B Roundtable: The Use of Force in Jails Co-convenors: GER�D LYNCH and BARBARAPRICE, John Jay College Participants: ROBERT GANGI, Correctional Association of New York JESS MAGHAN, New York City Police Department PANEL 140 TOYON A International Crime and Criminal Justice Chair: RICHARD "rARD, University of Illinois at Chicago Papers: "Narcoterrorism," JAMES INCIARDI, University of Delaware "Delinquency Control From a Comparative Perspective," THEODORE FERDINAND, Southern Illinois University "Issues and Problems of Drug Law Enforcement in Latin America," PETER LUPSHA, University of New Mexico "A Research Strategy for the Study of Espionage," JOHN MARTIN, Fordham University, and JAMES HARAN and ANNE ROMANO, Long Island Universi�y-C W Post Campus "Terrorism in the Middle East," SHEIKH ALI and JESS BOWE, North Carolina Central University Discussant: RICHARD \VARD, University of Illinois at Chicago PANEL 141 TOYON B Police Investigations: Problems and Policy Concerns Chair: JOHN BURGE, California State University-Fresno Papers: "Crime as a Negotiable Commodity: The Police Use of Informers," LIVY VISANO, York University "Reflections of Undercover Street: Experiences," JAMES NESS and ELLYN NESS, Southern Illinois University "Ten Commonly Held Fallacies Relating to Death Investigations," ROBERT REINERTSEN, Western Illinois University Discussant: TERRY COX, Eastern Kentucky University 78 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 1:40 p.m.-3:10 p.nt. PANEL 142 LASSEN Drug Testing: Criminal Justice PolicyImplications Chair: LAURENCE FRENCH, Laconia State School and Training Center Papers: "Employee and Applicant Controlled Substance Abuse: Some Implications for Criminal Justice Organizations," WILLIAM McCAMEY, Western Illinois University "Drug Testing in the Public Sector: The Panacea Unravels," PATRICIA CALDER, Dibrell, Dotson, Dibrell and Dibrell "Drug-use Forecasting: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy and Research," SUSAN PENNELL and CHRISTINE CURTIS, San Diego Association of Governments Discussant: WINSON KEHR II, Western Carolina University PANEL 143 DIABLO Current Issues in the Victimization of Women Chair: FAITH LUTZE, Pennsylvania State University Papers: "Student Courtship Violence: One College's Efforts to Provide a Favorable Campus Environment," VIRGINIA BURNS, State University of New York at Brockport "Sex Role Stereotyping and Dating Violence," B KEITH CREW, University ofNorthern Iowa and PAMELA TONTODONATO, Kent State University "Placing Domestic Violence in Context," ROBERT SIGLER, University of Alabama "The Elderly on 'Victimization of Older Women'," ROSE MARY STANFORD and JEANETTEBEVILACQUA, University of South Florida at Ft Myers Discussant: VERNETTA YOUNG, University of Maryland PANEL 144 CCtNTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: Victim Counseling Convenor: SERGEANT WILLIAM GARRISON, Metro-Dade Police Department 79 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 3:20 p.m.-4:50 p.m. PANEL 145 ROSEWOOD A Private Justice and Security Chair: GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University Papers: "An Assessment of Proprietary Security Policies in the Retail Industry," ROBERT MEADOWS, Glendale College "The Law Enforcement-Security Connection: Equal Status for Crime Prevention Control," MICHAEL PALMIOTIO,Armstrong State College "The Role of the Courts in Licensing and Regulation of Private Security," RICHTER MOORE JR, Appalachian State University "TBA," NORMAN BOTIOM, Se·:urity and Loss Control "Historical Review of the Development and Role of Private Security in the Justice System," HOWARD TRITI,Kent State University PANEL 146 ROSEWOOD B Policy Issues on Jails Chair: LINDA ZUPAN,University of Alabama at Birmingham Papers: "The Political and Organizational Context of American Jails," G LARRY MAYS, New Mexico State University and JOEL THOMPSON, Appalachian State University "Community Involvement in Rural Jail Planning," RICHARD SHIGLEY and JOHN HARLANJR, Stephen F Austin State University "Preventing Jail and Lockup Deetths: A Review of 64 Inmate Deaths in Milwaukee County," RICHARD ZEVITZ , Marquette University Discussant: BERNARD _McCARTHY, Jacksonville State University PANEL 147 TEAKWOOD A Criminal .Justice Personnel: Stress Management and Cross-Pollination Chair: MITIIE SOUTHERLAND, Eastern Kentucky University Papers: "A New Approach to Occupational Stress in Criminal Justice Organizations," PETER KRASKA, Sam Houston State University "A Selective Comparative Analysis of Health Management and Employee Assistance Issues/Programsin the Criminal Justice Sector and the Private Employment Sector," WINSON KEHR II, Western Carolina University and ROBERT MARSH, Lewis and Clark College "Working Down?: A College Professor's Foray in Corrections," MARILYN FORD, Florida Department of Corrections Discussant: RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College 80 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 3:20 p.m.-4:50 p.ml. PANEL 148 TEAKWOOD B Woman Battering and the Criminal Justice System Chair: SUSAN NOONAN, University of Cincinnati Papers: "Did the Family Do It?: Crime, the Family and Public Policy," MARY LAMANNA, University of Nebraska-Omaha "Spouse Abuse and Homicide in Florida's Incarcerated Women," WILLIAM BWUNT, MANUEL VEGA, and IRA SILVERMAN, University of South Florida "A Mandatory Arrest Policy for Spouse Abusers in Hawaii: An Evaluation of Honolulu Police Department's General Order 86-26, Abuse of Family and Household Members," EDWARD FOLLIS, Chaminade University of Honolulu Discussant: VIRGINIA BURNS, State University of New York-Brockport PANEL 149 WALNUT A Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Chair: RICHARD TERRILL, Georgia State University Papers: "Crime and Criminal Justice in the People's Republic of China," DONAL MacNAMARA, San Jose State University "Anticipatory Bail: An Indian Innovation," FRANK DEVINE, University of Southern Mississippi "The Role of Law in Plantation Society: Reflections on the Development of a Caribbean Legal System," DAVID DODD, Montclair State College Discussant: RICHARD TERRILL, Georgia State University PANEL 150 WALNUT B Problems in Community Supervision Chair: GEORGE WILSON, North Carolina Central University Papers: "AIDS: A New Challenge for Criminal Justice Administrators," BAHRAM HAGHIGHI and GREGORY CLARK, University of Dayton "On the Road Again: The Development of Organized Sentiment Against Parolee Placement," LLOYD KLEIN, City University of New York; JOAN LUXENBURG, Central State University; and SUSAN ROGERS, John Jay College "The Economic Impact of Probation and Parole Supervision," DENNY LANGSTON, Central Missouri State University "TBA," RICHARD TITUS, National Institute of Justice "Factors Which Facilitate Family Reunification Following Incarceration," GEORGE WILSON, SUSAN PEASE, and KAREN TAYLOR, North Carolina Central University Discussant: PATRICIA HARDYMAN, University of Louisville 81 ffiURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 3:20 p.m.-4:50 p.m. PANEL 151 TOYON A Student Panel: Legal Issues in Criminal Justice Chair: HARVEY Mcl\1URRAY, North Carolina Central University Papers: "The Sex-based Differences in the Sentencing of Adult Female Criminal Defendants," DOROTHY CRUSHAM, University of Cincinnati "The Investigation of 'The Hillside Stranglers' in Retrospect," DEBORAH ALRERT, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "Death Qualification of Juries: An Introduction of Bias?" JOHN STERNBERG, University of Cincinnati Discussant: HARVEY McMURRAY, North Carolina Central University PANEL 152 TOYON B Sexual Assault and the Legal System Chair: ROBERT SIGLER, University of Alabama-Tuscaloosa Papers: "Are Rape Laws Changing?" DIANE DAANE, Ball State University "An Empirical Study of the Effects of the Gender of Jurors on Verdicts in Sexual Assault Cases," PETER NELLIGAN, University of Texas at Tyler "The Development, Implementation, and Impact of Sexual Assault Legislationin Canada," IANGOMME, Memorial University and ANTHONY MICUCCI, York University Discussant: JUDITH KACI, California State University, Long Beach PANEL 153 LASSEN Criminal Justice and the Problem of Crime Chair: ROBERT TAYLOR, University of Texas-Tyler Papers: "The Impact of the Mob Trials on Organized Crime," JAY ALBANESE, Niagara University "Criminal Justice in New York City," JAMES DAVIS, New York City Department of Probation "Criminal Justice and Crime Planning," A J STUART JR, National Character Laboratory Discussant: ROBERT TAYLOR,University of Texas-Tyler 82 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 3:20 p.m.-4:50 p.nt. PANEL 153A DIABLO Law Enforcement and Democratic Ideals Chair: MARK POGREBIN, University of Colorado at Denver Papers: "Political Obligation: Connecting Police Ethics and Democratic Values," PHILIP RHOADES , Corpus Christi State University "Privacy and Publicity in Criminal Justice," DEAN SPADER, University of South Dakota "The Ethical Considerations in the Use of 'Street Justice'," WILLIAM HYATT, Western Carolina University "National Security and Individual Rights: Law Enforcement as an Aspect of Counterintelligence," MARION DOSS JR, James Madison University "Quota Cops: Ethical Issues in Police Personnel Practices," PAUL MURPHY, John Jay College of Criminal Justice Discussant: MARK POGREGIN, University of Colorado at Denver PANEL 154 CCtNTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Workshop: UCR Statistics for the 21st Century and Research into Convicted Killers of Law Enforcement Officers Convenor: EDWARD DAVIS, Uniform Crime Reporting Program THURSDAY, APRIL7, 1988, 5:00p.m.-6:30 p.m .. PANEL 155 ROSEWOOD A Rape: Theoretical and Practical Issues Chair: ROBERT COATES, University of Utah Papers: "Male Rape: A Theoretical Examination of the Sexual Assault of Men in Correctional Institutions," HELEN EIGENBERG, Sam Houston State University "Theoretical Consideration of Forcible Rape: A Critical Analysis," ARTHUR CLAGETT, Stephen F Austin State University "AIDS: Analyzing a New Dimension in Rape Victimization," MARK BLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University "Acquaintance Rape," JANICE DeMUCCI, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "Acquaintance Rape: An Exploratory Study of the Male Perspective," DAVID TEDJESKE, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Discussant: ROBERT COATES, University of Utah 83 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 5:00p.m.-6:30 p.m. PANEL 156 ROSEWOOD B Legal Isues in Corrections Chair: BURK FOSTER, University of Southwestern Louisiana Papers: "Damage Suits by Crime Victims Against State Agencies Arising From the Negligent Supervision of Parolees: The States Expanding Duty of Care to the Public," JAMES BENSON, University of Houston-Clear Lake "Legal Aspects of AIDS in Correctional Facilities," LAURA MORIARTY, Sam Houston State University "Guthrie vs Evans: The Politics of Prison Reform Litigation," BRADLEY CHILTON, University of Southern Mississippi and SUSETTETALA RICO, University of Georgia PANEL 157 TEAKWOOD A Organizational Social Control Chair: ALLEN SAPP�, Central Missouri State University Papers: "Comparative Social Control Among Three Bureaucracies: The Police, Social Welfare and the IRS," MAHESH NALLA, State University of New York at Albany "The Courage of Their Convictioru1: The Fate of Whistle Blowers in Government and Industry," MYRON GLAZER, Smith College and PENINA GLAZER, Hampshire College "Thirty Days or Thirty Dollars," PA.UL PERSONS, California State University-Chico "Reducing Employee Theft: Is Private Security Effective?" PETER PARILLA, College of St Thomas and RICHARD HOLLINGER, University of Florida "Combating Terrorism on the Corporate Level: The Emergence of Executive Protection Specialists in Private Security," E DUANE DAVIS, Western Carolina University PANEL 158 TEAKWOOD B Community Policing in the 1980s: Pros and Cons Chair: ROY ROBERG, Louisiana State University Papers: "Community Policing: Old Wine in New Skins?" ALLEN WAGNER, University of Missouri-St Louis "Community Policing in a Developing Information Society: A Critique," ROY ROBERG and LISA RIECHERS, Louisiana State University "Management Implications of Problem-oriented Policing," STEVEN EDWARDS, University of Louisville "Police Officer Job Satisfaction and Community Perceptions: Implications for Community-oriented Policing," JACK GREENE, Temple University 84 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 5:00p.m.-6:30 p.nn. PANEL 159 WALNUT A A Potpourri of Criminal Justice Topics Chair: RICHARD HOLDEN, Central Missouri State University Papers: "The Relationship of Discretion to Criminal Justice Practitioner Misconduct," JAMES GILBJ!i:RT, Radford University "The Things we do for Love: Women in Love in Crime," GARLENA BAUER, Ohio University "Racial Differences in Attitudes Toward Crime Control," PHILIP SECRET, University of Nebraska at Omaha and JAMES JOHNSON "Smedley Butler and the Philadelphia Crisis," DAVID McELREATH, Southeast Missouri Stal e University "Character and Criminality," LAURIN WOLLAN JR, Florida State University Discussant: RICHARD HOLDEN, Central Missouri State University PANEL 160 WALNUT B Student Panel: Potpourri of Criminal Justice Concerns Chair: LAWRENCE TRAVIS III, University of Cincinnati Papers: "The Dark Figure of Crime: Concerning a College Campus," CURTIS RICH, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "Implications of Variation in Referral Practiced to Juvenile Detention," TERESA DOUGLASl Southern Illinois University "Victim-witness Assistance: A South Dakota Experience," WRI BRAUNESREITHER and KATHLEEN GUTHRIE, University of South Dakota "Community Service Sentencing: Rural Implications," KELLEY GAVIN, Chadron State College Discussant: LAWRENCE TRAVIS III, University of Cincinnati PANEL 161 TOYON A Issues in Juvenile Justice Management Chair: BELINDA McCARTHY, University of Alabama-Birmingham Papers: "AJ uvenile 'Justice' Odyssey: System Processing as an Approximationof Fairness," M G NEITHERCUTT,California State University "The Hearing Impaired and the Criminal Justice System," THOMAS MAHER, University of Louisville "Reducing Child Sexual Assault Through Record Checks of School Employees," RICHARDTlTUS, National Institute of Justice Discussant: JAMES BRUNER, East Carolina University 85 THURSDAY, APRIL 7, 1988, 5:00 p.m.-6:30 p.m. PANEL 161A TOYON B Innovations in Criminal Justice Research Chair: DEAN SPADER, University of South Dakota Papers: "Drug Detection: Developing New Approaches for Criminal Justice Questions," BERNARD GROPPER, National Institute of Justice "Implementing Microcomputers in Criminal Justice Agencies," MICHAEL KIRBY, Rhodes College "Seven Multivariate Models to Predict Police Strength for Communities in Ontario," SYD GIRLING, Ontario Provincial Police "Are Personality Tests Better Measures of Deviancy Than Personality Questionnaires?" JOSEPH WALDRON, Youngstown State University Discussant: PHILIP RHOADES, Corpus Christi State University PANEL 162 LASSEN Roundtable: Recruiting Criminal Justice Majors Convenor: KEN AYERS, Kentucky Wesleyan College Participants: BILL PELFRY, University of Louisville MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, Memphis State University JAMIE PRICE, Kentucky Wesle}an College PANEL 163 DIABLO Workshop: Progressive Alternatives to the Conservative Agenda in Criminal Justice Convenor: ROBERT BOHM, Jacksonville State University PANEL 164 CONTINENTAL PARLOR 7 Worksh.Q12: Metropolitan Police (London): Tradition in Transition Convenor: JOSEPH AUTEN, North Carolina Justice Academy FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1988 8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m. Registration FRANCISCAN BALLROOM 8:30 a.m.-10:30 a.m. ACJS Executive Board Meeting SONOMA 86 FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a.m. PANEL 165 ROSEWOOD A Student Panel: Adolescents as Victims and Perpetra.tors Chair: ROBIN RUSSELL, University of South Dakota Paper: "Adolescents as Victims and Perpetrators of Violence in Family and Dating Relationships," TRUDY RAUSCH,MARY HENDRICKS, CHRIS EITEMILLER, and KIRK GUYMON, University of South Dakota Discussant: DEAN SPADER, University of South Dakota PANEL 166 ROSEWOOD B Drugs, Alcohol and Crime Chair: CHERYL TIEMAN, Radford University Papers: "DWI: An Isolated Incident of a Continuous Pattern of Criminal Activity," LARRY GOULD and DORIS MACKENZIE, Louisiana State University "Influence of Lifestyle on the Patterns and Practices of Alcohol Use Among South Texa!'. Mexican-Americans," WILLIAM WILKINSON, Pan American University at Brownsville "Patterns of Drug Use and Lifestyle Among High School Seniors," CHERYL TIEMAN, Radford University and WILLIAM TO LONE, Illinois State University "Drugs on the Farm: Marijuana as a Cash Crop," RALPH WEISHEIT, Illinois State University Discussant: ROBERT BING, University of Missouri-St Louis PANEL 167 TEAKWOODA Conflict Management Through Mediation Chair: BERNARD McCARTHY, Jacksonville State University Papers: "The Dynamics of Conflict Behavior in a Mediated Dispute," SUSAN ROGERS, John Jay College "Mediating Criminal Cases: Its Potential and Problems," MARIAVOLPE, John Jay College "Save Money, Save Stress: A Correctional Administrator's Guide to Reducing Court Cases," ll.AWRENCE BENNETI, National Institute of Justice Discussant: TERRY COX, Eastern Kentucky University 87 FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m. PANEL 168 TEAKWOOD B Flotsam and Jetsam: Outcasts and Criminals in Modern European History Chair: ALAN WILLJAMS, Wake Forest University Papers: "Women of the Street: Criminals or Victims in Revolutionary Paris, 1789 - 1799?" SUSAN CONNER, Central Michigan University "Decriminalizing the French Revolution: The Poor as Criminals or Victims?" DAVID COHEN, College of Charleston "Sittlechkeit in the Kaiserreich: Gays, Prostitutes, and Panderers as Criminals or Victims in Nineteenth-century Germany?" ERIC JOHNSON and CHRISTOPHER UGANSKI, Central Michigan University PANEL 169 WALNUT A Comparative Examinations of Police: Attitudes, Problems, and Legal Infractions Chair: MAHENDRA SINGH, Grambling State University Papers: "Attitudes Toward the Police in Canada: An Evaluation of Consensus and ConflictTheories," IAN GOMME, Memorial University of Newfoundland and ANTHONY MICUCCI, York University "Law Enforcement Problems in Politically Motivated Crime," CHARLOTTE DAVIES, University of South Carolina "Legal Infractions Against the Police in Germany," DAVI D GRISWOLD and CHARLES MASSEY, Florida Atlantic University Discussant: R PAUL MeCAULEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania PANEL 170 WALNUT B Historical Analysis of Juvenile Justice Systems Chair: LORENE STONE, Lamar University Papers: "Children in Trouble on the Bayou: A Legal History of Juvenile Justice in Louisiana," CLIFFORD DORNE, University of Southwestern Louisiana "A Critical Analysis of Juvenile Justice in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland," EOIN MURPHY, East Wicklow Institute of Adult Education Discussant: JOYCE WILLIAMS, Texas Woman's University PANEL 170A TOYON A Roundtable: Police Misconduct: The Perspective of the Police Chief Convenor: FRED MrEYER, Ball State University Participants: RON NELSON, Berkeley Police Department EDMUND PECINOVSKI, San Francisco Police Department TONY GARDINO, Redwood City Police Department 88 FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a.m. PANEL 171 TOYON B Historical American Criminal Justice Chair: DAVID BODENHAMER, University of Southern Mississippi Papers: "Rewards, Bounty Hunting and Criminal Justice in the Old West: 1865 - 1900," STUART TRAUB,State University of New York at Cortland Prohibition in McLean County, Illinois, 1920 - 1933," BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University "Social Banditry and Social Structure," PAUL KOOISTRA, Furman University "Compulsory Education: Criminality and Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-century Ameri<:a," HELEN SCHWARTZ, Central Michigan University Discussant: DAVID BODENHAMER, University of Southern Mississippi PANEL 172 LASSEN Police Management and Administration: Planning, Budgeting, Implementation, and Technological Considerations Chair: RALPH BAKER, Ball State University Papers: "Police Long Range Planning: Practices in the Nations's Largest Cities," ROBERT FRAZIER, Lamar University "Organizing a Drug Apprehension Program," MICHAEL BROWN, Southeast Missouri State University "Police Reactions to TechnologicalInnovation: The Case of Computerized Mapping," DOUGLAS THOMSON, University of Illinois at Chicago "Police Budgets in Australia and the United States," JOHN HUDZIK, Michigan State University PANEL 173 DIABLO Corrections Research: Explaining Offender Behavior Chair: STEVEGIBB ONS, WesternOregon State College Papers: "Comparative Analysis of Assaultive and Nonassaultive Type Offenders," ANDREW KEYSER and RANDY MARTIN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "A Study of Convicted Sexual Psychopaths," JAMES McKENNA JR, BARBARA CZARTOWICZ, JEANNE KOCH, and FEI LIN, Villanova University "Comparison of Disciplinary Infraction Rates Among Female and Male Inmates," CHLOE BA5:S and JAMES MARQUART, Sam Houston State University "Preferred Interpersonal Manipulation Styles of Maximum Security Inmates," HARLEE HOLBROOK, Bemidji State University Discussant: STEVE GIBBONS, Western Oregon State College 89 FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1988, 8:30 a.m.-10:00a.m. PANEL 174 TIBURON A Work�;hop: Emerging Groups in Organized Crime Conspiracies Convenor: DIRECfOR STEVEN BERTUCELLI, Broward County Sheriffs Office PANEL 175 BELMONT Workshop: Should Prison Be A Country Club? Co-convenors: W RICHARD PASCHKE, Central New York Psychiatric Center and DENA BAUM, Psychodrama of Utica FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANEL 176 ROSEWOOD A Nutrition and Crime Chair: STEPHEN SCHOENTHALER, California State University, Stanislaus Papers: "The Literature on Nutrition and. Behavior in Institutional Settings," WALTER DORAZ, California State University, Stanislaus "Correlations Between Multiple Indicators of Nutritional Status, Psychological Tests, and Antisocial Behavior," JAMES WAKE FIELD JR, California State University, Stanislaus "Designing a Supplement for Corrections: Differences in Intake of Selected Nutrients for the 'Best' and 'Worst' Behaved Inmates," GEORGE MUEDEKING and STEPHEN SCHOENTHALER, California State University, Stanislaus "Controlled Testing of Malnutrition as a Cause of Violence and Other Maladaptive Behaviors," STEPHEN SCHOENTHALER, CaliforniaState University, Stanislaus "Correcting Corrections: The New Medical Model," STEPHEN AMOS, California State University, Stanislaus PANEL 177 ROSEWOOD B Law Enforcement Personnel Selection: Concerns and Constitutionality Chair: WILLIAM TAFOYA, FBI Academy Papers: "Legal Aspects in Criminal Justice Personnel Selection," VICTOR KAPPELER, Sam Houston State University and JOSEPH VAUGHN, Central Missouri Stat�� University "Law Enforcement Selection: A Commentary," VANCE McLAUGHLIN, Savannah Police Department and ROBERT BING, University of Missouri-St Louis "Police Selection Tests and Equc:J Employment Opportunity," LARRY GAINES and PATRICIA COSTELW, Eastern Kentucky University Discussant: ALTON SLANE, Muhlenberg College 90 FRIDAY,APRIL 8, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANEL 178 TEAKWOOD A Roundtable: The Concept of "Community'' in Contentporary Society: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy Convenor: PETER BENEKOS, Mercyhurst College Participants: FRANK HAGAN, Mercyhurst College ALIDA MERLO, Westfield State College MARIAN DARLINGTON-HOPE, University ofMassachusetts-Boston PANEL 179 TEAKWOOD B Student Panel: Youth and LawEnforcement Chair: ROBIN RUSSELL, University of South Dakota Paper: "Youth Attitudes Toward Police," CHERYLE WIEDMEIER, JOEL GWVER, REGINA .JOHNSON, and KARLA DAMBA, University of South Dakota Discussant: DEAN SPADER,University of South Dakota PANEL 180 WALNUT A Organizational Influences on Case Processing Chair: DEAN CHAMPION, University of Tennessee Papers: "An Organizational Analysis of Sentencing Practices in New York State," ANITA NEUBERGER :md ROBERT BERNHART, Indiana University of Pennsylvania "Plea Bargaining Policy and Court Caseloads: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis," MAI,COLM HOLMES and HOWARD DAUDISTEL, University of Texas at El Paso and WILLIAM TAGGART, New Mexico State University "External Pressures and Texas Prosecutorial Organizations: A Study of Case Dismissal Decision-making," GREGORY ORVIS, University of Alabamaat Birmingham "A Structural Analysis of Rural/Urban Differences in Felony Guilty Plea Rates," JOHN WOOLDREDGE, New Mexico State University Discussant: GARY KEVELES, Universityof Wisconsin-Superior 91 FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANEL 181 WALNUT B The United States Constitution and Law Enforcement Activities Chair: ANTHONYCORTESE, Illinois State University Papers: "The Exclusionary Rule: Confusion and Controversy," RALPH BAKER, Ball State University "Exclusionary Rule, Good Faith and Motions to Supress," CRAIG UCHIDA, University of Maryland and TIMOTHY BYNUM, Michigan State University "Criminal Law: Procedure and Enforcement," WALTER POWELL, Slippery Rock University "Burger Court's Revolution in th,� Law of Search and Seizure," ARTHUR MARINELLI, Ohio University PANEL 182 TOYON A Workshop: Marital and Date Rape Convenor: LAURA X, National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape Participant: MARTIN SCHWARTZ, Ohio University PANEL 183 TIBURON A Workshop: Bizarre Crime Scene Investigation Convenor: DETECriVE CHARLESEDEL, Broward County Sheriffs Department Participants: LYLE SHOOK, Auburn University RANDY WHI'ITLE, Colorado State University PANEL 184 TOYON B Criminal Justice Research: Problems and Prospects Chair: MICHAELI Papers: "Juxtaposing Opinion Polls: The Search for Trends," SUSAN CARINGELLA-MACDONALD, Western Michigan University "Paradoxes in Policy Evaluation: Community Needs Surveys and the Police," 01WIN MARENIN, University of Alaska-Fairbanks "Restrictions on Access in a Gov��mment Agency," DONALD SCOTT, California State College-Bakersfield "The Close Analysis of Courtroom Discourse: Utilizing Interactional Methods in a Study of Criminal Sentencing," NICK MAROULES,Illinois State University Discussant: SYD GIRLUI!lG, Ontario Provincial Police 92 FRIDAY, APRIL8, 1988, 10:10 a.m.-11:40 a.m. PANEL 185 LASSEN Roundtable: A New Approach to Measuring Criminal Justice Teaching Objectives: Competency Based Testing Convenor: NICHOLASASTONE, Alabama State University Participant: GREGG BARAK, Alabama State University PANEL 186 DIABLO Roundtable: TheReagan Era: Legacy and Prospects Convenor: TONYPLATT, California State University-Sacramento Participants: JOHN IRWIN, San Francisco State University DORIE KLEIN DORON WEINBERG 93 94 INDEX OF ADVERTISEAlS Anderson Publishing Company ...... 4 Waveland Press Inc ...... 6 Macmillan Publishing Company .-...... 8 University of Montreal ...... 10 wyola University of Chicago ...... 12 West Publishing Company ...... 14 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company ...... 16 University of South Carolina ...... 18 Eastern Kentucky University...... 20 American Correctional Association ...... 21 University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee ...... 22 Nelson-Hall Publishers ...... 26 Jacksonville State University ...... 28 Indiana University of Pennsylvania ...... 30 The Dorsey Press ...... 32 TEMPbadge ...... 34 Indiana University of Pennsylvania ...... 36 Willow Tree Press ...... 38 Willow Tress Press ...... 40 San Francisco Hilton & Towers ...... 42 ThisProgram and Abstract book, and related annual meeting materia:ls were produced by the ACJS National Office at Northern Kentucky University. J Michael Thomson Patricia DeLancey Editor, ACJS Today ACJS Executive Secretary Mary Jo Hardcorn Tammy Fagley Staff Secretary Office Assistant 95 96 ACADEMY OF CRI MINAL JUSTICE SCIEI\I CES 25TH ANNUAL MEETII�G APRIL 4- 8, 1988 SAN FRANCISCO HILTON & TOWIERS SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIJ� ABSTRACTS THEME: CRIMINAL JUSTICE: VALUES IN TRAJ�SITION ------1 PANEL 002 MOTIVATIONAL DYNAMICS AND DELINQUENCY "PreliminaryThoughts on the Relationship of Stake-in-Conformity and Self-conceptto Neutralization of Deviant Acts Among Juveniles," FRED JONES, Simpson College No abstract available. "The Dynamics of Moral Character Construction in a Juvenile Court,"RANDALL BERGER, DruryCollege Thispaper illuminates the interpretive work behind moral character judgments in a juvenile court. It offers a theor!tical framework for addressing these concerns, based on Burger's (1985) research on socialprestige. Using ethnographicevidence, the author showshow moral character judgmentsare activated by "indicators" of social status - dress, speech, manner, and demeanor. "Adolescent Suicide: Rural/Urban Attitudinal Comparison," DANIEL PARTRICH, Chadron State College Thisresearch attempts to find correlations between rural high school and urbanhigh schoolstudents concerningattitudes of suicide. It's also to determine if rural students might perceive some sort of insulation from these behaviors and to what extent. "Social Bonding and Interactions: An Extension and Refinement of Hirschi,"SUSAN CAULFIELD, Indiana Uni'rersityNorthwest Thispaper is a reporton ongoing research that seeks to demonstrate the need to include interaction effects in any ex.amination of social bond theory. Itis anticipated that interaction effects will improve both the explanatory power of ourmodel and what we can say about the causal scheme that leads some adolescents to become involved in serious and frequent delinquency. PANEL 003 DISTINCfiVE PERSPECfiVES ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION: CLIENTELE AND CURRICULA "Teaching Criminal Justice in Maximum SecurityPrisons," FRANKLYN ROBBINS, Community College of Rhode Island-Flanagan There seemsto be little or no study relating to the teaching of criminal justice theory and practice to our clients, those who are incarcerated in prisons. The author has undertaken the teaching of a college level course in criminologyto maximumsecurity inmates at the Adult Correctional Institution in RhodeIsland. Thecontent of the coursework has been modified in such a manner as to relate to the specificcareer patternsof those whoenroll in the course. "Integrating Security Management into the Criminal Justice Degree," PAUL CAMPBELL, Wayne State College and MICHAEL STOLEY, Northeast Community College Thepaper describes thee design and implementation of a security management option in the criminal justice bachelor degree program. Discussion includes designing a separate degree program in security management as well as melding security coursesinto the law enforcement curriculumto give law enforcement majorssome background in private security issues and problems. Also developed is a security management minor tailored to attract business management majors and industrial management majors. Internships, library resources, coursesequencing, liaison with local security professionals, and student advisement issues are discussed. "Advantages of Social Work as Foundation for Criminal Justice Curriculum," JAMES BRUNER, East Carolina L niversity Criminal justice only recently has developed as a separate academic discipline. In some places criminal justice is a ser·arate department or schoolbut a large number of criminal justice programsare combined with some other, longerestablished program. Sociologyand politicalscie nce seem to be most coupled with criminal justice. East Carolina University joined the criminal justice program with socialwork. The advantages of this will be discussed and in addition, some items to prove the advantages will be presented. PANEL 004 THE BRITISH CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM "British Institutional Corrections: Significant Differences?" MIKE CARLIE, Southwest Missouri State University The British system of justice has often proven to be the historicalmatrix against which developments in American criminal justice are compared. TodayBritish institutions exhibit anarrayofprogramsand policieswhich are, perhaps,signific antlydifferent from and more benefici<1l than those practiced in American correctional institutions. Thepaper addresses these differences by further explaining and giving examples of each. Compariso 1s are made to American correctional policies and conclusions offered which suggest modificationsin the way in which American prisons are managed. "Politics and Prison Privatization in Britain" MICK RYAN, The Universityof Akron Themov ement to privatize prisons has gained strength in Britain during the Thatcher government. While many of the arguments both for and against privatization are the same in the United States and Britain, their use and intensity vary. Thispaper traces the historyof the privatization movement in Britain and the success and failure of a variety of arguments for and against this innovation. Thepaper shows how the politicalarguments have directed the extent and type of privatization policy adopted in Britain. Throughout the paper, contrasts are drawn between the British and American experien::e. "Margaret Thatcher's Law and Order Agenda: The Forgotten Policy Window," RICHARD TERRILL, Georgia State University Much of the praise that has been heapedupon Margaret Thatcher during her tenure as Prime Minister of England hasbc:en directed at her economic policy. Borrowing from John W. Kingdon's modelof how public policy evolves,this paperseeks to explore Thatcher's agenda for law enfc rcement and order maintenance. Three pieces oflegislationare utilized to illustrate the specificdirection that this policyhas taken. They include: the Criminal Attempts Act 1981, The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, and The Public Order Act 1986. The implications of this policyare assessed in the context of policecommunity relations. 99 PANEL 005 EDUCATING TilE LOSS PREVENTION/SECUR.I1YPROFESSIONAL: A PRACTITIONER'SVIEW "Educating the Professional, Part 1," JOH'l OSBORN, Wickes Lumber Asprofessional practitionersof lossprevention security in the businessenvironment, we assess needs for successin the profession. Perception of propereducation is different. Coursesthat best prepare forl::>SS prevention are not necessarilythe sameas thosethat prepare fora criminal justice career. Requirements of the job, constituency, reporting relationships, responsibilities, and performance measurement are different. Introductory criminal justice courses can identify loss prevention/security as a separatecareer pat 11with a different curriculum. Alternative coursesof study fall into5 coregroups: business, english, socialsciences, criminal justice, and loss prevention. "Educating the Professional, Part II," LES GLANZ,Wickes Lumber As professional practitioners of loss prevention/security in the business environment, we assess needs for successin the profession. Business has increasingly recognized the vulnerability of company 2tssets. Employment statistics show retail loss prevention/security to be a fertile ground for professional growth as demonstrated by the number of lossprev ention/security executives whohold vice president rank. The need for educated, as opposed to trained, graduates in the lossprev ention/security field is expanding. A curriculum for education with a foundation in universal business methodology ratherthan technical skills is proposed. Applicable concepts are transferable. Need is reflected in the Halcrest Report and in changed expectations by business managers. PA.NEL 006 TIIEORETICAL ISSUES CONCERNING WOMAN BA'ITERING "Towards a More Inclusive Theory: Battering in the Hispanic Community," VERNETfA YOUNG, University of Maryland Traditional explanations of battering in th•: United States have reduced the portrayal of the victim to that of a unidimensional entity. The structural constraints imposedby these research agendas have limited the considerationof differences among women. The purposeof this paper is torec onceptualize this narrow focus by examining the experiencesof Hispanicwomen. First,current explanations ofbatteringwill be reviewed. Next, an evaluation of the relevance of these explanations for Hispanic women by examining cultural factors which influence the behavior of group will be made. This exploration is necessaryto integrate diversity into theoretical analyses of battering. "Sex Role Trait Ascriptions of Battered Women," CHRISTINE MAITLEY and MARTIN SCHWARTZ, Ohio University A neglected area with important implications for shelter house programmingis the effect of battering on the women's self-concept; more specifically, individual perceptions of women's sex roles. Because men have been found to be narrowlymasculine in their sex role trait ascriptions, much of the literature presumes that women are narrowlyfeminine. A samplefrcom shelter housesserving 3s tateswere administered a modifiedSpence andHelmreich Personal Attributes Questionnaire. Statistical comparisons are made to baselbe data of women and to comparisonpopulations of men and women. Many of the presumptions about these women made in the literature are not supported by the data. "A Transformation of TheoreticalApproa ches to Battering: Addressing the Invisibility of Black Women," SUSAN MILLER, University of Maryland Importantcultural, racial and classdif ferences have been absent from pastdiscussions of battering. Theimplicit assumptioninvolves a one-dimensionalperspective on women's reality. This paperwill concentrate on exposingthis hidden bias by examining the relevance of these explanations for the black community. Such a synthesis is necessaryfor our understandingof the differences inherent in battering situations and lifestyles. Once we have moved away from monolithic portraits of battered women, the impact of policies, both current and future, will be more responsiveto the diverse needs of women. "Patriarchy and Woman Abuse: PreliminaryFindings from a Toronto Sutvey," MICHAEL SMITH, York University This study is a test of the patriarchy-woman abuse thesis, using quantitative and qualitative data from a 1987 RDD telephone survey of 604 Toronto women. Respondents were asked about their male partner'svalues and attitudes regarding obedience,respect, control, dependency, sexual access and fidelity, jealousy, domestic duties, nagging,and other aspect:;of what might be called a patriarchal value-attitudesystem. The measures of abuse are the Conflict TacticsScales and several open questions on physical and sexual violence by a male intimate. Preliminaryexamination of the data reveals a strong positive relationship between patriarchal values and attitudes and abuse. PA NEL 007 ALTERNATIVES TO INCARCERATION "Mediation of Juvenile Restitution: Perfo rmance and Prognosis," HARRY MIKA, CentralMichigan Universityand KIMBERLEY COLE, Universityof Texas at Dallas Though the use of restitution as a dispositionfor juvenile offenders is widespread, the incorporation of mediation to facilitate a consensus between victims and offenderson the terms of restitution is relativelyinfreq uent. Conventional performancecriteria responsive to a retributive paradigmof justice (recidivism rates, programmatic cost comparisons, rates of property/value recovery, perceptions of "just desserts," etc) may not be sufficient to assess restorative dimensions of mediated agreements. Several measures are proposedwhich appearmore responsive/sensitive to an outcomporiented (consensus) model of justice. Case file data for a 3 year period,as wellas the author's Clirect involvementsas third-party neutrals, areutili zed in the analysisof mediated juvenile restitution for Dallas, Texas. "Divertingthe JuvenileShoplifter: An Eva!uation of a VoluntaryYouth ServicesProgram," L TIIOMAS WINFREEJR, New Mexico State University;CHRISTINE SELLERS, PATRICIADUNCAN, BARIELLE KELLY, LouisianaState University;LARR YWILLIAMS, MidwesternState University;and LAWRENCECL INTON, East Texas State University The present study examines a program designedto providefamily a courtwith a diversionaryalternative ato formalhearing for the firstoff ender shoplifter. The current research examines the prior and subsequentjuvenile court recordsof all invited participants,including the 54 no-shows. At least 7 months expired between the workshops and the data collection. It was observed that 22% of the participants and 35.2% of the no-shows had subsequent arrest records; convictions were observed for9%of the participants and 13% of the no-shows. Comparisonsbetween the prior and subsequent records,personal biographical information, and present charge for participants and no-showswill be: made. Thepaper will discussposs ible reasonsfor the observedvariations, with specificgrounding in the "netwidening" and non-intervention literature. 100 "Juvenile Justice Jumble: Oregon Downsizing," KENNETH VIEGAS, University of Oregon A series of significantconflicts between the various interest groupsin OregonJuvenile Corrections led to theestablishme nt of a populationcap on the training schools. Each county was given an individual cap combined with the authority and responsibilityto remain within the allocatedbed spaces. This dramatic change in state policychallenged the basic policy and valuesof localgov ernments. The paperdocuments the responseof localgove rnmentsto the "downsizing" and the perceptions of major actorsas to the effects. PANEL 008 THE POLICEPERSONALI1Y: EXAMINATION AND ASSESSMENT "Bossiness and Proauthority as Measures ofAuthoritarianism of LawOfficers, Studentsand Townspeople,"MARY HAGEMAN,Virginia Commonwea lth University and KEN RIGBY, South Australian Institute of Technology Authoritarianism was defined anew as bossiness and proauthority. Scalesdeveloped specific for those dimension were constructed and used with 3 populations: (1) law enforcement officers (N = 147), (2) students in administration of justice (N = 85), and (3) townspeople (non-s1udents) (N = 31). The null hypothesisof no difference between the average scores on the pro-authority scale among policeoff icers,students and non-students was rejected. On the bossinessscales, statistical difference occurredonly between the law officers andnon-students. Analysis of variance of yearsemployed in law enforcement by pro-authorityscores showed a moderate association (E= .2979). "Police Cynicism, Job Satisfaction, and Work Relations of Police Chiefs: An Assessment of the Influence of Organizal ional Size," ROBERT REGOLI, University of Colorado; JOHN CRANK, Illinois State University; and ROBERT CULBERTSON, Arkansas State University In this project the interrelationships among 3 attitudes-policecynicism, job satisfaction, and work relations-for police<·hief s were assessed. Chiefs were contrasted along the dimension of organizational size. Date were derived from surveyquestionnaire responsesof574 of TilIll inois police chiefs. Our findingspoint to important differences with regard to these attitudes for rural and urbanchiefs. The paperconcludes with a discussion of the it;1plications for future research. "Post Secondary Education and Police Attitudes," JOHN HAMLIN and WILLIAM FLEISCHMAN, University of Minnesota, Duluth This paperreports on a pilot study concerningthe relationship between police attitudesand education conducted by self-administered questionnaires for 3 police agencies. The literature suggests that college education will enhance the attitudes of police toward citizens. The Statt: of Minnesota requires all policeofficers to obtain college training to become a certified police officer. However, the type of education varies widely. The objective of this research was to investigate police attitudes toward the public, specificallyjuveniles, in an attempt to discern in the type and duration of education in fact is related to police attitudes. PANEL 009 ISSUES IN POLICE TRAINING: INNOVATIONS AND ANALYSIS "TheCrea tion of a Statewide System for the Delivery of In-serviceLaw Enforcement Training: The Mobile Team Unit Concept," THOMAS JURKANIN and JEWETI' BENNETT, Southwestern Illinois Mobile Team Unit In-service Training Unit Thispaper proposesan administrative and operationalmodel for the delivery of in-service policetraining. The rationale, concept and theory for establishing a system by which incumbent law enforcement personnelmay continually be exposed to professional career development, educa tiona! and training experiences is presented. Legislation recently enacted by the Illinois General Assembly allowsfor the creation of Mobile Team Police Training Units, which, under the direction of the state POST Agency, deliver localized law enforcement training, based on individualized agency and personnel needs. The Mobile Team Unit Model has proven to be an effective mechanism for consolidating the training function of policeagencies, and for promotingcontinued professional growthamong policepractitioners. This paperdetails the Illinois experience, which may well provide a new direction for the establishment of "in-service training systems" withinthe States. "Standards for Police Personnel: Holding the Line or Redrawing It?" KEITH HALEY, Ohio Peace Officer Training Council The paper discusses the relationships between major theses in American societysince 1960, and their influences on standards for law enforcement personnel. Optimistic standards are examined to determine the degreeof progresstoward their accomplishment. Societal themes and developments, such as increased media power, equal opportunity, increasing legalism, openness, and the decline in moral consensus, are set as the backdrop for analyzing the struggle to improve law enforcement. Results to date concerningthat struggleare identified and discussed. Finally, the paperrecommends a serioJsexamination ofthese results, both positive and negative, and discusses their implications for police service. "State Policing Training: A Role for the College or University?" ROOSEVELT SHEPHERD, Shippensburg University State police and highway patrol departments recruit and train new troopersat a rate of from 40 to 160new employees peryear. Several of the law enforcement agencies have realized the potentialfor a major contribution from the localcollege or university. Onewould speculate that this potentialis easily operationalized, and that a training/education programinvolving the agency and academic unit could surface overnight. This study do!s not support that degree of optimism but doesprese nt the implications and negotiable territories for both sides. The academic programs and the training acad•!mies would do well to seek somecommon ground especiallywhere the recruiting process brings the minimally educated (high school graduate) candidate to the profession. PANEL 011 BATTERED WOMEN WHO KILL Many of the over400women who kill their mates annually in the United States suffer from the Battered Woman Syndrome. Somehave a mental diseaseor defect at the time of the killing. Abuse should be documented,and expert testimony on the BWS (the cycle theoryof violenceand learned helplessness)used to show the woman was being murdered by the abuser on an installment basis. The battered woman probably killed in self-defense:, reasonablyexpecting the abuser to cause future violence toward herselfor her children. Such women deserve acquittal, or a reduction of murder to manslaugltter. PANEL 013 ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE "Landlord Liability for Failure to Provide Security,"DAVID SKELTON Indiana State University Thispaper reports the growingtrend towardjudicial recognition oftort claims against landlords for injuries actually inflicted by third party criminals but for which landlords are financially responsiblebecause of negligent failure to provideadequate security. The mostimportant appellate cases of the part 20 yearsare outlined, and several appellatecases of the past 3 yearsare discussedin detail. Decisional factorswhich courtsfind persuas ive Hre analyzed, and the paperconcludes with a summary of probable economic consequences and public policychoices inherent in the developing judicial trend. 101 "When Product Liability Constitutes Criminal Liability," moMAS BRIGIIT, Shippensburg University The paperwill review the presentstatus of the law concerningthe criminal liability aspectsfor thosewho knowinglyplace unsafeproducts on the market. Ananal ysis of the case law and legal commentaries dealing with the accountability of those who know of potential harmful effects on individuals, including death, but who, nevertheless, choose to market their produ•:t, will be discussed. "Exploring Alternatives to Economize Corrections,"JACK DISON, Arkansas State University A major consequence of t he increasing numbersof correctional clients is that limited correctional budgets are stretched beyond their limits. Most states are actively, if not desperately, seeking ways to make ends meet with available correctional resources. Thispaper explores possibleways to address this issue both by reducing costsand by increasing revenues. PANEL 014 EVALUATION RESEARCH IN CORRECilONS "Alternatives to Incarceration: The Problem of Putting Theory into Practice," WILLIAM CLEMENTS, Norwich University No abstract available. "Community Service Centersin Pennsylvania: AnAssess ment of Post-releaseOutcomes," JAMESJENGELESKIand DAVID RICHWINE, Shippensburg University No abstract available. "Evaluating the Impact of Intensive Incarct:ration in Louisiana," DORIS MACKENZIE, LARRY GOULD, and LISA RIECHERS, Louisiana State University No abstract available. PANEL 015 YOum GANGS IN CHICAGO: AN UPDATE This discussion is on the problems of youth gangs, with a specialfocus on the City of Chicago. All participants and discussants (from Chicago State University) have had direct experience with the gang problem and will share their experiences with those in attendance. PANEL 016 COURT ACfORSAND INSTITtmONS "Accou ntability vs Independence: The Myttts of Judicial Selection," MICHAEL BlANKENSHIP, Memphis State University Controversy surrounds the methods of seleeting state trial court judges. The underlying premise of appointingjudg es to the bench is independence from political pressures, while the methodof electingjudges holds out the promise ofaccountabilityto the community. Thispaper explores these myths ofjudicial selection. Further, it examines the relationship between the me :hodof selection and judicial effectivenessas measured by cases reversedon appeal. Itis hypothesizedthat no difference exists between the 2 methods of selection and judicial effectiveness. It is suggested that the reason for this is the relative homogeneity of the bench. "The Changing Composition of the Private Criminal Bar," NORMAN KITIEL, St Cloud State University This paperdeals with the evolution of the prvate criminal bar over the last 4 decades. This paperwill focuson the development of publicly-funded defender systems, the taking over of street crimes by publicly-paid counsel, the demise of the marginal criminal bar and the development of an elite private criminal bar. This elite criminal bar commands high fees for defending serious and complex cases, may specialize in tax fraud,f white collar crimes, criminal appeals, drug cases or other specialties, and may represent prominent individuals. "Is the Investigative Grand JuryThis Country's New Star Chamber?" JAMES HALSTED, University of South florida A subtle paradox exists among certain rights and privileges of an accused within the American criminal justice system. The federal grandjury system, believed to act as a "buffer" between an accused and an overzealousprosecutor, and Constitutional due processrights, which should insure that the accused receives fundamental fairnessduring all critical stages of the pro;ecution against him, are cancelling each other out. Federal prosecutorsare using the investigative grand jury system to deny systematically grandjury targets their usual due process rights and then subjecting them to criminal liability for perjurywhich is manufactured only because the targets are processed through the grand jury process itself. "An Evaluation of the Mediation of Child Abuse Cases," ANITA PLINER, American International College This paper will explore the appropriatenes:;of an alternative dispute resolution forum to hear complaints of child abuse, i.e., care and protection matters. First, the designand implementation of a mediat on program in care and protection proceedingsin Westfield District Court, Westfield, MAwill be examined. This will be followed by a presentation of prelimina ryresults on the efficacy of mediation as opposed to the adversarial model to settle these disputes. PANEL 017 CURRENT DILEMMAS FACING JAILS "Disjunction of Perceptions: The Failure of Correctional Officersto Identifythe Needs of Inmates," MARY STOHR-GILLMORE, Washington State University and LINDA ZUPAN, Universityof Alabama at Birmingham Research indicates that the job experienceof the correctional officeris one that engenders cynicism and stressto the point of alienation of the officer from clients and the work environment. This paperwill ,�xplore whether, as a corollary ofthis alienation, correctional officers havedifficulty in identifying the needs of inmates. Utilizing data collected from several small, medium and large jails in Washington state, a comparison of the officer's perceptionsof the inmates' needs fulfillment with the inmates own perceptionswas made. 102 "Competing Ideologies of Jail Confinement," PATRICK JAC KSON, Universityof Missouri-St Louis This paperexamines variousperspectives on the role and function ofjail confinementwhich bear uponits central but unheralded role in the administration ofjustice. It viewstheories of the jail as ideologiesrega rding how the jail has, is or ought to be used, and evaluates these ideologic:;in light of research evidence on the actual operation of jails. The ideologiesexamined include rehabilitation, deterrence, just deserts, and pretrial detention. "The Use of Jail Confinement in the Disposition of Felony Arrests," BELINDA McCAR111Y, Universityof Alabama at Birmingham Although jail confinement is the dispositionmost frequently employed to incarcerate convicted offenders,research on the use on punishment in the United States has consistently focused on rates of imprisonment in state correctional facilities and ignored the useof jails. Thepurpose of this study is to examine the role of jails in the sentencing process, the factorswhich influence their use and the relationship between jail and prison utilization. Offender Based Tracking System data and census data are employed in this intrastate study of all counties in California and Minnesota. "Penal Institution Fires," FREDERICK MERCILLIOIT, Universityof New Haven The fire problem in penal institutions is something that doesnot always receivethe attention that it should. It should be clear to all students of current correctional problems that jails, prisons, detention centersand similar typebuildings dif fer fromother institutional occupanciesbecause of security considerations. While most jails and prisons are doing a fine job in keeping the prisoners in, all toooften these samejails and prisons are not doing as fine a job in releasing the prisoners in case of an emergency, such as a fire. This lack of training in dealing with such an emergency has caused the death of many prisoners. PANEL 018 APPLIED RESEARCH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SE'ITING "Policy, Practice and Applied Research: The Case of the Massachusetts Higher Education in Prisons Program," KITBRYANT, Universityof Massachusetts-Boston No abstract available. "Evaluation of a Substance Abuse Program,"MICHAEL FORCIER, MassachusettsDepartment of Correction No abstract available. "Pretrial Detention of Juveniles in Massachusetts: Issuesand Trends," SUSAN GUARINO-GHEZZI, Salem State College No abstract available. "Rearrests FollowingResidential Treatment for Driving Under the Influence of Liquor," KATHLEEN HERR and DENJ'IiIS McCAR'IY,Massachusetts Department of Public Health No abstract available. PANEL 019 MISBEHAVIOR BY PRIVATE SECURITYWO RKERS, A SCANDAL "Drug and Alcohol Use by Private Security Guards," WILLIAM McCOWN, Tulane UniversityMedica! Center and JUDITH JOHNSON, New Orleans Veterans Administration Hospital Drug and alcohol usage among private contractual security guards is studied in a sample of 3cities. Mean and standard deviations for use on-and off-duty is reported. Data from the study was factor analyzed with a varimax rotation. Evidence suggests a factor associatingwith low pay, c:ducation, and job mobility accounting for a major share of variance. A second factor loading negatively for drug and alcohol usage was found relating to certificati011,and months of job stability. Implications are discussed. "Sexuality in Retail Security: Civil and Legal Implications," LYLE SHOOK, Auburn University This paperpresents cases involving sexuality in retail security. Civil and legal implications are presented. Investigation technique and documentationis discussed. "Assault on the Polygraph," FRANK HORVATH, Michigan State University The use of polygraph testing in private employment is verycontrov ersialand resolution of this issue is now a matter under consideration by various legislative and judicial bodies. The purposeof this paperis to discusthe issues in this date, the context in which they have arisen, and their social, legal, and politicalimplications for private security. PA NEL 020 WOMEN PROFESSIONALS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSI EM "The Parole Officer and Parolee: The Communication Gap," SHIRLEY DAVIS, Universityof North Carolina atCharlotte There is a myth that female parole officersare not as effective as a male officer who deals with parolees. This is based on a false impression that female officers are afraid of parolees who have committed violent crimes involving homicide and sex abuse, and are, therefore, hesitant to discuss such sensitive issues. There are certain obstacles which must be overcome in order to have effective communication between a parole officer and her client. This paperwill discuss these situations and offer remedies which may help eradicate the unfound myth that female officersare not as effective as male officets. "Affirmative Action in LawEnforce ment: Women in the Workplace," lANA WAC HNIAK, Georgia SouthernColleg e No abstract available. 103 "Women in Law Enforcement: Has Their Status Chang�.:d?" KIMBERLY BUDNICK, Florida Department of Corrections This papercenters upon the past 15 years, since the 1972 amendment to the Civil Rights Act, within which women have been actively participating in sworn law enforcement. Overt his time period,women have increased in numbers,but still only represent 6 percentof all swornlaw enforcement personnel.This paper addresses reasons why this percentage is not higher. Specifically,self-selection. organizational selection and attrition are analyzed as possibleexplanations. Overall, this paper iterates the Jack of empirical data or knowleclge concerningthis subject and calls for needed research concerningthese explanations of sworn female law enforcement officer under representation. "Issues for Women Correctional Officers in a Male-dominated Facility: An ExploratoryStudy," JOANNE BELKNAP, University of Cincinnati and CHARMAINE McGUFFEY, Hamilton County Justice Center-Cincinnati This study is an analysis of women in correctional officersin a jail in a large midwestern city. Consistent with other jails, the inmates and staff are mostly male. The purpose of this study is to identify how effe1:tively women correctional officers feel they are able to conduct their jobs. Included in this analysis is the identification of perceived blocks and role strain experiencedby the women correctional officers. This research is exploratory in nature, and attempts to increase understanding of the woman correctional officer in a male-dominated setting. PANEL 021 THEPOLICE IN HISI'ORICAL AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE "Predicting the Past: The Future Impact of USAssistance Programsto Central American Police Forces," 01WIN MARENIN, University of Alaska and MARTHA COTIAM, University of Denver The Reagan administration has provided a�.istance to policeforces in Central American countries as part of its efforts to help 'democratize'the region; administration spokepersons have also urged the removal of existing congressional bans on providingsuch aid. The paperwill review recent developments and set these against the history, content and impact of past police assistance programs worldwide (the Office of Public Safety programs during the 1953-1974 period) and of US involvements in Central America. "Policing Non-affluent Societies: A Mexican Perspective," DILIP DAS, Western Illinois University The paper will contain a discussion that ev1!ry society, JXX.lr or affluent, needs honest and able police. But JXX.lr countries cannot afford extensive training, higher education nor technological sophistication for their policelike modem, industrialized nations. What should JXX.lrsocieties do to provide their citizens quality police service? In such societies the emphasis should be on personal qualities of the personneland cooperation of citizens. This perspective will be analyzed on the basis of the author's recent experience in MexiC•). "Police Cynicism Among Transkeian Police," P J POTGIETER, University of Transkei This paper examines cynicism amongTranskeian police. Based on Weberian bureaucratic principles of organization, Transkein police operateas a para-military structure, characterized by a centralized command structure with a rigidly adhered to chain of command. The dominant role of formal prescriptions creates feelings of demoralization and powerlessness in the lower levels of the organization as well as a growing level of cynicism among supervisory and operationallevel personnel. The study was based on 41 statements regarding various internal and externalaspects related to cynicism as well as a 20-item cynicism scale developedand validated by Arthur Niederhoffer. "Rethinking the Historyof the Urban Pol ce in America," JOHN CONLEY, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee During the periodfollowing the Civil War, American policingdeveloped the form and character that was to carry it into the 1980s. Most cities had their own municipal police departments by the end of the 19th century. By the 1920s, an outline of the parameters of police authority, a blueprint of the administrative structure of the police organization, and a rough approximation of the police function had emerged. These characteristics represented a foundation of policingthat is recognizable to most people today. The purposeof this raperis to provide an analysis of the significant themes surrounding the history of the police. Those themes are the legacy that still drives the American urban police today. The analysis will review the themes and suggest how they constrain attempts to change the police today. PANEL 021A VIOLENCE AND HEALTH "Violence and Public Health: An Overview of the Intentional InjuriesSection at the Centersfor Disease Control," LINDA SALTZMAN, Centers for Disease Control Interpersonalviolence has sometimes been considered the concern of the criminal justice system alone, but when violence is also viewed as a public health problem, wider prevention strategies can be considered. In 1983, the Centers for Disease Control, recognizing that homicide and suicide are leading causes of death, established a group charged with reducing violence-rel lted disability and death. This group evolved into the Intentional Injuries Section within the Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control. In this reviewof the Section's work,the author emphasizes how seeing violence as a public health problem affects preventive interventions. "Violence: A Hazard to the Public's Health (A Report of Conference Outcomes)," ARTHUR LAWRENCE, USPublic Health Service Following up on the Surgeon General's Workshop on Violence and Public Health held at Leesburg, VA in 1985, Region III of the US Public Health Servicesponsored a conference during November 1987, focu� ing on ways in which professionals in health care, criminal justice, education and social services demands can achieve a better understandingof the causes of violence behavior and cooperativelywork to develop community-based programsto prevent violence. The presenter will report on the issues identified and the outcomes of that conference. "The Victimization of Probation/Parole Cfficers: An Occupational Health Problem," WILLIAM PARSONAGE, Pennsylvania State University and WCONWAY BUSHEY, Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole While interest and attention to the impact of aggression and violence in our societyhas grown,it is important tonote that certain groups of personswith potentially high exposureto the risk of victimization (e.g., criminal justice personnel)have received little attention. The presenterswill reporton a statewide victimization study of probation/parole workers, supervisorsan d staff and the information their work has generated. Particular attention will be given to victimization (violence, threat ofviolence, intimidation, theft or destruction of property,damage to reputation or other acts which inflict damage, instills fear or threatens sensibilities) as a significant occupational health issue as well as a criminalflegal problem. 104 "Interpersonal Violence, Aggression and Health: A Multidisciplinary Perspective," EVAN PATTISHALL, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences For the past year, the author has been involved in a concentrated study of aggression, personal and interpersonalvioknce as a physical and mental health problem across the life-span. Attention will be focused on the need to develop conceptual models for research on the prevention, etiology, epidemiology and outcomes of aggression and violence in individuals, families, community and societal contexts. PANEL 022 SERIAL RAPIST: RESEARCH BY THE FBI The presentation will provide attendees with the results of FBI research on 41 men who committed 837 rapes. The research was conducted by FBI special agents assigned to the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC) and consisted of an in-depthreview of offense and offender documentation and face to-face interviews, lasting an average of 7 1/2 hours. Included in the presentation will be a discussion of the criteria fc •r inclusion in the research, the methodology utilized and the results of the research to date. The results to be presented include childhood sexual abuse, a comparison of those who escalated in violence over time and those who did not, and prior sexual and non-sexual offense data. PANEL 023 PUBLIC PERCEn'IONS AND ATIITUDES TOWARD THE POLICE "Perceptions of Police Verbal Abuse as an Influence on RespondentAttitudes Toward the Police," TERRY COX and TRACY BASEHART, Eastern Kentucky University and MERVIN WHITE, Clemson University This paper examines the relationshipsbetween several dimensions of perceived verbalabuse by policeofficers and re!;pondents' attitudes toward the police. Four measures of perceivedverbal abuse are used. Six scales of attitudes toward the policeare employed in this study to assess respondentsperception and evaluations of the police. The study also tests the hypothesisthat the relationships between perceivedoff icers'verbal abuse and respondents' attitudes toward the policecannot be explained selected background variables of the respondent (specifically, age, sex, class standing in college, and rurat-urban background). "Public Support and Confidence in the Police: A View From the 1980s,"TIMOTHY FLANAGAN, State Universityof New York-Albany A great deal of research and scholarshipin the 1960'sand 1970's focusedon public attitudes toward the police, due in part to social unrest and police-citizenconflict during these years. In recent years, however, little attention has been paid to changes in public perceptions of law enforcement, or to shifts in attitudes among populationsubgroups. This research employs a national public opinion data base to examine the level of public supportfor and confidence in local police, and the relationship of demographic and relatedattitudinal measures to judgments about the police. In addition, the relation�;hip of support/confidence in the police and demand for police services is examined. "Public Perception of Police Delivery of Services,"WILLIAM FLEISCHMAN and JOHN HAMLIN, Universityof Minnesota, Duluth Police historyin the United States during the 20th centuryshows a growthin the servicefunction of policeagencies in comparison to their law enforcement function. However, there has been little in the way of systematic attempts to scientifically test what servicesare being delivered or how the public assessthe servicesrendered. This study used a mail questionnaire and assesses client attitudes about the services rendered by the medium-shed metropolitan police department. The questionnaire was designed to measure attitudes toward policeservice and personnel. A random selection of policecontacts by quarter by patrol districts was used to generate a sample of about 300 clients per quarter. PANEL 024 CORRECTIONS: OVERCROWDING AND PRIVATIZATION "The Privatization of Prisons: A Growth Industry," PHILIP ETHRIDGE, Sam Houston State University The increasing demands on the corrections systems of many states has policymakersand politicianslooking forwa ys to copewith an ever increasing inmate population and lack of funds. One alternative that has resurfaced is the use of privately operatedprisons. This paperwill trace the use of contract and lease systems used in states during the 18th and 19th centuries and the reasons for their demise. There will also be a discussion of the growth of the use of private prisons. Along with the arguments by opponents and proponents there willbe a presentation of the issuedrelated to privatizing prisons. "Crisis in Confinement: Efforts to Develop Alternatives to Long-term Imprisonment in Louisiana," BURK FOSTER, University of Southwestern Louisiana Louisiana leads the nation in its composite rate of confinement, with over500 of every100, 000citizens confined in jail or prison. The prison population alone tripled from 1975 to 1985. But over the last 4 years, the state has taken tentative steps to reduce its use of imprisonment and find alternatives to locking criminals away to serve long sentences. This paper looks at what the state has considered and what it has actually done to reduce its reliance on secure confinement. "Private Prisons and the State," ROBERT WEISS, State Universityof New York-Plattsburgh This paper analyzescurrent developments in the privatizationof prisons. After a discussion of the factorsbehind this trend, the paperconsiders: (1) administrative issues, including an examination of arguments that "profit-and'loss" incentives are superior to "budget-based" incentives in penal management, and (2) the legal, symbolic, political, and ideological issued involved in private management. The paper concludes with a critical discussionof accountability and the probable impact privatization would have on the management of inmates, pointingto possible contradictions that could lead to prisoner resistance. Finally, the author discusses the political and ideological meaning of the delegation of state power to private, for-profit interest. "Overcrowding, Court Ordersand Solutions:The Perspectiveof United States Prison Administrators," FRED HOLBI:RT,University of Nebraska at Omaha and JACK CALL, Radford University Overcrowding continues to be a major problem facing prison administrators in the United States. This study uses a national surveyof prison system administrators to explore some critical issues and problems as well as solutions. All state prison administrations responded to the sur�ey, which in itself may suggest how serious the problem of overcrowding has become. Several areasof concern were covered by the surveywhich was administered in April of 1987. Data are analyzed controlling for system populations, regionof the country and other variables. 105 PANEL 026 CRIMINAL JUSTICE EVALUATION: POLICIES AND PROGRAMS "Roadblocks and Drunk Driving: A Time �ieries Analysis," MICHAEL NEUSTROM and KATHYCOOK, Universityof Southwestern Louisiana No abstract available. "Preventive Detention: The Impact of the 1984Bail Reform Act in the Eastern Federal District of California,"RODNEY KINGSNORTH, CAROLE BARNES, CYNTHIA DAVIS, TINA HODGINS and CAMILLE NICHOLS, California State University-Sacramento No abstract available. "Methodological, Conceptual and Policy Issues in Criminal Career Research," INEKE MARSHALL, JULIE HORNEY, and VINCENT WEBB, University of Nebraska at Omaha No abstract available. PAN EL 027 EDUCATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS AND JUVENILE OFFENDERS "Learning Disability and Juvenile Delinquency: Is There a Connection?" CONCE'ITA CULLIVER, Murray State University Juvenile crime continues to increase. According to Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), children and youth under the age of 18 comprise about 36%of those arrested and adjudicated for all indices of crimes. It i!; believed thatmany juvenile delinquent children have learningdisabilities which cause them to become criminal offenders. However, establishing a linkage between the two (learningdisability /juv enile delinquency) has been rather difficult due to the ambiguity with definitions, causes and characteristics concerning juvenile de'inquency and learning disabilities. To establish the connection between learningdisability and juvenile delinquency, additional research is necessary. "Educational Transitioning and the HandkappedJuvenile Offender: Who Will Take Responsibility?" BARBARA ZAREMBA and LISA YARYAN, TheCollege of William and Mary No student is as displaced as the handicapped juvenile offender. While federal and state statutes mandate educational services, responsibility for these services is not often a clear cut issue. This presentatio11 will offer originalresearch lookingat the fiscal as well as the programmatic responsibilityfor education in both detention and correctional settings. After reviewing the problems and literature associatedwith these provisions, potentialsolutions will be offered to address transitioning into, out of, and within the juvenile justice system. "Teaching Adolescents in a Juvenile Detention Center: Are They or Aren't They Handicapped?" ROBIN HERMAN, Central State University Thisdiscussion is about adolescentswho &!em to have very little going for them in the present and whose futures appeareven more debilitating. They have been assigned to ajuvenile detention facility for varying amounts of time and on numerous occasions. Recidivism is high. They display a nexus of problems which are interlaced throughout home, school, ancl community. Although there is no simple profile of this group of young persons, most exhibit very significant underachievement in academic performance. The categoryexce ptionality that many might qualifyfor is that of 'severe behavior disorder' but an exclusionary clause of the most widely held definition excludes those as S B H who are 'socially maladjusted'. PANEL 028 REFORMS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: EXAMINING THE CONSEQUENCES "ThePrice of Justice: Costs of State Court Financing in New Jersey,"MONA MARGARITA, Stockton State College New Jerseyhas earned a reputation as a progressive State in the area of court reform. Centralized administration, budgeting, and rulemaking are locatedwithin the authority of the Administrative Office of the Courts; the court structure was recently consolidated to simply the 21-countycourt system. A recent move to complete the process of court unification has resultc:d in bipartisan support for state financing of the courts. Interviews ofelected and appointed court and constitutional officers and analysis of financial data are used to determine the best method to accomplish state financing in New Jersey, as well as to evaluate the potential ramifications for court management, and !"or the citizen as consumer, employee and taxpayer. "TheAdministr ative Release RevocationHearing and Due Process: What are the Costsand Benefitsof GivingUp One's Rights?" L THOMAS WINFREE JR, New Mexico State University; ROY ROBERG and WILLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT, Louisiana State University; and VERONICA BALlARD, Texas Parole Commission In August of 1985,Texas State SenateBill :. 167 became law. Under the law, a parolee could waive his or her constitutionally guaranteed right to a parole revocation hearing and be returned directly to the cu:;todyof the Texas Department of Corrections. As the law was designed to expeditereturn to the free community, the decision to re-release these recent returnus backinto the community became the responsibility of the director ofTDC. Since the S "Reforming SentencingGuidelines: Life in the Budgetary Fast Lane," ROGERHANDBERG and N GARY HOLTEN, Universityof Central Florida Thestate of Florida established sentencing guidelines in 1983. Since that time, reform efforts have floundered on the shoals oft he state budgetaryprocess. Pressures are building among practitionersand the public for change, but legislatorsare unwillingor unable to fund such changes. This paper looksat that ongoing process and delineates the prospects for significant change in a state characterized by a chaotic politicalleadership and situation and an unsteady budgetary picture. "Consolidation: The New Mexico Experience," JAMES RILEY, PAUlA BLEVINS. and MICHAEL SHAUGHNESSY, Eastern New Mexico University TheState of New Mexico is currently attempting to implement a plan to consolidate several law enforcement agencies into one Departmentof Public Safety. This study will provide a historyof previously failed attempts to consolidate agencies of state governmentin New Mexico, as well as, the roadblocks,legislati ve snares, and internalconflicts the new structure has faced. Further, it will attempt to provide insight through current perspectivesin organizational psychologyinto problems faced in reorganizing or the reorganizatio 1 of any bureaucratic structure in a hierarchy or political domain. 106 PANEL 029 SOME ISSUES OF CONCERN FOR POLICE MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION "Where We Always Go Wrong: Management Is Not Organization," SAM SOURYAL, Sam Houston State University Police administratorsoften commit the serious mistake of over-organizingtheir agencies at the costof under-managing them. This is usually a product of lack of understanding. This article graphicallydistinguishes betweenthe concepts of administration, organization, and management. Dichotomies are drawn on 3 multi perceptional levels. Administration, organization, and management aredistinguished as viewed in theory, in practice, by workers,and from the supervisorspoint ofview. From this perspective, the author advances insights into the essence of police management, the duties of modern managers in policeagencies, and some managerial sins that must be avoided by police administrators. "Police Goals - An Assessment," MAHENDRA SINGH, Grambling State University Police goals were long delineated and politically determinedby a powerstructure symbolized by sovereigntyof the state . This paperattempts to highlight critically the tenuous relationship between police goals and organizational strategies accentuated by the complexityof a value-iaden multi-tiered societyand complicated furtherby a sub-culture support system to reinforce tactics, perceptions, interpretations and style variations of police functionaries. "Professional Policing: An Elaboration of James Q Wilson's Styles of Police Behavior," MICHAEL MEYER, Univen ity of North Dakota Since the publication of James Q Wilson's (1969) Varieties of Police Behavior,identifying 3 organizational styles of municipal policing, numerous authors havecited this work in discussions of police behavior and roles. These authors have generally accepted the 3 style typology as exhaustive. Drawing on literature from organizational theory and behavior and applying it in the context ofWilson's identification of the role of politicalculture i !1 influencingpolice discretionary decisions, this author presents an argument for a fourth style of policing defined as the professional style. "Organized Labor Influence on Police Unionization," I.ARRY HOOVER, Sam Houston State University Many of the issues surrounding policeunionization revolve around the question of whether it is indeed a traditional uni :>n movement. The policelabor movement today is best described by the term 'fragmented.' Representation of police officers in the United States is provided by every conceivable type of labor union, association, fraternal organization and professional group. This paperprovides a recent history and report on the Cllrrent status of major police labor groups. Documentationincludes the representation provided officers in the nation's 100largest cities. The natureof these labor organizations is indicative of an affinity for a 'professional association' model rather than traditional unionization. Several implications for police management ensue. PANEL 030 URBAN AND RURAL COMPONENTSOF CRIME "Changing Crime Patterns in the Rural Componentsof an SMSA: A Tale of Two Counties," THOMAS COURTLESS, George Washington University Thispaper reports on the continuation of research begun last year in one rural community locatedin an East Coast SMSA. This community, "Tidewater County'' has the fastest population growth in the SMSA, but is relatively isolated from the restof the area. This project has been expanded to include a second rural county, "UpperRiver," an area under intense development pressure. These counties, located equidistant from the SMSA's centtal city are compared in terms of crime rates and patterns, and the responses of their criminal justice system. Of particular interest are domestic violence and resic entiat burglary, with a working hypothesis suggesting that there is less change in these criminal behaviors in the more isolated county. "An Examination of Changes in PartI Offenses in the City of Houston (1984-1986)by Neighborhood Racial Composition,"KENNETH JAC KSON and OSWALD GIBBONS, Universityof Houston-Downtown The study examines Part I offenses in Houston by race. Census data is matched with Houston Police Department (HPD) crime statistics by neighborhood racial composition. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques are used to assess Part I offenses. As relevant con1 rol variables, the authors examined such characteristics as community value orientations, economic conditions, and community stability. "Residential Segregation and Street Crime: Another Look," MICHAEL VICTOR, Universityof Texas at Tyler Criminogenic effects of racial residential segregation areexamined here through a multiple regressionanalysis of street offense rates for approximately 200Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs ). Unlike previous research on these effects, this study (1) measures such segregation both with conventional "dissimilarity" scores and with more sensitive interracial "exposure"indices, (2) uses numerous control variables, and (3) compares the criminogenic potencyof racial segregation with that of socialclass segregation. Findingsare discussedin terms of their implications both for theories of crime causation and for housing desegregation policies. "The Relationship of SexRoles to Fear and Risk of Crime Victimization," RODNEY HENNINGSEN, SamHouston State Universityand ANN HENNINGSEN, Trinity University This paperwill focus upon the discrepancy between women and men in their fear of crime and also in their risk of being victims of crime. Many researchershave noted that the groupswhich indicate they have the greatest fear of crime may actually be among the groups least victimizd. Females, for example, are a groupwhich expresses a greaterfear of crime than men, although official and unofficial statisticsindicate men are more often victimized. The paper willexplore some possible explanations for these discrepancies. PANEL 031 CORRECTIONS: ORGANIZATIONALAND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES "Going to Prison: A DescriptiveStudy of Visiting Rules and Regulations," NANCY SCHAFER, Universityof Alaska-Anchorage Aspart of a recent surveyof prison visiting policies and practices, copies of visiting rules and regulations were requested from respondent institutions. More than 60sets of rules were received from prisons in approximately40 states. A preliminaryeffort to codify and compare them suggests that they covera wide range of topicsfrom visiting times and proper identification to appropriatedress and decorum. Somereflect uniformpolicies; othets demonstrate concernspeculiar to specific institutions. There are, however, many pointsof similarityas well as many differences, some of which appear to be rel�onal in nature. 107 "Prison SecurityTechnology," SUSAN NOONAN and EDWARD I.ATESSA, University of Cincinnati A national study of the impact of techMiogyin prisonsis being conducted by the Universityof Cincinnati. Becauseof the overcrowding problem in prisons and jails, there has been a great increase in .:onstruction of new institutions creating a need to identify and access the recent influx ofavailable technology. Planning these new facilities involves not only awareness of the technologiesav ailable, but knowledge of what productswork in a particularsetting. In the first phase of the project, a surveywas sent to the directorsof corrections in 50 states, Washington DC, and Federal Bureau of Prisons, collected informationon all existing institutions, any under construction, and major renovations/conversions in the areas of: perimeter security, lockingsy stems, internalsurveillance, internal security, security glazing, fire safetysystems, communica1 ions and management information systems. "Organizational Features of a Medium Security Prison," BARBARAOWEN, Federal Bureau of Prisons Mostwork on the prison has centered on the maximum security institution. This paperdescribes organizational features of a medium security prison and makes comparisons with the features of a typical "Big House." Typesof socialorg anization among the prisoners,the level ofviolence, and disciplinary problems and relations with staff are explored. This papersugges ts that the minimum security prisonis more loosely organized than the maximum securityprison as described inthe literature. The range in the typesof prisoners(e.g .. old-timersat the end of their sentence, first-termerswith no experiencewith imprisonment) leads to a less homogeneous prison culture. "Television in Prison," MARKHAMM, ROBERT HUCKABEE,PA TRICK McCARTHY, Indiana State University, and DIANE DAANE and J STEVEN SMmi, Ball State University Based on data gathered from a national survey of prison wardens, this paperprovides baseline information on television policy in corrections and viewing habits among US prisoners. The analysis is primarily concerned with the degree to which prison wardens view television as a form of social control in their institutions. The analysis also discloses information about the amount of time prisoners spend watching television, their favorite programs, channel scheduling, television ownership, and the use of television as Hn educational device in contemporarycorrections. PANEL 032 LEGAL ISSUES OF THE EIGHTIES "The War on Crime-The Reagan Years,"WALTER HOPKINS, University of Southern Indiana This paperwill focus on the proposals fcrwardedby the Justice Department of the Reagan Administration and the degree to which they have been embodied into federal legislation. Particularemphasis will be upon the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 and the Anti-Drug Bill of 1986 and the likelihood that such programs will lead to reductions in violent, theft, and drug-related crime. A final focusof the paper will be upon the unfinished agenda of crime-related legislation favored by the Reagan administration. "Manifest and Latent Functions in the Behavior of Law: Affirmative Action," FREDERICK LYNCH, California State University-San Bernadino The paperwill brieflydiscuss the origins and intents of affirmative action law and its evolution as policies throughcourt decisions and administrative edicts. The problems of implementing and assessing the impact of those laws and policies will be discussed in terms of Merton's classic 'manifest and latent' paradigm. Data for the study is based upon extensive analysis of social science and journalisticstudies of affirmative action, supplemented by in-depth interviewswith white males who claim to have suffered 'reverse discrimination.' ''The Legal Concept of 'Qualified Immunity': Its Meaning and Impact on Criminal Justice Personnel," STANLEY COHES, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania In recent years, there has been an increase in civil lawsuits againstpolice and other criminal justice personnel for alleged violations of constitutional rights. One defense available to officers is 'qualified immunity.' The author analyses and states the meaning and purposeof this concept and traces its historyas it developed through the U S Supreme Court. The author explains the impact of the defense on police and other criminal justice personnel and the administration of justice. The relationship between the defense ard the need for higher education and training of police is stated and explained. "AI Capone's Administrative Remains: Calder vs IRS and a Justice Historian's Experience with the Freedom of Information Act," JAMES CALDER, University of Texas at San Antonio AI Capone died in 1947, leaving behind '!idministrative remains' in federal investigative agencies and the Department of Justice. His records, and those of long deceased alleged and proven gangsters, were sealed by statutoryamendment against public access effective January 1, 1977. Several personswere granted access to Capone's records between 1947 and 1976. The author brought suite pursuant to the F.O.IA. under the first and fifth amendments, USConstitution, to contest IRSauthority to keep Capone's records as 'return information' under the statute. Proposals are offered to change 5 U.S.C. 552 and I.R.S. Code 6103 to allow at least historian access to certain I.R.S. records. PANEL 033 WORKSHOP: FORENSIC CUNICAL ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP FOR THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACfiTIONER Legal interventionsand dramaticadvancements in psychopharmacologyhas resultedin the massdeinstitutio nalization of formerly chronically mentally ill persons throughout the nation. The phenomenon, plus the failure ofthe Community Mental Health Center(CMHC) networkto provide adequate treatment for these people as well as the increasinglyalarmingpopulation of never-servedmentally ill individuals, including a sizable proportionof street people, has placed an inordinant burden uponthe criminal justice systemin general and law enforcement in particular. Thisworkshop willaddress legal and clinical issues likely to effect police,correctional and other first line criminal justice practitioners. PA NEL �35 CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION: INTEGRATING THEORY AND PRACTICE "An Eva luation of Undergraduate Intentships by Recent Criminal Justice and Social Work Graduates," JOHN POWELLand WAYNE SMITH, East Carolina University Internshipshave long been an importantmeans of educating socialwork students, but field education for criminal justice majorshas not been standardized. Questions have been raised about its effectiveness, vrbether it should be uniformly required, and about its content. East Carolina Universityhas had many yearsof requirea fieldwork experiencefor bothcriminal justiceand socialwork students. Since bothgroups intern4 daysperweek for one semester,a surveywas conducted to compare the perceived effectiveness of internships by recent graduates of both groups. The results will be of interest to educators and practitioners. 108 "Cooperative Education in Criminal Justice: Learning in Transition," JAY BERMAN, JerseyCity State College Thispaper will examine the evolving role of cooperative education in the criminal justice academic program. The experience of the author as the chairperson of a criminal justice department at a New Jerseystate college which adopted cooperativeeducation as its primaryacademk focuswill serveas the basis of the discussion. Thecritical issues of institutional change, faculty training and participation,Curricular development and meaningful job placements will be analyzed. The special problems of working with public sector criminal justice agencies will be explored. Finally, the paperwill address the potentialof cooperative education and other applied learning strategies for enhancing academic programs in criminal justice. "Tasks Based Paradigms ToEva luate Work Experience For Criminal Justice UndergraduateAcademic Credit," JAMES ADAMmS, Universityof Dayton The confirmation of academic credit for the acquisition of substantive work experiencein the field of criminal justice will be the intent of this paper. The adoption of the task-based paradigm as promulgated by the Education Testing Service's CooperativeAssess ment of Experiental Learning(CAEL) will be examined as the instrument of assessment. Thus, the initial focus of this work will be on the organizational placement and curriculLlm design of the vocational, theoretical and professional academic structures of justice administration curricula prior to discussing the feasibility of task-based paradigmfor credit. Methodology is literature review and structured interviews. "Assessment of Undergraduate Criminal Justice Education," MATI EICHOR and RICHARD SLUDER, Northeast Missouri State University Recently, there has been a substantial amount of concernand interest focused uponthe accountability of institutions of tlighereducationand the individual programs within these institutions. Northeast Missouri State Universityhas been involved in outcomes assessment since the early 1970's. The authors discuss the nature of the value added assessment model which is used at Northeast, including a brief historyof its development. Specific information will be presented about the development, scope, and current model used in assessing outcomesof the criminal justice program and its students at Northeast. Included in this presentation will be information about the criminal justice exit examination used at Northeast. PANEL 036 ISSUES IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE "Women Abuse in Dating Relationships: The Role of Male Peer Group Dynamics," WA LTER DEKESEREDY, York University Male peergroup processes conduci ve to the sexual, psychologicaland physical victimization of female dating partners maybe micro-level expressionsof a dominant social structure and ideology that is based on the male hierarchical ordering of society. Relevantliterature reveals that social support theory may be useful for understanding this problem. The purposeof this pilot study is to demonstrate empirically its potentialcontribution to tt,e study of premarital woman abuse by testing hypothesesderived from a theoretical model that integrates 3 separate bodies ofknowledge (woman abuse, referen•:e others and social support). "A Profile of Marital Homicide: Detroit 1982-83,"ANN GOETTING, WesternKentucky University Thepopulation of28 men and 56 women arrested in Detroit for killing their spousesduring 1982 and 1983 is analyzed in the context of their killings. Analysesinclude demographic and social characteristics of offendersand victims, circumstances of offense, and arrest disposition. Differences between male and female subjects are noted. Where feasible, comparisons are made with general populations of homicide offenders. "Marital Status and Women Abuse," DESMOND ELLIS, York University Thispaper examines the association betweenmarital status and womanabuse. The major finding is that the marriage license, far from being a hitting license, actually inhibits woman abuse. Cohabiting, dating, and separated women are, over the courseof any givenyear, more likely to be more frequently and/or seriously abused. The DAD (dependency, availability, and deterrence) model is offered as an explanation of the findings. "Female Homicide Victims in New York State, 1984," PAUL GOLDSTEIN, Narcotic and Drug Research and HENRY BROWNSTEIN,New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services No abstract available. PANEL 037 ORGANIZED CRIME "TheNew Godfathers? Issues Regarding Asian Organized Crime in the US," JOHN OOMBRINK,JOHN SONG, and HAN PHI, Universityof California-Irvine Recent reports have indicated that New York and California law enforcement officials have concluded that one effect of successful prosecutions of traditional organized crime in America has been the growth of Asian organized crime in this country. This paperanalyzes the stat•! of knowledge of the emergence and growth of Asian organized crime, its organizational bases and patternsof criminality, its relationship to the legitimatecomrrtuni ty, and comparisons to the development of other forms of organized crime in America. Special attention is given to the prospects for effective investigation and prosecution. "Outlaw Motorcycle Gangsas Organized Crime," DOUGlAS SEVERSON, Universityof Nebraska at Omaha Thispaper is a research reportexamining the existence of outlaw motorcycle gangsas a form of organized crime, and describesthe formation and history of "The Big Four" of motorcycle gangs. It examines the organizational structure of the gangs and compares that structure to the classicalorganized crime structure. The report looks at the types of crimes that motorcycle gangscommit and how the commissionof those crimes are conduct•!d in an organized manner. It also examines the initiation rituals that the gangs use to insure members' commitment to the gang, and how these same rituals help protect the gangs from police undercover operations. The activities of the policein combating the outlaw motorcycle gangs are presented and the lawsthat law enforcement officialsuse are discussed. The bulk of the data was obtained from federal, state and local agencies. PANEL 038 THE JAILING OF JUVENILES: RECENT LEGAL AND PUBLIC POLICYDE VEWPMENTS "Litigation on Behalfof Children in Adult Jails," MARK SOLER, Youth Law Center No abstract available. 109 "California Ends the Jailing of Children: 'The Storyof a Public Policy Reversal,"DAVID STEINHART, National Council on Crime and Delinquency No abstract available. ''The Jailing of Juveniles in Minnesota: A Pc:rsistent Problem," IRASCHWARTZ, University of Michigan; LINDA HARRIS, Universityof Minnesota; and lAURIE LEVI, NorthwestArea Foundation No abstract available. "The Need for Alternatives to the Detenti·)n of Juveniles," CHRISULA ASIMOS and PATRICIA MARLOW, Contra Costa County Mental Health Department Not only are many Californiajuvenile detention centerscrowded, the potentialfor bonding to delinquent peerswith anti-social attitudes and behavior is somewhat common in this typeof setting. Most of the children in these crowdeddetention centers arethere on the basis of non-violent crimes, and are staying there for months at a time, simply because placements ordel"l!d by the courtare full. Sentencingoptions to juvenile offendersneed to be expanded at the state and locallevels. More needs to be done to evaluate and incorpora te model alternativeprograms for juvenile offendersthat are being tried elsewhere and appear to have some successful outcome. PANEL 039 PERSPECTIVESON YO UI11 VIOLENCE Childhood Victimization in the Etiologyof Serial Murder," ERIC HICKEY, Ball State Universityand JOHN FULLER, West Georgia College A plethora of literature attempts to demonstrate a causallink between abuse as a child and subsequent violent behavior. The degree and type of abuse may well impact uponthe nature and degreeofviol<:nt criminal behavior of adults. The etiologyof homicide leans toward environmental factorsby suggestingthe inability of some individuals to adequately copewith life stressors. In this study of serial murderers, several reporta history of child abuse including a variety of sexual exploitations, beatings and emotionally traumatic victimizations. In somecases, these multiple murderershave engaged in modelingupon their victimsthe fo rms of abuse they endured as children. In most instances, however, those who become serial killers and have been victimized as children have not been exposed to protracted forms of child abuse. "Correlates of Violent Crime in a Youthf1JI Offender Population," JOYCE CARBONELL, Florida State University No abstract available. "Drugs and Youth Violence: The Link? A Review on the Literature," MYRNA CINTRON, West Georgia College The focus on drugs andcrime has always included a concernwith the relationshipbetween dr:.�gs,crime, and violent behavior. The literature is replete with theories advanced to establish the causes of deviant behavior in general. These theories which haveevolved from the study of the ways in which deviance arises, is maintained, is reacted to, and controlled,are particula rlyapplicable to explaining youth drug abuse(including alcohol). The basic purposeof this paperis to criticallyreview the literature on youth drug abuse and violence. This will be done by examining the theoretical literature and the types of crimes engaged by youth drug abusers to determine if certain typesof drugsand their physiological effects are linked with youth violent behavior. PANEL 040 ISSUES IN RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM "Extreme Right-wing Viewson Taxation and Money," ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University Right-wing extremists in America have long included various economic policiesand issued in their rhetoric. In recent years, focushas been primarily upontaxation issues,including questions of the legality ol' income taxes, and money issues,primarily concerningthe gold and silver standards and the federal reservesystem. This paperpresents an analysis of those issues fromthe extreme right-wing perspective. "God'sLaw: Criminal Processand Right-wing Extremism in America," RICHARD HOLDEN, Central Missouri State University Extremist groupssuch as the Ku Klux Klar. and Aryan Nations professto be Christian. Theyadhere to a religionknown as Identity Theology,which proclaimsthe white race to be God'schosen people. A major theme among thesegroups is the notion that America should be ruled by God's law. This paperwill analyze the writingsof such extremist groupsin order to determine what they mean by God'slaw and howthis law would be enforred. "Societal Changes and Right-wing Memb<:rship," MICHAEL WIGGINS, Central Missouri State University This paperpresents an analysisof major SCICietalchanges in American societyand the riseand fall in right-wing extremist membership andactivities since the Civil War. Analyses of political, social, and eccnomic changes are included. ''The Impactof ExtremistIdeology on Anterican Correctional Institutions," DENNY lANGSTON, Central MissouriState University Thebelief structures of right-wing extremist organizations has significant implications for the operationof correctional institutions. As a result of a great deal of lawless activity,various leadersof right-wi 11ggroups have been imprisoned but rather than this ending the movement, the focus of the groups has simply shifted. One of the targets for extremism is nowour nation's prisons. Thereare already violent gangsin prisonand persons in these groupsare ripe for recruitment into extremist groups. The purposeof this paper is to examine the impact that extremist groups arehaving in American correctional institutions. PANEL 041 PORTRAYAL, INNOVATION AND OPINION: POLICE ROLE, ADMINISTRATION, AND EFFICIENCY ''The Role of Popular Culture in Policing," ELIZABETH McCONNELL There is much disagreementamong social scientistsabout the impact of popularculture on policepractices. To date, there has been much discussion as to what constitutes popularculture and whether it precedes behavior or behavior distastes popularculture. This paperexamines the concept of popularcultur e and presents an argument that popularculture influences behavior. To enhance our knowledge of popularculture and supportthe argument that popularculture influences police practices, an analyses of JosephWambaug:1's works is presented. It is alsoargued that Wambaugh's works are ethnomethodologies that present generally realistic pictures of the "policesubcul ture." 110 "The Portrayal of Police Administration in Popular Fiction," GARY CORDNER and RICHARD GIVAN, Eastern Kentucky University Thispaper will examine the portrayal of policeadministration in novels, films, and television. Previous research has focused onmedia images of policework and detective work, but the popularportrayal ofpolice administration has not been assessed. Such issuesas management style, discipline, politicalinter ference, and management of discretion will be discussed. "Law Enforcement Management Experts: Who Are They?" WILLIAM TAFOYA, FBI Academy It is contended that the expertsin many professions-medicine, law, engineering,and others-canbe readily identified. A review of the literature suggeststhis is not so in criminal justice in general nor the field of law enforcement management in particular. Thispaper reports the findingsof a nation-wide surveyundertaken in order to address this issue. The results reflect the opinions of the leadersof some of the nation's mostprominent pra£titioner and academic professional criminal justice and law enforcement organizations. Thirty-seven individuals emerge as the leading law enforcement manage nent experts. Of these, 8 (21 percent), are characterized as the nations's elite. "ThePolice ScreeningUnit," ROBERTFIT ZSIMMONS, Chicago Police Department The Chicago Police Department recently initiated an innovative programdesigned to reduce the strain to field units and 911 systemby "screening out" calls which are inceptually deemed non-emergency in nature. In contrast to 911 brevity, the programprovides protracted citizen telc phone communications which often negates the need to dispatch a police unit to the scene. The program inculcates detective call back, decentralized routing, public education, personnel reallocation and utilization of other city services. Since the programs inception in February1987, the unit has processed 230,000calls outside the 911 system and the project goals of reducing 911 strain, conserving police resources and enhancing citizen satisfaction are being reached. PANEL 042 STUDENT PANEL: ISSUES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSrEM "A Theoretical Examinationof the Effects of Investiture/DivestitureSocialization Processes in Police Organizations, ·• JILL SEMMERLING, Eastern Kentucky University The focusof this paper is a theoretical examination of the investiture/divestiture socializationapproaches of police organizations. Particular emphasis will be on stress vs.non-stress training structures and the consequences on such as flexibility and formalization. An importantgoal will be to examine the reality of policetasks and provide an analysis of the effects of the socialization methods presented above. "An Analysis of Social Organizational Patterns in an Urban Coroner's Office: Implications for Criminal Justice The•:>ryand Practice," DAVID MANN, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania Based uponparticipant observationand in-depth interviewsin a metropolitanarea coroner'soffice, this study exploresvarious socialorganizational patterns. Three general research questions are investigated. First, from a descriptive standpoint, what are the precise role-relationships oriented around the coroner position? Moreover, what are the formal and informal norms pertainingto such relationships. Second,from a socialsy stems petspective, how does the coroner's office link with other units of the criminal justice enterprise? Finally, within this neglected researcharea of the coroner'soffice, wbHt are some of the actual and potentialstress pointsof the system? "Traditional Criminal Behavior Systems Applied to Environmental Crime," lARRY DOMBROWSKI, Mercyhurst O>llege Most peopledo not consider environmental crime as an area of major concern. However, mostpeople do not realize that criminal behavior systemssuch as violent personal crime, public order crime, conventional propertycrime, organized crime, and other behaviorsinherent to more publicized crime are also found within the realm of environmental crime. Toughening of laws and increasing law enforcement is beginning to emerge tocombat environmental problems however education of the public, of other law enforcement agencies, and of politicalleaders is still desperatelyneeded. The environmentand crimes against it affect all humans, directly or indirectly. "Loss Prevention MethodsUsed in a Medium Size UniversityLibrary in Pennsylvania," CHARLES WAWRZYNIAK, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This project will examine loss prevention methodsthat are used to prevent librarytheft in a medium size universitylibrary in Pennsylvania. Severalareas to be explored include the relationshipofthe application of Pennsylvania Statute 3929.1, LibraryTheft,and the typesof materials stolen (e.g., books,periodicals and other materials). The nature and extent of such offenses will be described.Also, the methodsused to apprehend offendersas well asthe styl<: of enforcement employed in such incidents (i.e., summary dismissal cases, reportingtheft to the campus police, and reportingtheft to higher authorities, etc.). "A Comparison of Serial Killers and Traditional Killers,"SUSANNAH CORNETf, Universityof Louisville No abstract available. PANEL 043 INNOVATIONS IN PROBATION SUPERVISION "Implementation of the New Federal SentencingAct: A Federal Probation Officer's Experience," FRANKLIN MARSHALL No abstract available. "Intensive Supervisionand the Alcoholic Offender: An Examination of Treatment and Outcome," DINA CHIRICHELIA and EDWARD lATESSA, Universityof Cincinnati No abstract available. 111 "Evaluating the Impact of Intensive ProbationSupetvision Programs: Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice,"JAMES BYRNE, Universityof Lowell and DONALD COCHRAN and RONALD CO��ETT In the past year, the results of 3 major evaluations of intensive probation supervision (IPS) were released by the National Institute of Justice, highlighting 3 very different programmodels (GA, NJ, and MA). In this paper the authors highlight the similarities and differences in these 3 programs, focusingon such issues as (1) target population, (2) key program features, (3) level of implementation, and (4) outcomes/measures of success. The implications of this review for research, policyand practice are highlighted, focusirg specifically on the continued expansion of intermediate sanctions in adult corrections. "An Evaluation of the Probation Development Project," TODD CLFAR, CAROL SHAPIRO, SUZANNE FLYNN, and ELLEN CHAYET, Rutgers University In 1985, the Edna McConneii-Oark Foundation funded the Probation Development Project to supervise "high risk offenders" in the community. This paper is an evaluation of that project. PANEL 044 WORKSHOP: D:ITECTING DECEPTION IN mE WITNESS, VICTIM, OR DEFENDANT: A MODEL AND MEmOD Thepurpose of this workshop is to provide an original modelfor analyzing date obtained from a given witness,victim, or defendant, in order to assessthe date obtained from a givenwitness, victim, or defendant, in order to assessthe degreeof distortion,deception, or malingering that may be present. The remainder of the workshop will then be devoted to an intensive overviewof? separate methodsfrom different disciplines which have been utilized in order to detect such distortion and deception and to verify truthful statements. PANEL 045 HISI'ORICALAND COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES "Politics and Prison Development: A Case Study," STEVE GIBBONS, Western Oregon State College and GREG PIERCE, Blue Mountain Community College In 1985, Eastern Oregon Correctional Institution opened in Pendleton, the first correctional institution in the state outside of the Salem capitol area. The institution openedin responseto the overcrowding of Oregon's correctionalinstitutions for men and came at the expense of EasternOregon State Hospital,which had served the mental health needs of eastern Oregon since 1907. This paper examines the history of this conversion, howit came about and why, with particular emphasis on the political and economic implications of prison development. "British Institutional ProbationServices: A Descriptive Study," MIKE CARLIE, Southwest Missouri State University British correctional institutions provide probationservices to inmates while they are incarcerated. The concept of throughcare, involvingprobation services in the community as well as in the prison, has been in operationsince 1966. Theauthor has toured20% of Her Majesty's prisons, interviewed probationofficers in prisons as well as their inmate clientele and, in this paper, describes the services provided by the institutional probation officer, the nature of the relationship between community and institutional probation set vices, and inmate reaction to services provided. Shared working, the concept of prison guards and probation officers offering duplicate services, is also reviewed. "A Comparison of Correctional Systems: California and Brazil,"Rlml MASTERs, MAXFUfRELL, and CLIFF ROBERSON, California State University-Fresno This paper is a comparative analysis of correctionalprograms in California and Brazil. The analysis includes the living conditions, educational opportunities and vocational training programs. In addition, the paperwill include a comparison of the goals and attitudes of the correctional management personnelof the 2 systems. The authors were surprised at the similari':ies of problems in the 2 systems. PANEL 046 CORRECTIONAL PHIWSOPHYAND PROGRAMS "Evaluating the Impact of Intensive Incarceration in Louisiana," DORIS MACKENZIE, LARRY GOULD, LISA RIECHERs, Louisiana State University The shockincarceration program in Louisiana (IMPACI) is an alternative punishment in which offenders are incarcerated for a short periodof time in a military style programwhich emphasizes individual:�nsibility and discipline. Followingtheir releasefrom incarceration, the IMPACfinmates are placed under intensive parole supervision. The Louisiana State University is currentlyconducting an evaluation of the IMPACf program. Thepaper will discuss the research design and the preliminaryresearch comparing the IMPACf inmates with matched groups of offenders (incarcerated, probationers, parolees) given other types of sentences. "A Sociological Assessment of Post-scared Straight DelinquencyPrevention Programs," ROBERT KELLER, University of Southern Colorado Various delinquency preventionprograms th at have been modeled after the controversial ScaredStraight program at Rahway State Prison N J are examined in terms of their goals,counseling techniques, progra m outcomes, and their ideologicalcontent and implications. A dialectical view of such programsis offered which contends that they are replete with fundamental contradictions, reactionary implications, and internal fallacies. The author's previously published study of Colorado's delinquency prevention program, "Shape-Up" is examined in relation to other studies of similar programs. "Reinforcement: Facilitator or Victimizer of Rehabilitation?" JACK HIRES and MICHAEL McCUDDY, Valparaiso University The criminal justice system servesa varietyof purposes including punishment, retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation. Some of these purposes may be difficult, perhaps even impossible, toachieve because of the natureof the criminaljustice system. It is argued that effective rehabilitation is difficult to achieve in the current criminal justice system because the long-range reinforcement necessary to achieve rehabilitation is not sufficiently powerful to overcome the reinforcement which criminals receive from continuing exposufl: to deviant/defiant behavior while incarcerated. "Correctional Treatment: Values in Transition," SHEIA VAN NESS, Indiana State University Historically tracing the philosophyand deliverysystems of correctional treatment to the present day, this paper examines the underlying logic and value base of correctional treatment. The current contfl:wersy over retribution versus rehabilitation is examined historically, to clarify issues and define theoretical and public policyimplications of these approaches in terms of the future of corrections in North America. 112 "Towards the Recriminalization of Crimes While Under the Influence," WILLIAM McCOWN, Tulane UniversityMedical Center The Englishcommon law tradition, various state laws, and the "medical model" of substance abuse have all provided for the diminished capacity plea for crimes committed while under influence of drugsor alcohol. This paperargues that recentadvances in the sociologyand J>SY':hologyof substance abuse, generally unknown to criminologists, suggest a more volitional component to "under the influence" crimes than previously realized. \fandatory sentencing for repeat offenders is discussed. Data is presented that treatment providers for these offenders in medical rehabilitation settings are in �:eneral agreement with the need for increased and mandatory penalties for individuals who commit crimes under the influence of abused substances. PANEL 047 DECISION MAKING IN mE JUVENILE SYSTEM "Orientations Toward JusticeAmongJuvenile Justice Decisionmakers: ExploratoryNotes from a Statewide Survey," \fARGARET FARNWOR111,State University of New York at Albany; CHARLES FRAZIER, University of Florida; and ANITA NEUBERGER, Indiana Univers.tyof Pennsylvania The authors propose that the orientations of juvenile justice decisionmakersare crucial for determining the nature ol' juvenile justice as a legalistic or rehabilitative process. In this regard, the study of complex organizations suggests that self-definition and the assignment of responsibilities associated with system-defined roles are likely to differentiate attitudes among juvenile justice personnel. This study examines the responses of m practitioners in the Florida juvenile justice system, to identifydeterminants of different orientations toward juvenile justice. Analysis results indicate that assignment to structurally-defined roles in juvenile justice affects respondents commitment to either a legalistic or rehabilitative model for juveniles, but this effect is modified to some extent by one's educational history. "The Impact of Standards on the Role of Detention in Juvenile Probation," MARCELIA SZUMANSKI, Shippensburg University On May 20, 1982,a federal class action suit challengingthe constitutionality of secure detention practicesas applied to. uveniles was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Thecase, Coleman v. Stanziani, wassettled by Consent Decreein 1986. f'or the firsttime in the history of Pennsylvania's juvenile courts, all judges and probation officers were required to apply uniform standards when using secure dete 1tion for juveniles. "Youth Gangs and Police Organizations: Re-thinking Structure and Functions," RONALD HUFF, Ohio State University Many cities in the United States are experiencinga resurgence of activities by youth gangs,raising once again questions C•)ncerningstrategiesof prevention and control. Urbanpolice departments are centrallypositionedto respond,both proactively andreactively, to this problem, but are often impededby the organizational structures. This paper presents the results of a major study of youth gangs, focusing on the issue of how urban police dep.:trtments might re-think their organizational arrangementsin addressingthe 4 major functions of law enforcement with respect to youth gangs: prevention,enfor cement, intelligence, and follow-up investigation. "Family System Correlates of Delinquency," JOHN McGAHA, Southeast Missouri State University This study investigates family system correlates of juveniles who have been involved with the juvenile justice system. Familyvariables such as stress, parent-child communication, cohesion, adaptability and parent-child conflict will be compared to non-juvenile court families. PANEL 048 STATE AND LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES: PROBLEMS, POLICIES,AND CONCERNS "State Police Vehicular Pursuit Policies: A Critique and Analysis," FRANKSCHUBERT, Northeastern University State police agencies are heavily involved in patrolling ournation's highways and arefreq uently involvedin high speed , vehicular pursuits. The author has collected state police directives which establish agency policy regardingvehicular pursuits. He has compared and evaluated these directives in terms of their content and their comprehensiveness. Recommendations for police vehicular pursuit directives are proposed. "Implications of U S Border and Immigration Incidents for State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies," THOMAS FOSTER, Ohio State University This paper incorporates several recent case studies of USborder and immigration law violations and develops some of the implications of such violations for state and local law enforcement agencies. Case discussed include the "Juarez incident", which involvedthe accidental importation of large quantities of radioactive steel from Mexico; the "Starr County incident", in which Mexicanpolice providedarmed protection for drug traffickersentering Texas, and the "federal agenciesfiasco", in which governmental bickering and vacillation have contributed to the ineffective control of border airspace. PANEL 049 TO LIVEAND DIE IN mE USA "Death Penalty, A Con Approach," VICTOR STREIB, Oeveland State University No abstract available. "Multi-national Perspectives on the Abolition of Capital Punishment," FRANKZIMRING, University of Califomi�1-Berkeley No abstract available. "Death Penalty Focus, Organized Opposition,"GEORGE RUSH, California State University, Long Beach No abstract available. "Capital Sentencing in Kentucky: A Multivariate Analysis,"GENNARO VITO and mOMAS KEIL, University of Louisville Thispaper presents an analysis of the factors associatedwith the capital sentencingdecision in Kentucky. All personsin dicted for murder, convicted and sentenced to prison during January 1, 1977-0ctober 1, 1986were included in the analysis. It was determined that blacks with a white victim were significantly more likely to draw the attention of prosecutors seeking the death penalty. 113 "Selecting Juveniles for Death: The Kentu:ky Experience," GENNARO VITO, University of Louisville This paper presents data from a study of Clpital sentencing in Kentucky in the post-Gregg era. Specific attention is given to a subsample of offenderswho were juveniles at the time of the offense. The p::>licy implications of the findings are considered with regard to Kentucky's new juvenile justice code. PANEL OSO LAWAND TilE MENTALLY ILL "Collateral Consequences ofOfficialLabels:AComparison ofLegal Rights Lost byFelonsand Ex-mentalPatients," VELMERBURTONJR, UniversityofCincinnati While labeling theorists have focused on ne informal stigma suffered by officiallydesignated deviants, research has been less extensive on the formal legal rights lost upon state labeling. In this light, this study presentsa surveyof state statuteswhich focused on the legal rights lost by felons upon criminal conviction and by mental patients upon civil confinement. Five areas of rights are examined: voting privileges, holding public office, jury duty, parenting, and divorce. The study examines how criminal conviction and civil •:onfinement differentially affect the loss oflegal rights and assesses how lossof rights varies across geographicalregion. "Guilty but Mentally Ill and the Jury Trial • A Case Study," JOHN KLOFAS, Illinois State Universityand JANETTE YANDRASITS, Universityof Akron The passage of statutes permittinga finding of guilty but mentally ill (GBMI) has been a popular, albeit controversial reform of the insanity defense. These laws permit a defendant to be found guilty whik still recognizing some degree of mental illness. This research uses case study methods to examine the influence of the new verdict option on a murder trial in whkh the insanitydefense was raised and a jury returned a verdict of GBMI. Theeffects of the verdict were examined from voir dire through deliberation. The traditional adversarial process in contested insanitycases was significantlyaffected by the new verdict option. "Restricting Civil Commitment to Dangercus Mentally Ill Persons:The Impact of the Useof Drugsand Restraint," MICHAEL LEIBER,DEBORAH CHARD, and MAHESH NALLA, State Universityof New York at Albany In 1972,a federal court ruled, forthe most part, that Wisconsin'scivil commitment law was unconstitutional in that it lacked procedural and substantive safeguards. In responseto this decision, Wisconsin adopted a new civil commitment law which emphasized due process protections. The major thrust of the law was to respect personal freedom and restrict involuntarycivil confinementto dangerous mentally ill individuals. Thepurpose ofthis research is to examine the impact thesechanges in the philosophy and procedures of civil commitment has had on: (1) the administration and type(s) of drugs given to dangerous mentally ill persons, and (2) the use of seclusion and physical restraint. "Victimless Crime: The Third Part of the \{ala Prohibita/Mala in se Dichotomy," CALLEN PIERCE, Youngstown State University Thispaper presents a taxonomy of crime wbich is taken fromthe classic male in se mala prohibita classification. Included in the discussionis the utility of recognizing those crimes requiring mens rea (mala in se) and those not (convenience norms), as well as recognizing thosewhich are victimless (consensual). Two additional categories are also a partof the presentedtaxonomy: non-violent politicaland violent political. Therational and utility of these categories are also discussed. Finally, it is argued that the utility of this taxonomy is not onlyvaluable as a philosophicaldiscussion for the scholaror student oflaw and criminal justice but also of utilitarian value to the criminal justice practitioner. PAl' EL 051 CONCEPTS OF FAIRNESS: VICTIM'S RIGHTS AND ASSISTANCE ''The Meaning of Fairness to Victims: A Values Perspective," MARK UMBREIT, Minnesota Citizen's Council on Crime and Justice The concept of fairnessis central to the larger construct of justice. Theliterature addressing the issueof fairnessas experiencedby victimswithin the criminal justice system providesan essentiallydeductive perspective. Whileoff ering a conceptual framework, this deductive perspectiveand definition of fairnessneeds to be balanced and "fleshed out" with a more inductive perspectivegrounded in the experience of crime victims. The central task of this research project is that of sensitizing the concept of fairnessas experienced by victims of burglarywithin the context of their having been referred to a victim offender mediation program. "An Analysisof Victim Assistance Modeh,"JOYCELYN POLLOCK-BYRNE, Universityof Houston-Downtown Victim assistanceprograms have taken &e\leral forms in recent years, including those which can be found in police departments, thosewhich are administered by district attorney's offices, and those which are operatedby private agencies. This paper looks at 4 different modelsof victim assistance, each in a different city, and compares these programs on a number of indices, including administration,staffing, budgeting, response mode and goals. Some observationsrelated to developing a model ofvictim assistance arederived fmm this comparison. "Victim Assistance Programs: An Assessment," MARY EGNER, Michigan State University Victim/witnessassistance programs have b-�en established to offer support to victimsand witnessesthrough various stages of the criminal justice process. The focus of this paper willspecifica lly examine programsimplemented to assistvictims penetratingthe criminal justice system. Thispaper provides a review of the literature pertainingto victim/witness assistance pro�;rams in which the distinction between victim, victim-witness,and witnesshas been made. Theconclusions offered indicate the needs of many victims remain unidentified or unmet as many victims go no further in the criminal justice system beyond the initial police response. ''The Rise and Decline of the Victims' Ri�.hts Movement in Alabama," BRENT SMITH, University of Alabama at Birmingham Thevictims' rights movementflourished in Alabama during the early 1980s. Credited with the passage of several importantpieces of victim legislationthe movement drewnational attention. However,within the past2 years the''victims of crime and leniency'' have losttheir place of prominence in Alabama. Thiscase study chronicles the origin and decline of the movement, the characteristics and attitudes of those who shaped the movement, and suggests reasons for its demise. PANEL 052 CRITICAL ISSUES OF CONTEMPORARY POUCING "DrugTesting in Police Agencies: Legal ll;sues," GAYLE CARPER, Western Illinois University The paper will discussrecent court cases iJtvolving drug testingand will present variousviews of the justifications advanced for drugtesting. 114 "Drug Testing of Law Enforcement Officers and the FourthAmendment," ALTON SlANE, MuhlenbergCollege Thispaper examines the extent to which public safetypersonnel have a reasonable expectation of privacywithin the context of their work. In short, does random drug testing, an administrative search and seizure of an investigative nature, escape the traditionalprobable cause :md search warrant requirements? Are there "special needs" that make the probablecause requirement impracticable? Of particular focus will be O'Connor et !!l vs Ortega,where the U S SupremeCourt in March 1987 held 5/4 that warrantlessgove rnmentsearches to investigate allege violations of public employerworkpla<·erules do not violatethe FourthAmendment. "AIDS and the Police: Exploring Some Critical Issues," MARKBLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University Thispaper examines a number of critical concernsthat confront law enforcement agencies as a result of the AIDS epidemic. Included in the discussionare answers to such key questions as: What are the risks to the public from an infected policeofficer? What action should policeagencies take if a policeofficer becomes infected with HIV or develops AIDS? What risks of infection do officers face as a result of their law enforcement responsibilities? What is the police role likely to be with regard to the enforcement of laws enacted to slow the spreadof this disease, etc. PANEL 053 POLICE ARRESTS: INFLUENCES AND RESULTS "Community Correlates of Police Agency Arrest Policies," ROBERT lANGWORTHY, Universityof Cincinnati During the 1960'sJ Q Wilson suggestedthat we could understandthe behavior of policeorganization by reference to the politicalculture of the community served by that policedepartment. More recently, Smith has expanded the list of community variable useful in explaining the behaviorof police organizations to include a number of parameters of community social structure. This paperbuilds upon this literature by examining agency arrest policies as they are a product of social inequality, heterogeneity, and political culture. "Initial Charges Filed by the Police Officer as a Function of Suspect's Raceor Sex," WAYMAN MULLINS, SouthwestTexas State University In the social sciences, much has been written concerning discrimination in the criminal justice system. One area wh 1Ch has not been researched is discrimination by the police officer in filing the initial charges upon a suspect's arrest. This research investigated that issue, lookirga t the suspect'srace or sex. Police officers were given actual arrest reports and asked to assign the criminal charge. The only variance in arrest reportswas SUSJ=ect'srace or sex. As expected,police officers did discriminate based on the suspect's race or sex. The results are discussed in terms of implications on processing through the criminal justice system. "Factors in the Arrest of Child Abusers," C AARON McNEECE, Florida State University Approximately18, 000case records were reviewed between 1978 and 1987 in order to determine the best predictorsof c1rrestin cases of suspectedchild abuse. These were computerized records maintained by the Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services. Evidenceindicates that factors associated with arrestare: 1) abuse by a non-parent, 2) race, 3) sexual (rather than physical) abuse, and 4) abuse related to the use of alcohol or illegal drugs. "TheFate of No-ID Arrests in the Illinois Criminal Justice System: An Exploration in the Policy and Practice of Gun Control," DAVID BORDUA, Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Champaign No-ID arrests for violating the Illinois Firearm OwnersIdentification Card Jaw were followed through the charging and adjudication stages. A questionnaire to state's attorneys producedusable returns from 60 counties. In addition, 434 actual cases were followed through adjudication and sentencing in 4 counties. Findings are reportedon the use of the No-IDcharges by state'sattorneys,on plea bargaining policy,and on sentencing severity and related matters. Thequestionnair e findings are reinforced by analysis of the actual cases. Conclusions about low useof the No-ID chargesis combined with speculati,)nabout problemsof "gun control"generally. PANEL 054 STUDENT PANEL: CORREcriONAL ISSUES "Telemonitoring as an Effective Means of Surveillance,"JOSEPH ASBROCK,University of Cincinnati Cantelemonitoring be an effective alternative means to control the actions and activities of society'sconv icted criminals'' Beforethe issueof ''watching" our criminals is explored, the logistics of such activities must be addressed. What are the constitutional constraints and legal ramificationsof electronicsurveillance? Where did the idea originate and how has the idea taken hold? Why is this currently a controversial issue? "Inmates and Treatment: Con Game or Reality," FAITH LUfZE, Pennsylvania State University A fa ilure to trust inmates and their motives for entering treatment has dominated the literature. While much of the literature appearsto take for grantedthe notion that a majority of inmates enter treatment only to "con" the paroleboard into early release,few if any, studies have actually substantiated this belief. In an attempt to addressthe issuesconce rninginmates' motivations to enter treatment programs, information has been collected 01 adult male inmates from 3 perspectives: 1) an in-depth interviewwhich includes inmate attitudes toward treatment within 30days of entering the institution, 2) a follow-upsurvey of inmate attitudes between 4-10 months of their intake date, and 3) attitudinal differences between those housed in a minimum security camp. "Prison Overcrowding: Policy Alternatives," KEITH HAYNES, BILL FINGER,JA CK BETfS,and ELIZABETHU�I.AND, North CarolinaCentral University Within the last decade, America has experienced an increase in crime rates. Consequently, some states have been severelyconfr onted with the problem of prison overcrowding. Asa result, there has been a renewed emphasis placed on the prisoner'srights. Severalpenal systems are confronted with lawsuitsand the intenrention of federal courts in operating the correctional facilities. The intent of this paperis to examine policyalternati ves de�igned to eliminate overcrowded prisons. "The Advantages and Disadvantagesof Confining Juveniles in Adult Jails and Lockups,"KYLE FOLSOM, Universityof Nebraska at Omaha Thispaper will lookat the present policiesused by states in their detaining of juveniles, the different advantages and diMdvantages occurringfrom housing juveniles in adult jails and lockups,and new proposals being presented for the removalof juvenile from adult lockups. If thesenc:w proposals acceptedare as new legislation, what will be the implications for the criminal justice system? In addition, results of severalinte rviewswith individualsin the criminaljustice field will bepresented. 115 PANEL 055 WORKSHOP: DEVELOPING lAW ENFORCEMENT F1REARMS INSTRUCfORS The law enforcement officer must include among his range of professional skills the ability to defend himself and the public. This ability depends, in part, on marksmanship skills impartedby a competent firearms instructor. The convener will outline a rational program to develop a law enforcement firearms instructor from selection of the presentational skills, methodsof presenting thosesubjects peculiar to shooting, range management, application of coaching techniques and record keeping. JtANEL 056 CORRECTIONS: ISSUES IN TRAINING AND EDUCATION "Investigating DisciplinaryEv ents: Liability and the Need for Training," H TODD LOCKLEAR and MElANIE LOCKLEAR, Georgia State University An overview of the legal historyof prison discipline will be presented. A discussion of potential liability issues involved will be conducted as well as the need for training in the investigative and procedural process. A review of the pilot training programfor co rrectional officer investigatorsin Georgiawill illustrate the areas in need of consideration and identifysolutions to existing training programs. ''Training the Correctional Staff on AIDS: What Policy Issues Need to be Addressed," STEPHAN KAFTAN, Minot State University This paperdi scussesthe need for correcticnal staff to undergo comprehensive training and education previousto or coincidental with dissemination of a formal, up-to-date written policyand procedure on managingHlLV -III, ARC and AIDS infected inmates. This paperwill specify training topics for staff to ensure that correctional officers perform their duties effectively and without unnecessaryfear. In jurisdictions deficient in training and education programs, training is crucial to resolving unfound fears that staff have. "Needed for Teachers: Attitude and Cultt�ralAwar eness," LEE ROY BlACK, California State University Teachers in correctional education are usually unable to put aside their attitudes about successand failure when they attempt to teach minority youth from large urban areas. Further, this problem is comp:>Undedby their unawareness of the impact of cultural differences between the teacher and student; This paperwill focus of these 2 basic problems and will provide :;orne insights to teachersand otherson how to avoid these conditions and allow teachers to become chief motivators of students and enable them to have successful careers. "Character and Corrections," A J STUART JR,National Character Laboratory The latest information on character theory from the National Character Laboratorywill be presented, with emphasis on how the theory is related to crime. This will include a definition of character, information on how character forms, and the causes of crime related character defects. Successfulmethods of using character theoryin corrections will be presented. T1esewill feature character-theorybased systemswhich have been used successfully in jails and prisons. PANEL 057 THE DEATH PENALTY "Bloodbath and Brutalization: Public Opi11ion and the Death Penalty," DONALD WALlACE, Central Missouri State University Predictions have been made repeatedlythat the exhaustion of the legal remedies for many death row inmates is imminent and that the pace of executions within this countrywill quicken substantially. What is presented is the specterof a national bloodbathon death row that opponentsof the death penaltyargue will in the end call for a halt to executions. "A New Proposal to Ameliorate the Inequities of the Death Penalty," JEFFERSON INGRAM and MICHAEL PAYNE, University of Dayton, and DARREL DeGRAW,American Technological University This papersurveys typical patterns leadin�; to the eventual infliction of the death penalty, including retrials, legal appeals, and pleas for executive clemency. The significantdelays which exist within the criminal justice system create a reduced certainty thatcapital punishment will be inflicted in a case where it appearslegally justified. A new court, subordinate to the tr nited States Supreme Court, is necessaryto review capitalcases to expediteeither a retrial or the infliction of the original capital sentence. "Murder and Capital Punishment: A National, Monthly Time SeriesAnalysis," WILLIAM BAILEY, Cleveland State University and RUTH PETERSON, Ohio State University No abstract available. "Changing Death Penalty Opinions: The Influence of Different Stimuli," ROBERT BOHM, Jacksonville State University This study presents the results of a modification to the experimental designemployed by Bohmand Aveni (1985). In this study, in addition to 'regular classroom knowledge,' students were exposed to 5 guest speakers with differing experiencesand opinions about capital punishment. Results indicate that, after exposure to the speakersand to the 'regular classroomin struction and discussion,'only a majority of blacks opposed the death penalty. Since the vase majority of the American public is white, results of this study suggest that a majority of the American public, if informed about the death penalty and its effects, may not opposethe death penaltyfor some people convictedof first·degree murder. PANEL 058 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND POPUlAR CULTURE "Criminal Justice and Popular Culture: Scme Preliminary Notes," GRAEME NEWMAN, State Universityof New York at Albany This paperwill examine the way in which <·ertain aspectsof criminal justice have been portrayed in popularculture. The 'drama' of comic strips will be analyzed in respect to the image of the criminal, th<: role of the law enforcement and other aspectsof the criminal justice process. An attempt will be made to outline an elementarytheory of popularjustice and to point out the significanceof the pursuingresearch on criminal justice and popularculture. 116 "Back to the Future: TheBlack Inmate Subculture Revisited," MARIANNE FISHER-GIORLANDO, Grambling State University Evidencesuggests that there existeda separateblack inmate subculture in southern prisonsof the United States as early as the tum oft he century. Using the structure, function and content of the work-song which black inmates brought from slave plantations into the prisons, this paper paints a picture of the information social organization of black convicts. "From Poe to Chandler: Black Characters in Crime and Detective Fiction," FRANKIE BAILEY, Kentucky State University Thispaper is a sociohistoricalexamination of black charactersin crimeand detectivefiction by black and white authon;. It traces the appearanceof black characters in the genrefrom "Jupiter", the loyal, bumbling, superstitiousservant in EdgarAllan Poe's taleof ratiocination,''The Gold Bug" (1843) to the assortedblacks who walk'the mean streets' in Raymond Chandler's 20th century hard-boiled detectivefiction. Thedata on blacks and the criminal justice system during the period and 'real-life stereotypes will be compared and contrasted with the information about and images of blacks presented in this form of popular culture. "The Southern Violence Construct: A Skeleton in the Criminological Ooset,"F FREDERICK HAWLEY, Louisiana State University-Shreveport Thepopular and elite characterization of the Southas a peculiarlyviolent region is a product ofhistorical and ideologi(aJfactors. Anexamination of literature from the social sciences reveals the reifying roleof academe although much evidence casts doubt on the viabilityof the SouthernViolence Construct (SVC). Through the medium of Ia levenda negra,criminologists confrontthe hegemonistic function of 'black legend-making' and are encouraged to realize avalue-free examination of the national problem ofviolence by distinguishing between unwitting personal/politicalideology and self-consciousmmmitment to the highest canons of research and theorybuilding. PANEL 059 STUDENTPA NEL: SEXUAL ABUSE, SPOUSE ABUSE AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE "Must the Circle Stay Unbroken? Oinical Observations as Research Data on the Victimization of the Sexually Ab\l;ed Female," TULA STA RCK, Universityof Nevada at LasVegas In recent years the attention devoted to child sexualabuse has increasedat a tremendous rate. Of special concern is how such abuse effects young girlslater in adult life. This paperis based upon research data obtained from clinical practice and is associatedwith such other research by professionalsin the field of sexual abuse. "The Battered Woman Who Kills," LISADiPLACIDO, Mercyhurst College In the past decade spo\lSCab\lSC and child abusehave come out of the closet and into the limelight. Asthe problem continues to emerge, new angles are constantly coming to light to further complicate the issue. One such emergence is the phenomena of the battered woman who :;trikes back-the abusedwoman who kiHs. It is the intent of this author to furtherexplore and attempt to explain this cycle through a reviewof the literature that exists. "System Responsiveness to Domestic Violence," THOMASA EVANS, Universityof Alabama at Tuscaloosa Theresponse of various agencies to domestic violence has been varied. Therehas been a greatdeal of attention foc\lSCdc n domestic violence in recent years;however, mostagency studies have focusedon the police. This paper examines the practiceof a wide range of agencies including the police, the prosecutor'soffice, the courts, welfare agencies, and shelters. From this, a comprehensiveview of system response is developed. "Victimized in the Courts," BRIAN PAYNE, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania Rape is a sexual assault crime which involvesan offender and a victim. This paperfocuses on the problems that the rapevictim may encounter in the court system. The overridingbelief in the American justice system of innocence until provenguilty will be analyzed to showthat this belief has the ironiceffect of harming the victim. Attitudes of judges, jurors, and attorneys concerningrape victimswill be analyzed. PA NEL 060 THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT "Justice as Responsiveness,"HAROLD PEPINSKY, Indiana University Thispaper builds on a theoryof 'violenceas unresponsiveness' to be published in Justice Quarterly in 1988. As'unresponsiveness' is the wrong which alarms people about crime and other forms of injustice, so 'responsiveness' is proposed as the element of interaction which makes behavior appear just to parties concerned. ''Technical and Legal Reasoning: Habermas' 'Technology and Science as Ideology' Revisited," CHARLES FIELDS: and ARTHURFELTS, Appalachian State University This paperexplores the issueof ideologyand the attempted link with the emergence of modem scienceand technologyas forces for the legitimationof the modem state. It examines selected evidence that supports the idea of a shift. ''Theories of Punishment: Oassical and Modem," HELEN MOLANPHY, Richland College Theauthor presents classical and modem viewsof punishment. The paper will examine the nature and purpose of punishment in the ancient world. A discussion ofthe ideas of punishment as they emerged in the modemperiod through such figuresas JeremyBentham and Charles Dkkens will be presented. Thepaper concludes with an overviewof howthese earlywritings are reflected in present day thinking on punishment. PANEL 061 COURTSAND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM "Conflict Resolution: A Multi-level Model for Intervention," MICHAEL WELCH, St John's University The author claims that, although theredoes exist structural diffe rences among conflict situations, the basic interventbn to all social conflict is microsociological in nature. In a systematic review of a variety of resolution case studies, the author reveals support for this claim. 117 "LayJudges in Capitalist and Socialist Crir!linal Courts,"NANCY WOLFE,University of South Carolina Specificcomparisons are made of the ratiortales underlyingthe involvement of lay persons, the legally-stated mission of law judges, differences in structures of lay judge courts, how the legal powers of the lay judges differ, the degree to which the selection process is democratic, schooling for newly-chosen law judges, responsibilities of lay judges prior to trial and post-trial, access to case records during trial, questioning in court by lay judges, participation during deliberation, influence of the lay judge on the court decision, etc. "Hawaii's Judiciary Scandal: Indications of a Need for Political Development," AGNES BARO, Hawaii Department of Corrections During 1985and 1986,a series of investigations into the administration of Hawaii's state judiciary revealed violations of law and administrative rule. The modest institutional reforms subsequently enacted constituted a typical response to government scandal. This study questions the value of this response. PANEL 062 PROBATION SUPERVISION: RELEVANCE AND REVOCATION 'The Presentence Probation Report: No L)nger Relevant?" JOHN ROSECRANCE, University of Nevada, Reno The presentence investigation,hailed in S011'le circles as an invaluable tool tosentencing, in actual practice serves to maintain the myth of individualizedjustice while not disturbingjudicial considerations of oftense and prior criminal record. Using an ethnographic perspective, the author demonstrates howprobation officers accomplish this. "Employment in Probation: The Image and the Reality," JOHN WHTI'EHF.AD, East Tennessee State University This paper compares the image of probation employment versus the reality. Textbooks and criminal justice degree program brochures mention the opportunities for employment in probation. Those textbook and program brochure descriptions of the job are compared and contrasted to the empirical research findings on measures of officerjob satisfaction, role conflict, and burnout to determine if the descriptions are accurate. "Evaluatingthe Adult Probation and ParoleRevocation Process in Florida," JUDY NORMAN,lANA ARNOLD, and KIMBERLY BUDNICK,Florida Department of Corrections The Florida Department of Corrections, th rough the guidance and funding of the National Institute of Corrections, has completed a comprehensive study of the probation and parole revocation process throughout Florida. Thestudy centers upon attitudes and practices of probation officers as well as an evaluation of present probation practices. The importance of this study and its conclusions are paramount to establishing an appropriate knowledge base of the revocation process. "Potential Civil Liability of Parole Personn•:l for Decisions Related to the Release, Supervision and Revocation of Parolees,"PAUL WUIS and ROlANDO del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University Victims and relatives of victims of crimes ccmmitted by paroleesare increasingly filing Section 1983and state tort civil lawsuits against parole boardsand officers for decisions such parole personnel have naade concerning the release and/or supervision of parolees. There is the possibility that parolees themselves, facing revocation, will challenge such decisions through Section 1983 lawsuits seeking damages, in addition to existing due process and procedural challenges. PANE:L 063 TERRORISM: HISI'ORICALAND COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES "Born in Blood: The Short and Violent History of the Irish National Liberation Army," PAUL ClARE, State University of New York at Plattsburgh Founded in 1974 by defectors from the Of5cial IRA, the INI.A has proven to be the most ill-disciplined and violent of all of Northern Ireland's paramilitary organizations. This paperexamines the growthand developmentof the extreme left-wing revolution organization and its eventual near self-destruction as a result of fierce internal warfare, corruption, and informers. "Political Offense Exception in United States Extradition Law: Issues and Applications," ClARK RODGERS, KentuckyWesleyan College In recent years 3 members of the Provisiomll Wing of the Irish Republican Army have successfully fought extradition to the United Kingdom on the basis of the political nature of their offenses. Thispaper will explore the historyand the useof the political offense exception in United States extradition law and its' application in the cases of the Irish terrorists. "A Comparative Study of Anti-terrorist Laws," WILLIAM NELSON, James Madison University Democratic societies foundhave it necessary to make changes in their legalsystems which traditionallyemphasize human rightsin order to deal effectivelywith the special legal problemspresented by politicalterro rists. Thispaper presents a comparative analysisof the anti-terroristlegislation that has been adopted by European nations. "Profiling the New Terrorism: An Historical and Comparative Study," JOHN KEENAN, University of Wisconsin An examination of unfolding world events as discussedby the popular pressas well as the scholarly communityseems to indicate that the problem of international violence and terrorism continues to be a disturbingphenomenon. Themajor purpose of this paper is exploreto this question from an historical and comparative perspective in hopes of gaining a better understanding of the problem. PANEL 064 FEMINIST ISSUES IN VICTIMIZATION "fhe Feminist Pornography Debate," RON.UJ> BERGER, PATRICIA SEARLES, and CHARLES C<>TILE, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater Neither contemporaryconservatives nor civil libertarians have advanced new ideas in the recent debate on pornography. What is new are the opposing feminist analyses and politicsregarding the problem of sexual violenceand the natureof sexuality, fantasy, and representation. The authorscritically evaluate the theoretical arguments and political strategies associated with these positions, and broaden the debate by considering the implications of liberal, Marxist, and socialist feminist perspectives. 118 "Scottsboro: A Re-interpretation,"JULIA DALlAS,American Associ ation of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists In the 1930's,the Scottsborocase became a causecelebre in the USand Europe,introducing a newstandard into the cc•mplexinterplay of race, sex,and crime. What is 'justice' in a rapecase? Thispaper will re-examineScottsboro: A Tragedyof the American Southby Dan Carter (1969)from a 1980's feministperspective. "Characteristics of Spousal Homicides: A Comparison to Wolfgang," CHRISTINE RASCHE, Universityof North Florida Thispaper reports on the characteristicsof all spousal homicideswhich occurredin a southern city from 1980to 1986. Thefe aturesof the fatal incidents, the known demographic factorsof each of the centralparticipants (vict im, offender), and the prosecutorialoutcomes areamong the items comparedto the samedata presented in Wolfgang's classic 1948 study of husband-wife homicides and to other similar cases. PANEL 065 NEW DIRECflONS IN CRIMINAL JUS11CE "Water-based Crime: A New Direction in Aquatic-crime Research,"DAE CHANG, Wichita State University Data on water-based crime (commonly knownas aquatic-crime research)was undertakenin an effort to explore the unknown environmental correlates of crime and fu rtherdetermine: (1) the natureand extent of criminalactivities on oceans and lakes, (2) the geographiclimits that law enforcement agencies perceiveas their legalauthority overthe bodyof water, (3)the opportunitiesfor commissionof crimes as perceivedby criminals alreadyconvicted of water-crimes,and (4) the nature and extent of the lossas perceived by the victims of water crimes. 'TheRole of Political Pressures in Developing SentencingGuidelines for DrugOffe nses: The CaseStudy of the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing,"JOHN KRAMER and JOHN McCWSKEY, Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing Advocatesof sentencingcommissions have argued that commissionersare insulated from 'politicalpressures' and can develop more rationaland consistent sentencing policy. This paperis a casestudy of the PennsylvaniaCommission on Sentencing'sreaction to political pressureto increasesentences fordrug trafficking. Thepaper summarizes the criticism of the existing guidelines, the proposed legislative solutions, and the judges' defense of their sentences. "Legal SeiVices in Transition: Paralegals in Criminal Justice," FRANCES COLES, California State University-San Bernardino This paperexplores the recent trendtoward usingparalegals in the criminal justice system. It is basedupon an intervi•:w studyconducted in fall 1987,with working paralegals and criminal justice legal service office personnel. San Bernardino county is the interviewarea. It explores the manner in which paralegals are being employed and the attitudes towards them by more established branchesof the legal profession. PANEL 066 WORKSHOP: CHILD MOLESTERS: A BEHAVIORALANALYSIS FOR I.A ENFORCEMENTW The author sets forth a modelfor law enforcementwhich divides child molesters into 2 broadcategories (situational ;tnd preferential)and 7 patternsof behavior. These categories are not designedfor use by mental health professionalsor clinicians. The purpose of this typologyis t•) recognize and evaluatehow child molesters engage in sexwith children in order to assist law enforcement to identify, arrest and convict them. PANEL067 CRIMINAL JUSTICEMANAG EMENT: ISSUES OF EFFICIENCY AND SUPPORT "Managing Fraud: A Study in Organizational Inefficiency," ROBERT TAYLOR, University of Texas-Tyler An analysis of the complexities involved in definingand identifyingthe crime of fraud highlights continued problem!. in criminal justice management and policy. Focusingon the managementof investigation, this paperexplores some of the problems associated with fraud, assuch sophisticated criminality, multiple jurisdiction involvement, non-trained investigators, usc of expertwitnesses, poor organizational design and management,and MISte of resources. "Determinantsof Police Allocations," RODNEY WITI, Bemidji State University Thisstudy developsa conceptual modelwhich identifiesvariables felt to influencethe level of allocationsfor municipal police departments,and specifiesthe ordering and exact nature of the relationships. Preliminary analysis indicates that the model accounts for a significant amount of variance between municipalities. PA NEL 068 WHITECOLLAR AND CORPORATE CRIME "FiningCorporations: Practices, Problems and Alternatives," KIP SCHLEGEL, Indiana University Themonetary finehas been a traditional means of regulating and punishing corporationsfor misconduct. By and large, fineshave been used as civilremedies but there has been an increasing usc of criminal fines recentlyin an effort to maximizecorporate crime control. Thispap:r traces the development of monetary fines in both the civil and criminal realms, discusses the theoretical and practicaldifficulties in imposingthem, and suggests wme alternative finingapproaches as means of overcoming some of those problems. "White CollarCrime in the News:An ExploratoryStudy of Shifts in Emphasesin Coverageof Politicaland CorporateElite Deviance," PETERWICKMAN, State University of New York-Potsdam This is an exploratorystudy of newspapercoverage of the predaciousbehavior of corporate and political elites during the 1980's. It is hypothesized that attention givento politicaldeviance, e.g., Watergate, Abscam,and the Iran-Contra affairby the media, has evoked greaterconcc:rn with corporatedeviance. Thisstudy will plot the intensity of coverage in 5 national and quasi-national papersto ascertain the shifting focuson these 2 types of elite deviance. "Increased Punishment of Physicians," PAUL JESIWW, University of California-Irvine It appears unarguable that the current proliferation of disciplinary actions taken by state medical licensing boardsis l'::lated to physicians'desires for tort reform with respect to malpractice. The crackdownon errantphysicians may also be related to a growing glut of practitioners and a push by the medical establishment to decreasethe numbersofborderline practitionersby reinstilling the professionalcode among the rankand file.This papen;ets forth the data that supportsthe assertion 119 that recentrises in disciplinaryacts are relatedto tortreform, as wellas the data that underlies the judgment that the supply and demand for physicians may also affect the quantity of correctiveactions taken against physicians. ''The Scandalization of America and Whitt� Collar Crime," DAVID SIMON, SanDiego State University Within the first6 months of 1987 the U S "'asshocked by news of four major scandals: Irangate, Wall Street insider trading, espionage by marines in Moscow, and the Bakker/IYILAffair. What do these episodesreveal about the natureofwhite-collarcrime in American society?Are there any relationships between these events? Do these eventstell us anything about the waywhite-collar crime is nowstudied and ought to be studied in the future? PANEL 070 CRil\fiNOLOGY IS LOSING APPEAL, WELCOME TO LOSSCONTROL: A NEW APPROACH "Whither Thou Goest Loss Control: Examination of the Embryogenesis, Birth and Post-emergence," JOHN NEE, Mercyhurst College There has been much ado about privatesecurity/l ossprev ention, or more properlylabeled losscontrol programs in higher education. This paperexplores first the historyof the movement andattempts to de:>eribethe evolution to where it is today. A parallel of similarities and essentialdifferences with the emergence of criminal justice studies is done. Through literaa tuft� searchand the interviewing of experts,and examination of who is administering and who is instructing such programs leads to information analyzed by the author. "Private SecurityYields to Loss Control," WILLIAM WILKINSON, Pan American University This paper looks at the evolvingnature of the private security field in order to determine how the concept of "loss control" is being used and will be used in the future. While law enforcement agencies ate experiencing little to no budgetarygrowth, the private security/loss control domain is experiencing vast increases in revenues and budgets, indicating that this field is trulyan industry, and a rapidly growingone. Explored are 4 areas of concern for the future: 1) the legal aspects of private securityfl osscontrol; 2) standards for private security/l oss controlpersonnel; 3) education and training for private security/loss control managers and administrators; 4) the effects of technolog,ron private security/losscontrol. "Certified Protection Officers:The Future-Collegeand Foundation Joint-Sponsorship," RON MINION, International Foundation for Protection Officers The kind of training that is needed by the private security industry is distance training education. The firstedition of Protection Officer Training Manual was the beginningof a training process that wasdesigned to be practical for line security personnel,both proprietaryand contract, regardless of their place of employment. PANEL 071 DELINQUENCY PREVENTION "Keeping Juveniles Out of Juvenile Hall: A Family Systems Intervention," INGER SAGATUN, San Jose State University Overcrowding in juvenile hall is a serious froblem. In California, many status offenders are admitted into juvenile hall as delinquents due to the lack of proper, unlocked facilities. Often, parents refuse to come to juvenile hall to pick up their children, and the children are maintained in custody, due to lack of parental care. Thispaper discusses a programthat attempts to involve the entire family at the intake-stage of the juvenile justice process, in an attempt to both reduce the population in detention, and reduce future recidivism. "Y.O.U. as a Delinquency Prevention Pro!;ram," LORENE SI'ONE, LamarUniversity Youth Opportunities Unlimited (Y 0 U) wets originallydesigned to prevent economically disadvantaged 14 and 15 year olds from dropping out of school. This paper proposesthat the programalso supportsdeli nquencyprevention. Data (including a delinquency inventoryand a self-concept index) wascollected from 97 participants aswell as froma matched control groupwho did not participate in the program. A 6-month follow-upon these teens finds significant changes in delinquency and self-esteem for the Y 0 U group only. ''The Impact of Minimum Age Legislation on Alcohol Related Juvenile Offenses," C AARON McNEECE, Florida State University One of the arguments for raising the minintum legal drinking age was to make it more difficult for minorsin the 15-17 year-old group to receive assistance from 19 and 20year old friends who were of lega l drinking age. Approximately 30,000 court records were examined in Florida between 1980 and 1985, a time when the drinking age wasfirst lowered and then raised. Data indicate a significantincrease in alcohol-relatedoffenses when the drinking age was lowered, and a corresponding decrease when the drinking age was raised. "The Influenceof Peers,Parents and Prevendonon Adolescents'Tobacco Use,"RHODA ESTEP,California State University-Stanislausand DOREENMcDONALD, Stanislaus County Public Health Departme nt Thisstudy is based on questionnaires from 9,500junior and seniorhigh schoolstudents in Stanislaus county, California, in 1985. A subsample of the students were exposed to a peer-conducted tobacco preve11tion program during 6th grade. The analysis conducted here focuses on the relative impact of such prevention efforts compared to peers',parents', other relative�;' and acquaintances' use of cigarettes. The findingsshow that peers' use of tobacco is the single most importantfactor in the use of tobacco by adolescents. PANEL 072 mE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENSES ''The Impact of City Size on Criminal Inve�.tigation Resources," ROBERT LORINSKAS, Southern Illinois University A surveyof 221 cities and 42 sheriffs departments and the impactof populationsize and structure of governmenton investigator selection and training was made. Aninquiry into the volumeand nature of climes processed and which, if any, arereferred to other agencies. Thesample selected were cities with populationsof 100,000or less and departments with 10-10)sworn personnel. "Investigation of Serial Crime,"STEVEN I:GGER,Sangamon State University No abstract available. 120 "The Role of Law Enforcement Intelligence in Criminal Investigations," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University This paperexamines the law enforcement intelligence function from a contemporaryperspective to providinga defmition of the processand distinguishing between law enforcement intelligence and national security/policy intelligence. Discussionis presented on the various �; of intelligence analysiswith particularemphasis given to strategic and tactical intelligence. The discussion also focuses on the role ofintell igence in case development and planning aswell asdifferent resources which may be employed by an intelligence unit to support criminal investigations. "Crime Victim Evaluation of Police Investigative Performance," SI'EVEN BRANDLand FRANKHORVATII, Michigan State University The purposeof this study is to assesspolice performance by analysisof crime victim satisfactionwith post-crimein,est igative activities. The data were derived from self-admm1stered questionnaires returned by a sample of crime victim in Oshkosh, Wisconsin; of the 685questionnaires, there were 426usable responses (62%). The major issues examined were the relationships between victim demographiccharacteristics and attitudes and tnvestigator activities and attitudes. The results are discussed with regard to the possibility of policy changes which may improve police-crime victim relationshirs. PANEL 073 RESEARCH ON COURT DECISION MAKING "Safety-Values, Plea Bargaining, and Khaki Justice," GARY KEVELES, Universityof Wisconsin-Superior Plea bargaimng regulates the now of many cases through the middle stages of criminal justice processing. This :tdjustment mechanism operates on a variety of dispositional levels and comes in many fo rms. Its use is only restrained by the organizational environment with10 which it is found. This study focuses on plea bargaining in the armed forces. The research analyses its many guises in judicial and nonjudicial components of the militarycourt system. "Felony Factorial ScenarioDecisions by Potential Jurors: Conviction,Sentencing, and Differential Treatment," FRANKWILLIAMS III and MARILYNMcSHANE, Sam Houston State University Most of the research on differential treatment during conviction and sentencing is comprised of analyses of secondary data. Ex-post-factoapproaches to this subject have difficultycontrollingexogenous factorsthat maybe crucial to explanations of differential treatment. This study resolves the problem through the useof a factorial scenario which revolves the sex, race, and age of an offender in a felony burglary. "Prosecuting Mentally Disordered Misdemeanants," ELLEN HOCHSTEDLER, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee This paper reports the results of a study of the processing of1, 000misdemeanor defendants with histories of mental health problems. A groupof 1,000misdemeanor defendants without histories of mental health problems is used for a point of comparison. This study, based on H randomly selected sample, addresses the issue of whether the criminal law is used differently in the control of mentally disordered misdemeanordefendants. "Building a National Data Set to Test Caseload Pressure Effects," J MICHAEL THOMSON, Northern Kentucky University and JOHN WINKLE, Universityof Mississippi This paper uses formal modeling, case weighting and data from the National Center for State Courts to test the c.tse load pressure theory of guilty plea justice in American felony courts. The model uses 25 states between 1975-1980. Thefo rmal model generates case pressure guilty plea rates and then uses linear regression to compare hypothesized rates to actual felony guilty plea rates. The modelwill include some organizational theoryeffects (using time series) and other systemic effects (budgetary and legal culture). PANEL 074 POLICEPERSONNEL: TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE "A Focused Examination of Police Officer Standards and Training Commissions," TIIOMAS JURKANIN, lllino s Police Training Board Police Officer Standards and Training (POST) Commissionshave been established within the operatingbureaucratic structure in all the states. Given the fact that these Commissions have legislativeauthority to prescribe standards applicable to all police personnelemp loyedwithin the state, their innuence on police personnel and on police organizations has been significant. The purpose of this paper is to provide fora review of the devc:lopmental progress of POST Commissions, to document the range and scope of POSTCommission activities and programs, and to consider brieny the future fl)le that POSTCommissions will hkely assume, and their possible effect on police organizations and on police personnel. "Demographic Trends of Entry Level Police Recruits and the Impact on Police Performance Standaros: A Lo11gitudinal Study (1978-1985)," JOHN BURGE, Cahfornia State University-Fresno For the past decade, police administratorshave been complaining about a lower quality of policeapplica nt. Thislong tudinal study examines significantdemographic data of police recruits from 1978-1985 and compares the data with a random sampleof entrylevel police who entered :;ervicebetween 1958-1965. The study measured 6 1Jfe experience factors with 13 subfactors that have been shown to be significant indicators of future success as a police officer. The results of this study indicate that there are a number of factors that explain why today's recruit is viewed as less qualified or experienced than a police applicant 20 years ago. "The Georgia Sheriff: A Profile of Activities and Training Needs," lARRY LINKER and DAMON CAMP, Geoq�a State University A job task analysis was conducted for Georgia shenffs where incumbents were asked to specify their level of invot.,rement in and their views of the importance of a number of tasks normally associated with the job of sheriff. A total of 86 of 159 responses were received and res Jlts analyzed. The date revealed an interesting profile of the "typical" Georgia sheriff, an array of activities in levels of both personal and agency involvement, and a range of identifiable training needs. PANEL 075 POLICEATITI1JDES AND ASSISI'ANCE REGARDING AAENILES "Police Repeat-offender Programs: Implementation in Orange County, florida," N GARY HOLTEN, University of Central florida Research findings support long-held beliefs that relatively few offenderscommit a majority of serious crimes, and the literaturegrows on repeat offender programs (ROP). Despite some skepticism, many law enforcement agencies are implementing programs aimed at targeting, apprehending, and pushing for enhanced prosecution and sentencing for repeat offenders. The Police Executive Research Forum is engaged in a national effort to evaluate various active ROP programs. 121 The Orange County (florida) Sherifrsoffice meanwhile is pressing fotward with its own comprehensive program that includes involvement of the State Attorney's Office and uniquely incorporates a local SHOD I (Serious Habitual Offender-Drum Involved) program to include juveniles among its targets. "Current Status of Curfew Ordinances," ROGER PENNEL, Central Missouri State University In a number of communities, the enactment of a curfew ordinancecontinues to be a popularmechanism used to restrictthe movement and actions ofjuveniles. This paper examinesthe purpose of curfewordimmces. An examination of the legal foundation for curfew ordinances will be undertaken as well as an examination of possibleviolations of constitutional rights. Titecurfew ordinances fromcommunities acrossthe nation will be analyzedand emphasize such issues as the time limits, the age limits, certain exceptions that are provided and the nature of sanctions imposed will be explored. "Law Enforcement's Role in Parental Kidnapping and Runaway Children," CAROL RASOR, Pinellas County Sherifrs Department and WILLIAM BWUNT, University of South florida This study examined 21 cases of parental kidnapping and 1,028 randomly selected cases of runaway children which were reportedin 1985 to 2 major law enforcement agencies and a nonprofit agency which aids in the location of missingchildren. Therunaway problem was more than 100 times greater than the parental kidnapping problem. Thisstudy suggests that law enforc·�ment appears much better equipped to locate missingchildren than private agencies, if the private agency used in the present study is representative. "Juvenile Arrests as a Function of Police DepartmentCharacteristics in the State of Maryland,"DAVID HAYESLIP JR, KATIILEEN BLOCK, and DONNA HALE, University of Baltimore Based on the 1985 MarylandUnif orm Crime Reportsthe authorsexamine howjuvenile arrests varyby the characteristics of the policedepartments. More specifically, they investigate how juvenile arrests for vario•Js typesof crimes varyby policedepartment composition(personnel and jurisdiction), training requirements, selection standards and resources, among other chara :teristics. PANEL 076 GUNS AND SOCIE'IY "Age, Gender and Weapon Use in Black Hcmicides in Baltimore, 1974 to 1986," DERRAL CHEA1WOOD, University of Baltimore Using data on all criminal homicides in Baltimore from 1974-1986, the changes in numbers,percentages, and rates of black homicides during this periodare examined. Specificanalyses examine the role of age, ge11 der,weapon use, and the involvement of multiple offendersand victims. Major changes include a significant decrease in black female involvement, a convergence of black and white rates, and an increase in the use of firearms. A pattern of firearm '!JSe by multiple male offenders in concurrent felony homicides emerges as a major feature. "Make My Day: A Descriptive Analysis of Crime Victims Using Guns or Knives in Self-defense," CHRIS MARSHALL, Universityof Nebraska at Omaha Few topics seem to be as controversialas weaponow nershipin American society. In a nutshell, proponents argue that the citizen has a right to defend himself from the criminal element. The opponents conte:1d, among other things, that the very prevalence and availability of weapons increase the likelihood of violence and perpetuates America as a gun culture. In th<: present paper, the author asks ''what type of person is likely to actually use a weapon-gun or knife-in self-defense?" In a descriptive approach, socio-economic and other variables associated with the victim will be explored as well as contextual and situational factors. "Religion and Handgun Ownership: Evidence New and Old," ROBERT LITILE and RONALD VOGEL, Universityof North Carolina at Charlotte The controversialnature of firearms ownershiphas sparked socialscientific inquiries concerningthe characteristics of gun owners. Past research on this topic has generated a great deal of insightful findings ,:oncerningowners and non-owners of firearms. One finding concerns the relationship of religion to gun ownership. Several researchers (Young, 1986; De Fronzo, 1979; Wright and Marston, 1975, for example) report having found higher levels of gun ownership among certain religiouscategories. Thispaper explores pre,ious research projects which report a common yet largely c.mexplained finding concerningreligion and gun ownership. PANEL 077 WORKSHOP: TilE SCHOOL RESOURCE OFFICERAS PROTECTION LIAISON Thecommonality shared by the vast majority of abused and sexually exploited children is that they attend school. Research repeatedly shows that school personnel are often unable to detect such crimes and even when suspicious are reluctant to report them. Thisprogram teams law enforcement with educators in a systematic plan to increase the identification and reporting of these suspected crimes. PANEL 078 VICTIMS IN RESIDENTIALAND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNIDES "Factors Related to Completed VersusAttempted Burglary,"RICHARD TITUS, National Institute of Justice Studies of residential burglaryemphasize the: importanceof factorssuch as guardianship, surveillability,attr activeness, and target-hardening. Findings have not been consistent. This research uses the Victimization Risk Surveysupplement to the National Crime Survey. Thequestion is whether characteristics of households, as hypothesized in the literature, are associated with whether burglary is a break-in or an attempt. "The Community Factor and Response to Crime," PETER BENEKOS,Mercyhurst College In the context of victimization studies, this paper examines the relationship between views of the neighborhood and victim response to propertycrimes. Using a surveysample of victims, the presentstudy attc:mpts to test theoretical explanations in which neighborhoodorientations are used to explain victim reportingdecisions. Multiple regression analysis is used to develop a model of victim response. "Reducing Workplace Violence: Victims Struggles," CHARLES REASONS and KEVIN YOUNG, University of Calgary In recent years increasing attention has been given to corporate and organizational violence, its' magnitude and nature. Theauthors explore the nature of victim response to workplace violence through collc:ctive action. The growth in the number of victim groups of such violence and their efforts are discussed in terms of the concepts of victimology. 122 "Invading the Work-space: The Correlates of Public Support for DrugTesting," LEO BARRILE, BloomsburgUniuersity Thisstudy attempts to find the sociological factorsunderlying the support forinvasive and punitive policies reganlingon-the-job drug use, such as mandatory, involuntary drugtesting of employees and the firingand prosecutionof employee drug usersrather than evaluation and rehabilitation.A randomsample of residents in a rural community was taken during the height of the drug-testingdrive. The results of the sutvey and discussiona of which criminologicaltheories best explain the retributive attitudes toward "deviants" iscontained in the paper. PANEL 079 mE YOUfHFUL VICTIM "Songsof Despair: A Case Study of AdolescentSuicide," ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University This paperis a case study of the suicide of an 18 year old white male who hung himself in his home. He was a talented S)ngwriterwhosesongs and poemsgraphically depict his despair, pain and suffering as he sought meaning for his life. His poemsfocus on religion, faith, sex, drugs and Satanism as he increasingly turnstoward suicide as a way to solve his problems. "Social Connections of Juvenile Victims and Juvenile Offenders," L EDWARD WELLS, Illinois State University Data fromcrime records and sutveysshow that, contraryto popularimages, crime is disproportionatelya matter of)oung peoplevictimizing other young people. Yet, analyses of juvenile delinquency and victimization commonly treat them as 2 separateissues, implicitly involving 2 separate groupsof persons. Using data from a national suiVey of youths, this paperanalyzes the connection between juvenile delinquency and victimization. "Dirty Pictures, Dirty Acts: Child SexualAbuse and Pornography," TOMSCHADE and DEBBIE BYERS, Arizona State University The1986 U SAttomey General's reporton pornographyconcluded that the sexual abuse of children is "substantially in:;eparable"from the problem of pornography. This research attempts to establish the extent to which those arrested for the sexual abuse of children use pornogra phy in the commission of an offense and the manner in which it may be used. The methodology adopted involves the review of approximately350 substantiated ca�.es of child sexual abuse reportedto an urban law enforcement agency in the southwest between July and December, 1986. "Parental Child Stealing: The Lawand Legal System Reactions," INGER SAGATUN, San Jose StateUniversity and LIN BARRE'IT, Family Court Services This paper will trace the history of the law regarding parental childstealing, and outline how the legal system and social service agencies respond to parental childstealing in California. The complex interrelationship of the criminal, family and juvenile courtsin such matters will be discussed. Data on childstealing cases will be used to tract how factors such as family background,custodial status of victim and offender parent, degree ofco:1cealment and length of absence, age of child and allegations of violence and abuse affect the legal and social service response. PANEL 080 SUBSfANCE ABUSE PROGRAMS AND COMMUNITYSUPERVISION "Informational Indicators as Precursors to Program Evaluation: The Case of Community Corrections," DALlAS REED, Universityof Nevada at Las Vegas No abstract available. "Community Based Substance Abuse Programs:The Pennsylvania Experience,"WA RREN COTI'ER, Kings College The Governor's Council of the state of Pennsylvania has determined that the problems of drug and alcohol abuse and dependenceare community-based problems. Therefore,each ofthe67 counties in Pennsylvania were commissionedto establishcommunity-baseddrugand alcohol pi'I�vention, intervention andtreatment services and programs. In order to plan for and develop these community-based services and programs, a drug and alcohol pta 1ning council was established in each county of the state. Conclusions about the effectiveness of councils will be offered. "Drug Use and Violence Among Heroin Users in Treatment," BARRY SPUNT, PAUL GOLDSfEIN,DOUGlAS UPTON, PATRICIA BELLUCCI, TIIOMAS MILLER, NILDA CORTEZ, MUSfAPHA KHAN, and ANDREA KALE, Narcotic and Drug Research This paperexamines violent events that have occurredamong male and female drug abusersenrolled in methadone maintenance treatment programs. Data is derived from fieldstudies of 152 male and 128 female drug usersand distributorsfrom the Loser EastSide of Manhattan. Violent :vents that occurredamong these individuals are described and analyzed according to a tripartite conceptualization of howdrugs and violence arerelated. Non-d rugrelated violence is also examined. "Conceptual Design of a College for Offender Rehabilitation," BRUCE JOHNSON, John Jay College of Criminal Justice No abstract available. PANEL 081 FORTHE I.ASfTIME: "SECURTIYIS MORE mAN EQUAL TO CJ" "An Inside View of SecurityEducation," CHRIS HERTIG, York College of Pennsylvania This paperexplores what has been done regarding academic security programson the associateand bachelor's degreele' els. Issuessuch as curriculum design,faculty selection, research projects and graduateplacement efforts will be discussed. A realistic assessment of academia and its rolein the professionalization of the security industry will be presented. "Private SecurityValues for Criminal Justice," ROBERT GALI.ATI, Northeastern University The growth of private security tells us a great deal about the viability of the criminal justice system. This paperwill address the failures of the law enforcement component to deal with crime and criminals and our inability to create a secure environmentwithout the enormous �.ssistance of our multi-billion dollar private security effort. 123 "Private Security: True InterdisclipinaryPar1 ner of CriminalJustice," DONALDBECKER, Universityof Central Florida Recent studies haveindicated that the private security industryhas considerableimpact on the formalcriminal justice system. Many,in fact, contend that the private security industrymust nowbe consideredas an integralpart of that formalsystem. Thiscontention, in tum, argues stronglyfor the inclusion of security administration coursesin the standard criminal justice curri<:ulum. Howsuch an integrated inclusion can be effectivelyorchestrated constitutes the subject matter of this paper. PANEL 082 TRENDS IN CRIMINOLOGICALmOUGHT "Examining Trends in Criminological Thought," B GRANT STITf, University of Michigan-Flint and DAVID GIACOPASSI, Memphis State University Numerous scholarshave suggested that the field of criminology haswitnessed a decline in the emphasis on and building of theoryin the discipline. These notions arereviewed and further speculationsfor this possible decline arepres ented. A number of methodologieswhich might be employed to provideempirical verification for these hypotheses are suggested. "Structuralism, Subjectivism and Marxism," W BYRON GROVES, Universityof Wisconsin-Green Bay and MICHAEL LYNCH, State Universityof New York at Albany Structuralist and subjectivist approachesare often viewed as antithetical pursuits. In this paper, the authorssuggest these 2 perspectivesare not mutually exclusive and argue that much can be gained by attending to the concerns of both approaches within criminological theory. "Iran/Contra Gate and the Crimes of Collectivities," GRAY CAVENDER and NANCY JURIK,Arizona State University AlbertCohen (1987)has developeda modelfor understandingcriminal/ deviant behavior in collectivities. The authorsemploy that modelin an analysis of the Iran/ Contra affair. Theanalysis provides theoreti�tl insight into the scandal. It alsoenhances understanding ofthe difficulties in conceptualizing thecrimes of collectivities, and the shortcomings ofmost criminological perspectives. "CompetingTheoretical Perspectiveson CocaineUse: Differential Association Versus ControlTheory," PAT RICK MACDONALD, Universityof California-Davis Questionnaires from 1,517 respondentswere obtained by means of both a convenience and a snowballsample. One thousandand ninety-one respondents had used cocaineat least once, and responded to a vatiety of questions about their use. The data from this information about criminal cocaine use have been used to test the efficacyof2competingtheoretical modelsof delinquent or criminal behavior, differential association and controltheory. Differential associationtheoryvariables were found to be far more effective than cor.trol theoryvariables in explaining the use and abuse of cocaine. "DefiningCriminology: Conceptual Boundaries," STEPHEN BROWN, EastTennessee State University Thispaper explores the bounds of criminoiOJ�cal inquiry. Issuesexamined include appropriatenessof studying harmful conduct which is not legally prohibited as well as that which is. Theoretical versus applied topics are considered in contrasting criminologywith criminal justice. The implication of competing definitions of crimininologyare considered. PANEL 083 mE USE OF CLASSIFICATION AND PREDICTION IN mE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM "Oassification and Prediction in Juvenile Ju,;tice: Key Issues to Consider," TODD CLEAR, Rutgers University No abstract available. "Balancing Risk and Need: TheMassachusetts Department of Youth Services'Risk/Need Oassification forJuv eniles Placed in CommunitySettings," EDWARD WUGHRAN, Massachusetts Department of Youth Services No abstract available. "The Development of Risk/Need Oassification Systems in Juvenile Corrections: A Look at the NIC Model," CHRIS BAIRD, NCCD Midwest No abstract available. "What We Now KnowAbout Classification for Risk, Treatment and Control in Juvenile Justice:A Reviewof the Available Research,"JAMES BYRL�E, University of Lowell and SUSAN GUARINO-GHEZZI, Salem State College No abstract available. P. �EL 084 CORRECTIONS: STAFF BEHAVIOR AND PERCEPTIONS ''The EducationalBackground of Correctional Executives," DOUGLAS SHANNON, California State University A study of senior correctional executives rev� led that administratorsof statewide correctional systems were a veryhighly educated population. Sixty-five respondents (of81 surveyed)reported earning a total of U8degrees. Two-thirdsearned their degrees prior to entering the corrections field. Nearly half of the executives have graduatedegrees, including5 who have earneddoctorates. Over half earnedtheir degreesin the socialsciences and another fifth earneddegrees in disciplines directly related to criminal justice. "Working with Youth in Custody: Perceptions on Staff Stress,"ALIDA MERWand WILLIAM BENNETf,Westfield State College Thispaper examines perceptionsregardingst aff stressin several juvenile facilities in Massachusetts. For purposesof comparison, workersfrom both secure custody treatment and detention facilities operatedby the private sector and the public sector participated in the study. Although there is existingliterature on correctional officer stress,there appears to be a dearth of research comparingjuvenile staff membersworking in public and private facilities. 124 "Alienating Factors in Correctional Officer Environment," STEPHENWAL TERS, Universityof Wisconsin-Platteville Theincreased pressureswhich havebeen placed upon correctional institutions in the 1980'shave made the retention of quality correctionalofficers imperative. Yet many ofthese officersfind prisonwork to be an unsatisfyingexperience. Thispaper attempts to measure levels of alienation among correctional officers and identify factorswhich may be related to its occurrence. "AnExamination of PhilosophicalAttitudes Among Correctional Officers:An Exploration of the Importation and Functional Perspectives," SfAN STOJKOVIC, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Past research on correctionalofficer attitude formation has focusedon whether or not these attitudes area function of the environment of the prison organization orimportedin to the prison by correctional officers. In addition, this bodyofliteraturesuggests that the attitudes of con-ectional officers can be found in the dichotomy of retribution versus rehabilitation. This paper will address the various dimensions of correctional officer attitudes, along with an analysis of the sources of these attitudes. Finally, implications for correctional policy and future research will be discussed. PANEL 085 POLICE PERSONNEL ISSUES "Public VersusPrivate SectorEmployees: Job Involvementas a Function oflncome," SfANLEYCUNNINGHAM and JOHN DANIELS,Western IllinoisUniversity Therelationship betweenjob involvement,defined as the internalizationof values regardingthe importanceof workwith respect to its contribution to an individual's selfesteem and income, dual or single, wasexamined. Two groups subjectsof were used in the present study. The :'irst groupwas comprised of law enforcement officers employed in a Midwest police department. The second group was comprised of industrial (non-management) employees employed by a large appliance manufacturing firm located in the same city. It was hypothesized that the subjects' levels of job involvement would be a function of the nature of the work, the employment status of the subjects' spouse, and the degree of financial need experienced. "Validation Testing for Police Officers," JOSEPH FOWLER JR, Florida Community College-Jacksonville Working with the Jacksonville Sheriffs Office, the author has implemented a validated testing procedure forall police applicants, using the school MAPS test a Florida college placement exam-for individuals interested in becoming police officers. If an applicant does not receive the required score, then they are allowed to take a college course pertainingto the subject matter in which they did not qualify. Upon successful completion of the course, they are then allowed to go on to the next test phase. The implementation of this program has been accepted by minority leaders in the community, as it affords new avenues to the minority population. "Evaluating Police Basic Training as a Function of Perceived Organizational Philosophy," MI1TIE SOUfHERLANH, Eastern Kentucky Universityand EUGENE SCHMUCKLER, Georgia Public Safety Training Center The policeofficer's perception of basic training effectiveness and utility is evaluated in terms of the organization'sphil :>saphyas perceived by the policeofficer. The research examines the hypothesesthat policebasic training is viewed by a policeofficer as more effective and useful when the training supports the officer'sperception of the organizations's philosophyand police basic training is viewed by a police officeras lesseffective and useful when t:1e training contradictsthe officer's perception of the organization's philosophy. "Applied Principles of Adult Learning: The Police Sergeant's Development Program," ERNESfTOMPKINS, Winston-Salem Police Department The Winston-Salem Police Department's "Sergeant's Development Program" is based on adult learningprinciples. 'Ii1eprogram serves 2 purposes: 1) defineslevel of competence forfirst-line supetvisors in the Winston-Salem Police Department, and 2) provides lineofficers the opportunityto prepare forpossible advancement by focusing on specific competencies examined during the promotional process. PANEL 086 ROUNDTABLE: CURRENT SUPREME COURT DECISIONS -VALUES IN (:RIMINAL JUSTICE The roundtable deals with recent and pending decisions of the United States Supreme Court in the field of law enfCircement and criminal justice. By evaluating these cases, an assessment will be made of the impact they have had and will have on law enforcement. PANEL 087 PSYCHOLOGICALAND PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES FOR POLICE: ;POLICYAND PROFILE "Policy Implications of Police Postassault Reactions," HARVEYMcMURRAY, North Carolina Central University In considering the high probability of officers being assaulted,the potential of their personal and/or professional lives being adverselyaffected, and their continued exposure to assault prone situations upon returning to work, this area of policing is of extreme importance. Based on findings of a research proj ect involving the Washington, D Cand Newark, New Jerseypolice departments (N = 62), policyimplications to adequately addressissues �:uch as perceivedsupport (or the lack thereof) internal and external to the criminal justice system, police-community relations, jobperfor mance, and employee retention will be discussed. ''The Recovering Alcoholic Police Officer and the Danger of Professional Protective Emotional Suppression," DAVID MACHELL, Western Connecticut State University A police officer exposed to psychic battering develops a conditioned emotional responsewhich has a main feature, "professional protective emotional suppression" (concept original to this study). This clinical treatise discusses the danger of professionally-conditioned suppression to a police officer recovering from alcoholism, explaining the dangers and difficulties, but most importantly, making specific recommendations for resolution of thit� dilemma by intelligent employee assistance programs and supetvisory/managerial assistance efforts. "A Five Year Coronary Risk Profile Study of Police Officers," DONALD QUIRE, St Petersburg Police Department and WILLIAM BWUNT,University of South Florida Coronary risk profiles were constructed for a 100% sample of officers who received comprehensive medical examinations overa 5-year period. The380 officers generated 584 profiles which included measures of cholesterol (total, HDL, totaifHDL ratio, risk factor score) hypertension, smoking consumption, and overall 125 coronaryrisk. Officers werefo und on the 8VI:rageto be in the lowto moderaterisk categoriesfor overall coronaryrisk, and a general reductionin overallcoronary risk was noted in 1984-1985 when compared to 1981-1982. "Life Expectancyof RetiredPolice Officers," RICHARD RAUB, Illinois State Police A study of life expectanciesfor policeofficen; retired from the Illinois State Police (ISP) suggests that theseofficers have a longer than normal life after retirement. Thiscontradicts unsupported statements in the literature that police officers die soonafter leaving their career. Analysesare basedon 732 ISP officerswho have retired from the agency since 1957. This life expectancy also exceeds that for all other retirees from Illinois state employment. A particularlyimportant need is for physiological and psychological studies c.f retirees which may suggest why they live longer than the population as a whole. "Police Employee Assistance Counseling," MICHAEL NORMAN, Weber State Collegeand HUGH BATES, Aspen Crest Hospital Thispaper examines employee assistanceprograms for law enforcement personnel. Specifically, the manuscript traces the growthand development of employee assistance programs, briefly reviews the literatureon police stress, and discusses some of the legal, ethical, and organizational problems associated with providing clinical services to police officers. Thearticle: also di scussesthe client-counselor relationshipincluding the initial consultation, problem assessmentand treatment intervention strategies. PANEL 088 A POTPOURRI OF CRIMINOGENIC CONCERNS "SomeExposure of Indecent Exposure Cri111es and TheirAd judication," DANIEL GLASER and MARGARET GORDON, Universityof Southern California Data from LosAngeles Municipal Courts on about 150 indecent exposurecases closed in 1984indicate the patternsof the offenses,the attributes and backgrounds of the offenders, the penalties imposed, the correlates of thesepenalties, and the predictors ofrecidivism in a 2-year postrelease followup. "Varieties of Treason: Ideologyand Crimin.:tlity," FRANK HAGAN, Mercyhurst College Despite inattention to the issuein the criminal justice literature, treasonis one of the earliest crimes punished by societyand the only crime discussed in the U S Constitution. It is more costlythan traditionalproperty crime and has altered post World War II economic and political history. Thisissue is explored by means of a typology of spies which includes ideolo��cal, mercenary, alienated/egocentric, buccaneer/sport, etc. Recent espionage cases as Oayton Lonetree, Jonathan Pollard and John Walker are examined. "Cheque Fraud: What Protectionfor the Victim?" ROBERT HOLLAND, Queensland State Police Cheque fraud is a continuing commercial problem in most countries, yet for victims, limited types of insurance exists to protect them against loss. In some cases, the victim has accessto an insurance policy1;imilar to that available to householdersfor the protection of their property. Most, therefore, simply have to rely on person judgments and good luck for security. "Living Successfully in Troubled Lands: A 5.tudy of American Missionaries," CHESTERQUARLES, Universityof Mississippi American missionariesliving overseasare exposed to a veryunique environment. Far fromthe professionalpolice services of stateside departmentsand unadorned with the security systems and guards of the " ealthyor powerful,they still servein dangerous locations. Through teaching terrorism avoidance and victim survival, the author has come into direct contact with over300 missionaries livingin dangerous environs. Thispaper measures the concerns, describes apprehensions, and reviews the literature to place theseproblems in realistic perspective. PA �EL 089 HEALTH CARE SECURfiYAND SAFE'IY: WHAT IS WRONG? "Beyond Security - Professional Certification in Healthcare," KENNETH CHRISTIAN, Michigan State University The historyand development of professionaI certificationsin the healthcareindustry will be reviewed. The healthcare securityofficer and the certifiedhealthcare protectionadministrator programswill be analyzedwith respectto qualifications-educationand experience;examination - development and content; and monitoring -code of ethicsand recertification. Heal thea reprograms will be comparedto comparable generic certifications. Thetrends of security certification programs will be discussedand criteria for development and continuitywill be explored. "Child Kidnapping in Health Care Settings," JAMES TURNER, Memorial Medical Center Thispaper will examine in-depth 2cases of child kidnapping in a health care setting. Kidnapping along with hostage-takingappears to be a rising phenomenon in healthcare. Examined areproblems and challenges for healthcare security, and the financial impact on the institution for such measures. PANEL 090 MORALTIYAND CRIMINAL JUSTICE "'The Constitution, Moralityand the Common Law: Implications of Bowersvs Hardwick," PATRICIA WATSON, Universityof South Carolina Thispaper will examine the 1986United States SupremeCourt decision in Bowersvs Hardwick,which upheld the constitutionality of the Georgiasodomy law against a backgroundof previous SupremeCourt decisions that bar criminal conviction forcertain conduct engaged in under certaincircumstances on the groundsthat those activities fall within a zone of privacyprotectc� by the constitution. It will trace the cases leading up to Bowersand discuss its possibleimplications for futurecases in light of the court'swillingness to relyon common law and historyin dealing with moral issues. "Lawlessness in Collegiate Athletics: A National Surveyof NCAAHead Football Coaches," FRANCES CULLEN, EDWARD LATESSA. and JOSEPH BYRNE, University ofCincinnati Recently, scandal has been an ubiquitous fe ature of collegiate athletics. Based on a surveyof Division I head football coaches, the authors examine coaches' assessments of the extent and sourcesof 1) vi.:>lationsof NCAA regulations and 2) substance abuseamong athletes. Theyalso explore the control policies, including the criminalization of ruleviolations, suppo11ed by coaches. Thepaper concludes witha discussion of the policydilemmas involvedin the control of lawlessness in the world of collegiate athletics. 126 "Deviant Subcultures, Law, and Economic Systems,"WILLIAM LEWIS, John Jay College of Criminal Justice Thispaper add resses the relationshipof subculturesto the legalsystems in both advancedcapitalist societies andless developed nations. Weber, Foucault,Marx and Trubekprovide some of its theoretical foundations. Case studies from Jamaica and the United States demonstratethe differences over accommodation experiencedby advanced capitalist nations and less developed societies. Theevidence leadsus to examine the intenelationship between subculturaldeviance, the law and economic development. PANEL 091 VIOLENCEIN CORRECTIONAL INsrmrriONS "Individual and Contextual Effects on Inmate Assaults on Staff," STEPHEN LIGHT, Old Dominion University Utilizing data from the New York State prison system, this study examines individual-level (inmate) and contextual-level(prison) characteristicsas predictorsof inmate assaultson staff. Results indicate that inmate attributes influencethe oddsof assault involvement,but not the severityof assaults. Prison-levelfactors influence both the odds of assaultinvolv ement and severity. The importance of studying variables at multiple levels is stressed. "Predicting Violence SoonAfter Assessment: Decision Making by Correctionsand Staff and Empirical Correlatesof Inmates' Violence," ROBEIUCOOPER and PAUL WERNER, California School of Professional Psychology-Berkeley Experienced psychologists (N = 10) and case managers (N = 11) within the Federal Bureau of Prisons employed 17 demographicand biographical variable ascues to forecast violence during the first 6 months of incarcerationof 33 male inmates at a medium securityadministrativ e federal corrections institution (FCI). Low levels of reliability were found among individual judges' forecasts but high agreementwas found for their compositejudgments. Lens model analysessuggested that low accuracy may have been derived because professionals failed to weigh these factors. "A Comparison of Prison Riots and an Evaluation of Causative Theories,"RANDY MA R11N, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania On January1, 1986, the inmates at the West VirginiaState Penitentiaryrioted and took overa significantportion of the facility. In the process,16 hostageswere taken. The situation was eventually resolved throughextensive negotiations with correctional administratorsand the governor. Thisprese ntation willexamine the events leading up to, during, and following the take-over. Comparisons and contrasts will be drawn with the riots ��t Attica in 1971 and Santa Fe in 1980. "A Study of SerialAss ailants in Prisons,"KEVIN WRIGHT, State Universityof New York at Binghamton and FRA.NK TRACY,State of New York Department of Correctional Services Little is known about the small proportion of the inmate population that repetitivelyattacks staff and other inmates. Thepurpose of this research is to learn more about serial assailants and the situational events that lead to their violence. Data that have been collected about all reportedassaults on staff and inmates during the past 8 years in the New York State correctional system will be used. PANEL 093 POLICE LIABILfiY: EMERGING TRENDS AND ISSUES "Police Liability for Failure to ProtectBattered Women," ROBERT JERIN, Sam Houston State University Thispaper analyzes recentstate and federal court decisions on the issue of police liability for failure to protectbatt•:red women, focusing on the cases which can establish a battered woman's right to policeprotection. The paper will also consider the legal rationale used by the courtsin establishing a cause of action and the types of police conduct in fa ilure to protect situations which can lead to police liability. "Suing the Cops: Issues andTrends in Police Malpractice Litigation," BURK FOSTER,University of Southwestern Louisiana Thelast 2 decades have seen a more than tenfold increasein lawsuitsagainst the police, givingrise to a new category of civil litigation, "policemalpractice." This paperreviews the apparent trends in the growth of this litigation and identifies the main police actions responsible ror suits being filed. "EmergingTrends in Police Civil Liability for Failure to ArrestDrunk Drivers," VICfORKAPPEL ERand ROlANDOdel CARMEN, SamHouston State University Therehas been a growingpublic concern with policeenforcement of drunkdriving statutes. Somestate courtsare takin1�a lookat policeliability for fa ilure to restrain drunk drivers. Thisarticle analyzesrecent state courtdecisions on the issueof policeliability for failure to restrain dmnk drivers,focusing on jurisdictionthat have either rejected the public duty doctrine orhave re-interpreted the special relationship/discretionaryfunction concept to allowfor causesof action and ultimately determination of police liability. "Securityand Police Negligence Litigation: TheAustralian Experience," R PAUL Mc:CAULEY, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania This paperpresents an overviewof security and police negligence litigation in Australia. The response of governmerttpolice and private security to crimes in the workplacehave been rather traditional and they have not yetexperienced the pressuresof negligence litigationas has theUnited States in the past 10 years. Police negligence, especially in the areas of high speed pursuits and deadly force, has been recognized and police managem•:nt response is largely self- initiated and not the product of litigation. PANEL 094 EDUCATIONAL PHIWSOPHYAND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE CUJRRICULUM "The Importance of Integrating 'Divergent Thinking' in Today's Criminal Justice Curriculum," SUSAN TAKATA, Universityof Wisconsin-Parkside Thepurpose of this paperis to discuss the importanceof shifting criminal justice education fromconvergent to diverge11t production. Typical college and university coursesreflect "convergent thinking," which forcesstudents to convergeupon the right answer. In contrast, divergent thinking requires students to produce their ownanswer. From a "learning bydoing" approach,diverge nt productionchallenges students to grapplewith realworld d ilemrnas. Such an approachteaches students self-discipline,profess ionalism, decision-making, learning fromone's own mistakes and teamwork. 127 "Criminal Justice Education: Beyond Repression," PETER SANZEN, Hudson Valley Community College Thispaper argues that criminal justice and criminal justice education focus on the crime control versus due process ideologies with an emphasis on control and suppression. It maintains that the emphasi�. based on the reality of efficiency does not allow for the peaceful conditions necessary for personal and collective safety and argues that the need is to change the reality and to change the educational approach. The paper proposescreating s subject matter that focuses on the technical aspects of one's content area,yet incorporates the value-based peace approach. "Justice, the Missing Concept in Criminal Justice Education," J R ALTEMOSE, Lamar University The importanceof the concept of"justice" to criminal justice education is examined bysurveyingsamplecurricula and the content of introductorytextbooks. Results suggest that justice is a concept that is all but ignored. Reasons for this neglect and suggestions for improvements are proposed. The paper concludes with a demonstration of how the concept of justice could be treated in the introductorycourse. "Transmitting Values and Ethics in Criminal Justice Education," GWENSON YUEN, Chaminade University Thispaper will analyzeand use the dominant value profile of American culture as a backdrop for the examination of contemporarysocial problemsand ethical issues faced by criminal justice personneltoday. Emphasis will be placed on the historical/conceptual rootsof Christian values and ethics, the tensions arising out of conflict between these dominant values and that of the occupation (ie: occupationalsubculture), and its relevant application in the administration of justice with humanity and mercy. PANEL 095 PROCESSINGJUVENILES AS ADULTS "Teen-age Felons and Waiver Hearings: S)me Recent Trends," DEAN CHAMPION, University of Tennessee An analysis of recent trends in waiver hearings in 6 states reveal that these hearings are increasingly used as a means of transferringjuveniles to the jurisdiction of adult criminal courts, especially for thosechar ged with violent offenses compared with those charged with propertycrimes. No evidence exists in the present research to suggest thatjuvenile crime is increasing or that it is changing in its nature from previous years. However, the waiver hearing is being used to an increasing degree for juveniles in the 16-17 year old range to subject them to adult criminal court jurisdiction. "Legal and Extra-legal Factors Influencin�. Remand and Subsequent Sentencing," CAROLE BARNES, California State University Using data on all youth considered for trander to adult court over a 6-year period ina single jurisdiction, this study analyzed the contributions of demographic, legal and organizational variables to the remand decision in juvenile court and the subsequent sentencing of those remanded and retained in the respectivecourts. The most importantvariables distinguishing re nanded youth from those adjudicated in juvenile court were the seriousness of the offense, the number and nature of prior offenses and prior treatment. "Waiver: A Reflectionof a Decline in Co11cern,"ELIZABETH McGRATH, Loyola University A 1982 Illinois Statute requires that 15 and 16 year olds accused of murder, rape, deviate sexual assault and robbery with a firearm be tried in adult criminal court. That statute reflects a decline in concernfor the care and treatment of juveniles and poses a serious threat to the integrity of the juvenile justice system. Thispaper will examine possible constitutional challenges that could be raised to this statute, both in terms of due process considerations and equal protection. PANEL 091) CRIMINAL JUSTICE CURRICUlA: WHOSE DEFINmON, WHOSE AGENDA? "Criminal Justice Education: In Search of a Proper Definition," JOSEPH ANDRITZKY, Marquette University and FRANK ANDRITZKY, St Mary's College Of paramount importance to the future of quality criminal justice education is a need to achieve a commonly agreed upon definition ofthat body of knowledge understoodas criminal justice. It appears that academia tends to define criminal justice from its' own institutional or departmental perspective, as a methodto justify and attain their own proprietaryagendas. Clearly a more synthesized sense of unity in direction of curriculum development and staffing, based upon a consonant definition of criminal justice education is nc:cessary if it is ever to attain the respect and legitimacy of the established disciplines, who's teachingsare generally agreed upon and are well defined. "System Science and Criminal Justice Education," CHARLES TRACY, Portland State University A criminal justice graduate-levelinstruction and researchmodel can be built upona systems science framework that will train students to understand the functional interrelationships withinthe criminaljustic•: system and between the system and the social environmentin which it must operate. The systemsapproach looksacross the total system from the perspective ofsocial forces that influence policydecisions that have systemwide effect. "The Integrationof Curriculum and Instruction: A Paradigmfor Faculty Development in the Administration of Justice," KELSEYJONES, University of the District of Columbia An integrative approach to departmental designproposed forthe department of criminal justice at the University of the District of Columbia is described. The proposed curriculum classification framework for faculty assignment consists of 3 matrices: social behavior and humanities courses, technical courses, and philosophical courses. PANEL 098 WORKSHOP: THE SURVIVAL OF CONSTITUfiONAL RIGHTS IN THE FACE OF THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EXPWSION IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE The maintenance of basic constitutional ri�;hts, from an assumption of privacy in one's home to due process of law, to prohibitions in self-incrimination and cruel and unusual punishment, are examined in light of current and emerging technology being adapted to the criminal justice system. 128 PANEL 099 ISSUES IN PROBATION AND PAROLE SUPERVISION:mE OFF1CER'S PERSPECilVE "Modeling the Relations Among Probation Resources, Activities and Outcomes," PATRICIA HARDYMAN, Univen.ity of Louisville This research developed a modeof the socio-technical environment of probation resources using a combination of q'Jantitative and qualitative data. The model moved beyond the previous models of probation by identifying the purposes, structure, reward systems, supervision techniques, relationships among staff, and leadership of 6 probation departments. The resources and activities are then linked to probation outcomes. "An Evaluation of the Iowa Department of Corrections Probation Classification System," EVERETT LANING, Simpson College The paper presents the findings of a longitudinal study of a 10 percent sample of persons admitted to probation between November 1983and March 1984. Iowa probation classification employs a modification of the Wisconsin Division of Corrections risk assessment scale coupled with a needs assessment scale in assigning probationers to appropriate levels of supervision. The study tracks the sample cohort from entry to exit respect to client performance on probation as measured by subsequent administrations of a version of the risk/need sca les at 6-12 month intervals throughout the probationer's career. "Texas Adult Probation Officer Task Analysis," PETER PHILLIPS, Sam Houston State University The state legislatureof Texas mandated that all adult probation officers beginningemployment after September1, 19B8be certified in a set of basic competencies. Anticipating this legislation by 2 years, the Adult Probation Commission and Sam Houston State Universityjointly undertook a comprehensive job-task analysis of experienced officers in Texas to determine those basic competencylevels. This paperwill discuss the philosophy, methodology, and results of that task analysis. "The Effect of Parole as Documented by Parole Officer's Evaluations," EDNA EREZ, Kent State University The studycompares the periodicalevaluations of parolees by parole officers for any changes in the parolees behavion; and attitudes. A sample of 600parolees was selected from the parole offices files in northern Ohioand their assessmentsexamined. Thestudy indicates several patternsin the changes documentedby the parole officers. Implications for the parole practices are discussed. PANEL 100 LEGAL AND EXTRA-LEGAL VA RIABLES IN mE CRIMINAL JUSTlCE SYSTEM "The Courtroom Workgroup and Plea Bargaining," SHARON PINKERTON, Universityof Cincinnati An abundant supply of research has been conducted to examine the rolelegal and extra-legal factorsplay in determining courtroomprocesses. This paperwill provide an analysis of plea bargaining as it occurswithin the structure of the courtroom workgroup. "The Survival of Constitutional Rights in the Face of the Scienceand Technology Explosion inCriminal Justice," GENE STEPHENS, Universityof South Carolina The maintenance of basic Constitutional rights, from an assumption of privacy in one's home to due process of law to prohibitions in self incrimination and cruel and unusual punishment, are examined in light of current and emerging technology being adapted to the criminal justice system. "Victims' Impact Statements Victimized by Per Se Rule in Booth versus Maryland," GARY COLBOrn, California State University, Dominguez Hills The United States Supreme Courtheld by a 5 to 4 vote that a state staturerequiring a victims' impact statement be considered by the jury at the sentencing phase of a capital murder trial violated � the Eighth Amendment. The majority opinion was mistaken in its approach and withheld appropriate deference to state legislative judgment which properly sought consideration of a defendant's blameworthiness. The Court should h "The Decision to Charge Older and Younger Offenders: A Comparison of Prosecutors and Students," KENNETII GEWERTH Research suggeststhat the decision to charge is made by comparing individual cases against an informal set of norms that comprise a "typical" case of robbery, burglary, or homicide, etc., and adjusting the charge or the sentencing recommendation accordingly. This paper examines prosecutorial decisionmaking in "atypical" cases involving elderly offenders. PANEL 101 DEFINmON, CHANGE, AND PROFESSIONALISM "The Problem of Defining Obscenity," CHARLES CHASTAIN, Universityof Arkansas at Little Rock Practically all states in the UShave lawsprohibiting the sale of obscene materials. A fundamental question involved in enforcing these laws is reaching an operational definition of obscenity. This paper presents the results of several research experiments designed to determine if there are common grounds of understanding regarding the definition of obscenity, and discusses the problems for police officers where obscenity cannot be defined. "Change in the Juvenile Justice System-Issues of Interest," MARY PARKER, Universityof Arkansas at Little Rock Every state tin the V S has experienced the need for change within its juvenile justice system structure in the last 20 years. The type and magnitudeof change within individual systems has varied from refinement of an existing system to promote efficiency to the total abandonmem of an existingsystem and replacement with a new system. This paper focuses on issues that are important to the emergingconcepts of juvenile justice. As a tool c.f inquiry, the Arkansas juvenile justice system will be explored as an example of the problems associated with change and as an indicator of issued relevant to all states and juvenile justice systems. "The Importance of Personality and TemperamentType Testing in the Criminal Justice Field," ALICE MUNSON, University of Arkansas at Little Rock This paper will explore the recent scholarship with personalityand temperament typing, especially Myers-Briggs ar.d Keirseystudies, and relate these findings to areas of criminal justice: student counseling, career selection, and specific curriculum interpretation. 129 "Professionalizing a Police Force in a Developing Nation," WILLIAM COLWELL, University of Arkansas at Little Rock This is a casestudy regarding the attempt to professionalize the national police force of Guatemala. The author headed a 3-personteam whose mission wasto help the governmentof Guatemala modernizeits police force. Thepaper discussesthe problemsinherent in thisprocess whatand a developing nation must do to overcome those obstacles. PANEL 102 YOUfllAND VIOLENCE "Juveniles: Incest, Self-esteem and Pregnan It is estimated that 1 in 10 adolescent girls be:come pregnant each year. The consequences of teenage pregnancy arewell enumerated, often involving both social serviceand social controlagencies. However, there is little research ofpsychological the motivation regarding teenagersand pregnancy. A consistent factor presented in the literature is towself-esteem. Incest is alsoconsidered by some researchers to be related to sexual acting out and pregnancy. Thepu rpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between teenage pregnancy, incest and self-esteem. "Characteristics of SexuallyAbused Children and Their Relationship to Adolescent Prostitution,'' MAGNUS SENG, Loyola University of Chicago Much of the published literature on adolescent prostitutionmakes reference to early childhood sexual abusein the backgrounds of many adolescent prostitutes but little comparative data exists to assist in determining whetherthe link betweenthese 2 "events" could in anyway be causal. Thestudy reported in this papercompares a sample of sexually abused children with a similar but nonabused sample on a variety of variables, one of which is prostitution involvement. "Brothersand Sisters: Sibling Conflict," M JANE KVEI'KO,Simpson College A preliminary examination of the assault of children by their siblings will be presented. There will be a brief review of the literature on sibling conflict and an examination of a number of cases involving sibling assault on siblings. Some attention will be paid to cases involving sexual assault. ''The Prediction of Violence Among Institu tionalized Delinquent Males,'' SHELAVAN NESS, Indiana State University A large representative sample of male delinquents from a midwestern state is investigated regarding arrests for violent personal offenses and more than 20 independentvariables. Using institutional filesand validatedsurvey instruments, the resultingmultiple regression equation explains half the variance in frequency of arrest for violent offenses. Theresulting equation supports the theoretical importance of societal responsesto deviance, suggesting critical importance of weapon availabilityto incidents of youth violence. Findingssuggest little importance of substance dependency among offenders in predicting violence, but great importance of victim selection. PANEL 103 WOMEN'S CORRECTIONAL INSTITtJI'IONS "NICTask Force on Women Offenders: Conclusions and Implications," SUSANHUNTER, National Institute of Corrections The National Institute of Corrections(Niq sponsored a Task Forceon Women Offenders to identify substantive areas regardingwomen offenderswhich should be addressedby NICover the next few yea�;. Theconclusions reached by this Task Force represent the most current thinking regarding the work which needs to be done to address the needs of women offenders and also provides a unique opportunityfor practitioners and the academic community to focuson common areas of concern. ''TheFemale Offender in Corrections," STEPHEN DOEREN, Wichita State University This paperfocuses upon an often neglected area in corrections-the female offender. It includes an examination of such topics as the size of the female population in corrections, characteristics of prisons that house female offenders, selected characteristics of women inmates, programs and servicesprovided for adult female offenders and problems confronting institudons housing female offenders. "Women Behind Bars: A Forgotten Population," BARBARA BLOOM According to the US Department of Justice:, the number of women in state and federal prisons has more than doubled over the past decade. The female prison population has grown at a faster rate than the male population since 1981. Although the actual number of women in prison is growing, they are a small part of the total prison population and tend to be negl·:cted. This paper will explore the issues, special needs and programs for incarcerated women and their fa milies. "The Impact of Litigation on Female Correctional Institutions: A Case Study," ROSLYN MURASKIN, Long Island University There exists little doubt that the role of the federal judiciary is to uphold the law. When the state fails to comply with the constitution, the federal courts are then compelled to enforce it. The Court's dilemma is either to aJJow the correctional facility to continue in its violations or to assume a directrole. This paper deals with the implementation/enforcement of court mandated changes in the Nassau County Correctional Facility for females. "PersonalityTypes of Women in Prison," lAURIE UPPIN, University of Maryland This 1987study reports the results ofworkin1� with 100randomly selected inmates at the Maryland CorrectionalInstitution for Women using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The author will share the :;tatistical resultsshowing surprises in the personalitypreferences in the sample, and correlationalanalyses of personality type and crime committed, recidivism, race, adjustment in prison, and education. PANEL 104 CRIMINAL JUSTICESYSTEM RESPONSESTO WOMAN BATTERING "Evaluating a System-wide Response to Spouse Abuse," MICHAEL STEINMAN, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln/LancasterCounty, Nebraska initiated a comprehensive, coordinated effort to lowerthe incidence of spouse abuseon July 1, 1986. Thiseffort includes the arrest of suspects as well as aggressive prosc:cutorial efforts and the involvement of many other public and private agencies. This paper examines the relationship between individual agencyoperations and tecidivism. 130 "Building a Second aoset: Official Responses to Victims of Lesbian Battering," CLAIRE RENZE'ITI, St Joseph's University Research in the area of domestic violence during the past 2 decades has helped to refute the myths inherent in the victim-blaming approachof the literature that preceded it. However, little attention is being paidto violence in other typesof intimate relationships, includinglesbian relationships. Data weregathered through questionnaires completed by a self-selected national sample of victims oflesbian battering. The paper presents findings on the incidence and forms of violence in lesbian relationships,but specialattention is givento victims'help-seeking attempts and the responsesthey receivedfrom social service providers and law enforcement personnel. "Assessingthe Need for Police Training in Responding to Battered Women: Preliminary Findings," JOANNE BEUNAP and JULIE TUCHFARBER, University of Cincinnati Mostresearch on battered womenacknowledges the need for improvedpolice training. Specifically,the policeare assuued to be victim-blaming,not to view battering as a crime, and to be overall disinterested. The purpose of this research is to attempt to determine how the police actually view battering situations. A sutveywas developed and distributed to officers to assess beliefs about victims and offenders in battering situations, and how t:1ey believe these situations should ideally be handled. "Grassroots Efforts to Obtain Legislation Mandating Counselingfor Batterers in Domestic Violence Situations," JUDYKAC I, CaliforniaState University, Long Beach The Orange County ( CA) Commission on the Status of Women became involved in the domestic violence issuein 1985. Mter public hearings and consultation with experts in the field, the Domestic Violence Committee became convinced that there wasa need for legislation mandating counseling for batters. This paper details the efforts of this group to design an effective program which mandates counseling for abusers, seekpolitical support for the program and guide it through the legislative process. PANEL 105 POLICE INTEGRI1Y: STA NDARDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FORTHE FUTURE "Police Ethics," DILIP DAS, Western Illinois University The paperdiscusses the various perspectives on police ethics with a view to attempt what constitutes the mostappropriate approach. In this attempt, there will be consideration of police officers' education, training and professional status. "Controlling Off-duty Behavior: Higher Standards of Integrityfor Police," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State Unive rsity Police departments have traditionally imposed rules on officerswhich 1) dictate limitations of behavior during an oflicer'soff -duty hours and 2) require a higher standard of integrityfor policeofficers than one wouldexpect ofthe average citizen. This paperexplores theseissues with regardto their philosophical fo undation, basis in law, and applications in labor arbitrations. "Sanctioning Certified Police Officers in Georgia: An Overview,"DAMON CAMP, I.AR.RYLINKER and TERRYI\ ORRIS, Georgia State University The Georgia Peace Officer Standards and Training (POSI) Council is charged with the responsibility to sanction certified and registered peace officers for misconduct. Penalties range from verbalreprimand to decertification. An analysis was made of sanctioningpractices over a4-year period. Procedures are discussed, frequent types of misbehavior are reviewed, sanctions are analyzed,and recommendations for future study are made in this examination of peaceofficer certification practices in Georgia. "A Theoryof Police Cynicism: An Ethical Conflict Without Resolution," GARY SYKES, Universityof Louisville Studies of police cynicism often explore the nature and extent of this phenomenon, but few focusattention on the factorswhich account for this widelyrecognized malady in policing. This paper proposes a theory to explain cynicism among police and its implications. PANEL 106 POTPOURRI V: AND SfiLLTHINGS I'VEWANTED TO SAY (OR PUBLISH) BUfWHIC El NOBODY WA NTED TO HEAR (OR READ) -A CONTINUATION FROM THE LASTFOUR YEARS "Restitution -A Viable Alternative to Incarceration and Victim Compensation," JOSEPH SROKA, North Carolina Central University This paper is a background study focusingon North Carolina and the use of restitution as a remedy forcriminal wrongs. An analysis of statutes and case law interpretationsof the development and use in conjunction with other penalsanctions will be examined. The possibilityof restitution from the plea bargain, sentence imposition, and as a condition of parole will be discussed with notation of advantages and disadvantages. "A Comparison of the Beliefs of Volunteers and Probation OfficersToward Probation Services and Offenders," ROBERT MEADOWS, Glendale College Many probation agencies nationwide are experiencingbudget reductions. At the same time, the number of clientele e tltering the correctional system continues to grow. To assist probation agencies, volunteers arebeing recruited to aid probation officers. Thispaper compares the beliefs of volunteers and probation officers. "Directed Profanity by Police in Interactions With Students: An Analysis of Motivations and Effects on Attitudes Towards the Police," TERRY COX, Eastern · Kentucky University This paperis a combined empirical and theoretical approach to examiningthe use of profanityby policeofficers in interactions with college students. An empirical analysis is performed on 2 data sets that were collected overa 2-year period. Analyseswill center testing the effects on :lttitudestoward the police. The theoretical dimension will focus on motivations for using profanity in interactions with citizens. "Child Abuse Investigation," HOWARD TRITI, Ke nt State University Therecent national attention givenchild abusehas Jed to a proliferationof literature. Literaturehas concentratedon the scope,cause, characteristics, and treatment of the offender and the offended. Theresult of this attention has been the development of a bodyof theoretical concepts that could be useful to the child abuse 131 investigator. Theseconcepts need to be broughttogether in a cohesive whole in a manner understandable and usableby the investigator. This paperreviews the currentliterature andattempts to develop a practicableframework for its use. ''TBA," M NICHOlAS MEIER, Tiffin Un�ersity No abstractavailable. "Jail Population Management: An Interim Reporton a Local Solution to a Criminal Justice Problem," GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University An obvious problem for many localcommunities is the providingof adequate jail spacein the face of increasingly demanding requirementsimposed by federalcourts. Thispaper reports preliminarily on the effortsof one northwestOhio county to meet the problems ofjail over-population before a new jail is constructed, to insure a rational approach to the problem some years down the road. PANJgL 107 STUDENTPANEL: CRIME AND JUSTICE ISSUES IN AMERICA "Oassificationof Juvenile Offenders," RENEE KOPACHE, University ofCincinnati This paper willgive an introductionto the h tstorical use of classification systems, and will look at a number of the more populartypes of classificationused with juveniles. The paper will discuss the I-Level, quay, legal, medical, and MMPI systems of classification. Further, the paper will lookat the successes and failures of the uses of these systems in the juvenile jJStice system. "How Useful is Self-report Data in EstimatingCrime?" ROBIN WA LDEN, Western Carolina University The author expectsto find out whether self-r:portdata is a valuablesource of obtaininginformation and can it be a validand reliable source. It is hopedto discover the advantages and disadvantages of using surveys (self-report data) and compare it to other research techniques. "The Forgotten Element in Crime," DANA LEVY, Universityof Cincinnati Victims have long been the forgotten element in the criminal encounter. During recentyears, advocated for victims and their rights have been forgingnew paths in this area. To what are victims of crimes te1�ally and morally entitled? Howis the victim now becoming an integral player in the sentencing and treatment of their offender? What are the new trends in victir11s' rights and why has this become a pressingissue currently? "Nebraska Probation Trends - An Eight Year Study," CHRISTINA PACKER, Chadron State College This paperfocuses on a trend analysis in th<: Nebraska probation system for 1979-1986. Special concentrationwill be on specific trends in age, race, sex, marital status, education, and type of crime. The st udy focuses on sentencing patternsby the district, county, and juvenile courts. PANEL 108 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: CAUSATION AND PREVENTION "The Linkages Among Weather, Discretionaryand Obligatory Routine Activities and Requests for Police Response to Domestic Dispute," JAMES LEBEAU, Southern Illinois University Using calls-for-service data from a large sou them city, this research delineates the significant factors contributing to hourly and daily changes in the levels of calls for policeresponse to domestic disputes. 1lte analysis is conducted through a framework whereby 3 hour-blocks and days-of-the-weekare classified according to whether the time period is allocated primar ly for the pursuit of discretionaryor obligatory routine activities by the population. "Family and Intimate Assault in Atlanta: Prior Police Involvement of Perpetratorsand Victims," UNDA SALTZMAN,JAMES MERCY and MARKROSENBERG, Centersfor Disease Control The authorsexamined 166assaultive incidents that occurredin Atlanta in 1984that had been identified by police as involving family members or other intimates. Using Atlanta Police records and rap sheet information from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, patternsof prior incidents and arrests for both the victims and perpetratorswere explored. Analysissugg�;ts that family violence occursin a context of ongoing confrontations and escalating violence, findingswith important implications for prevention. "Domestic Violence Legislation:A Review •)f the Past Ten Years,"JAMES HENDRICKS, BallState University The purposeof this study is to examine and discussthe Domestic Violence Probable Cause Arrest Statutes in each of the 50 sates. Since 1979,31 states have enacted legislation that deals with items regarding a warrantless probablecause arrest. The studywill yield a comparison of the statutes with discussion also focusingon implementation of the law. "Experiments as Reforms: The Impact of the 'MinneapolisExperiment' on Police Policy," JAMES MEEKER and ARNOLD BINDER, Universityof California Irvine In 1984,the "MinneapolisDomestic Violence Experiment"compared and contrasted the effectivenessof various policeresponses to domestic violence. It has become the major scientific justification for a policyof using arrest as the best response in domestic violence cases. This study examines results of a police department's sutvey to determine the effects of the Minn•!apolis Experiment, and other sourcesof pressures forpolicy changes in handling domestic violence issues. "FactorsPredicting Decision to Arrest and Its Impact on Subsequent Domestic Violence Incidence," EVA BUZA WA,University of Lowelland JAMES JACKSON , Detroit Police Department No abstractav ailable. 132 PANEL 109 WORKSHOP: EXAM SOFIWARE FORCRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATORS This workshop is designed to familiarize educatorswith using exam software. The software has been developedunder a private grant. Thesoftware is user-friendly and designed for individuals with very limited knowledge of computers. PANEL 110 WORKSHOP: HOSTAGE NEG011ATIONS: PAST, PRESENT, AN)) FUI'URE The first hostage negotiation unit was formed in the mid-1970's at the New York City Police Department. Duringthe brieftime hostagenegotiation teams have been in existence, they have had a significantimpact on policing. Theyhave undergone many changes and transfomlations. Thisworkshop will trace the history of hostagenegotiations and showhow it has built off its successesand failures to improve. PANEL 111 INCARCERATION OF JUVENILES "Placing Juveniles in Adult Jails: Conflict Between the Courts and Juvenile Justice Practitioners,"R DEAN WRIGHT, Drake Universityand TIMOTIIYBUZZELL, Governor's Alliance on Substance Abuse The study reported in thispaper involves an analysisof the decision-making process that leadsa juvenile to be detained i 1 an adult jail prior to trial. Juvenile probation officersin Iowatracked all juveniles who came into contact with the juvenile justice system form theirinitial contact until final disposition. This paperreports these findings, noting differences between desired and actual dispositionas recommended by the juvenile probation officerand actually ordered by the juvenile judges, subjective assessments of demeanor, the relationship between categories of decisions and social variables, as well as subjects previous contact with thecriminal justice system. "Certification to Adult Courts: The Juvenile Court's Most Serious Decision, • JOSEPH SANBORN JR, Glassboro State College Transfer of juvenile case to adult court is considered by many as the mostserious decision that can be made by the state regarding a juvenile defendant's fate. This study examines and disclosesthe perspectivesof lOOjuvenile court personnelUudges, defense attorneys,prosecutors and probationofficers) from 3 juvenile courts (urban,suburban, and rural courts) located in 1 state concerningseveral aspects of transfer to adult court. "Self-injurious Behavior in Adolescentsof a Juvenile Detention System," CHRISULAASIMOS, Contra Costa County Mental Health Department Self-injuriousbehavior has consistently been inaccurately assessedand assumed to belong to a generalizedsuicidal framework. It is crucial to the formulation of appropriate, effective interventions to accurately assess the nature of self-inflicted harmful or injurious behavior cs it reflects on an adolescent's reaction and adjustment to detention in a juvenile correctional facility. "Predictors of Recidivism Among a Population of Juvenile Incarcerates," LYN NE GOODSTEIN, Pennsylvania State University No abstract available. PANEL lU DEADLY FORCE: EXAMINATION, PERFORMANCE AND COMJ•ARJsoN "Confrontation Marksmanship: Police Performance in Dangerous Environments," GIB BRUNS and TOM SCHADE, Arizona State University and GREG MORRISON, Gunsite Ranch This paperexamines the police useof deadly force from a human performanceperspective. Date was collected from a state police agencyand is describedin their contextual setting in order to identify performancevariables. The study indicated marksmanship performanceis tied to the threat level represented by typeof primary threat and situational variables which shift, and thus intensify the seriousness of incident characteristics. "Who Police ShootAt: An Examination of Weapon Possession and Suspects' Criminal Histories," MICHAEL DONAHUE, Appalachian State University This paperexamines the relationship of the policeuse of deadly force and the shooting suspect's possession ofa dead y weaponand the suspect's criminal history. Analysis of the data suggests themore extensive the weaponsinvolv ement and the suspect'scriminal history, themore likdy the suspect, if involvedin a police shooting, would be fatally wounded or nonfatally injured. "The Use of Deadly PhysicalForce -A Comparison of Male to Female Police Officers,"SEAN GRENNAN, Long Island University-CW Post Campus This study focuses onthe use of deadly physical force by male and female policeofficers during violent confrontationswith citizens. The data analyzed was collected by the New York City Police Department using a 'Firearms Discharge/Assault on Officer Report'form. This analysi:; included situations involving pure firearms discharges and assaults involving the use of firearms discharges. PANEL 113 VOLUNTEERS AND FAMILIES IN CORRECTIONS "Religion in Prison: Providing Religious Servicesto Offendersin the Christian Community," SWAN LETMAN and LEONEL CAMPOS, Chicago State University The purposeof correctional systemsis to reduce recidivism. The problemfor the Christian community is how to accomplish this end throughmeans that are inspired in Christian thought, but which have to be employed in a secularsociety. It is the thesis of this paperthat the time has come to restructurethe basis oft he correctional endeavor, and that it is possible to arrive at a solution which better reflects Christian principles. "PrisonersWives Reactions to Courts, Lawyers and SentencingDay," lAURA FISHMAN, Universityof Vermont This paperexamines howwives react to such crisis events as their husbands' convictions and sentencing. A combination of data sources were used to construct an ethnographic account of the experiencesof 30 womenmarried to men incarcerated in 2 prisons. Findings showthat wives were called uponto play unaccustomed roles such as acting as emissaries to lawyers, taking care of business and other legal matters,and attending court sessions. Findings also reveal that on sentencing day, most wives left court feeling angryand resentful. 133 "Current Perspectivesof the PrisonerSelf-help Movement," MARK HAMM, Indiana State University Thispaper offersa contemporarytypology of prisonerself-help groups. Based upon data gatheredfrom a "grounded theory'' approach, present findings indicate that contemporaryself-help groups are orgilnized according to distinct needs of the prisoner. "Developinga PolicyAgenda: Families of Adult Offenders," CREASIE HAIRSTON, Indiana University School of SocialWork Families areorganizing to assurethat their a'bilityto communicatewith their imprisoned family membersis protectedand that their rights as individuals and families are respected. Thestrengtheningof prisor.ter-familyties is being promoted as a correctional treatmentstrategy and family-oriented services are developing in correctional settings. Thispaper documents the emerging interestin families of adult offenders, examinesthe researchbase supportingfamily oriented correctional services, and presents recommendationsfor a national policy agenda. 'The RehabilitativeEff ectivenessof a Community-reintegration Program: The Utilization of Incarcerated Volunteers as Workers in a Human Service Setting," CONSTANTINE SOURIS,University of Massachusetts- Boston The primaryobjective of this study wasto conduct comprehensive analyses of the rehabilitativeeffectiveness of a community-reintegrationprogram which utilized incarcerated offender volunteersin a human servicesetting. The presentstudy investigatesthe pioneer efforts of a rehabilitation program in the Massachusetts Departmentof Correction that attempts to combine the goalsof the community public service and community reintegration for incarcerated offenders. PANEL114 mE MANAGEMENT OF PRIVATE SECURI'IY·ITS NEGATIVEIMPACI' ON mE PUBLIC GOOD "Novel PreemptiveTe chniques in Retail Security," LEE NEUMAN, Safe Store System The growingawaren essof druguse in the work place recognizesone piece of a complex crime problem. Drugusage by employees working in the conveniencestore industryas well as other retail businesses isthe tip of the crime iceberg. Employee theft may be the major sourceof funds for drugpurchases. Law enforcement and security perceptions about the "drug crazy''committing robberyis founded, but more attention has to be paid to the interface between drug use and the easy availability of cash, as is the usual case in point-of-sales operations. "Health Care Contribution to Crime," CAlVIN ROBINSON Thevastness of the health care industry,the tremendous volumeof dollarsexchanged, accompaniedwith the inadequacies of a protective security programcan enrich and indeed contribute to community as well as national criminal activity. An effective protective security program must be able to clearly demonstrate to the responsibleexecutive of the health care entity the tremendous lossof resourceswith the resultingviolent crimes that include but are not limited to murder, rape, kidnapping, assault and other assorted criminal acts. "Eco-societal Conditions and SecurityAffe.:ts on Crime," JOSEPH CHERNICOFF, USAFIC International The nexus between crime in businessand crirne on the streetbecomes tighter as the availability of targetsincreases. Securitymanagement, which is deeply intertwined with the regular conduct of organizationaloperations, has the capability of defusing criminal activity within the company's curtilage,and by ancillaryeffect, within the social community. "Fan Violence: TheManagement Style of :iecurity and its Implications in the Criminal Justice System," JOHN mOMAS, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania Thispaper focuses on the recent activitiesof fan violence in the United States. Theprivately owned sportsfr anchises sometimes operate and manage crowd control by using differentprocedures. Thisvar iation in procedureswhen dealing with rowdyfans creates interestingdilemmas for the criminal justice system. The paper will discussthe options and examine someoft he management stylesin westernPennsylva nia. Theliability factor and its relation to crowd control will also be discussed. PANEL 115 mE ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED AND CRIMINAL JUSfiCE "Unemployment, Prosecution and Punishment: An Empirical Assessment," mEODORECHIRICOS, Florida State University and WILLIAM BALES, Florida Department of Corrections This research examines the impact of unemployment on a varietyof prosecution and punishment decisions rendered in 2,773 felony and misdemeanor cases that had charges filed in Floridaduring 1982,when unemployment reached itshighest levelsince the 1930's. Probit analysis and OLSregression were used for multi variate estimates of the various outcomes. ''The Criminality of Economic Punishment of Indigent Criminals," WILLIAM DAVIS JR, North Carolina Public Defender's Office Indigent defendants areconvicted of social/economiccrimes. They areplaced on probation with judgmentof fines and probation supervision fees. Overlooked is that the reasonsfor the criminal activitywe re inadequate economicswhich resultedin economic crimes to supportmaterial needs, drug abuse,etc. Uponprobation/ parolethese persons,without jobsor the ability to obtain one, aresentenced to continue their criminal activityin order to meet both their own financial needs and to pay the judicially imposed fines/fees. "Incarceration, Unemployment, and Social Welfare: A Conceptual Application," JEFFREYSENESE, Michigan State University Thispaper provides an analysis of the economic thesis, as wellas its conceptual relationshipto specificcriminal populations. That is, the economic paradigmwill be considered in regard to 2 primary mearu. ofsocial control. "Crime Among the Homeless," FRANKLYS DUNFORD, Universityof Colorado A sampleof 223 homeless persons 5from US cities respondedto a self-reportmeasure ofcrime. Therelationship betwe.en crimeand homelessnesswill be discussed. 134 PANEL116 CONSITIUI10NAL ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE "Miranda Revisited: TheErosion of a Oear Standard,"ALFREDO GARCIA, University of Texasat SanAntonio In Miranda vs Arizona, the United States Supreme Court erected safeguards designed to protect a criminal suspeet'sFifth Amendment privilege against self incrimination. In a seriesof decisions issued since Miranda,however, the Courthas diluted the effect of Mirandaby refusingto extend its application and by creating a "public safety'' exception to the Miranda safeguards. This paperwill examine the decisions which have eroded Miranda's impact and will assess the policy implications of the Court's restrictive interpretation of Miranda. "Griffith v Wisconsin, Special Needs Versus Probable Cause: An EmergingStandard," JOHN JONES, VICI'ORASCOLILLO, and JOSEPH HANRAHAN, Westfield State College Theintention of this paper is to examine the Fourth and FourteenthAmendment rightsof probationers and parolees in light of the recent Supreme Courtdecision in Griffinvs Wisconsin of June 26, 1987.Specifically, it willattempt to identifythe currentconstitutional status of probationersand parolees withregard to warrantless searches of their persons and their residences. " 'He's in the Jailhouse Now': The Legal Rightsof Jail and Prison Inmates," FRANCESBERNAT and ROBERT GODWVE, New Mexico State University The U S Supreme Court has been historically waryabout deciding cases which provide prisonerswith constitutional ly-protected rights. The Court has basically maintained a hands-offpolicy be deferring to the discretionand judgmentof prisonauthorities howbest to runprison fac ilities. In 1979,the Courtdecided the seminal case on jail inmates rights-Bell vs Wolfish-and decided, in essence, that jail inmates may have "rights" but they werewithout a remedy. The Court, in hands-off policylanguage, determined that it must defer to the reasonablepolicy ofjail officials. This paperconsiders whether ptison inmates havemore protections for their constitutional rights than jail inmates. "TheDiffer ential Impact of Deinstitutionalization on White and NonwhiteIncompetency to Stand Trial Committees," 1HOMASARVANITES, Villano va University Previousresearch has reported that state mental hospital deinstitutionalization is positivelyrelated to the increase in commitments for incompetencyto stand trial (lSI)as well as increases inthe psychiatric and criminal histories of ISfs. Thisstudy examines the degree to which tJ::e changes between the cohorts varyby race. Preliminaryanalyses suggest significant differences between white and nonwhite defendants in terms of prior hospit.dization and arrest histories. PANEL 117 COMMUNI1YCORRECTIONS: PROGRAMS AND ISSUES "Alternative Dispute Resolution: TheEff ectivenessof a Community Mediation Program," MICHAEL AGOPIAN, California State University, LongBeach and LAURA SHUTMAN, Oaremont Graduate School Can a lesscostly, informal,and more equitablealternative to traditionalcourt processing implementedbe to resolvecriminal and civil problems? Community Dispute Resolution Centers offer a unique non-judicial approach to divert potential litigation and satisfy aggrieved parties Such programs seek conciliation through mediation. In 1986, SB 2064 formalized Dispute Resolution programs in California. This paperreports on a 4-month study regarding the impact of one program the CommunityDispute Resolution Centerin Pasadena, California. "An Analysis of Spatial Density and Adjustment in Community Treatment Centers,"WILLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT and DARLAO'CONNOR, Louisiana State University No abstract available. ''The Changing Role of Community Reintegration Programming in the Wake of Prison Overcrowding," DANIEL LeClAIR, Massachusetts Department of Correction No abstract available. "Texas Restitution Centers: A Descriptive and Evaluative Study," RICHARD lAWRENCE, Universityof Texasat �;an Antonio No abstract available. "Predicting Parole Success in Ohio: Yet Another Study," lAWRENCETRAVIS Ill, Universityof Cincinnati For over 40 years, researchershave attempted to predict successful completionof paroleas an aid to parolerelease decisionmaking. Using a sample of parolees from Ohio penal institutions during 1985,this paper compares the relativeutility of differentfactors in predicting parolesuccess. A discussionof parole prediction technologyfocused on the results of this study concludes with some generalobservations about the prediction problemand a discussionof howprediction accuracy might be enhanced in future efforts. PANEL 118 PROBLEMS OF JAILOVERCROWDING "Three Stages of Jail Overcrowding: A Case Study of a Jail for the Year 2000," MICHAEL KIRBY, Rhodes College . The Memphis-Shelby County jail provides an insightful case study into the mechanics of jail overcrowding. The Je:;sons learned are: 1) new jails do not cure overcrowding, 2) state prison system refusal to accept transfers increaseovercrowding, 3) judges do not easily change 1 heir behaviorin bail setting, 4) the absence of leadershipfrom the prosecutorand sheriff are important in creating overcrowding,5) federaljudges intervene when localofficials abdicate their responsibility, and 6) building new facilities may be easier than effectively managing a jail facility. 135 ''The Opening of a New Jail: Problems and Prospects in Population Management," BERNARD McCARTHY, Jacksonville State University Somecommunities attempt to build their way out of jail crowding; in this case study, one community that chose this option will be examined. In the year following the opening of the new jail the inmate population increased 100%. This paper examines the local community forces responsible for the increase in the inmate population and the problems and prospect!. of developing population management strategies fora new jail. ''TheImplications of Effective Case Processingfor Crowded Jails: The Prosecutor's Role," JOIANTA JUSZKIEWICZ, Pretrial Services Resource Center Prosecutors are often referred to as the gatekeepers of the criminal justice s}ostem. Their decisions over chargingcontrol the ebb and flow of cases. Through their decision to decline to prosecuteor divertcru.es, prosecutorscan preempt the flow ofcases into the criminal justice system. It should be recognized that prosecutors' decisions at the intake, trial preparation and :;entencingstages beardirectlyonjail population levels and length of confinement. In numerous jurisdictions prosecutors have been instrumental in modifyingcase processing procedures to improve caseflow and alleviate jail crowding. This paperdiscusses specificpolicies and procedures designed to improve case processingwhich have had an impact on jail population levels. "Professional Perceptions of the Etiology of Jailcrowding in Orange County: Implications for Changes," HENRY PONTELL, WAYN E WELSH, :MAITHEW LEONE, and PATRICK KINKADE, Unive rsityof California-Irvine Despite the current crisis state of jail ovc:rcrowding in California and the rapidly growing body of litigation, there has been little systematic study of the interrelationshipsamong different criminaljustice agencies which affect jail populations. Through interviews with key practitionersand policy-makers (e.g., judges, attorneys, jailpersonnel, parole and probation officers,etc.), the authorsexamined perceptionsregarding the potentialsources of overcrowding. Responses regarding the relationship among these and other corrponentswere recorded, and policy makerswere asked about the feasibility of proposedshort- and long-term solutions. Major recommendations are summarized. PANEL 119 COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE: RECENT RESEARCH "Fieldnotes on the Philippine Vigilante Movement," WTIMOTIIY AUSTIN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Based upon 2 field tripsto the Mindanao re1�on of the Philippines, this study describesand analyzesseveral aspectsof the vigilantemov ement popularized in recent yearsby ruraland urban Filipinos. The project addresses3 general research questions. First,what is the nature of variousdistincti ve styles of vigilantism in Mindanao? Second, how do the citizen initiated control mechanisms link with the formal police and military organizations of the Philippines? Third,how does the Philippine vigilante movement pertain to "self-help" theory,especially regarding the reasons for the inception of such citizen groups? "Crime and Criminal Justice in Post-Franc•J Spain, 1975-1985," FRANK MORN, Illinois State University This paperdiscusses crime and criminal justice agencies in Spain from 1975 to the present. The cultural-social character of Spain and the Spaniard will be analyzed. When Francisco Franco died in 1975, a 40 y•:ar authoritarian regime came to an end. In the next decade a democracy evolved. Separatism,always a latent concern in the northern areas, exploded anew, with its proximity to Mrica drug trafficking became a problem of major proportions. "Crime and Underdevelopment: An Analysis of the Jamaican Gun Court Act," WILLIAM CAIATHES, Jersey City State C.ollege In response to the serious increaseof firearm violence within society, in April of 1974 the Jamaican Parliament selected deterrence as the criminological theory to reduce firearm violence. It its passage of the Gun Court Act, members of Parliament publically stated that they were attempting to deal more harshly with those arrested, processed,and convicted of gun ctimes. This paperexamines the sociopoliticalju stifications and effects of the Gun Court Act upon Jamaica, the societal reactions to it, and offers to explain its exiHence in terms of crime and underdevelopment. PANEL l21 WO RKSHOP: SERIAL MURDER: A NEW PHENOMENON IN HOMICIDE In 1977, the Behavioral ScienceUnit of the FBI Academy undertooka research project in an effort tobetter understand the phenomenon of serial or series murder. The offenders interviewed are some of the rnost notorious serialkillers in American criminal history. Analysis of data has provided new insights in the personality, motivation and thinking patterns of these \ iolent offenders. PANEL U2 WORKSHOP: COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF POST-CRITICAL INCIDENT: MICHIGAN-ENGlAND-NORTHERN IRElAND-DEN:MARK This is a study of 2,500police officers invot.ringcritical incidents in some 55 police departments in Michigan. The author has recently begun a comparative study with the psychology departments at the Northern Ireland Police Department and the London Metropolitan Police Department in London, England. PANEL 123 DECISION MAKING IN THE JUVENILE COURT ''The Effects of Due Processon Juvenile IntakeDispositions," CHRISTINESELLERS, Louisiana State Universityand JEANKROG:MAN, Kirkwood Community College It is hypothesized that as thejuvenile justice �ystempro gressestoward due process, evidencedby judicial decisions or statutory provisions for children's rights, juvenile authorities will adopt morelegalistic criteria in their decision-making. Data are gathered on the intake decisions of a midwestern juvenile probation office at intervals prior to and following the enactment of a state statute eliminating jurisdiction overstatus offenders. ''The Changing Role of the Juvenile Court: Development or Delusion?" MONROE MILLER, University of Pittsburgh Court decisions, changes in juvenile law and demands for punishment of seriousoffenders have affected the juvenile court and raised questions as to its influence overyouths traditionally involved in the juvenile system. This research examines the impact of change upon the court and the larger juvenile system. Exclusion of "status offenders" from the jurisdiction of the court ignores evidence that many are merely delayed from court involvement rather than diverted. Emphasis on "just desserts" for serious offenders has le.j primarily to increased protectiveness by the court. 136 "Delinquent Careers and the ChronicDelinquent: A LongitudinalStudy of 1000Youths Referredto Juvenile Court," RANDALLSHELDEN, Universityof Nevada Las Vegas This paper presents data collected on the careers of 1,000 youths whose first referral to juvenile court was in 1:}80. Among findings to be presented include distinguishing among 3 major types of careers and a further analysis of 3 types of chronics, an examination of the adult criminal records of these youths, a focus on the connection between child abuse and later delinquent/criminal careers, and a presentation of correlations among several socio-demographicvariables and delinquent careers. "Juvenile Processing of Minority Youth," CARL POPE and WILLIAM FEYERHERM, Universityof Wisconsin-Milwaukee This paperprovides a methodological and conceptual review of the existing research literature dealing with the processingof minority youth through the juvenile justice system. Some findings argue that racefethnicity have direct or indirect consequences independent of legal factors with regard to outcome decisions while other findings do not. This paper presents a systematic methodologyfor examining and comparing previous researc h in this area conducted up to the present time. PANEL 124 REVITALIZING THE POLICE ORGANIZATION: AN EXAMINATION OF PERSONNEL AND PLANNING ISSUES "An Analysis of Rater-Ratee Race and Sex Influences Upon Field Training Officer Program Evaluations," WILLIA\.f DOERNER, Florida State University, JOHN SPEIR, Georgia State University; and BENJAMIN WRIGHT, Louisiana State University One recent innovation in law enforcement is the implementation of Field Training Officer (FTO) programs. The FTO programis a post-academytraining period during which candidates receive additional instruction and have their field performance monitored on a daily basis. Given differential success rates, the question becomes whether ratee and rater characteristics, such as race and sex, influence evaluations. An analysisof training scoresfrom an FTOprogram in one southeastern municipal police agency indicates that rater characteristics do not alter ratee scores. "Stress Among Female Police Officers: The Times Are They a Changing?" PEARL JACOBS, New York Institute: of Technology Prior to 1972 the duties of mostfemale policeofficers were restricted to non-patrol assignments. Thissituation changed in 1972 when females were assignedto active patrol. Asa result of this major change in policing, researchersbegan studyingthe special problems that female offi<·ers face. This paper seeks to explore questions by comparing data from 2 studies of female officers. "Crime Analysis: Reinventing the Police," SHARON TAFOYA, Prometheus Consultants It has been 20 years since the President's Commissionon Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice identifiec: crime analysis as one of the two vital planning needs of policedepartments. To what extent have the nation's law enforcement agencies responded to this imperative? It appearsthat only a handful of America's police and sherifrs departments have taken definitive steps to make crime analysis a viable component of their routine policing functions. "Police Stress Inventory: An Examination of a Modified Version," VIVIAN WRD, North Carolina Justice Academy R A Lawrence's Police Stress Inventory(PSI) was developedto measure the level and type of job stress experiencedby police. This paperexamines the concurrent validity of a modified version of PSI, whether the result are generalizable to law enforcement officers in North CarQJina, and if the results can be related to other factors. Of particular interest to the researcher, were responses to 2 open-ended questions which requested sugge:;tions of institutional changes that the officers believed would reduce stress, and personal strategies they engaged in to reduce stress. PA NEL US CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT: ISSUES AND INFLUENCI:S "Community Influences on Criminal Punishment: The Role of Local Legal Cultures," THOMAS CASTELLANO, Southern Illinois Universityand BEN MENKE, Washington State University One of the most common findings in criminal justice is the tremendous variability in levels and typesof criminal pl nishment across jurisdictions. Often inferred to reflect variation in local legal norms and cultures, few empirical attempts have been attempted to conceptualize, operationalize, and link "local legal cultures" with "going rates" of criminal punishment. This paper presents a discussion of the conceptual and methodological issues surrounding such an attempt. "Sentencing Reform in Washington State: An Examination of Disparity," MARYSI'OHR-GILLMORE and DENNIS ROGAN,Washington State University A basic precept of the Washington SentencingReform Act of 1981is the establishment of a "more just, equal and certain" system of sentencing. Given this precept and adherence to the guidelines that the act demands, any disparity, whether based on race or sex should have been lc:veled in Washington with the implementation of the SRAin July 1984. Utilizing data on Washington prison and community service populations over a 15 yearspan, this paperwill examine the disparity issue. "Deterrence and Opportunity: Some Theoretical and Empirical Developments," BEN MENKE, DAVID W.U D, WUIS GRAY, and MARK STAFFORD, Washington State University No abstract available. "Perjury: A Most Common Crime," GORDON MISNER, University of Illinois at Chicago Despite its almost universal historical condemnation, the crime of petjuryhas become socommonplace in the United Statesthat laxenforcement of its proscriptions except in Federal courts-borders on the scandalous. This paperseeks to discuss the crimeof petjuryby looking not only at some historical and comparative data, but also at some contemporary U S data. PANEL 126 THE MEDIA AND CONSTITUI'IONALISSUES IN SELF-DEFENSE "Journalistic Attention to Crime: 200 Years of American News Coverage," RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College Even before the founding of the new American republic, journalistsfound criminal justice issues great "copy''. This paperexplores the ways in which the coverage 137 of criminal justiceevents bas changed and the waysin which it has remained th same over the 200plus yearsof the American nation. The meaning of "freedom of the press" as guaranteed by the Federal Constitution is considered as it bas been applied to journalistic endeavors and occasionally bas been restricted in the coverage of criminal justice events. "1be Lawand Practice ofSelf-protection: Tit Peopl and Bernie Goetzversus th Media FJite,'' PAUL BlACKMAN, N R A Institute for LegislativeAction From the moment the news media reported the subway shooting by Bernhard Goetz, their coverage displayed distortions or misunderstandings of the English language, the US Constitution, the lawsof Nc:wYork state, and the attitudes of the American people toward firearms and self-defense. With their different sets of "facts," they reported an entirelydiff erent event than occurred and were aghast when the jury, responding to accurate accounts of law and language, acquitted Goetz of all but a technical violation of the law. The mindset of the media elitists and the world of the ordinaryAmerican appear mutually incomprehensible. "A View to a Kill: The Bernhard GoetzCase and CriminalJustice Interpretation of Citizen Self Defense,"lLOYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College-CUNY and JOAN LUXENBURG, Central State University The controversysurrounding citizen selfdefense bas heightened as violent crime remains conspicuously high. the Bernhard Goetz case stimulated discussion of whether citizens can protect themselves without societal invocation of the'vigilante' status. This paper offers an examinationof the legal implications posed by the Goetz case and several related incidents. "Justifiable Homicide in the United States," RAYMOND KESSLER, Sui Ross State Universityand BYRON JOHNSON, Memphis State University Justifiable homicide is a controversial topic, yet is also one that bas beensparsely researched. 1bis paper presents some basic descriptive and analytical data on justifiablehomicide in the United States. The primarysources of data re the SupplementaryHomicide Reportsof the Federal Bureau of Investigations'sUniform Crime Reports. PANEL U7 PERCEmONS REGARDING CRIME AND JUSTICE ISSUES "A University Cohort Study on Crime and Justice," R moMAS DULL, California State University, Fresno The crime and justice study wasdesigned to collect, analyze, and disseminate student opinion about topics in the area of crime and justice. Thecrime and justice survey will be conducted on an annual basis by following a cohortof 1987entering college freshmen through their 4-year college career. This paper analyzes the data from the first year of the study. "Citizen Reactions to the Guardian Angels: The Detroit Survey," JOSEPH ALBINI, Wayne State University During 1982, the author conducted a study ofthe Guardian Angelsin Detroit. Aspart of this study, a sectorof Detroit frequently patrolledby the angels wasselected for evaluation of citizen attitudes toward the angels. This paper examines findings drawn from a survey of 100residents living or working in this area. "The Role of Values in Crime Prevention," ROBERT WALS H, University of Houston-Downtown Criminologists havesuggested that one method of reducing the crime rate is to impactsociety by emphasizingspecific values or by creating a common rank ordering of sharedvalues. Thispaper points out the difficultyof havingsuccess withsucha notion. Asa practical matter, the successof such actions would requirea restructuring of social interaction through the use of socia l control mechanisms. ''1be Victims of Repeat Offenders," GEORGE RENGERT, Temple University Inhuman conditions resultingfrom prisonovercrowding have led to calls for early releaseprograms. Advocatesof early releaseof convicted felons have not considered who in societyis victimized ifthese off enders repeat their crimes. Rather, they implicitly assume that victimization is randomlyspread, perhaps even that their own experience is an accurate reflectionof the probability of victimization by releasedprisoners. "Women with Crime Partners Who Are Men," SUE MAHAN, University of Central Florida-Daytona Beach Case studies of 3 women wbo were convicted as accessories with men crime partners were analyzed with regard to Mead's theory of symbolic interaction. The 3 partsof the theory, as specifiedby Morris, mind, selfand society, provided theorganizing framework. Theseclearly apply to the accounts givenby the accomplices studied in this paper. Mead's ideas, along wtth the concepts of other theorists who have been instrumental in the dynamic emergency of the theory of symbolic interaction, were related to the experiences of these women acting as criminal accomplices. PANEL 128 MENTAL HF.ALm ISSUES INJAILS "Fear in Jails: A Comparison Analysis of Fear as Experienced by Inmates in Traditional and New Generation Correctional Facilities," UNDA ZUPAN, University of Alabama at Birmingham The new generation correctional philosophy ispredicated on the assumption that institutional disorderand violence are a product of inmate fear of victimization. It is hypothesized that the architectural desii;n and inmate management style prescribed by the new philosophy controls inmate fear and associated violence and disorder in 3 primary ways. To assess the su·xess of the new generation philosophy in reducing inmate fear, this paperpresents a comparison analysis of fear of victimization experienced by inmates in trad1.tional and new generation facilities. "Servicesfor Acute and ChronicPsychiatric J•atients in an Urban CountyJail," RICHARDKOMISAR UK and JEANE'ITEJERRELL, Santa Oara CountyMental Health Bureau The jail is a processingcenter for the criminal justice system. Mental health setvices must facilitate this operation. This paperdescribes the multi-tiered system of mental health services provided in Santa Clara County jail, including crisis screenings, outpatient services, and an inpatient facilitywhere inmates can be force medicated under civil codes. 138 "An Evaluation of Servicesto Mentally DisorderedInmates in an UrbanCounty Jail," JEANETI'EJERRELL and :RICHARD KOMISAR UK,Santa Oara County Mental Health Bureau This paperdescribes research on the need for mental health servicesamong inmates booked into Santa Oara Col::ntyjail and referred for psychiatricscreenings by custodystaff. It also compares inmates acceptedfor mental health treatment (inpatient and outpatientservices) and thoseassigned to the generaljail population. "Mental Illness, Bond Status, and Criminal Sentencing: A Oassificationof Jails in the United States," DAVID KAUNICHand JEFFREYSENESE, Michigan State University It seems that the issue of"deinstitutionalization" has correlatesin the issuesof settingbond and criminalsentencingwl'lich should be considered. Thispaper examines these issues based on the Bureau of Justice Statistics"'Surveyof Inmates of Local Jails: 1983." The 1983 jail survey includes a sample of 5,785 respondents from a population of roughly 223,600 male and female inmates from 407 institutions throughout the United States. PANEL 130 INMATE PERCEmONS AND VALUES "The Value Systems of Incarcerated Embezzlers Compared to Other Inmates and the General Population," MICHAEL WELCH, St John's University The Rokeach Value Survey was used to assess the value systems of incarcerated embezzlers (N = 31) at a southwestern minimum security federal correctional institution. The responses of the embezzlers werecompared to: 1) an inmate matched control group from the same institution (N = 31 ), 2) a sample of inmates incarcerated in state institutions (N=461),and 3) a sample from the general population (N-1409). The findings n:vealed no differences between the embezzlers and their matched control group. "Moderating the Material Aspirations of Criminals," NORMAN GREENBERG, Westfield State College To the extent that individuals are motivated to engage incrime by greed (as opposed to need), it would be worthwhile to ask these people to reconsider their ideas about the value ofluxurious possessions and status based on wealth. Thispaper will describe a program designed to � timulate such a reconsideration and will report on the results of an experimental evaluation of the program. "Inmate Perceptions of Determinate and IndeterminateSentencing." CALVIN lARSON, BRUCEBERG, and LESUE HULCOOP,University of Massachusetts at Boston Advocatesof determinate sentencinghave argued that inmates support determinatesentencing because they strongly resentsentencing inequity and the uncertainty of time to be served under indeterminate sentencing. It is the aim of study to advance the clarification of the situation by examination of the views of a systematic sample of inmates at a maximum security institution in the northeast. "Inmates' Perception of the Pains of Imprisonment," COLUMBUS HOPPER, University of Mississippi The most painful part of imprisonment to most inmates is being unable to see relatives and friends whenever they wish. The 3 next most important pains of imprisonment have to do with being unable to engage in heterosexual relations and companionship with the op�;ite sex. From the standpoint of physiology, it is impossible to deprive prisoners of sexual gratification for they can escape physical deprivation through autoeroticism. It is difficult to survive emotionally in a one-sex environment. PANEL 131 THECRIMINAL JUSTICE VOCATION: A QUEST FORLEGfOMACY "Criminal Justice Education: The Distance Traveled," ROBEKI' MUI'CHNICK, Indiana University of Pennsylva11ia Highereducation as it related to criminology/criminal justice has gone through a metamorphosis during the past SO years that can in one sense be describedas the "end of the beginning". This manuscript will discuss 3 major phases of development as well as some of the ancillary phases that have represented criminological/ criminal justice education. Primary focus will be on the future of criminal justice education. "The Role of the Community College in the Post-LEAA Era,"ANTHONY BRUNO, Community College of Philadelphia This paper argues for a reconceptualization ofcommunity college criminal justice programs in the post-LEAA ear. The proliferation of programs generated by LFAA, coupled with the community college movement of the early 70's, combined to generate a powerful label of vocationalism among these programs. A programmatic tendencyto blur the boundariesof training curriculawith that of academic curricula established the sense,especially in the academic community, that such enterprises could be little more than vocational. A reformulation is needed at the community college level. "The Minority Perspective in Criminal Justice-A Decade Later," lAURENCE FRENCH,The Laconia State School and Training Center In 1978 a major criminal justice education projectwas initiated at the School of Criminal Justice at the State University of New York at Albany. The goal of this LFAA-sponsoredproject was to incorporate the minority perspective into college and university curricula. This paperlooks at the success of this project and its impact over time. "Women in Criminal Justice: An Examination of the Aspirations and Perceptions of Criminal Justice Majors," KAREN PUGUESI and ROBEKI'WEISS, State University of New York-Plattsburg Criminaljustice is one of the few social sciences in which male students predominate. Women are increasinglychoosing criminaljustice as a college major, but not in nearly equal numbers with men. This paper will explore the perceptions and occupational aspiration of female criminal justice majors at a state university. Suggestions for improving the environment for women in criminal justice education and the recruitment of women students will be made. PANEL 133 WORKSHOP: PRACTICAL APPUCATIONS OF IMAGERY TO TRANSFER TRAINING TOTHE WORKPlACE Recent psychological research reveals the linkages between conscious thought, the self image, and behavior. One resultis the "rediscovery'' of the importance of imagery, or creative visualization, in the transferof trainingconcepts and skills to the work place. This seminarwill introduce imagery techniques, provide examples of proper usein a multi-faceted training setting, and include a sample guided imagery session. 139 f�L 134 CULTIJRAL PERSPECI1VES ON JUVENILEJUSfiCE "Juvenile Justice System in Southern Nigeria,''' OBI EBBE, State Universityof New York at Brockport Juvenilejustice administration costsAm ricantaxpayers millions of dollarsannually, whilein Nigeria, the costis minimal for reasons this papersets out to delineate. The paper comparesand contraststhe Nigerian systemwith that of the United States. It analyzesthe selectionand compositionof the juvenilecourt as well as disposal of the juvenile offenders. "NativeAmerican Families in Transition: A Study of Juvenile Delinquency," SUSAN ROBBINS, Universityof Houston The current study examines delinquency-among the Seminole Indians of Florida. Thedata came from self-administered questionnaires completed anonymously byl29youtbs(70%) aged10-17. In addition to f>tatistical data, unstructured interviewsare used to provideillustration. Thedata presentedsuggests that the transition of families away from traditional values and practices and structures has led to an erosion of traditionalsocial controls on youthful misbehavior and has contributed to the high rates of delinquency found on the Seminole reservations. "Reform Through Education - ReformThrough Labor: Formal and Informal Control of Delinquency in the People's Republic of China," JOHN HEWI'IT, Ball State University and ROBERT REGOU and GEORGE RIVERA, University of Colorado Thispaper will examine formal and informal social control mechanisms in the People's Republic of China for dealingwith juveniledelinquency. Data werederived from observations and interviews in China with both scholars and practitioners as well aswith Chinese students studying abroad. Links were found between the traditional Confucian system and the Communist system of social order. PANEL 135 HOMJ� INCARCERATIONAND ELECTRONIC MONITORING: PROGRAMS AND ISSUES "Correlatesof Success or Failureof the Offenders Supervised in the Community," HARJITSANDHU, RICHARD DODDER,and MINU MAmUR, Oklahoma State University No abstract available. '"The Decision Not to Adopt Electronic Momtoring Systems in Probation," BAHRAM IIAGHIGHI, University of Dayton No abstract available. "A Legislative History of Electronic Probation in South Carolina," REID MONTGOMERY, Universityof South Carolina The state of South Carolina wasthe only state to outlaw the use of electronicprobation. This paperexamines the research presented to the South Carolina General Assembly which convinced them to pasHouse Bi11 2290-makingelectronic probation legal. Alsoexamined are the numerous formsof electronic probation. A total of 25 states are currently using some form of electronic probation. '"The Need for Systematic Evaluation of Home Confinement as an Alternative to Incarceration," BUSH-MORGAN,KAY Florida State University Within the past few years, there bas been a :�roliferation of various correctional reforms designed as alternatives to incarceration. Since 1983, various home confrnement programs have literallyexploded throughoutthe United States. This paperassesses both the intended and potential unintended consequences of home confinement. Specifically, this paper considers whether home confrnement provides an alternative or supplement to prison thereby"widening the net." The data are drawn from 3 years of experience with Florida's home confinement program. "Probation Violation Patterns in Four Sites," PATRICIA HARRIS, Sam Houston State University This paper presents the findings of an analysil; of 8,000probationers under supervision in Wyoming, South Carolina, Wisconsin and Minnesota in 1982 and 1983, for which detailed data regarding pre-termination violations have been obtained. The analysis will address violation frequency and type, and will describe the distribution of violations using the subsample of multiple-violation probationers. Implications for probationer risk classification will be discussed. PANEL 136 THE SUBCULTURE OF POUCING: EXAMINATIONAND ANALYSIS "An Empirical Examination of the Relationship Between Police Solidarity and Community Orientation," SfANLEY SHERNOCK, Norwich University This paper, reporting the resultsof a survey st1Jdyof 200patrol officers in 11 police departments in 3 New Englandstates and New York state, specificallytests the hypothesisthat the greaterthe senseof solidarilyexpressedby a patrolofficer, the morelikely the patrolofficer will exp ress a lessfavo rableattitude towardcommunity relations and services. "Organizational Structure and Organizational Subcultures: An Analysis of Police Departments," ROBERT WORDEN, Michigan State University This paper examines the nature and structura l origins of organizational subcultures in police departments. Building upon previous research that bas identified elements of police subcultures, and on researc::b that bas revealed variation on the ethos' of departments and in the attitudes and values of individual officers, the paper develops and tests hypotheses about the effect of organizational structure on the number and nature of police subcultures. "Humor in the Briefrng Room: A Symbolic ltesource for Police," MARKPOGREBIN and ERIC POOLE, Universityof Coloradoat Denver Thispaper explores the roleofhumorinthe pol:tce organization. Based upona year-longethnographic study of one suburbanpolice department, the authorsexamined four typesof humor characteristicsof the streel copidioculture: jocularaggress ion, audiencedegradation, diffusion of danger/tragedy, and normativeneutralization. Humor is shown to be both a symbolic resource and a strategic activity. 140 PANEL 137 UNDERSTANDING TilEFEMALE FELON ''The Female Felon: Recent Trends in Sentencing Severity," DEAN CHAMPION, Universityof Tennessee An analysisof 644female felons in 6 states for 1980-1985discloses several trends, including increasingsentence SCVI:rity, a generalshift fromproperty offe nses to increasing numbersof violent offenses,and longerincarceration lengths imposedin the sentencingprocess. A profileof offenses is providedon a year-by-yearbasis, and some analysisis made of recent trendsthrough interviewswith judges and prosecutingattorneys in the jurisdktions examined by the present research. "Criminality and DrugAbuse Historyof 150 Incarcerated Women," SALLYlAWRENCE, University of Florida Thecriminality of 150 incarcerated womenis analyzed in termsof a criminal historyindex score and a drug abuse irtdex score. The criminal historyindex utilized was developed based on self-reported criminal offenses committed within the 2-year period prior to the inmates' incarceration. The drug index utilized is that developed by Oayton and Voss (1981). A profile of female offendersac rossvarious categories is offeredon this basis. "Women on Death Row,"L KAY GILLESPIE, Weber State College Presently 21 women await execution on 'death rows' in 12 states. This paperfocuses on the death rowexperience of women. Particularemphasis is givento why they are there, howthey cope, how conditions varyfrom state to state, and howthey perceive their situation. "A Comparison of the Situational Determinants of Males and FemalesConvi cted of Murder," RUSS WINN and UNDA HAUGEN, Memphis State University and NANCY JURIK, Arizona State University While therehas been a growing interest in investigatingthe natureof female-committed homicide,most of the existingefforts areplagued by small sample sizes drawn from prison. This paper compares all females convicted of homicide during one year with a sample of male offendersfrom the same jurisdiction. Data are drawn from police reports, court records, and pre-sentence investigation reports. "Sex,Age and Criminal Behavior," JILLROSENBAUM, California State University-Fullerton Thispaper is part of a continuing examination of a group of women who werecommitted to the CaliforniaYouth Authority in the early sixties. Previous research on this group of offendersindicated that there isa great deal of persistence in their offending, as well as an increase in the severity of offense committed. Further analysis of these data will examine the influence of age on criminal behavior. PANEL 139 ROUNDTABLE: TilE USE OF FORCE IN JAILS Thispanel will examine the use offorce in jails. Factorscontributing to the problem will beidentified by the panelis1 s and policyramifications for corrections and the criminal justice system will be highlighted. PANEL 140 INTERNATIONALCRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE "Narcoterrorism," JAMES INCIARDI, University of Delaware Recent media discussionsof terrorismand drugtrafficking have linked the 2 phenomena, often suggesting that they embodya conspiracyhaving both strategicand tactical goals. However,the whole issueis clouded by the fact that the journalisticmeaningof' narcoterrorism'has never been made clear. The nature of both terrorism and narcoterrorism are discussed, and the political character of one is contrasted with the economic nature of the c·ther. "Delinquency Control From a Comparative Perspective,"TIIEODORE FERDINAND, SouthernIllinois University The author suggests(on the basis of slight evidence, to be sure)that many membersof inclusionaryprogramsare alsoconfirmed in a deviant status by their experience in rehabilitative programs. Theyare systematically inducted into peripheral socialroles and socialdependency by thdr experiencein community-based programs. Examined areforms of delinquency found in the United States and USSR in comparisonwith those in the Netherl�tnds or Sweden. "Issues and Problems of Drug LawEnforce ment in Latin America," PETERLUPSHA, Universityof New Mexico Thispaper examines someof the major issues and dilemmas facing the LatinAmerican nations as they attempt to respondto the United States' supply-side oriented drug policy. Special attention is givento the major drugproducing nations-Mexico, Columbia, Peru, andBolivia-but other production and transitcountries are also studied. Problemsof narco-corruption, narco-terrorism and narco-insurgencyare examined. "A Research Strategyfor the Study of Espionage,"JOHN MARTIN, Fordham University, and JAMES HARAN and ANNE ROMANO, Long Island University-C W Post Campus Thisstudy has 3 objectives: (1) to describe the offenses of spies convicted in US District Courtsbetween 1965 and 1987, (2) to describe the characteristics of such offenders, and (3) to place such spies and their behavior in the context of the foreign intelligence serviceswhich they served. ''Terrorism in the Middle East," SHEIKH ALI and JESS BOWE, North Carolina Central University Thisarticle examines the antecedents of terrorismin the Middle Eastfrom the firstcentury when 2 Zionist groupsterrolized the Roman administrationin Jerusalem. Terrorism is nowlinked to the Arab-Israeli conflict,which began in 1948, and its spillovereffects on several religious groupssupported by Iran, Libya, and Syria. The paper looks into some of the causes, targets and perpetratorsof terrorism. PANEL 141 POUCE INVESTIGATION: PROBLEMS AND POUCYCONCERNS "Crime as a Negotiable Commodity: The Police Use of lnformers," UVYVISANO, York University Criminal justice scienceshave long been interested in the relationshipbetween policing and community participation. Traditionally, it hasbeen argued that law 141 enforcement agencies aredependent upon the general community for crime information. Recently however, there is a growing interest among criminologists to explore the dependencyrelations police createwithin different subpopulations,especially diverse streetsubcultures. Using qualitative data on 70 hustlers and 50 police officers, the authors examine howcrime is manipulated as a commodityin advancing the interests of informers and the police. "Reflections of UndercoverStreet Experiences,"JAMES NESS and ELLYN NESS, Southern Illinois University Thispaper is a seriesof reflections by the authorsand recountstheir experiences as undercoverdrug enforcement agents during a summer project in 1984. The purposeof the project wasto gainfirst-hand lmowledge of undercoverpolice operations to bring back into the classroomsince many academicians do not experience the 'real streets.' Thepaper explores the methodsoff undercoverinvestigations, the frustrationsexperienced by undercover officerswho play a different character than they reallyare, the stress involved in doing undercoverwork, and facts of life that never make the textbooks. ''Ten Commonly Held Fallacies Relating to Death Investigations," ROBERT REINEin'SEN, Western Illinois University Thismonograph will examine commonly-held fallacies relating to death investigation.Areas of examinationinclude: estimation of time of death, differences between coroner and medical examiner systems, crim•: scene searchpatterns, making a homicide appear to be a suicide, serial murderers and their motives, etc. PANE:L 141 DRUG TESTING: CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY IMPLICATIONS "Employee and Applicant ControlledSubsta11 ce Abuse: Some Implications for CriminalJustice Organizations," WILLIAM McCAMEY, Western Illinois University Criminal justice managerscontinue to be con·=ernedwith the chemicaltesting of employees. Thispaper discusses the present legalstatus of current employees and those seeking positions with criminal justice organizations. In addition, the paperexplores new drug testing technology and concludes with recommendations for additional research. "Drug Testing in the Public Sector: The Panacea Unravels," PATRICIA CALDER, Dibrell, Dotson, Dibrell and Dibrell Drug testingpublic employees is touted as an effectivemethod for controllingdrug abuse in public organizations. Justice system employees are frequently governed by a 'public safety' performancestandard. Ali tanyof caseshas erodedoriginal assumptions about the merits of drug testing unrelated to public safetyor productivity issues. Given the pace of this erosion, some questions are raised as to the links between panacea and implementation within a constitutional framework of decisionmaking. "Drug-use Forecasting: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy and Research," SUSAN PENNELL and CHRISTINE CURTIS, San Diego Association of Governments The National Institute of Justice has funded Drug-Use Forecasting (DUF) projectsthroughout the countrywhich involvedrug testing of jail inmates booked for felony offenses. Thispaper discusses the Sart Diegopro ject. Topics addressed include the methodology, implementation process, resultsto date, policy issues for criminal justice administrators, and implications for future research on druguse indicators and the relationship between druguse and criminal activity. PANEL 143 CURRENT ISSUES INTilE VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN "Student CourtshipViolence: One College'sEfforts to Providea FavorableCampus Environment,"VIRGINIA BURNS, State Universityof New York at Brockport In response to a growing awarenessof couruhipviolence among college students, a northeastern college formed a Committee on Student Relationship Violence. The committeeconducted a campus-widesurvey to determine the extent of the problem. Nearly 30percent of the student respondents, primarily women, reported victimization in a courtshiprelationship. This paper willreview the literature on college student courtship violence, report thecommittee's surveyresults, and discuss institutional problems, policyand programs related to the problem. "Sex Role Stereotypingand Dating Violence:," B KEITII CREW, Universityof Northern Iowa and PAMElA TONTODONATO, Kent State University A questionnairewas administered to 836college students to assess the incidence and prevalenceof violence in dating relationships. Respondentswere alsogiven the BernSex Role Inventoryto measureidentification with traditionalsex roles. These data are used to test 2 hypothesesdrawn from previous researchby Bernard et al. "Placing Domestic Violence in Context," ROBERT SIGLER, Universityof Alabama-Tuscaloosa This studyreports data gathered from a stralified random sample of residentsof a medium-sized southern town using grids and city blocks as the strata. Subjects were asked to rate the 'wrongness'and their ,willingnessto report to the policespecific acts representing differing levels of violence and social distance. Additional data from police reportsare presented. ''The Elderly on 'Victimization of Older We men'," ROSE MARY STANFORD and JEANETTEBEVIlACQUA, Universityof South Florida at Ft Myers Researchof elderly victimizationreveals coni radictionbetween the incidence rateand the fear of crime. Studiesof this paradoxillustrate age and gender are factors in increased vulnerability and the long temt effects of crime. Yet, there is a dearth of research about victimization of the older woman. This study expands understandingof this paradox and knowledge of the elderly woman in society. PANEL 144 WORKSHOP= VICTIM COUNSELING Asa rule,law enforcementpersonnel are the firston the scene,and their responseto, and handling of the victim,will have thegreatest impact on that person.Therefore, it isnecessary to develop guidelines to manage crisesand to learn howto render 'psychological first aid' to victimsespecially when one considers the ramifications of involvement in a traumatic situation. 142 PANEL 145 PRIVATE JUSTICEAND SECURfiY "An Assessment of Proprietary Security Policies in the Retail Industry," ROBEKI'MEADOWS, Glendale College Theretail industry is confrontedwith a growingtheft problem. Most stateshave enacted statutes permittingmerchants to detain suspected shoplifters. Accordingly, many stores employ their own security officers to combat theft. Thepurpose of this paper is to assess the enforcement policies of selected retail establishments to determine if there are common practices pertaining to arrest, use of force, and prosecutions. "The Law Enforcement-Security Connection: Equal Status for Crime Prevention Control," MICHAEL PALMIOOTO, Armstrong State College Thispaper is a critical analysis ofthe need for public law enforcementto cooperatewith private security to control and prevent crime. Numerous studies indicate that law enforcement agencies usually cannot solve crimesor may not evenbe awareof crimes without community support. Police agencies recognizethe importance of community support and cooperation. Thishas been reflected by the implementation of police-eommunity relatic ns programs and crime prevention programs. This paper provides a conceptual evaluation of the importance of law enforcement cooperation with private securily to control and prevent crime. "The Role of the Courts in Licensing and Regulation of Private Security," RICHTER MOORE JR. Appalachian State University Asearly as the latter part of the 19th century, the courts were examining the validityof statutes which licensed and regulated private detectives. From then until today,these statutes regulating the private security industryhave been challenged in the courts. This paper examine�> the role the courts haveplayed in supporting and legitimizing the licensing and regulation of the business of private security. "TBA," NORMAN BOTIOM, Security and Loss Control No abstract available. "Historical Review of the Development and Role of Private Security in the Justice System," HOWARD TRfiT, Kent State University Privatesecurity /police has been a fe ature of American societysince the founding of this country. From the developmentof the greatcities in the east, through the expansion of the west, to the technological era of today, private security has played a role in the enforcement of order. Private security has influenced and been influenced by the changing processesof the justice system. This paperreviews the historical development and role of American private security and its relationship with the criminal justice system. PANEL 146 POLICY ISSUES ON JAILS "The Political and Organizational Context of American Jails," G l.ARRYMAYS, New MexicoState Universityand JOE:L THOMPSON, Appalachian State University This paper will look at the unique role and position occupied by the jail within the socio-political context of the Arr.erican criminal justice system. There will be an examination of the factors and institutions which influence jail decisionmakin& and the ways, in tum, jails influence other components of the criminal justice network. "Community Involvement in Rural Jail Planning," RICHARD SHIGLEY and JOHN HAlUAN JR. Stephen F Auslin State University The paperwill discussa planning procedure usedin the assessment of the need for a new jail facility. Thisprocess invc lvesthe participationof community members in the planning of the institution. The paperfollows the developmentalpro gressof a rural jail project in Texas, where24 community membersparticipated in planning and recommending the construction of a new jail. The process took place in a community that historically resisted the construction of such a facility. "Preventing Jail and Lockup Deaths: A Review of 64 Inmate Deaths in Milwaukee County," RICHARD ZEVITZ, Marquette University Thispaper reviews factors commonly associatedwith inmate mortalityin jails and lockups. The research is based on a review of the literature and an examination of 64 inmate deaths in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. Variables reviewed include demographics, detention status, cffense, prior record, employment, residence, mental health, alcohol/drug use, time and cause of death. PANEL 147 CRIMINAL JUSTICE PERSONNEL: STRESS MANAGEMENT AND CROSS-POLLINATION "A New Approach to Occupational Stress in Criminal Justice Organizations," PETER KRASKA, Sam Houston Stale University The mainstream approach to occupationalstress in criminal justice organizations has strongsimilarities to the primitive 'socialpathology' modelof early social theory. This paper, therefore, partially rejects the conventional approach and proposes in its place a constructive approach to destructive stress. This new focus is a call for understanding, through the use of structural psychoanalysis, why criminal justice personnel experience such a high level of destructive stress. "A Selective Comparative Analysis of Health Management and Employee Assistance Issues/Programs in the Crimimtl Justice Sector and the Private Employment Sector," WINSON KERR II, Western Carolina University and ROBEKI' MARSH, Lewis and Clark College Corporation and hospital-based health management and employee assistance programs are gaining wide acceptance and are significantlycontributing to the health and well-being of their work force. Lawenforcement and other criminal justice agencies may be laggingfar behind in the development and implementation of health management programs designed to optimize physical, emotional, and mental health. This paperwill focus on a comparison of existingprograms in these 2 sectors and suggest ways in whkh criminal justice agencies can improve their employee assistance programs and health management programs. "Working Down?: A College Professor's Foray in Corrections," MARILYN FORD, F1orida Department of Corrections Thispaper discusses a collegeprofessor's foray into the correctional fieldas a probationofficer. The author's experiences in movingfrom an institution and position focusedon (but outside of) the criminal justice system to an agencyand position within the criminal justice system arc examined. The experiences of moving from an 'obsetver' role to a 'participatory' role are highlighted. The paper also includes an analysis of the benefits-and the c:osts-of the cross-pollinationof ideology and practice. 143 PANEL 148 WOMAN BATIERING AND THECRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM "Did the Family Do It?: Crime, the Family 1nd Public Policy," MARY LAMANNA, University of Nebraska-Omaha In 1983,James Q Wilsonand Travis Hirschi independentlyproposed a new etiologyof crime: changes in the family are responsiblefor the highcrime rates of recent decades. Implied hypotheses are that certain family phenomena-working mothers,single parents, decline of the extended family, and youth independence-are now more frequent and that these changes, closely tied to women's roles and economic independence, produced increases in crime. Democratic data supplemented by historical research on the family are used to evaluatethis assertion. Comparison of family trends and crime ratesindicates that crime is not related to family change. "Spouse Abuse and Homicide in florida's Incarcerated Women," WILLIAM BWUNT, MANUEL VEGA, and IRASILVERMAN, University of South florida Information available from florida female inmates files revealed that 50 percent of the women incarcerated for murder had histories of spouse abuse compared to only26 percent of women incarcerated for non-capital offenses. AlmostSO percent of the time, when the abused spouse killed, she turnedon her mate/antagonist. Non-abused spouses on the other hand, killc:d individuals other than their mates a like percent (75% ). "A MandatoryArrest Policy for SpouseAbusers in Hawaii: An Evaluation of Honolulu Police Department's General Order86-26,Abuse of Family and Household Members," EDWARD FOLLIS, Chaminade University of Honolulu The effects that this preferred arrest policy has had an arrest and prosecution rates will be discussed. Theperceptions and attitudes of the police officers in regards to the removal of the discretionary prerogative of arrest in domestic assaults will beidentified, examined and evaluated. Furthermore, the direction and long-term effects of the mandatory arrest policy and their effect on the Oahu criminal justice system. PANEL 149 COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS "Crime and Criminal Justice in the People's Republic of China," DONAL M�NAMARA, San Jose State University The People's Republic of China, with a populationof 1,100,000,000,has a remarkablylow incidence of crime, especiallyof thosecrimes which plague America's cities muggings and rapes, burglaries, auto thefts, ilnd armed robberies. The criminal justice system is in some ways a replica of that in the USSR with many similarities to the continental civil lawsystemsof France �:nd Germany. One highlyvisible difference fromwestern systems is the wearing of militaryuniforms by judges, recorders and prosecutors-and an interesting if less vi:>ible difference is the shortage of lawyers even among those sitting in judgment. "Anticipatory Bail: An Indian Innovation," FRANK DEVINE,University of Southern Mississippi Probably the most interesting innovation in the last 20 years in the bail system of a common law tradition country has been the introduction of anticipatory bail in India. Under anticipatorybail it is possible f �ran individual whohas not yet been arrested to seek bail on his own initiative in anticipation of a possible arrest. The motivation for introducingthis alternativeinto the Indian bail systemwas to allowcitizens under certaincircumstances to avoid the inconvenience and embarrassment of an unnecessary arrest. This paper will e.JCamine anticipatory bail and the various theoretical and practical consequences and problems it has engendered. ''The Role of Lawin Plantation Society: Rc:flections on the Development of a Caribbean Legal System," DAVID DODD, Montclair State College This paper outlines the growth and develop:nent of the criminal justice system in Guyana (formerly British Guiana) and shows howit supported the interests of the power elite in the colony prior to independence in 1966. Thepaper shows the often irrational and arbitrarymanner in which the system has-and continues to be-administered, reflecting both its political history and cultural origins. PANEL 150 PROBLEMS IN COMMUNI'IYSUPERVI SION "AIDS: A New Challenge for Criminal Jusdce Administrators," BAHRAM HAGHIGHI and GREGORY ClARK, Universityof Dayton This paper explores some major legal and ad ministrative issues generated in the criminal justice systemby AIDS. Twogroups of issues are identified in this paper: (1) the issue of fair treatment of the AIDS victims in the police, court, and prison institution and (2) managerial, legal, and economic problemsresulted from AIDS in the criminal justice system components. By identifying the problems, this paper attempts to introduce some possible legal and practical options. "On the Road Again: The Developmentof Organized SentimentAgainst Parolee Placement," U.OYDKLEIN, City Universityof New Yorlc; JOAN LUXENBURG, Central State University; and SUSAN ROGERS, John Jay College The LarrySingleton case,wherein a convictc:d rapistwas released in a parole supervision program, demonstrated the growth of community concern about violent crime. Numerous communities in northern California, including San Francisco, rejected his placement in a one-year probationary release program and he was eventually moved into quarterssituated outside San Quentin prison. Thispaper examines the development of this case and perceptions of community opposition against the presence of individuals convicted of violent criminal violations. ''The Economic Impact of Probation and Parole Supervision," DENNY LANGSTON, Central Missouri State University A large number of individuals under probation and parole supervision throughout the United States are re.ceiving the benefit of valuable services at no cost to themselves. They receive highly professional service in many ares of their Jives for which they pay nothing. Many states, however, are charging fees for a variety of probation services, thereby recouping some of their expenditures. Missouri is examined, and based upon its probation and parole caseload, the economic impact of a supervision fee program isestimated. ''TBA," RICHARD TITUS, National Institute of Justice No abstract available. 144 "Factors Which Facilitate Family Reunification Following Incarceration," GEORGE WILSON, SUSAN PEASE and KARENTAYLO R, North Carolina Central University Although incarceration of a family member is not a problemwhich affects only black families, it is a serious problem for thousands ofblacks families each year. Statisticsshow that 46percent ofthe male inmates and 48percent ofthe female inmates acrossthe nation areblack. 'The negativeeffects that imprisonment of one member can have on the family aregreater than simply the lossof time together dueto separation. If it could be detem,ined which factors aremost helpful in allowing a family to reunite with the least disruption and to develop a supportive atmosphere then policies and programs could be established to enhance these factors. PANEL 151 STUDENT PANEl: LEGAL ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTlCE "The Sex-based Differences in the Sentencingof Adult Female Criminal Defendants," DOROTHYCRUSHAM, Universityof Cincinnati Theauthor looksat the reasonsin the past for treatingthe female offendermore lenientlywhen passingsentence and whether this assumptionis in fact true. Findings of various studies are reviewed to provide supportfor this disparate sentencing without actually evaluating the statisdcal data. Alsolooked at is whether the trend for lighter sentencing is as strong todaywith the changing role of women in society. "The Investigation of 'The Hillside Stranglers' in Retrospect," DEBORAH ALBERT, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This researchis based on a factual analysis of the 'Hillside Stranglers,' the investigationof the multiple murders, ancl the eventual apprehension and conviction of 2 offenders. Thepaper will focus on specificissues regardingthe way in which the case wasquestionably handled by the criminal justice system. Specialattention will be paid to a comparative study of howthe case would have proceededhad it been 10 yearslater. "Death Qualification of Juries: An Introduction of Bias?" JOHN STERNBERG,University of Cincinnati Thedeath qualifyingprocess involved in selecting a juryfor a case that could possibly givethe death penaltyhas raisc�d questions. Death qualification of juries, at the heart of the death penaltyargument, has been attacked on the grounds of notbeing made up of a fair cross-section representationof society,of selecting a jury that is more likely to convict, and having convicted, a jury more likely to give the death penalty. Thispaper will discuss these areas of concern using recent court decisions and studies. PANEL 152 SEXUAL ASSAULT AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM "Are Rape Laws Changing?" DIANE DAANE, Ball State University Rapelaws in the United States have undergone some changes in recentyears. In somestates it is now legally possible for a husband to rape his wife and for a male to be a rape victim. Also, rapevictims arenow experiencing greater protection fromembarrassment during the courtprocess. Thispaper examines the traditional approach to rape and the effectivenessof modem legislation aimed at overcomingproblems with traditional rape laws. "An Empirical Study of the Effects of the Gender of Jurors on Verdicts in Sexual Assault Cases," PETER NELLIGAN, University of Texas at Tyler The consequencesof the social characteristicsof jurorson verdicts has long been of interestto socialscientists. Two hypotheses appear in the literature: that women are more likely to convict due to empathywith victims or that women aremore likely to acquit due to greaterjudgmen talism about the proprietyof victim behavior. Thisstudy examines 130 juryverdicts, the total populationof jury-tried sexual assaultcases in the firstjudicial circuit (Oahu) of the Hawaiian Islands, between 1955 (when women were first permitted on juries) and 1979. Thenumber of women on a jury was found not to be predktive of the verdict. "TheDev elopment, Implementation, and Impactof SexualAssault Legislation in Canada," IAN GOMME, Memorial Universityand ANTHONYMICUCCI, York University In this paper, the transformation in Canada from rapelaw (in force until 1983) tothe currentsexual assault law is d�cribed and explained. Data are presented in an effort to shed light upon the extent to which the modificationin law has resultedin the intended effects of increasin,�rates of reporting,charging, and conviction. PANEL 153 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE PROBLEM OF CRIME "The Impact of the Mob Trials on Organized Crime," JAYALBANESE, Niagara University From 1985 through 1987there has been an unprecedentedprosecution effort againstorganized crime. More than 20caseswere concluded during this period, most focusing on traditional "La CosaNostra-lined" figures. Thevast ma jorityof thesecases have resultedin convictions and long prison sentences. Thispaper assesses the nature of these prosecutions, and their current and projected impact on organized crime operationsin the Unitc:d States. "Criminal Justice in New York City,'' JAMES DAVIS, New York City Department of Probation Various parts of the criminal justice system ofNew York City are analyzed. Someconclusions from the review of li:erature are made. "Criminal Justice and Crime Planning," A J STUARTJR, National Character Laboratory The role of criminal justice in past national, state, and localcrime plans will be presented and discussed. Theprincipal national crime plan to be covered will be the National Strategy to Reduce Crime of January1973, developedby the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standardsand Goals. Reasonsfor the failure of the plan will be presented and discussed. Suggestions for developing a new national crime plan willbe presented for consideration. PANEL 153A lA. W ENFORCEMENTAND DEMOCRATIC IDEALS "Political Obligation: Connecting Police Ethics and Democratic Values," PHIUP RHOADES, Corpus Christi State University No abstract available. 145 "Privacy and Publicity in Criminal Justice," ][)EAN SPADER, Universityof South Dakota No abstract available. "The Ethical Considerations in the Use of ·�;treet Justice'," WILLIAM HYAIT, Western Carolina University No abstract available. "National Securityand Individual Rights: Law Enforcement as an Aspect of Counterintelligence," MARION DOSS JR, James Madison University No abstract available. "Quota Cops: Ethical Issues in Police Persortnel Practices,"PAUL MURPHY, John Jay College No abstract available. PANEL 154 WORKSHOP: UCR STATISTICS FORTHE 21ST CENTURYAND RESEARCH INTO CONVICfED KILLERS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OFF1CERS The staff of the Uniform Crime Reporting(U CR) Programof the FederalBureau of Investigation willdiscuss enhancements that have been made to the 57 year old UCR program. The design and impler1entation of the new incident-based system will be outlined emphasizing the program's benefits and utility to law enforcement and criminal justice researchers. PANEL ISS RAPE: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES "Male Rape: A Theoretical Examination of the SexualAssault of Men in Correctional Institutions," HELEN EIGENBERG, Sam Houston State University This paperexplores male rapeand demonstrates that the dimensions of rapeare similar, regardlessof the gender of the victim. This thesis is supportedby examining the patriarchal ideologyof our culture which dependsupon the rapeof women to maintain power structures that assure male dominance. Masculinityis defined by the patriarchal ideologyand is expressthrough powerand aggression. Despite attempts to shift the focusto a sexual arena, rape is an expression of powerand the rapeof incarcerated men is no exceptior1. "Theoretical Consideration of Forcible Rape: A Critical Analysis," ARTHURClAGETf, Stephen F Austin State University This research determines differences in hypothetical apperceptive fantasies (HAF) of committing forcible rape,which are held by male subjects, as compared with the HAPof being forcibly raped, held by th(: female subjects. The purposeof this analysis was to provide empirical evidencefor testing the alleged validity of the radical feminist, 'sexist' perspectivefor analyzing forcible rape-vizBrownmiller's (1 975) assumptionthat sexual inequality and rapeare due to simple biologicalfacts. "AIDS: Analyzing a New Dimension in RapeVictimization," MARK BLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University Thispaper examines some critical issuesthat may confront rapevictims as a result of the AIDS epidemic. The discussionwill evaluate the risk of infection that victims face, the social and psychological dilemmas which must be confronted by victims under these circumstances, as well as, analyzing the legal and practical concerns which must be addressed by the criminal ju:;tice system if these offendersare to be charged with a more serious offense than rape (e.g., attempted murder). "Acquaintance Rape,"JANICE DeMUCCl Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania Acquaintance rape is a problem that has drawn considerable attention in recent years. This presentation will report the results of a survey administered to approximately250 females from a moderate! y-sized stateuniversity in the mideasternUnited States. Thestudy will employ a previously developedassessment device. The results of this surveywill be compared to other publicized studies using the sameor similar device and implications for current theoryand future research will be explored. "Acquaintance Rape: An Exploratory Stud:r of the Male Perspective," DAVID TEDJESKE, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania Acquaintance rape is a type of sexual assault whose recognition hasonly occurred in the past few years. Research has focusedalmost entirely on female accounts and perspectives on the issue. This paperv.i ll focuson male attitudes and perceptions about dominance, appropriate sexual conduct, and the female perspective of appropriate sexual conduct. Data will be c:ollected by means of a random telephone surveyof 250 males attending a moderately-sizedmideastern university. The purpose of the project is to provide a means of comparison between the male and female perspective on acquaintance rape. PANEL 156 LEGAL ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS "Damage Suits by Crime Victims Against S1 ate Agencies Arising From the Negligent Supervision of Parolees: The States Expanding Duty of Care to the Public," JAMES BENSON, Universityof Houston-Clear Lake In the recent case of Divisionof Corrections..,·Neakok, 721P.2d 1121 (Alaska1986 ) the AlaskaSupreme Court ruled that state agencies can be held liable for negligence whena parolee under their supervisioncommits a violentcrime. The Court found that paroleesand the state have a specialrelationship that requires the state to control any parolee with dangerous propen:;itiesand to protect anyone foreseeablyendangered by the parolee. The significance of the decision is that the court extended the state's liability to anyonein the •:ommunity, rejecting a line of casesin the nation which require the threat of harm to bedirected at specificallyidentifiable personsbefore liability for negligent supervisionwill be imposedon paroleauthorities. "Legal Aspectsof AIDS in Correctional Facilities," lAURA MORIAR'IY, SamHouston State University Legal issuesinvolving the caring and housing of the inmate with AIDS, protectionof other inmates from the inmate withAIDS, medical care and treatment of the inmate withAIDS, tortliability of the priso 11for transmissionof the HIV antibodies, and protectionof the correctionalstaff are analyzed and reported. The most recent courtcases in these areasare reported as well as any developing trends in these areas. 146 "Guthrie vs Evans: The Politics of Prison Reform Litigation," BRADLEYCHILTON, Universityof Southern Missi.sl;ippiand SUSE'ITETALA RICO, University of Georgia Guthrie v Evans is a chronicle of federal court intervention in aspects ofoperations at the Georgia State Prison in Rc:idsville, Georgia, from 1m-1986. Based on extensive archival and interview research, the Guthrie case is comparedwith institutional reform litigation of other prisons for a systematic understanding of the politics of prison reform litigation, including personality, budgetary, remedial and jurisprudential considerations. PANEL 157 ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALCONTROL "Comparative Social Control Among Three Bureaucracies: The Police, Social Welfare and the IRS," MAHESH NAI.I..A, State Universityof New York at Albany Initially, the idea of social control was broad enough and included various kinds of controls. However, the control eJterted by the police bureaucracy has received more attention in research than other controlling agencies. It is argued in this study that policingneeds to be placed within the broader context of social control. The aim of this paper is to study those agencies which have explicit controlling functions, some of which are policin:� functions. "The Courage of Their Convictions: The Fate of Whistle Blowers in Government and Industry," MYRON GI.A1.ER, Smith College and PENINA GlAZER, Hampshire College There has been a significantgrowth in interest in the fate of whistle-blowers in governmentand industry. During the past 5 years, the authorshave interviewed 60 men and women, who include police officers who have reported corruption and brutality among their peers and superiors. They have suffered from feelingsof disloyalty and from acts of ostracism and have alsodrawn upon their own professional standards to justify their ethical resistance. "Thirty Days or Thirty Dollars," PAUL PERSONS, California State University-Chico This paperis an examination of the current practices by local prosecutors to obtain title and interest in defendants' propertypursuant to21 U.S.C. Section 853(a) (Forfeiture law). The basic premise of the paperis that many of the current practices of plea negotiations involving drugs depend on the ability of the defendant to forfeit propertyand not on their alleged criminal acts. Those defendants who have substantial propertyinter ests ar>:often able to negotiate a substantially lesser charge, and thus a lesser sentence, than those defendants without such financial assets. "Reducing Employee Theft: Is Private Security Effective?" PETER PARILI.A, College of St Thomas and RICHARU HOLLINGER, University of Florida In recent years, the private security industryhas experienceddramatic growth. Yet to date, the effectiveness ofprivate law enforcement is not well understood. Using data based on both interviews with hospital security directors and questionnaires from4, 111 hospital employees, this study examines the extent to which structural characteristics of security departments are related to the occurrence of employee theft in 21 hospitals located in 3 rretropolitan areas. "Combating Terrorism on the Corporate Level: The Emergence of Executive Protection Specialists in Private Security," E DUANE DAVIS, Western Carolina University Terrorist attacks have increased dramatically overthe past 2 decades and have targeted Americans with greater frequ(:ncy. The inability of local, state, and federal police agencies to protect individuals most prone to attack, kidnapping and assassination has led to the emergence of a new growth industry in the United States and abroad-the executive protection specialist. This paper will focus on the variables that influence the terrorists' decision to target individuals and corporations rather than governments and the resultant emergence of executive protection specialists within the private security profession. PANEL 158 COMMUNfiYPOLICING IN THE 1980S: PROS AND CONS "Community Policing: Old Wine in New Skins?" ALLEN WAGNER, Universityof Missouri-St Louis Among the stated purposesof the early police-community relationsprogra ms were those which encouraged a police-:itizen partnershipin crime prevention, and the promotion of approaches to the solutionof communityproblems. Many police departmentac ross the countryinstituted police-community relationsprogra ms. The most recent police effort, 'community policing,' includes (dependingupon which definition one uses) many of the sameactivities which originatedwith police community relations in the 1950s and 1960s. "Community Policing in a Developing Information Society: A Critique," ROY ROBERG and LISA RIECHERS, Lo\lisiana State University The purpose of this paper is to review the current research on community policing and to make suggestions concerning the future of community policing in an information society. In order to do this, the historyof policingis reviewed as it relates to socialchange, specificallythe industrial revolution. The conclusions reached by the authors are that policing, in an information society, requires decentralization, but also increased civilianization, i11 order to properly determine the needs and priorities of the communities served. "Management Implications of Problem-oriented Policing," STEVEN EDWARDS, University of Louisville No abstract available. "Police Officer Job Satisfaction and Community Perceptions: Implications for Community-oriented Policing," JACK GREENE, Temple University Much of the current interest in community-oriented policing seeks to overcome past tension between police officers a11d strategy. The current analysis compares a sample of Philadelphia police officers participating in a program of police and community education with a non-equr.atentsample of other Philadelphia officers, not participating in the program. Assessment of job satisfaction using previously validatedjob diagnostic instruments is examined in relation to perceptions of community conflict and support for the police, and greater police and community interaction. 147 PANEL 159 A POTPOURRI OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE TOPICS "The Relationship of Discretion to CriminHI Justice Practitioner Misconduct," JAMES GILBERT, Radford University This paper explores the relationship betwe<:n criminal justice personnel and the frequency, magnitude, and nature of discretionary decisionmaking. Specifically, discretion and resulting opportunities for misconduct will be examined in regard to frequency within the subsystems of police, corrections, and the judiciary. 'The Things we do for Love: Women in Love in Crime," GARLENA BAUER, Ohio University In this paper, the researcherapplies radical fe minist theoryto the situation ofwomen in lovein crime. Using Simone De Beauvoirand TiGrace Atkinson'sdescriptions of women in loveas the theoretical basis for understandingand analysis, 10 case studies of women currentlyin prison for crimes rangingfrom child endangerment and pornography to prostitutionand murder will serve as illustrations. "Racial Differences in Attitudes Toward Crime Control," PHILIP SECRET,University of Nebraska at Omaha and JAMES JOHNSON Based on NORC data from 1980through 1986, this research examines raceand attitudes toward crime. Using simple cross-tabulation, the authors lookfor racial differences in attitudes toward court harshness, use ofwiretaps, supportof gun control, and government spendingto control crime and drug abuse. Hierarchical multiple regression analysiswas used to dis.:over the extend that race, rather than socioeconomic or demographic variables,explain differences in the attitudes of blacks and whites toward crime. "Smedley Butler and the Philadelphia Cris s," DAVID McELREATH, Southeast Missouri State University No abstract available. "Characterand Criminality," IAURIN WOLIAN JR,florida State University The concept of character in the analysis and synthesis of criminological theories. PANEL 160 STUDENT PAN EL: POTPOURRI OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE CONCERNS "The Dark Figure of Crime: Concerninga College Campus," CURTIS RICH, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania The problem of the 'dark figure' of crime has been widelydiscussed and reported in the literature,as it relates to societyin general. This project will adopt a more narrow focus in an attempt to examine the level of unreported crime occurringat a moderately-sized, mideastern university. Comparisons will be drawn between the number of incidents actually reported ·:o the campus police and the self-reported incidents of on-campus criminal activity of a sample of approximately 350 currently enrolled students. "Implications of Variation in Referral Practiced to Juvenile Detention," TERESA DOUGlAS, Southern Illinois University Research has indicated that a significant amount of cross-sectionalvariation exists regardingthe use of juvenile detention. It appears that juvenile detention serves different functions in different communities. Thispaper explores referral policies and practices among policedepartments, probation departments, social service agencies, and the parents of the troubled youth, as gleaned from an analysis of published materials, to ascertain the extent to which localized juvenile detention practices reflect ambiguous and conflicting functions attributed to juvenile detention by major referral sources. "Victim-witness Assistance: A South Dakcta Experience," WRI BRAUNESREITHER and KATH LEEN GUfHRIE, University of South Dakota This paperwill describe one state's experienee witha victim-witnessassistance initiati ve. It will report the results of a survey administered to professionals within SouthDakota's criminal justice system, in ·which they were asked to evaluate the impactof the recentvictim-witness assistance initiative. Implications of the South Dakota experience for other states will als.l be discussed. "Community Service Sentencing: Rural Implications," KELLEYGAVI N, Chadron State College In 1986the Nebraska Legislaturepass ed a law, LB 528,which allowed courtjudges to sentence offenders to work community service hours in lieu of or in addition to a fine. This research focuses on the implementation of this new law and its impact on a rural Nebraska county, the criminal justice system and offenders. It will alsoinclude a historyof the bill from when tt entered the Nebraska legislatureuntil its passage and implementation in Nebraska. The third portion of the research will evaluate and analyze the bill. PANEL 161 ISSUES IN JUVENILE JUSTICE MANAGEMENT "A Juvenile 'Justice' Odyssey: System Pro A juvenile's experienceswith the justice system incident to an alleged delinquency are used to analyzecurrent California law and practice. Remedies are suggested for the more glaring inadequacies. It is as:;erted that the basic value of system actions is service to clients, not the reverse. ''The Hearing Impaired and the Criminal Justice System," THOMAS MAHER, Universityof Louisville Hearing-impaired children face many social and psychological difficulties, placing them in life situations which presents a higher risk than the normal hearing populationfor the development of emotion.ll and psychological disorders. indicatesResearch that hearing-impairedpersons manif est psycho-socialdif ficulties, such as emotional immaturity, egocentrism, anc impulsivity. "Reducing Child Sexual Assault Through Record Checksof School Employees," RICHARD ITfUS, National Institute of Justice In line withthe recommendations ofthe T�Uk Forceson Victims of Crime and on Family Violence that all jobapplicants whose workwill bring them in regular contact with children have a criminal history check, particularlyfor sexoffenses, and sign a waiver fora records review, the proposed research would conduct a surveyof 148 elementary and secondary schooldepartments to determine their policies and practices concerning pre-employment screening, and problems they have in carrying out such screening. PANEL 161A INNOVATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH "Drug Detection: Developing New Approaches for Criminal Justice Questions," BERNARD GROPPER, National Institute of Justice No abstract available. "Implementing Microcomputers in Criminal Justice Agencies," MICHAEL KIRBY, Rhodes College No abstract available. "Seven Multivariate Models to Predict Police Strength for Communities in Ontario," SYD GIRLING, Ontario Provincial Police No abstract available. "Are PersonalityTests Better Measures of Deviancy Than PersonalityQuestionnaires?" JOSEPH WA LDRON, Youngstown State University No abstract available. PANEL 164 WORKSHOP: METROPOLITAN POUCE (WNDON):TRADIDON IN TRANSIDON The Metropolitan Police have operated since 1829 with considerable effectiveness and reputation. The ideas and values that provided the basis for the organization and operations ofthe "MET''were well suited for the relativelystable and homogenous nature of English society. However,English society (especiallyin London) has become increasingly pluralistic and has created new pressuresand problems for the "MEf." PANEL 165 SfUDENTPANEL: ADOLESCENTS AS VICflMSAND PERPETRATORS Participantson this panel will reviewthe literature pertainingto the involvement of adolescentsas victims and perpetntorsof family and dating violence. Theresults of a surveyresearch project which examined the incidence of family and dating violence among SouthDakota universitystudents will be reported. The implications of adolescent involvement in violent dating and family relationshipswill be discussed. PANEL 166 DRUGS, ALCOHOL,AND CRIME "OWl: An Isolated Incident of a Continuous Pattern of Criminal Activity," LARRY GOULD and DORIS MACKENZIE, Louisiana State University Prior research has established a link between alcohol consumption and certaintypes of criminal activity. This research explores the link between arrest for driving while intoxicated (OWl),an alcohol-related offense,and prior criminal activity. The hypothesisbeing that OWlis not an isolated incident of abhorrent behavior on the part of an individual, but a part of a continuing criminal activity. The research involves the archival review of prior criminal histories for people arrested for DWI in Louisiana. The type and number of prior criminal arrests are reported as well as certain demographic attributes. "Influence of Lifestyle on the Patternsand Practices of Alcohol UseAmong SouthTexas Mexican-Americans," WILLIAM WILKINSON, Pan American University at Brownsville A survey of drinking patternsand practices among Mexican Americans living in SouthTexas provided supportforTrot ter's ethnographicstudy. Of500questionnair es mailed, 271 usable returns confirmed the lack of effect of socioeconomic groupings upon alcohol consumption, and that the 'machismo ideal' is positively related to this consumption. "Patterns of Drug Use and Lifestyle Among High School Seniors," CHERYL TIEMAN, Radford Universityand WILLIAM TOWNE, Illinois State University Distinctions can be made among students by thosewho have useddrugs over a period oftime (lifetime through the pa>t month), thosewho experimented withdrugs but have stopped, and those whohave never used drugs. Through discriminantanalysis, lifestyle variables (work, schoolperformance, victimization, delinquency patterns, etc.) will be used as predictors of drug use patterns. "Drugs on the Farm: Marijuana as a Cash Crop," RALPH WEISHEIT, Illinois State University Since the early 1980s,the problem of drug production has been shifting from a patternof smugglingfrom other countriesto a patternof domestic production. In the case of marijuana, this trend toward domestic production has not only involved those alreadyactive in the use or distribution of drugs,but has begun to involve 'upstanding' members of the farm community. This is a study of the process by which farmers from a large midweste rn state become involved in the cultivation of marijuana. PANEL 167 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT THROUGH MEDIATION "The Dynamics of Conflict Behavior in a Mediated Dispute," SUSAN ROGERS, John Jay College Parties in dispute have increasingly avoided the courts in recent years and sought out alternativedispute settlementmechanisms. One of the more frequent methods being tried is the use of third party neutrals, particularly in mediation. Thepresent study focuseson the mediation of liveconflict in a landlord-tenant mediation project and explored how the presence of a mediator changes disputants' conflict behavior from the beginning of a session to the end. "Mediating Criminal Cases: Its Potential and Problems," MARIA VOLPE, John Jay College This paper focuses on the emergingdevelopments in criminal justice that divertcriminal cases to mediation. New lc:gislation, policies and practices are changing 149 the dispute processing landscape for criminal justice professionals. Thesedevelopments have generated some impressive results as well as important new concerns. This paper will provide an overview of some •)f the critical issues facing criminal justice professionals. "Save Money, Save Stress: A Correctional Administrator's Guide to Reducing Court Cases," lAWRENCE BENNE'IT, National Institute of Justice Recent constitutional suits have resulted in over 30state departments of corrections operatingunder federal court orders. These suits are usually inmate initiated, but represent enormous expenditures of time and money. Throughcooperative efforts, the certification of grievance procedures under existing law (CRIPA) or negotiated recognition of standardized due process procedures by federal courts, many of the issues can be settled to achieve this end are outlined. PANEL 168 FLOTSAMAND JETSAM: OUTCASTS AND CRIMINALS IN MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY "Women of the Street: Criminals or Victim� in Revolutionary Paris, 1789 - 1799?" SUSAN CONNER, Central Michigan University No abstract available. "Decriminalizing the French Revolution: Th·! Pooras Criminals or Victims?" DAVID COHEN, College of Charleston No abstract available. "Sittlechkeit in the Kaiserreich: Gays, Prostitlltes,and Panderersas Criminals or Victims in Nineteenth-century Germany?" ERIC JOHNSON and CHRISTOPHER UGANSKI, Central Michigan University No abstract available. PANEL 169 COMPARA11VE EXAMINATIONS OF POLICE:ATTITUDES, PROBLEMS, AND LEGAL INFRACTIONS "Attitudes Toward the Police in Canada: AnEv aluation of Consensus and Conflict Theories," IANGOMME, Memorial U niversityof Newfoundland and ANTHONY MICUCCI, York University A theoretical model is outlined which utilizes attitudes toward the policeas the dependent variable; scales determining types of encounters among citizens and the police as interveningvariables; and age, sex, and socioeconomic status as exogenous variables. The data were obtained in 1980 through interviews with 640 adult respondentsin 3 Canadian cities. A stratified multistage cluster sample was selected based on Enumeration areas in each city. The model is tested using path analysis. Both theconflict and consensus explanation ; of attitudes toward the police are assessed. Some important policy implications are also discussed. "Law Enforcement Problems in Politically Motivated Crime," CHARLOTTE DAVIES, University of South Carolina This paperconsiders some of the special prcblems presented to law enforcement agencies by politicallymotivated crime. It discusses an arson campaign carried out over the past 8 years in rural areas of WHies. While the issue motivating the campaign is important in the political nationalist movement in Wales, the tactics used are rejected by official nationalist organizations. The Welsh nationalist movement as a whole has been distinguished by its commitment to nonviolence. The ineffectiveness of traditional police methods insolving thesecrimes pointsto the necessityof seeking socialexplanations and politicalsolutions for this form of law breaking. "Legal Infractions Against the Police in Germany," DAVID GRISWOLD and CHARLES MASSEY, Florida Atlantic University This paperwill examine legal infractions ag<1inst the police in Germany within a cultural context to determine the extent to which they violate German norms. PANEL 170 HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF JUVENILE JUSfiCE SYSfEMS "Children in Trouble on the Bayou: A Lega l Historyof Juvenile Justice in Louisiana," CLIFFORD DORNE, Universityof Southwestern Louisiana This paperpro vides a legal historiographyd "A Critical Analysis of Juvenile Justice in N )rthem Ireland and the Republic of Ireland," EOIN MURPHY, East Wicklow Institute of Adult Education While the complexity of the juvenile justice sr.;tems in both countries posesproblems for evaluation, there is sufficient information available to undertake a critical analysis of the effectiveness and social impact of the systems. Current practice issuesin the juvenile court will be examined, the role of the probation servicewill be analyzed and the impact of non-custodia , disposals such as the juvenile liaison scheme and community service orders with reference both to their range and effectiveness. Finally, attention will be paid to the need for law reform affecting juvenile justice. PANEL 171 HISTORICAL AMERICAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE "Rewards, Bounty Bunting and Criminal Justice in the Old West: 1865 - 1900," STUART TRAUB, State University of New York at Cortland In keeping with a historical tradition reaching back into the 17th century, rewards became a major feature of the evolving system of law enforcement throughout America during much of the 19th century. While a few historians have dealt with a shift from an 'entrepreneurial' (dependence on fees and rewards rather than salaries) to a more bureaucratically oriented policing system in the urban east, little attention has been paid to the operation of the reward system in the frontier west and its impact on the character of Am<:rican law enforcement in general. "Prohibition in McLean County, Illinois, 1920 - 1933," BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University Prohibition studies have focused on the pre�;sure groupswho fought for the 18th Amendment, the failure of national police agencies to enforce the Volstead Act, and the rise of organized crime in the major cities. This paper examines prohibition in the context of a predominantly rural area of downstate Illinois. Based in 150 the well-establishing brothels and gambling spots of the county seat, the liquor trade survived through police corru Jtion and, surprisingly, through acceptance in a largely conservative community. "Social Banditry and Social Structure," PAUL KOOISTRA, Furman University Hobsbawm describes socialbanditr y as a form of primitive rebellion occurringonly in peasant societiesfacing severe strain. Using historical and comparative analysis, the author suggests that certain modernAmerican criminals fit Hobsbawm's definition of social bandit and argue that such lawbreakers aresymbols of justice which emerge during legitimation crises, concurrent with more complex forms of political dissent. Certain criminals are fa:;hioned into social bandits initially because of the political implications of their criminality; then are transformed into mythical figures through a standard set of anecdotes and themes. "Compulsory Education: Criminality and Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-centuryAmerica," HELEN SCHWARTZ,Central Michigan University The paper will discuss the creation of a new kind of criminality in late 19th centuryAmerica: juvenile delinquency. The passage of compulsoryeducation legislation made school attendance a matter oflaw rather than merely a poorly enforced cultural expectation. The paperwill expl•)re the debate between educational reformers who insisted that public schoolingwas necessaryfor the safetyand prosperityof the nation, and their opponentswho labelled such laws un-American, unnecessary, and beyond the properjur isdiction of the state. PANEL 172 POLICE MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION:PI.ANNING, BUDGETING, IMPLEMENTATION, AND TECHNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS "Police Long Range Planning: Practices in the Nations's Largest Cities," ROBERT FRAZIER, LamarUniversity Prior to 1970, police planning was ill-defined and almost non-existent. Planning activity mushroomed with the availability of grant funds from LFAA during 1972- 1975. However, the only report on police planning practices was contained in an unpublished masters thesis in 1972. This paper is a summary of the results of a survey of planning conducted in late 1985 and early 1986. It covers 97of the 104cities with populations over 150,000. "Organizing a Drug Apprehension Program," MICHAEL BROWN, Southeast Missouri State University In October 1986,President Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act into law. Millions of dollarsare being allocated to state and local criminal justice agencies to fund apprehension, prosecution and drug-related detention programs. The purpose of this paper is to examine the difficulties in creating a drug apprehension program. "Police Reactions to Technological Innovation: The Case of Computerized Mapping," DOUGlAS THOMSON, University of Illinois at Chicago Contemporary policing is a field of extensive and increasing technological innovation as police administratorsseek more effective responses to crime. Yet, as with other front-line workers, police officersoften find such innovationsto offer much lessthan promised, and their burntsuperiors view the new techniques with a healthy degree of skepticism. A current project introducing computer mapping of crime in Chicago provides an opportunity to study closely the process of innovation, implementation, adaptation, and utilization. "Police Budgets in Australia and the United States," JOHN HUDZIK, Michigan State University Thispaper examines police budgeting and fiscal management practices in Australia and draws comparisons to budge :ary practices in American policing. Growth in police expenditures over the last decade are compared in both countries. For a variety of reasons discussed in the paper, increases in Australian police budgets over the period are far greater than those in American police budgets. PANEL 173 CORRECTIONS RESEARCH: EXPlAINING OFFENDER BER\VIOR "Comparative Analysis of Assaultive and Nonassaultive Type Offenders,"ANDREW KEYSER and RANDYMARTI �. Indiana University of Pennsylvania A comprehensive surveywasadmini stered to approximately 150 randomly selected, adult male prisonersconfined in 2 different state correctional systems. The survey collected a wide variety of data, rangingfrom the more typical demographicsto parenting situation and earlypunishme11t history, througharrest and drug use/abuse history. The proposedpresentation will report the results of an in-depthcomparative analysis ofassaultive and nonassa,J\tiveoffenderson a wide range of the survey variables. "A Study of Convicted Sexual Psychopaths," JAMES McKENNA JR, BARBARA CZARTOWICZ, JEANNE KOCH, and FEI LIN, Villanova University Pennsylvania was one of the states that passed a sexual psychopath law in the early 1950sfor the punishment and treatment of thosepersons convicted of committing certain sex crimes. This study presents a demographicand socio-Iegal analysis of the personsconvicted under this law. Also included in this analysis is the comparison of the violent and non-violent convicted 'sexual psychopaths.' "Comparison of DisciplinaryInfraction RatesAmong Female and Male Inmates," CHWE BASS and JAMES MARQUART, Sam Houston State University A limited number of studies have examined disciplinary violations in female institutions. The purpose of this paper is to describe female inmates in comparison to their male counterparts on rates of disciplinary infractions over a 4 year period. Data for this study was obtained from the Texas Department of Corrections. Two female and 2 male prison units were matched on the basis of unit size and securityclassification. Variations in the evels of misconductacr ossand within these subgroups ware explored. This presentation concludes with the discussion of the findings and their implications. "Preferred Interpersonal Manipulation Styles of Maximum Security Inmates," HARLEE HOLBROOK, Bemidji Stat•! University Thirty-seven inmates housed in a maximum security prison voluntarily respondedto a questionnaire measuring prefem:d interpersonal manipulation styles. Styles included 2 open manipulative styles and 4 hidden manipulative styles. The data show that open, straightforward manipulation using both formal and informal power bases was preferred. A major finding was these inmates also had a high preference for the hidden agenda manipulation employing disclaimer(denial of friendship, expertise, or contacts), and camouflage (refusal to use power at the manipulator's disposal). The data appears to ident Jy personalitycharacteristics that may help to understand criminal thinking patterns. 151 PANEL 174 �NORKSHOP: EMERGING GROUPS IN ORGANIZED CRIME CONSPIRACIES Thispresentation will address the changingpatterns of criminal conspiracies affecting modem societyas caused by emergingcriminal groups. With the increasing presenceof ethnic criminal organizations, thdr impact upon both the criminal justice system and the underworld will be reviewed. PANEL 175 WORKSHOP: SHOULD PRISON BE A COUNTRY CLUB? This workshop is a sociodramatic, experiential program utilizing the action methodsof the famous J L Morenoas presented by 2 certified psychodramadirectors. The audience will actively explore the emotionally charged question," Should prison be a countryclub?". PANEL 176 NUI'RITIONAND CRIME "The Literature on Nutrition and Behavior in Institutional Settings,"WALTER DORAZ, California State University, Stanislaus TheAmerican CorrectionalAssoci ation's 1985Food ServiceTraining Program recom mends that criminal justice agencies become aware of the literature on nutrition and behavior and take appropriateaction. Thispaper reviews the results which institutions have found when modifyingdiet. Between 1978and 1986, 815 institutions found behavioral improvements after select<:d diet policies were adopted. Thebehavioral results and specific diets are discussed. "Correlations Between Multiple Indicators of Nutritional Status, Psychological Tests, and Antisocial Behavior," JAMES WAKEFIELD JR, California State University, Stanislaus The reliabilityand validity of official incident reports in institutional settings as measures of violence and antisocial behavior were tested and confirmed using a triangulated approach. If poornutrition is on c of the morepowerful causative factors leading to violence, then selectedindices of nutritional status ought to produce correlations with violence that are equal in magnitude to other more often cited factors, i.e., psychological and demographic variables. "Designing a Supplement for Corrections: Differences in Intake of Selected Nutrients for the 'Best' and 'Worst' BehavedInmates," GEORGE MUEDEKING and STEPHEN SCHOENTHALER, California State University, Stanislaus The literature shows that the worst-behaved inmates self-select foods which contain significantly less nutrients than the best-behaved residents. The purpose of this research was to determine how much of each nutrient should be present in a supplement to bring the intake levels of the worst-behaved residents up to the levels of the average well-behaved resident. "Controlled Testing of Malnutrition as a Ca use of Violence and Other Maladaptive Behaviors," STEPHEN SCHOENTIIALER, California State University, Stanislaus The population of 3 state juvenile facilities participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, random assignment to group trial for 6 months with multiple pre test and post-test measures of assault and tattery on staff, fighting, escapes, general incident reports and nutritional status. Thesupplement population had a significantlygreater reduction in incidents titan the population on placebos (p < .01) . "Correcting Corrections: The New Medical Model," STEPHENAMOS, California State University, Stanislaus This paper focuses on how the previous res<:arch can be of use to criminal justice agencies. Malnutrition, due to poor selection of foods, can be eliminated using inmate education and supplementation. Ve rification of nutritional status and successful treatment requires nutritional assessments based on plate-waste studies, interviews,physical examinations, and laboratoryassess ment of tissue. The latter tests may identifythose residents who suffer from poordigestion, malabsorption, utilization, and excretion which are prevalent nutritional problems among violent offenders, repeat offenders, and drug and alcohol abusers. PANEL 177 1.A J:NFORCEMENTW PERSONNEL SELECTION: CONCERNS AND CONSTITUTIONALTIY "Legal Aspects in Criminal Justice Personn::l Selection," VICfORKAPPELER, Sam Houston State University and JOSEPH VAUGHN, Central Missouri State University This paper examines the legal and constitudonal issues surrounding the use of the oral interview as an employment selection device. The article describes the constitutional basis for equal opportunityemployment regulations and congressional legislation related to employee selection. The article reviews both Supreme Court and appellate court decisions related to the use of the oral interview as a selection and promotion test. Emphasis is placed upon those cases relating to the selection and promotion of criminal justice personnel. "Law Enforcement Selection: A Commenta ry," VANCE Mc:I.AUGHLIN, Savannah Police Department and ROBERT BING, Universityof Missouri-St. Louis This paperadd resses politicallythe sensitive issues surroundingthe selection oflaw enforcementpersonnel. Specifically,it highlights and discussestriggering eve nts that influencerecruitment, selection,and ret,::ntion. Someof the findingsreflect several years of academic research, interviewswith law enforcement officers,a review of documentsunavailable to the generalpubl tc, and a continuing dialogue with fellow criminologistsand criminal justice practitioners. The prosand cons of affirmative action are examined. "Police Selection Tests and Equal Employment Opportunity," lARRYGAINES and PATRICIA COSTELW, Eastern Kentucky University This paper examinesthe use ofwritten police: selection tests and adverseimpact. Data froma medium-sized policeagency is analyzedto determine if adverse impact occurs. Additionally, several methodsof scc>re interpretation are examined to determine their effects on alleviating discrimination. Finally, balancing affirmative action and quality is discussed. PANEL 17'J STUDENT PANEL: YOtml AND I.AW ENFORCEMENT The purpose of this study was to explore ycuthattitudes toward the police. A written survey instrumentwas developed and administered to a sampleof students in the public high schools in Sioux Falls, Sout11 Dakota and Sioux City, Iowa. Questions addressedthe subject areasof attitudes towardpolice, contacts and experiences with police, contacts and experiences of fri,:nds and/or relatives with the police, and drugand/or alcohol use by juveniles. 152 PANEL 180 ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CASE PROCESSJNG "An Organizational Analysis of Sentencing Practices in NewYork State," ANITA NEUBERGER and ROBERT BEI�HART. Indiana University of Pennsylvania This paperwill examine sentencing practices in 6 New York state counties; 2 urban areas, 2 suburban areas, and 2 predominantly rural counties. Analysis of the sentencing practices among the different regions will be examined to determine the extent to which the organizational characteristics of the various prosecutors' offices affect the sentencing correlates. The research will be based on a data set of 3,692 state police felony arrests covering a 3 year period, interview data, and state-wide sentencing data. "Plea BargainingPolicy and Court Caseloads: An InterruptedTt me Series Analysis," MALCOLMHOLMES and HOWARDDA UDISTEL,University of Texas at El Paso and WILLIAM TAGGART, New Mexico State University The relationship of court caseloads to plea negotiation practices has generated considerable controversy, but relatively little empirical research. Thisinvestigation takes advantage of a unique 1975 policy decision to eliminate plea bargaining in the Texas State District Courts loc!ted in EI Paso. Specifically, this will include an assessment of changes in the proportion of cases going to trial, the backlog of undisposed cases, and the disposal rate. This research extends that analysis by employing a design that permits formal statistical tests of the preliminary findings. "External Pressures and Texas Prosecutorial Organizations: A Study of Case Dismissal Decision-making," GREGORY ORVIS, University of Alabama at Birmingham Some theorists write that external stimuli formulates an organization's decisionmaking process. This theoretical framework is applied to a 198.5database from42 Texas prosecutors' organizations. It is hypothesized that as environmental pressures increase, case dismissals at the charging stage would increase proportionally. "A Structural Analysis of Rural/Urban Differences in Felony Guilty Plea Rates," JOHN WOOLDREDGE, New Mexico State University Variations in felony guilty plea rates across U S circuit and district courtsreveals that ruraljurisdictions maintain significantlyhigher rates than urbanjurisdictions. This paper examines possible structural correlates of variation in felony guilty plea rates to test the validityof a structural perspective on felony case processing. PANEL 181 TilE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND LAWENFOR CEMENT ACTIVITIES ''The Exclusionary Rule: Confusion and Controversy," RALPH BAKER, Ball State University The United States Supreme Court is the ultimate rule-maker for the criminal justice system. Two standardsby which to assessits rule-making function are the clarity of the rules and the levels of agreement about those rules. The Court's adoption of the exclusionary rule falls well beneath both of these standards. This article analyzes that construction and the reactions to it. In particular, the Court's recent adoption of the good faith exception has neither clarified the rules nor eased the controversy. "Exclusionary Rule, Good Faith and Motions to Suppress," CRAIG UCHIDA, University of Maryland and TIMOTHY BYNUM, Michigan State University The U S Supreme Court, through their decision in the case of U S v Leon, established the good faith exception to the exclusionaryrule. Thispaper reports on a nationwide study of the impact of this decision uponprosecutor and court behavioras evidenced by motions to supp ress. Given the specificsof the decision, it is conceivable that motions to suppress may continue to be filed but perhapson differentgrounds. Thepresent study con;ists of a content analysisof over2,000 search warrantsfiled before and after the Leon decision in7l argejurisdictions to determine not only the outcome of motions to suppress, but also to understandthe grounds upon which these challenges are based. "Criminal Law: Procedure and Enforcement," WA LTER POWELL, Slippery Rock University The police officeris the individual who is initially involved in the entire process of law beginningwith enforcement and apprehension. The Fifth Amendment of the U S Constitution guarantees and provides, among other things, that no personshall be held to answerfor a capitctl, or otherwiseinfamous crime, without due processoflaw. An officerof the law is expected to enforce the law and understandand protectthe rights of the accused. 1he policemanhas the difficult and sometimes dangerous task of preserving law and order, while ensuring that the safeguards embodied in the Constitution are ob:;erved. "Burger Court's Revolution in the Law of Search and Seizure," ARTHURMARINELLI, Ohio University Thepaper reviews the legaldevelopments relating to the Fourth Amendment. The essence of the Fourth Amendment is the protection of individual privacy and the regulation ofthe exerciseof governmentalpower. Privacyand a search, seizures,probable course, and the exclusionary ruleand its new found limits including the good faith exception are examined. PANEL 183 WORKSHOP: BIZARRECRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION Casestudies of bizarre investigations involving coprophilia and urolagnia will be discussed. The workshop will stressinvest igation technique with emphasis on the clear and present danger of reachingfalse conclusions of suicide or murder. The need for trainingand education of investigators in extreme sexual deviation cases will also be stressed. PANEL 184 CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH: P�OBLEMSAND PROSPECI'S "Juxtaposing Opinion Polls: The Search for Trends," SUSAN CARINGELLA-MACDONALD, Western Michigan University No abstract available. "Paradoxes in Policy Evaluation: Community Needs Surveys and the Police," 01WIN MARENIN, Universityof Alaska-Fairbanks No abstract available. 153 "Restrictions on Access ina Government Agency," DONALD SCOTI, CaliforniaState College-Bakersfield No abstract available. ''The Qose Analysis of Courtroom Discour;e: Utilizing Interactional Methods in a Study of Criminal Sentencing," NICK MAROULES, Illinois State University No abstract available. PANEL185 ROUNIYfABLE: A NEWf AP 'ROACH TO MEASURING CRIMINAL JUSDCE TEACHING OBJECTIVES: COMPETENCY BASED TESTING This roundtablewill addressissues related to the useof competencybased testing incriminal justice. Competencystandards, testing, criteria, and test construction will also be discussed. PANEL 186 ROUNIYfABLE: mEREAGAN ERA: LEGACY AND PROSPECTS The Reagan administration will have an impact on a number of criminal justice trends, programs, and issues. The participants on this roundtable will discuss the legacy of the Reagan administration and the future implications of this administration. 154 INDEX OF PARTICIPANTS The numbers after the names refer to panel numbers. Adamitis, James, 35, 94 Benekos, Peter, 78, 178 Agopian, Michael, 117 Bennett, J Skip, 9 Albanese, Jay, 153 Bennett, Lawrence, 167 Albert, Deborah, 151 Bennett, William, 84 Albini, Joseph, 127 Benson, James, 156 Ali, Sheikh, 140 Berg, Bruce, 130 Allen, Harry, 43 Berger, Randall, 2 Allen-Tucker, Roslyn, 15 Berger, Ronald, 64 Altemose, J R, 94 Berman, Jay, 3, 35 Amos, Stephen, 176 Bernat, Frances, 16, 116 Andrews, Carole, 77 Bernhart, Robert, 180 Andritzky, Frank, 96 Bertucelli, Steven, 174 Andritzky, Joseph, 96 Betsalel, Kenneth, 86 Annon, Jack, 44 Betts, Jack, 54 Archambeault, William, 28, 117 Bevilacqua, Jeanette, 143 Arnold, Lana, 62 Binder, Arnold, 108 Arvanites, Thomas, 116 Bing, Robert, 166, 177 _ Asbrock, Joseph, 54 Black, Lee Roy, 56 Ascolillo, Victor, 116 Blackman, Paul, 126 Asimos, Chrisula, 38, 111 Blankenship, Michael, 16, 162 Astone, Nicholas, 185 Blevins, Paula, 28 Austin, James, 18 Block, Kathleen, 75 Austin, W Timothy, 32, 119 Blomberg, Thomas, 39 Auten, Joseph, 164 Bloom, Barbara, 103 Ayers, Ken, 97, 162 Blount, William, 75, 87, 148 Bailey, Frankie, 58 Blumberg, Mark, 52, 155 Bailey, William, 57 Bodenhamer, David, 171 Baird, Chris, 83 Bohm, Robert, 57, 163 Baker, Ralph, 172, 181 Bordua, David, 23, 53 Bales, William, 115 Bottom, Mari, 25, 81 Ballard, Veronica, 28 Bottom, Norman, 89, 145 Barak, Gregg, 115, 185 Bowe, Jess, 140 Barnes, Carole, 14, 26, 95 Brandl, Steven, 72 Baro, Agnes, 61 Braunesreither, Lori, 160 Barrett, Lin, 79 Bright, Thomas, 13 Barrile, Leo, 78 Brown, Michael, 172 Basehart, Tracy, 23 Brown, Stephen, 37, 82 Bass, Chloe, 173 Brownstein, Henry, 36 Bates, Hugh, 87 Bruner, James, 3, 161 Bauer, Garlena, 159 Bruno, Anthony, 3, 131 Baumgartner, Dena, 175 Bruns, Gib, 112 Becker, Donald, 81 Bryant, Kit, 18 Belknap, Joanne, 20, 104 Budnick, Kimberly, 20, 62 Bellucci, Patricia, 80 Burge, John, 74, 141 155 Burns, Avon, 15 Coates, Robert, 155 Burns, Virginia, 143, 148 Cochran, Donald, 43 Burton Jr, Velmer, 50 Cohen, David, 168 Bush-Morgan, Kay, 135 Cohen, Stanley, 32 Bushey, W Conway, 21A Colboth, Gary, 100 Buzawa, Eva, 108 Cole, Kimberly, 7 Buzzell, Timothy, 95, 111 Coles, Frances, 65 Byers, Debbie, 79 Colwell, William, 101, 138 Bynum, Timothy, 181 Conley, John, 21, 120 Byrne, James M, 43, 83 Conner, Susan, 168 Byrne, Joseph, 90 Cook, Kathy, 26 Calathes, William, 119 Cooper, Robert, 91 Calder, James, 32, 120 Corbett Jr, Ronald, 43, 129 Calder, Patricia, 142 Cordner, Gary, 8, 41 Call, Jack, 24 Cornett, Susannah, 42 Camp, Damon, 74, 105 Cortese, Anthony, 181 Campbell, Paul, 3 Cortez, Nilda, 80 Campbell, Nancy, 129 Costello, Patricia, 177 Campos, Leonel, 113 Cottam, Martha, 21 Carbonell, Joyce, 39 Cotter, Warren, 80 Caringella-MacDonald, Susan, 184 Cottle, Charles, 64 Carlie, Mike, 4, 45 Courtless, Thomas, 30 Carper, Gayle, 52 Co� Terry, 23, 106, 141, 167 Carter, David, 72, 105, 129 Crank, John, 8 Castellano, Thomas, 125 Crew, John, 12 Caulfield, Susan, 2, 39 Crew, B Keith, 64, 143 Cavender, Gray, 82 Crusham, Dorothy, 151 Champion, Darl, 1 Culbertson, Robert, 8, 99 Champion, Dean J, 95, 137, 180 Cullen, Francis, 90 Chang, Dae, 65 Culliver, Concetta, 27 Chard, Deborah, 50 {)J nningham, Stanley, 67, 85 Chastain, Charles, 101, 138 Curtis, Christine, 142 Chayet, Ellen, 43 Czartowicz, Barbara, 173 Cheatwood, Derral, 76 Daane, Diane, 31, 64, 152 Chernicoff, Joseph, 114 Dallas, Julia, 64 Chilton, Bradley, 156 Damba, Karla, 179 Chirichella, Dina, 43 Daniels, John, 85 Chiricos, Theodore, 115 Darlington-Hope, Marian, 56, 178 Christian, Kenneth, 89 Das, Dilip, 21, 105 Christman, John, 10 Daudistel, Howard, 180 Cintron, Myrna, 27, 39 Davies, Charlotte, 169 Clagett, Arthur, 88, 155 Davis, Cynthia, 26 Clare, Paul, 63 Davis, E Duane, 34, 157 Clark, Gregory, 150 Davis, Edward, 154 Clayton, Obie, 125 Davis, Henry, 15 Clear, Todd, 43, 83, 129 Davis, James, 26, 153 Clements, William, 14 Davis, Shirley, 20 Clinton, Lawrence, 7 Davis Jr, William, 115 156 DeGraw, Darrel, 57 Fj eld, Stanton, 117 Dekeseredy, Walter, 36 Flanagan, Timothy, 221 del Carmen, Rolando, 62, 93, 129 Fleischman, William, 8, 23 DeMucci, Janice, 155 Flynn, Suzanne, 43 Devine, Frank, 4, 149 Follis, Edward, 148 Dinkel, Robert, 77 Folsom, Kyle, 54 DiPlacido, Lisa Ann, 59 Forcier, Michael, 18 Dison, Jack, 13 Ford, Marilyn, 35, 147 Dodd, David, 149 Foster, Burk, 24, 52, 9.3, 156 Dodder, Richard, 135 Foster, Thomas, 48 Doeren, Stephen, 103 Fowler Jr, Joseph, 67, 85 Doerner, William, 124 Franz, Randal, 95 Dombrink, John, 37 Frazier, Charles, 47 Dombrowski, Larry, 42 Frazier, Robert, 52, 172 Donahue, Michael, 87, 112 French, Laurence, 33, 131, 142 Doraz, Walter, 176 Friery, Rodney, 47, 10:2 Dorne, Clifford, 170 Fuller, John, 39 Doss Jr, Marion, 153A Futrell, Max, 45 Douglas, Teresa, 160 Gaines, Larry, 177 Dull, R Thomas, 127 Gallati, Robert, 70, 81 Duncan, Patricia, 7 Galvin, Gerald, 69 Dunford, Franklyn, 115 Gangi, Robert, 139 Ebbe, Obi, 111, 134 Garcia, Alfredo, 116 Edel, Charles, 183 Gardino, Tony, 170A Edwards, Steven, 158 Garrett, Gerald, 46 Egger, Steve, 9, 72 Garrison, William, 144 Egner, Mary, 51 Gavin, Kelley, 160 Eichor, Matt, 35 Gewerth, Kenneth, 100 Eigenberg, Helen, 155 Giacoppasi, David, 82 Eitemiller, Chris, 165 Gibbons, Oswald, 30 Ellis, Desmond, 36 Gibbons, Steve, 45, 173 Erez, Edna, 99, 132 Gilbert, James, 159 Esbensen, Finn-Aage, 21 Gillespie, L Kay, 137 Estep, Rhoda, 71 Girling, Syd, 161A, 184 Ethridge, Phillip, 24 Givan, Richard, 41 Evans, Thomasa, 59 Glanz, Les, 5 Farina, Carlos, 77 Glaser, Daniel, 88 Farmer, David, 105 Glazer, Myron, 157 Farnworth, Margaret, 4 7 Glazer, Penina, 157 Feeley, Malcolm, 86 Glover, Joel, 179 Felts, Arthur, 60 Godlove, Robert, 116 Ferdinand, Theodore, 140 Goetting, Ann, 36 Feyerherm, William, 123 Goldman, Roger, 12 Fields, Charles, 48, 60, 97 Goldstein, Paul, 36, 80 Finger, Bill, 54 Gomme, Ian, 152, 169 Fisher-Giorlando, Marianne, 58 Goodstein, Lynne, 111 Fishman, Laura, 113, 132 Gordon, Margaret, 88 Fitzsimmons, Robert, 41 Gottfredson, Don, 83 157 Gould, Larry, 14, 166 Hochstedler, Ellen, 73 Gray, Louis, 125 Hodgins, Tina, 26 Greenberg, Norman, 130 Holbert, Fred, 24 Greene, Jack, 41, 158 Holbrook, Harlee, 173 Grennan, Sean, 112, 124 Holden, Richard, 40, 159 Griswold, David, 169 Holland, Robert, 76, 88 Gropper, Bernard, 161A Hollinger, Richard, 157 Groves, W Byron, 82 Holmes, Bernadette, 36 Guarino-Ghezzi, Susan, 18, 83 Holmes, Malcolm, 73, 180 Guthrie, Kathleen, 160 Holten, N Gary, 28, 75 Guymon, Kirk, 165 Hoover, Larry, 29 flagan, Frank, 88, 178 Hopkins, Walter, 32 flageman, Mary, 8, 124 Hopper, Columbus, 130 flaghighi, Bahram, 135, 150 Homey, Julie, 26 flairston, Creasie, 113 Horvath, Frank 19, 72 flale, Donna, 75, 97 fluckabee, Robert, 31 flaley, Keith, 9, 93 Hudzik, John, 172 flalsted, James 16 Huff, Ronald, 38, 4 7 IIamlin, John, 8, 23 flulcoop, Leslie, 130 flamm, Mark, 31, 113 flunter, Susan, 103, 137 flandberg, Roger, 28 Hyatt, William, 153A flanrahan, Joseph, 116 Inciardi, James, 140 flaran, James, 140 Ingram, Jefferson, 57 flardyman, Patricia, 99, 150 Irwin, John, 186 flarlan Jr, John, 146 Jackson, James, 108 flarper, Dee, 79 Jackson, Kenneth, 30 flarris, Linda, 38 Jackson, Patrick, 17 flarris, Patricia, 135 Jacobs, Pearl, 124 flarvey, Esther, 15 Jengeleski, James, 14 flatcher, Chris, 110 J erin, Robert, 93 flaugen, Linda, 13 7 Jerrell, Jeanette, 128 flawley, F Frederick, 58, 90 J esilow, Paul, 68 flayden, William, 55 Johann, Sara Lee, 11 flayeslip Jr, David, 23, 75 Johnson, Byron, 126 flaynes, Keith, 54 Johnson, Bruce D, 80 flazelwood, Robert, 22 Johnson, Eric, 168 flendricks, James, 108, 112 Johnson, James, 159 flendricks, Mary, 165 Johnson, Judith, 19 flenn, flenry, 25 Johnson, Regina, 179 flenningsen, Ann, 30 Jones, Fred, 2 flenningsen, Rodney, 30 Jones, John, 116 flenson, J, 1 Jones, Kelsey, 96, 131 flerman, Robin, 27, 123 Jurik, Nancy, 82, 137 flerr, Kathleen, 18 Jurkanin, Thomas, 9, 74 flertig, Chris, 70, 81 Juszkiewicz, Jolanta, 17, 118 flewitt, John, 134 Kaci, Judy, 104, 152 flickey, Eric, 2, 39 Kaftan, Stephan, 56 flires,Jack, 46 Kale, Andrea, 80 158 Kalinich, David, 118, 128 Levi, Laurie, 38 Kania, Richard, 1, 126, 147 Levy, Dana, 107 Kappeler, Victor, 93, 177 Lewis, William, 90 Kay, Susan, 86 Light, Stephen, 91 Keenan, John, 63 Lin, Fei, 173 Kehr II, Winson, 142, 147 Linker, Larry, 74, 105 Keil, Thomas, 49 Lippin, Laurie, 103 Keller, Robert, 46 Lipton, Douglas, 80 Kelly, Barielle, 7 Little, Robert, 76 Kessler, Raymond, 126 Lockard, James, 133 Keveles, Gary, 73, 180 Locklear, H Todd, 56 Keyser, Andrew, 173 Locklear, Melanie, 56 Khan, Mustapha, 80 Lockman, Paul, 118 Kingsnorth, Rodney, 26 Longmire, Dennis, 129 Kinkade, Patrick, 118 Lopez, Linda, 77 Kirby, Michael, 118, 161A, 184 Lord, Vivian, 124 Kittell, Norman, 16 Lorinskas, Robert, 72 Klein, Dorie, 186 Loughran, Edward, 83 Klein, Lloyd, 126, 150 Louis, Paul, 62 Klemm, Margaret, 86 Lupsha, Peter, 140 Klofas, John, 50, 65 Lutze, Faith, 54, 143 Koch, Jeanne, 173 Luxenburg, Joan, 126, 150 Koefoed, Julius, 111 Lynch, Frederick, 32, 63 Komisaruk, Richard, 128 Lynch, Gerald, 139 Kooistra, Paul, 171 Lynch, Lawrence, 34 Kopache, Renee, 107 Lynch, Michael, 82 Kramer, John, 65 MacDonald, Patrick, 82 Kraska, Peter, 147 Machell, David, 87 Krogman, Jean, 123 MacKenzie, Doris, 14, 26, 166 Kvetko, M Jane, 71, 102 MacNamara, Donal, 149 Lamanna, Mary, 148 Maghan, Jess, 139 Langston, Denny, 40, 150 Magill, Michael, 10 Langworthy, Robert, 29, 53 Mahan, Sue, 127 Laning, Everett, 7, 99 Maher, Thomas, 161 Lanning, Kenneth, 66 Mann, David, 42 Larson, Calvin, 130 Marenin, C>twin, 21, 61, 184 Latessa, Edward, 31, 43, 62, 90 Margarita, Mona, 28 Lawrence, Arthur, 21A Marinelli, Arthur, 181 Lawrence, Richard, 117 Marlow, Patricia, 38 Lawrence, Sally, 103, 137 Maroules, Nick, 184 LeBeau, James, 108, 136 Marquart, James, 173 LeClair, Daniel, 18, 117 Marsh, Robert, 147 Lee-Sammons, Lynette, 57 Marshall, Chris, 7 6 Leiber, Michael, 50 Marshall, Franklin, 43 Leland, Elizabeth, 54 Marshall, Ineke, 26, 60 Leone, Matthew, 118 Martin, John, 140 Lessan, Gloria, 59 Martin, Randy, 91, 173 Letman, Sloan, 15, 102, 113 Martin, Richard, 75 159 Massey, Charles, 169 Morrison, Greg, 112 Masters, Ruth, 45 Moyer, Imogene, 20, 132 Mathur, Minu, 135 Muedeking, George, 176 Mattley, Christine, 6 Mullins, Wayman, 53, 110 Mays, G Larry, 128, 146 Munson, Alice, 101 McCamey, William, 142 Muraskin, Roslyn, 103 McCarthy, Belinda, 17, 161, Murphy, Paul, 153A McCarthy, BernardJ, 118, 146, 167 Murphy, Eoin, 170 McCarthy, Patrick, 31 Mutchnick, Robert, 82, 96, 131 McCarty, Dennis, 18 N alia, Mahesh, 50, 157 McCauley, R Paul, 93, 169 Nee, John, 70 McCloskey, John, 65 Neithercutt, M G, 161 McConnell, Elizabeth, 41 Nelligan, Peter, 152 McCown, William, 19, 46 Nelson, Ron, 170A McCuddy, Michael, 46 Nelson, William, 63 McDonald, Doreen, 71 Ness, Ellyn, 141 McElreath, David, 159 Ness, James, 105, 141 McGaha, John, 27, 47 Neuberger, Anita, 47, 180 McGrath, Elizabeth, 95 Neuman, Lee, 114 McGuffey, Charmaine, 20 Neustrom, Michael, 14, 26 McKenna Jr, James, 173 Newman, Graeme, 58 McLaughlin,Vance, 74, 177 Nichols, Camille, 26 McMains, Michael, 110 Noonan, Susan, 31, 45, 148 McMurray, IIarvey, 87, 151 Norman, Judy, 62 McNeal, Suzette, 15 Norman, Michael, 87 McNeece, C Aaron, 53, 71 Norris, Terry, 105 McShane, Marilyn, 73 Nunn, Elizabeth, 15 Meadows, Robert, 106, 114, 145 O'Connor, James, 22, 66, 121 Meeker, James, 108 O'Connor, Darla, 117 Meier, M Nicholas, 106 Orvis, Gregory, 180 Menke, Ben, 125 Osanka, Frank, 11 Mercilliott, Frederick, 17 Osborn,John, 5 Mercy, James, 108 Owen, Barbara, 31 Merlo, Alida, 84, 178 Packer, Christina, 107 Meyer, Michael, 29 Palrniotto, Michael, 19, 145 Meyer, Fred, 170A Parilla, Peter, 157 Micucci, Anthony, 152, 169 Parker, Bill, 108 Mika, llarry, 7 Parker, Mary, 101 Miller, Monroe, 7, 123, 134 Parks, Barton, 1 Miller, Susan, 6, 104 Parks, Roger, 69 Miller, Thomas, 80 Parsonage, William, 21A Minion, Ron, 70, 89 Partrich, Daniel,2 Misner, Gordon, 125 Paschke, W Richard, 175 Molanphy, llelen,60 Pattishall, Evan, 21A Montgomery, Reid, 135 Payne, Brian, 59 Moore Jr, Richter, 1, 34, PS, 145 Payne, Michael, 57 Moriarty, Laura, 156 Pease, Susan, 150 Morn, Frank, 119 Pecinovski, Edmund, 170A 160 Pelfrey, Bill, 162 Rivera Jr, George, 134 Pennel, Roger, 75 Robbins, Franklyn, 3, 85 Pennell, Susan, 142 Robbins, Susan, 134 Pepinsky, Harold, 50, 60 Roberg, Roy, 28, 158 Persons, Paul, 157 Roberson, Cliff,45 Peterson, Ruth, 57 Robinson, Calvin, 114 Pfuhl,John, 92 Rodgers, Clark, 63 Phi, Han, 37 Rogan, Dennis, 125 Phillips, Peter, 99 Rogers, Susan, 150, 167 Pierce, CAllen, 50, 58 Romano, Anne, 140 Pierce, Greg, 45, 113 Rosecrance, John, 62 Pinkerton, Sharon, 100 Rosenbaum, Jill, 20, 137 Platt, Tony, 186 Rosenberg, Mark, 108 Pliner, Anita, 16 Rush, George, 49, 135 Pogrebin, Mark, 136, 153A Rush, Jeffrey, 48, 71, 95 Pollock-Byrne, Joycelyn, 51 Russel, Robin, 165, 179 Pontell, Henry, 118 Ryan, Mick, 4 Poole, Eric, 136 Sagatun, Inger, 71, 79 Pope, Carl, 123 Salinger, Lawrence, 68 Potgieter, Phillipus, 21 Saltzman, Linda, 21A, l 08 Powell, John, 35 Sanborn Jr, Joseph, 111 Powell, Walter, 181 Sandhu, Harjit, 135 Price, Barbara, 139 Sanzen, Peter, 94 Price, Jamie, 162 Sapp, Allen, 40, 79, 157 Pugliesi, Karen, 131 Schade, Tom, 79, 112 Puro, Steven, 12 Schafer, Nancy, 31 Quarles, Charles, 88 Schlegel, Kip, 68 Quire, Donald, 87 Schmalleger, Frank, 31 Rasche, Christine, 64 Schmidt, Patricia, 102 Rasor, Carol, 75 Schmuckler, Eugene, 28, 85 Raub, Richard, 9, 87 Schoenthaler, Stephen, 176 Rausch, Trudy, 165 Schubert, Frank, 48 Reasons, Charles, 78 Schwartz, Ira, 38 Reed, Dallas, 80 Schwartz, Helen, 171 Regoli, Robert, 8, 134 Schwartz, Martin, 6, 182 Reinertsen, Robert, 141 Scott, Donald, 184 Rengert, George, 127 Scott, Herbert, 15 Renzetti, Claire, 104 Searles, Patricia, 64 Ressler, Robert, 121 Sebuck, Elizabeth, 35 Rhoades, Helen, 15 Secret, Philip, 159 Rhoades, Philip, 153A, 161A Sellers, Christine, 7, 123 Rich, Curtis, 160 Semmerling, Jill, 42 Richwine, David, 14 Senese, Jeffrey, 115, 128 Riechers, Lisa, 14, 158 Seng, Magnus, 102 Rigby, Gerald, 106, 145 Sennewald, Chuck, 10 Rigby, Ken, 8 Severson, Douglas, 37 Riley, James, 28 Shannon, Douglas, 84 Ripley, Richard, 1 Shapiro, Carol, 43 161 Shaughnessy, Michael, 28 Szumanski, Marcella, 4 7 Shelden, Randall, 123 Tafoya, Sharon, 124 Shepherd, Roosevelt, 9, 74 Tafoya, William, 41, 177 Shernock, Stan, 96, 136 Taggart, William, 19, 73, 180 Shigley, Richard, 146 Takata, Susan, 94 Shook, Lyle, 5, 19, 183 Talarico, Susette, 156 Shutman, Laura, 117 Taylor, Karen, 150 Sigler, Robert, 143, 152 Taylor, Robert, 67, 153 Silverman, Ira, 148 Tedjeske, David, 155 Simon, David, 68 Terrill, Richard, 4, 149 Sims, Vic, 69 Thomas, Jim, 120 Singh, Mahendra, 29, 169 Thomas Jr, John, 114 Skelton, David, 13 Thompson, Joel, 128, 146 Skolnick, Jerome, 12 Thomson, Douglas, 172 Slane, Alton, 52, 177 Thomson, J Michael, 73, 116 Sluder, Richard, 35 Tieman, Cheryl, 30, 166 Smith, Beverly, 120, 171 Titus, Richard, 78, 150, 161 Smith, Brent, 51, 126 Tolone, William, 166 Smith, Michael, 6 Tompkins, Ernest, 85 Smith, J Steven, 31 Tontodonato, Pamela, 143 Smith, Wayne, 35 Totman, Jane, 62 Smykla, John, 119 Tracy, Charles, 96 Soler, Mark, 38 Tracy, Frank, 91 Song, John, 37 Traub, Stuart, 171 Souris, Constantine, 113, 130 Travis III, Lawrence, 117, 160 Souryal, Sam, 29 Tritt, Howard, 106, 145 Southerland, Mittie, 85, 147 Tuchfarber, Julie, 104 Spader, Dean, 153A, 161A, l65, 179 Turner, James, 89, 110 Speir, John, 124 Uchida, Craig, 181 Spunt, Barry, 80 Uganski, Christopher, 168 Sroka, Joseph, 106 Umbreit, Mark, 51 Stafford, Mark, 125 Van Ness, Shela, 46, 102 Stanford, Rose, 6, 143 Vaughn, Joseph, 40, 177 Starck, Tula, 59 Vega, Manuel, 148 Steinhart, David, 38 Victor, Michael, 13, 30 Steinman, Michael, 6, 104 Viegas, Kenneth, 7 Stephens, CJene, 34, 98, 100, 127 Visano, Livy, 141 Stephens, Otis, 116 Vito, CJennaro,49, 80, 107 Sternberg, John, 151 Vogel, Ronald, 1, 54, 76, 78, 109 Stitt, B (}rant, 82 Volpe, Maria, 167 Stohr-CJillmore, Mary, 17, 91, 125 Wachniak, Lana, 20 Stojkovic, Stan, 84 Wagner, Allen, 8, 158 Stoley, Michael, 3 Wakefield Jr, James, 176 Stone, Lorene, 71, 170 Walden, Robin, 107 Streib, Victor, 49 Waldron, Joseph, 161A Stuart Jr, A J, 56, 153 Walker, James, 86 Swain, Pam, 83 Walker, Sam, 12 Sykes, CJary, 105 Wallace, Donald, 57 162 Walsh, Robert, 127 Zaremba, Barbara, 27 Walters, Stephen, 84 Zevitz, Richard, 146 Ward, David, 125 Zimring, Frank, 49 Ward, Richard, 140 Zupan, Linda, 17, 84, 128, 146 Watson, Patricia, 90 Wawrzyniak, Charles, 42 Webb, Vincent, 26 Weinberg, Doron, 186 Weisheit, Ralph, 166 Weiss, Robert, 24, 131 Welch, Michael, 61, 130 Wells, L Edward, 79 Welsh, Wayne, 118 Werner, Paul, 91 White, Mervin, 23 Whitehead, John, 62 Whittle, Randy, 183 Wickman, Peter, 24, 68 Wiedmeier, Cheryle, 179 Wiggins, Michael, 40 Wilkinson, William, 5, 70, 100, 166 Williams, Alan, 168 Williams, Joyce, 170 Williams, Larry, 7 Williams III, Frank, 73, 97 Wilson, Deborah, 42 Wilson, George, 51, 150 Winfree Jr, L Thomas, 7, 17, 28 Winkle, John, 73 Winn, Russ, 137 Witt, Rodney, 67 Wittrup, Roger, 122 Wolf, J o Beth, 132 Wolfe, Nancy, 61 Wollan Jr, Laurin, 159 Wooldredge, John, 180 Wooten, Leslie, 47, 134 Worden, Robert, 53, 136 Wright, Benjamin, 124 Wright, Kevin, 91 Wright, R Dean, 111, 123 X, Laura, 182 Yandrasits, Janette, 50 Y aryan, Lisa, 27 Young, Kevin, 78 Young, Vern etta, 6, 143 Yuen, Gwenson, 94 Yurchuck, David, 77 163 164 WASHINGTON, D.C�. THE NATION'S CAPIT�ll •••••• • Washington, DC, the nation's capital and the embo(liment of the rights and values we hold sacred in our justice systel1ll will host the ACJS 1989 ANNUAL MEETIN�G MARCH 28 -APRIL 1, 1989 HYATT REGENCY WASHINGTON ON CAPITOL HILL WASHINGTON, DC THEME CRIMINAL JUSTICE: POLICY AND PfOLITICS Persons interested in participating in the 1989 Annual Meeting should contact Finn-Aage Esbensen, 1989 ACJS Program Chair, University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Box 483, Boulder, CO 80309.