December 2012
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December 2011
Employee Wellness
May 2011 September 2001
Addressing School Violence
80 Years of Print December 2012 Volume 81 Number 12
United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington, DC 20535-0001 Robert S. Mueller III Director Contributors’ opinions and statements Features should not be considered an endorsement by the FBI for any policy, program, or service. The attorney general has determined Vigilance Fatigue in Policing Personnel tasked with processing large that the publication of this periodical By Meredith Krause amounts of data, identifying risks, and is necessary in the transaction of the 3 responding to perceived threats can lose public business required by law. Use of funds for printing this periodical has focus as a result of information overload been approved by the director of the and performance-related pressure. Office of Management and Budget.
The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Armored Car Industry Agencies have an important role in (ISSN-0014-5688) is published monthly by the Federal Bureau of Reciprocity Act and Local ensuring that armored car crew members Investigation, 935 Pennsylvania 19 carry weapons legally and as needed. Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. Law Enforcement 20535-0001. Periodicals postage paid By Jeffrey T. Wennar at Washington, D.C., and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Editor, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, FBI Academy, Quantico, VA 22135. Departments Editor John E. Ott Associate Editors 1 Bulletin History 18 Leadership Spotlight Eric A. D’Orazio Linda L. Fresh Doing the “Right Thing” David W. MacWha 12 ViCAP Alert Art Director Unidentified Female 23 Bulletin Honors Stephanie L. Lowe Columbus, Ohio, The Training Division’s 13 Police Practice Police Memorial Outreach and Communications Unit In Pursuit of Cooperation produces this publication with 24 assistance from the division’s 2012 Subject Index National Academy Unit. 16 Cover Montage Issues are available online at 27 http://www.fbi.gov. 2012 Author Index
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Send article submissions to Editor, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, FBI Academy, Quantico, VA 22135.
ISSN 0014-5688 USPS 383-310 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin A History
ince 1935 the FBI has provided information as a primary resource for disseminating informa- Son current law enforcement issues and re- tion throughout the law enforcement community. search in the field to the larger policing community through the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Just as Forties and Fifties the FBI has adapted over the years to address the After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United changing needs of the criminal justice community, States joined the Allied war effort against the the Bulletin continues changing to reach a more Axis Powers. Like all segments of society, polic- mobile and widespread audience. The current is- ing changed dramatically during the war years. sue of the Bulletin will be the final hard-copy edi- Throughout tion, ending nearly 80 years in that format. the war era, The Bulletin will continue to deliver peer- the Bulletin reviewed articles submitted by a wide range of au- provided law thorities, including subject matter experts, national enforcement security liaisons, officers and agents in the field, and legal instruction advisors. Beginning January 2013, these articles will be available exclusively online at http://www.fbi.gov. A brief history of the Bulletin explains its effort to help law enforcement officials with information professionals better understand and combat secu- related to national defense, rity threats facing the United States and protect and scientific aids, and police defend citizens. training. As the American economy expanded dur- Beginning ing the postwar years, unparalleled growth led to In October 1932 the Bu- profound changes for the law enforcement com- reau of Investigation began munity. In its pages the Bulletin addressed the publishing a monthly maga- major issues of the time, including rising levels of zine of fugitive write-ups juvenile delinquency and policing’s role in main- titled Fugitives Wanted by taining national security. Police. In October 1935 after the Bureau of Investigation Sixties and Seventies became the Federal Bureau In the 1960s the Bulletin chronicled a decade of Investigation, the publica- of intense social change. In addition to advances tion was renamed the FBI Law Enforcement Bulle- tin and added brief articles noting advances in po- lice science to its fugitive write-ups. As the 1930s continued to witness a renaissance of American policing marked by increased professionalism and growth of the forensic sciences, the Bulletin served
December 2012 / 1 law enforcement administrators in more than 105 countries receive copies. Given the high “pass- around” rate of the printed copies, as well as its online presence, the Bulletin has an estimated readership of over 200,000 criminal justice professionals each month. in the forensic sci- ences, articles focused on such topics as the growing drug culture and police response to civil disturbances. During the 1970s the Bulletin featured articles that promoted the evolving em- phasis on education in policing, as well as changes in tactics and hiring practices embraced by the na- tion’s law enforcement agencies. The Bulletin has become an extension of the work of the FBI Training Division. While the FBI Eighties and Nineties hosts over 3,000 law enforcement specialists each During the 1980s the Bulletin further estab- year at the Training Academy at Quantico, many lished itself as a primary training resource for law others within the criminal justice system have enforcement administrators in agencies throughout benefited from the information shared by subject the nation and the world. During the decade, the matter experts from all aspects of the law enforce- Bulletin featured articles on a broad array of sci- ment community who have provided information entific, technological, and strategic advances that and instruction in the pages of the Bulletin. would prove to have a dramatic affect on law enforcement. In the 1990s the Bul- letin embraced new technologies to reach a wider and more diverse readership. In 1991 it became one of the first law enforcement-related publications Its mission remains strong—to inform, to go online and provide electronic versions of the educate, and broaden the criminal justice com- magazine for viewing on the Internet. munity’s understanding of current issues facing law enforcement. For 80 years the Bulletin has Today and the Future served this community and will continue to do so Today the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin re- in the challenging days ahead through its Web site, mains one of the most widely read law enforce- http//www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/ ment-related publications in the world. Each month law-enforcement-bulletin.
2 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Vigilance Fatigue in Policing A Critical Threat to Public Safety and Officer Well-Being By MEREDITH KRAUSE, Ph.D.
© shutterstock.com
n the decade since 9/11, the past decade has contributed The price of freedom is eternal terrorism has entered the to a renewed sense of security. vigilance and a willingness to act information age to chal- However, the emergence of in its defense. I lenge the work of first respond- competing crises, like the global –George P. Shultz, ers, police managers, and deci- economic crisis and domestic former U.S. Secretary of State sion makers. The attacks raised recession, has brought about a fundamental questions about reexamination of the sustain- America’s safety and resulted ability, credibility, and utility in a renewed focus on domes- of many post-9/11 security tic security. In turn it fostered strategies. While this effort has an emphasis on proactive and attempted to balance security preventive, rather than reactive, needs with the limitations posed strategies to combat terrorist by budgets, legal requirements, threats. public support, and threats to The absence of a subsequent U.S. interests, it has overlooked major attack on U.S. soil over a critical risk to effective threat
December 2012 / 3 analysis and management. This A comprehensive review of recognizes the ways in which phenomenon is described best medical, law enforcement, and attention, situational awareness, as “vigilance fatigue,” or the business literature reveals only and decision-making processes failure to accurately perceive, passing acknowledgements of affect the concept’s functional- identify, or analyze bona fide this concept. The few existing ity. These attentional resources threats due to 1) prolonged references associate vigilance include capacity for selective exposure to ambiguous, un- fatigue with errors in decision attention and alternating atten- specified, and ubiquitous threat making due to physical fatigue tion, often limited by working information; 2) information or “change blindness,” de- memory abilities and the pres- overload; 3) overwhelming scribed as a failure to recognize ence of distractions. A model pressure to maintain exception- data changes because of con- of sustained vigilance (figure 1) al, error-free performance; and tinual scanning by eye.2 While also points to the ways in which 4) faulty strategies for structur- the concept of vigilance fatigue cognitive biases and reliance ing informed decision making proves worthy of further devel- upon heuristics may degrade under conditions of uncertainty opment, its complexity and rel- vigilance and jeopardize accurate and stress.1 evance to policing, intelligence, threat detection and assessment, and military operations have yet especially when someone faces DEFINING THE to be explored. excessive or questionable CONCEPT A full definition of vigilance information.3 Vigilance fatigue threat- fatigue must consider an ar- ens persons and organizations ray of closely associated skills, DESCRIBING AND tasked with processing large abilities, and behaviors, all of UNDERSTANDING amounts of data, identify- which contribute to a capac- VIGILANCE FATIGUE ing risks or irregularities, and ity for sustained vigilance in A range of factors contribute responding to perceived threats. dynamic environments. This to a person’s immunity to vigi- lance fatigue. These include the issues or aspects unique to the individual engaged in monitor- ing, the context in which this undertaking occurs, and the na- ture of the task itself. Based on [Vigilance fatigue] a review of research in the areas “poses a constant but of cognitive psychology, social unseen risk to threat psychology and group dynamics, decision making and risk assess- detection and ment, signal detection theory, mitigation.… and human ergonomics, figure 2 summarizes the factors that may foster vigilance fatigue. Individual Factors Dr. Krause is a consulting and clinical psychologist ” with a psychology firm in Stafford, VA. The range of factors in- cluded in figure 2 illustrates the
4 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Figure 1 complex interaction between a A Working Model of A en onal capacity person’s cognitive style, emo- Sustained Vigilance AƩenƟon Working memory capacity tional functioning, physical Absence of distrac ons status, professional expertise, and coping skills. Basic physi- cal requirements, such as rest and alertness, emerge as the core foundation on which more nuanced factors meet. Cogni- Percep on Sustained SituaƟonal tive style, decision making Vigilance Comprehension approaches, and subject matter Awareness An cipa on experience interact with person/ job variables, like engagement and satisfaction, to provide an ideal level of vigilance. Re- search has demonstrated the adverse impact of fatigue on Access to informa on alertness and threat detection, Decision Awareness of heuris cs memory function, cognitive ca- Making and biases pacity and accuracy of individu- Risk assessment als and teams, reaction times, and occupational performance and safety.4 These adverse impacts are Extended task duration can in the face of the overwhelming most apparent during the first 2 worsen the effects of monotony amounts of data, conflicting in- to 3 days of sleep deprivation. on vigilance fatigue. It reduces formation, or novel data charac- This finding has clear impli- attention, vigilance, and ac- teristic of police investigations cations for law enforcement curacy while simultaneously and intelligence analysis.10 This personnel assigned to rotating increasing perceived workload, impact may be complicated shift work.5 While research subjective stress, and task disen- further by individuals’ tolerance has confirmed the detrimental gagement.8 Other research has for risk and decision-making nature that sleeplessness and fa- confirmed the role of chronic error, as well as their desire to tigue pose to vigilance, other re- and acute stress, including pro- avoid the criticism, scrutiny, searchers have emphasized the fessional burnout, in disrupting guilt, or embarrassment associ- role of cognitive underarousal perception (e.g., tunnel vision), ated with faulty judgment.11 (boredom) or overarousal (over- reducing reaction time, impair- Together with complacency, load) in contributing to lapses ing memory, and degrading professional entrenchment, in attention and performance.6 logical reasoning.9 and isolation from dissenting Additional research has pointed Alternative explanations opinions, these dynamics may to monotony as contributing to for degraded vigilance have lead to selective attention to impaired vigilance, independent focused on the role of cogni- data, overinflated confidence in of the effects of fatigue and tive heuristics in leading to its quality, and flawed decision time on a task.7 faulty conclusions, especially making based on it.12
December 2012 / 5 Figure 2 Common Determinants of Vigilance Fatigue in Individuals
Individual/Intrapersonal Factors Contextual/Environmental Factors Task-Specific Factors Boredom proneness (↑) Access to tools designed to Informa on/data overload (↑) Extended span of a en on (↓) support informa on processing Low base rate (rare) targets/ and decision making (↓) Smooth visual scanning/pa ern outcomes (↑) recogni on skills (↓) Stress and arousal level (↕) Time pressure to complete task Reliance upon cogni ve heuris cs (↑) Adequate staffing/resource levels (↑) (↓) Risk tolerance (↕) Presence of complex data/ Though ul shi work tasking (↑) Subject ma er exper se (↕) management (↓) Level of task monotony (↑) Nega ve affect (e.g., anxiety, worry, Presence of groupthink (↑) depression, anger) (↑) Access to high-quality data (↓) Group/office cohesion (↓) Job dissa sfac on/burnout (↑) Presence of novel data (↑) Management support (top cover) Job commitment/engagement (↓) Presence of ambiguousness (↓) or contradic on (↑) Intrinsic mo va on (↓) Asser ve approach to managing Presence of emo onally Physical/mental fa gue and sleep errors and risk (↓) charged informa on (↑) depriva on (↑) Training opportuni es (↓) Maturity of tradecra (↓) Access to social support (↓) Physical environment (overall Stress tolerance and coping skills comfort level and a en on to (resilience) (↓) ergonomics) (↓) Appropriate use of leave/respite (↓) Integrated and informed policy and procedure (↓) Lack of access to feedback regarding the accuracy of decisions (↑)
(↓) - Factors that typically decrease the risk for vigilance fa gue (↑) - Factors that typically increase the risk of vigilance fa gue (↕) - Factors that require careful balancing because extremes will contribute to compromised vigilance
While sizeable research has strategies designed to optimize that can determine vigilance underscored the negative impact performance, such as promoting fatigue. These factors require a of stress on vigilance, an emerg- physical comfort and giving ac- focused and informed approach ing body of analysis has pointed cess to collaboration and com- that provides for both the to the power of resilience fac- peting hypotheses. basic and complex needs of tors in improving the effects of personnel engaged in sustained stress.13 These factors include Contextual and monitoring, analysis, and adaptive personality traits, posi- Environmental Determinants decision-making tasks. The tive attitudes and beliefs, and The center column of provision of tools, systems, social connections. Addition- figure 2 outlines contextual and and strategies for personnel can ally, they may be enhanced by environment-specific factors enable them better to process
6 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin and present information, in supporting integrated work synthesis strategies and reduce reduce cognitive and informa- environments that promote col- decision-making certainty and tion overload, and structure laborative, cohesive, and mutu- confidence.17 Poor data quality informed decision making.14 ally supportive approaches to further erodes confident and Examples of decision-support sustained vigilance. accurate analysis and synthesis, systems include mathematical as does increased time pressure modeling and algorithmic Task-Specific Elements and task complexity.18 The solutions, visualization models The final class of threats presence of emotionally charged and tools, data-mining programs to sustained vigilance resides information also may preclude and data-fusion approaches, in the nature of tasks and the logical or systematic analysis. software programs based on quality and quantity of involved Vigilance fatigue becomes cognitive-systems engineering data. Information overload particularly troublesome when approaches, and hardware solu- becomes a critical contributor individuals must face data-spe- tions, such as voice analysis, to vigilance fatigue by creating cific challenges in pursuit of thermal imaging, closed-circuit rare or low-base-rate phenom- surveillance, and automated ena or outcomes, such as large- security screening, designed to scale terrorist attacks. The assist with threat detection.15 challenges associated with iden- These supports, together with Poor data quality tification of these phenomena ongoing training and standard- further erodes have been addressed at length ized procedures for information confident and accurate by forensic psychologists, clini- collection and analysis, are “ analysis and cians, and researchers interest- instrumental to the effective synthesis, as does ed in the prediction of violence, functioning of personnel. increased time practice of probabilistic risk as- Decision-support systems pressure and task sessment, and value of actuarial and procedural guidance also complexity. supports to decision making un- benefit from initiatives con- der uncertainty.19 These profes- cerning policy and leadership. sionals have conceded that rare These initiatives aim to clarify outcomes are inherently more expectations regarding risk and difficult to predict accurately error tolerance, strategies for data and cognitive clutter, due to prevailing laws of managing fallout from vigilance fostering workload bottlenecks, probability. failures, and plans for promot- and impacting an individual’s” Data- and task-specific chal- ing individual engagement and ability to detect significance lenges may be mitigated in cas- accountability. Effective staff- in data.16 Overload-related es where individuals are guided ing practices, such as limiting issues are complicated further by a mature tradecraft. To overtime work requirements in cases where the data is facilitate clear communication, and thoughtfully administrat- novel, ambiguous, complex, these tradecrafts must be char- ing the shiftwork schedule, or conflicting. These circum- acterized by reliable methods may promote individual en- stances undermine the utility of of information collection and gagement and commitment. tried-and-true cognitive schema, analysis, validated standards of Another promising factor exists expert systems, heuristics, and practice, and an established and
December 2012 / 7 assignment and reassignment, and promotion policies. All of these may facilitate the hiring of qualified candidates with the basic skills and aptitudes required. In turn, this leads to the development and retention of a knowledgeable workforce capable of recognizing and mitigating vigilance fatigue and the assignment of personnel to activities optimally suited to their vigilance capacity. These © Thinkstock.com initiatives, together with a focus on a work environment that standardized lexicon.20 While climate surveys to a holistic and maximizes vigilance through established tradecrafts must re- recurring consideration of the policy, practice, and physical main nimble enough to respond interplay between individual, design, may serve to inoculate to emerging threats and trends, environmental, task-specific, against vigilance fatigue’s they are invaluable in fostering and organizational factors. Con- effects. consistency in training and ef- sideration may take the form of fective professionalism. a structured agency assessment Training informed by a continual qual- The training initiatives IMPLEMENTING ity improvement approach or informed by research findings STRATEGIES a more informal but focused and technological advancements assessment of individual and can help organizations discover Policy and Practice organizational proneness to new theoretical and practical Vigilance fatigue affects vigilance fatigue. perspectives for understand- individual functioning and This ongoing monitoring ing and managing vigilance safety in a law enforcement and assessment practice requires fatigue. Basic training designed setting, but it also may be im- a high level of transparent to introduce the concept will pacted significantly by policies communication up and down provide the foundation to de- and practices implemented at the chain of command. It also velop more advanced learning the organizational level. It is a depends upon a shared commit- to address the particular needs dynamic and ubiquitous threat ment to identifying and tackling of the training audience. The that warrants consistent moni- factors that may degrade vigi- U.S. Army Center for Enhanced toring by individuals and their lance fatigue and put police per- Performance has incorporated colleagues, supervisors, and sonnel and the general public at such specialized training into agency leaders. This monitor- risk. Management commitment its Performance Enhancement ing must move beyond a focus to such an effort depends on im- Education Model, which at- on individual performance plicit and explicit endorsement tempts to optimize performance reviews and organizational of proactive selection, training, under stress by honing attention
8 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin control, goal setting, energy knowledge may be critical in with tasks requiring sustained management, and visualization boosting vigilance and enhanc- vigilance. To temper expecta- skills while boosting overall ing responses to bona fide tions regarding the application confidence and fostering threats. Decision-support tools of these technological develop- resilience.21 successfully have guided police ments, it is critical to emphasize The focus on attention responses to domestic violence the impossibility of a single control and energy management calls, child abuse and neglect “magic bullet” solution. Instead, skills has direct application to cases, and violence risk predic- complex responses that blend vigilance fatigue. It presents tions and may prove promising technological advancements psychological concepts in a way in other arenas.22 and human judgment must be that meets the needs of person- In the realm of surveil- accepted, in turn, encouraging nel and minimizes resistance lance and security operations, movement away from comfort- due to perceived stigma or facial and feature recognition able but ineffective approaches cultural dogma regarding accep- software, augmented displays to managing complex decision tance of psychological services. making under conditions of risk Successful and effective train- and uncertainty. ing on this concept will sensi- tize not only police officers and CONCLUSION their agencies but also security Research and Vigilance fatigue warrants and intelligence organizations experience suggest comprehensive consideration to the threat posed by vigilance that decision-support by agencies and individuals fatigue. They will be given new “tools…may be engaged in sustained surveil- frameworks for understanding, critical in boosting lance, threat detection, risk identifying, and challenging vigilance and assessment, and decision mak- the cognitive, behavioral, and enhancing response to ing under uncertainty. While it organizational dynamics that bona fide threats. poses a constant but unseen risk fuel failures in vigilance and to threat detection and mitiga- decision making. tion, it is a product of known factors at the individual and Technological Development organizational levels. These Given a large amount of (which facilitate recognition factors, often contextual or incoming data and the limita- by overlaying data to highlight task-specific in nature, can be tions of human cognition and patterns and deviations), visual mitigated by applying person- decision making, advancing analytics (that present relation-” nel selection and development technologies hold considerable ships, such as social network strategies, operational and promise for combating vigilance analysis), and cue filtering tech- technological supports, orga- fatigue. Research and experi- nologies (which remove visual nizational development and ence suggest that decision-sup- or auditory distractions to ease leadership strategies, and train- port tools designed to improve target recognition) warrant con- ing initiatives designed to assess information processing, high- tinued development and deploy- points of vulnerability and light patterns and irregularities, ment to minimize the physical avoid potentially catastrophic and apply different areas of and mental burdens associated lapses in intelligence, security,
December 2012 / 9 and law enforcement efforts.23 31, no. 9 (September 2008): 1251-1259; 7 Rebecca L. Michael and Renata Confronting the problem of Donald Sussman and Michael Coplen, Meuter, “Sustained Vigilance and Hy- “Fatigue and Alertness in the U.S. Rail- povigilance: The Effect of Environmental vigilance fatigue in this manner road Industry Part I: The Nature of the Monotony on Continuous Task Perfor- may encourage individuals and Problem,” Transportation Research Part mance and Implications for Road Safety” organizations to move beyond F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 3, (paper presented at the Australasian Road the status quo and consider no. 4 (2000): 211-220; Dennis Lindsey, Safety Research, Policing, and Education proactive countermeasures “Police Fatigue: An Accident Waiting to Conference, 2006). Happen,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 8 Joel S. Warm, Raja Parasuraman, and designed to bolster vigilance in August 2007, 1-8; Christopher Barnes, Gerald Matthews, “Vigilance Requires their tasks. Linda R. Elliott, Michael D. Coovert, and Hard Mental Work and Is Stressful,” Donald Harville, “Effects of Fatigue on Human Factors 50, no. 3 (June 2008): Endnotes Simulation-Based Team Decision Mak- 433-441. 1 Pasha Roberts, “Information Visual- ing Performance,” Ergometrika 3, no. 1 9 Harris R. Lieberman, Gaston P. ization for Stock Market Ticks: Toward a Bathalon, Christina M. Falco, Charles A. New Trading Interface” (master’s thesis, Morgan III, Philip J. Niro, and William J. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tharion, “The Fog of War: Decrements in 1984); and Benjamin P. Sachs, “A 38-Year- Cognitive Performance and Mood Associ- Old Woman with Fetal Loss and Hysterec- ated with Combat-Like Stress,” Aviation, tomy,” Journal of the American Medical Confronting…vigilance Space and Environmental Medicine 76, S7 Association 294, no. 7 (2005): 833-840. fatigue…may (2005): C7-14; Charles A. Morgan, Tracey 2 Roberts, “Information Visualization encourage individuals Cho, Gary Hazlett, Vladimir Coric, and for Stock Market Ticks”; and Sachs, “A and organizations to Jeff Morgan, “The Impact of Burnout on 38-Year-Old Woman with Fetal Loss and “ Human Physiology and on Operational Hysterectomy.” move beyond the status Performance: A Prospective Study of Sol- 3 Under conditions of uncertainty, quo and consider diers Enrolled in the Combat Diver Quali- people tend to rely upon heuristics, or proactive countermea- fication Course,” Yale Journal of Biology decision making “rules of thumb,” to guide and Medicine 75, no. 4 (2002): 199-205; their thinking (Amos Tversky and Daniel sures designed to and Philip G. Zimbardo, “Mind Games: Kahneman, “Judgment Under Uncertainty: bolster vigilance in Don’t Play on Terrorists’ Turf,” San Fran- Heuristics and Biases,” Science, New their tasks. cisco Chronicle, November 4, 2001. Series 185, no. 4157 (September 1974): 10 D. Kim Rossmo, “Criminal Investi- 1124-1131). These heuristics, often deeply gative Failures: Avoiding the Pitfalls,” FBI ingrained, can lead to systematic errors or Law Enforcemement Bulletin, September biases in judgment. For example, the “nor- 2006, 1-8; David D. Woods, Emily S. Pat- malcy bias” may lead individuals or agen- (2004-2006): 2-12; and Adam Fletcher and terson, and Emilie M. Roth, Can We Ever cies to fail to plan for or react to a disaster Drew Dawson, “A Quantitative Model of Escape from Data Overload? A Cogni- that never has occurred. In contrast, the Work-Related Fatigue: Empirical Evalu- tive Systems Diagnosis (Springfield, VA: “confirmation bias” may lead investigators ations,” Ergonomics 44, no. 5 (2001):” National Technical Information Service, to search for or interpret information in a 475-488. 1998); and Richards J. Heuer, Jr., Psychol- way that confirms someone’s preconcep- 5 Fletcher and Dawson, “A Quantitative ogy of Intelligence Analysis (Langley, VA: tions and to discount or ignore information Model of Work-Related Fatigue.” CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, that challenges these preconceptions. 6 David A. Sawin and Mark W. Scerbo, 1999). 4 Mathias Basner, Joshua Rubinstein, “Effects of Instruction Type and Boredom 11 Richard P. Larrick, “Motivational Kenneth M. Fomberstein, Matthew C. Proneness in Vigilance: Implications for Factors in Decision Theories: The Role of Coble, Adrian Ecker, Deepa Avinash, and Boredom and Workload,” Human Factors Self-Protection,” Psychological Bulletin David F. Dinges, “Effects of Night Work, 37, no. 4 (December 1995): 752-765; and 113, no. 3 (1993): 440-450. Sleep Loss, and Time on Task on Simulat- Sussman and Coplen, “Fatigue and Alert- 12 Howard N. Garb, “Clinical Judg- ed Threat Detection Performance,” Sleep ness in the U.S. Railroad Industry Part I.” ment, Clinical Training, and Professional
10 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Experience,” Psychological Bulletin 105, pdf (accessed May 7, 2012); Roberts, “In- Years,” Criminal Justice and Behavior 23, no. 3 (May 1989): 387-396; and Dane K. formation Visualization for Stock Market no. 1 (March 1996): 107-120; William R. Peterson and Gordon F. Pitz, “Confidence, Ticks”; “Too Much Information: Taming Freudenberg, “Perceived Risk, Real Risk: Uncertainty, and the Use of Information,” the UAV Data Explosion,” Defense Indus- Social Science and the Art of Probabilistic Journal of Experimental Psychology: try Daily, May 16, 2010, http://www. Risk Assessment,” Science 242, no. 4875 Learning, Memory, and Cognition 14, defenseindustrydaily.com/uav-data- (October 1988): 44-49; and Paul E. Meehl, no. 1 (January 1988): 85-92; and Heuer, volume-solutions-06348 (accessed May Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction: A Psychology of Intelligence Analysis. 11, 2012); Dawn Cappelli, Akash Desai, Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the 13 Mark J. Bates, Stephen Bowles, Jon Andrew Moore, Timothy Shimeall, Elise Literature (Minneapolis, MN: University Hammermeister, Charlene Stokes, Evette Weaver, and Bradford Willke, Manage- of Minnesota, 1954). Pinder, Monique Moore, Matthew Fritts, ment and Education of the Risk of Insider 20 Wilson, Physical and Physiological Meena Vythilingam, Todd Yosick, Jeffrey Threat (MERIT): Mitigating the Risk of Behavior Detection. Rhodes, Craig Myatt, Richard Westphal, Sabotage to Employers’ Information, 21 The Web site for the U.S. Army David Fautua, Paul Hammer, and Gregory Systems, or Networks (Pittsburgh, PA: Center for Enhanced Performance, http:// A. Burbelo, “Psychological Fitness,” Mili- Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie www.acep.army.mil, offers additional de- tary Medicine 175, S1 (August 2010): 21- Mellon University, 2007), http://www.sei. tails on this training approach. The Human 38; Dennis S. Charney, “Psychobiological cmu.edu/library/abstracts/reports/06tn041. Performance Resource Center is a U.S. Mechanisms of Resilience and Vulnerabil- cfm (accessed April 23, 2012); and D. Wil- Department of Defense entity. Its Web site ity: Implications for Successful Adaptation son, Physical and Physiological Behavior www.humanperformanceresourcecenter. to Extreme Stress,” American Journal of Detection (Springfield, VA: National Tech- org also may be of interest for this topic; Psychiatry 161, no. 2 (February 2004): nical Information Service, January 2003). and Gregory A. Burbelo, “Army Center for 195-216; Christyn L. Dolbier, Shanna E. 16 Michael Hirsh, “The NSA’s Overt Enhanced Performance (ACEP) Execu- Smith, and Mary A. Steinhardt, “Relation- Problem: So Many Conversations, So tive Summary” (memorandum for record, ships of Protective Factors to Stress and Few Clues to the Terrorists’ Chatter,” The U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY, Symptoms of Illness,” American Journal Washington Post, January 1, 2006; “Data, October 8, 2009). of Health Behavior 31, no. 4 (2007): Data Everywhere,” The Economist, Febru- 22 Madeline Wordes, Creating a Struc- 423-433; Salvatore R. Maddi, “The Story ary 25, 2010, http://www.economist.com/ tured Decision Making Model for Police of Hardiness: Twenty Years of Theoriz- node/15557443 (accessed April 26, 2012); Intervention in Intimate Partner Violence, ing, Research and Practice,” Consulting Woods, Patterson, and Roth, Can We Ever Oakland, CA: National Council on Crime Psychology Journal 54, no. 3 (2002): Escape from Data Overload? A Cognitive and Delinquency, February 2000; and 173-185; and Faith Ozbay, Douglas C. Systems Diagnosis; and Emily S. Patter- Thomas D. Morton and Wayne Holder, Johnson, Eleni Dimoulas, C.A. Morgan, son, Emilie M. Roth, and David D. Woods, Decision Making in Children’s Protective Dennis Charney, and Steven Southwick, “Predicting Vulnerabilities in Computer- Services: Advancing the State of the Art “Social Support and Resilience to Stress: supported Inferential Analysis Under Data (Duluth, GA: National Resource Center on From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice,” Overload,” Cognition, Technology, and Child Maltreatment, 1997). Psychiatry 4, no. 5 (May 2007): 35-40. Work 3, no. 4 (2001): 224-237. 23 The opinions, findings, and conclu- 14 Martin J. Eppler and Jeanne Mengis, 17 Eppler and Mengis, “The Concept sions expressed in this manuscript are “The Concept of Information Overload: A of Information Overload”; and Heuer, based on an unclassified, open-source Review of Literature from Organization Psychology of Intelligence Analysis. literature review and do not necessarily Science, Accounting, Marketing, MIS, 18 InduShobha Chengalur-Smith, Don- reflect the official policy or position of the and Related Disciplines,” The Information ald P. Ballou, and Harold L. Pazer, “The U.S. Department of Defense or of the U.S. Society 20, no. 5 (2004): 325-344. Impact of Data Quality Information on government. 15 Katherine Moreland and Klaus Decision Making: An Exploratory Analy- Truemper, “The Needles-In-Haystack sis,” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Problem,” (Richardson, TX: Department Data Engineering 11, no. 6 (November Dr. Krause welcomes readers’ of Computer Science, University of Texas 1999): 853-864. questions and comments at at Dallas, 2009), http://www.utdallas. 19 John Monahan, “Violence Predic- [email protected]. edu/~klaus/Wpapers/needles-in-haystack. tion: The Past Twenty and the Next Twenty
December 2012 / 11 ViCAP Alert Attention Homicide, Missing Persons, and Crime Analysis Units
Unidentified Female Found 11/14/2007 in LaVergne, Tennessee
Race: Black (possibly mixed descent) Sex: Female Age: 30 to 45 Height: 5'5" to 5'6" (65" to 66") Weight: Undetermined Hair: Brown/short Eyes: Unknown Clothing: None found with body Jewelry: Stretch bracelet (made in 2003) displaying pictures of cats, ceramic beads bracelet with dark cord, and gold-plated ring with light blue and am- ber colored stones.
This is a lifelike computer-generated image rendering created by Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. Reference number is LSU 12-03. Age and height are approximates. Do not eliminate a victim strictly based on these attributes.
n 11/14/2007 the unidentified skel- To provide or request additional informa- etal remains of a black female were tion, please contact Detective Bob Hayes, Odiscovered in a remote wooded area LaVergne, Tennessee, Police Department, at in LaVergne, Tennessee. Estimates place the 615-287-8667 or [email protected] or time of death at around spring or summer 2007. the FBI’s Violent Criminal Apprehension Pro- No clothing was located, but items of jewelry gram (ViCAP) at 800-634-4097 or vicap@ were found. The victim had some dental work leo.gov. completed. Additional information regarding Contact ViCAP for information on how this victim is available through the National your agency can obtain access to the ViCAP Missing and Unidentified Persons System (Na- Web National Crime Database and view this mUs), case report number UP#5281. case.
12 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Police Practice
In Pursuit of Cooperation Idaho Police Agencies Join Together By Mike Masterson and Gary Raney, M.A.
© shutterstock.com ooperation among police chiefs and sher- have a long-established, amiable, and cooperative Ciffs dedicated to officer and public safety working relationship. These organizations depend impacts change and improves areas where ob- on each other out of necessity. With Salt Lake stacles sometimes occur. For these reasons, south- City, Utah, being a 5-hour drive and Portland, west Idaho, with 22 law enforcement jurisdictions Oregon, an 8-hour drive away, Ada County is and a population of over one-half-million people, one of the most isolated metropolitan areas in the implemented the Pursuit Policy Memorandum of country. Agreement (MOA). Several years ago the Critical Incident Task Boise, the state capital and home to Boise State Force was established, formalizing interagency University, is a fast-growing city of over 200,000 cooperation. Recently, through a cooperative people. Located in Ada County, which has 392,000 agreement, Ada County agencies agreed to share metropolitan area residents, Boise shares boundar- a records management system and incident report ies and impact areas with five other cities. Due to writer. the close proximity, vehicle pursuits initiated by one agency may travel through several jurisdic- Addressing the Issues tions and involve multiple police departments. In the past, problems occurred during multi- The Ada County Sheriff’s Office, Boise Police agency pursuits and major incidents due to mis- Department, Meridian Police Department, Garden communication and unclear responsibilities. Ada City Police Department, and Idaho State Police County law enforcement executives met to address
December 2012 / 13 Sixty captains, lieutenants, and ser- geants participate in the MAC-LE meet- ings where vehicle pursuits regularly are discussed. The group discovered that each agency used different language to describe the pursuit process. With other staff they coordinated an interagency pro- cess to establish common understanding of pursuit responsibility, communication, and authority. After meeting for 6 months, the group reestablished the Treasure Val- ley Cooperative Pursuit Policy, which involves five sheriff’s departments, the Idaho State Police, and 16 city law en- forcement agencies. Developing the Plan To eliminate confusion, the policy establishes standard definitions. The organization initiating the chase is con- sidered the initial pursuing agency. The department that has primary authority at a particular location along the pursuit path is referred to as the jurisdictional agency. Each agency establishes and main- tains its own pursuit policy. If a conflict arises between the MOA and an organi- information sharing and potential officer and pub- zation’s existing policy, the other executives who lic safety dangers. They initially focused on three signed the agreement are contacted to collaborate main issues: 1) How should agencies communicate on MOA revisions. as a pursuit moves across jurisdictions?; 2) Who If a pursuit continues out of a police orga- will be in charge as various commands join and nization’s jurisdiction, control remains with the leave the chase?; and 3) What department is going initial pursuing agency until the chase ends or the to have the authority and responsibility to termi- jurisdictional department takes charge. The initial nate the event? agency in pursuit may give up control and become To further interagency cooperation, supervi- a supporting entity if the jurisdictional department sors meet regularly as a multiagency coordination accepts authority and has units available to safely law enforcement (MAC-LE) group. MAC-LE is a assume the pursuit. If the jurisdictional department combined effort of local law enforcement organi- declines control, it becomes the support unit. The zations training on multijurisdictional incidents. initial pursuing agency takes custody of prisoners, Supervisors attend quarterly sessions that include provides information, and takes responsibility for participation in large incident debriefs and devel- all arrest charges unless the severity of actions out- opment of multiagency response guidelines. weighs the practicality of that approach.
14 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Under this agreement pursuing officers retain that can cause trouble or jeopardize officer and responsibility for determining continuation or public safety. The discussions held at the agen- termination of a pursuit. However, the incident cies’ operational levels are as important as what is commander orders the termination. Individual de- written. The process brings the patrol command- partments and officers can end their involvement if level members together as they discuss different it is contrary to their specific pursuit policies. This scenarios that the written agreement might apply information promptly is conveyed to the involved to. Tragedies sometimes occur when officers pur- units and the incident commander to ensure ap- sue criminal suspects through traffic. Agreements, propriate tactical decisions are made. like this one in southwest Idaho, may lower this Determining Authority risk by keeping police pursuits coordinated, well The incident commander usually is a com- managed, and as safe as possible. missioned officer assigned to the initial pursuing agency who has authority to direct actions, is not directly involved in the pursuit, and is at the super- Chief Masterson heads the Boise, Idaho, Police visory or command level. This leader determines Department. whether to terminate resources and specific tactics. Sheriff Raney heads the Ada County, Idaho, Sheriff’s The commander’s identification is broadcast to all Office. necessary agencies and officers. Regardless of the agencies involved, the in- cident commander has authority over the pursuit. When a chase is initiated that leads into another ju- Cover Montage, pages 16-17 risdiction, the commander instructs dispatchers to designate a primary radio channel for the pursuit. The cover montage on the following The initial pursuing agency provides information, pages primarily highlights covers from the including the initial crime, aggravating factors, last 30 years. The Fugitives Wanted by Po- and the need for immediate apprehension. This lice covers from 1932 to September 1935 enables agencies to make fact-based decisions featured only text. The magazine changed regarding the pursuit. its name to the FBI Law Enforcement Bul- letin in October 1935 and began including Retaining Liability pictures of a fugitive on the cover until June All enforcement powers; privileges and im- 1938. From July 1938 until June 1965, the munity from liability; exceptions from law, ordi- cover featured only logos. The first photo- nances, and rules; and pension, relief disability, graphic covers began with the July 1965 worker’s compensation, and other benefits are issue, which featured a picture of former not affected when law enforcement officers are FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. Those cov- performing their duties under an agreement like ers were either duotone or black and white this. Each agency retains and assumes liability for until the first full color cover appeared on the acts or omissions of its officers and holds each the January 1989 issue. There are plans to other harmless from damages. eventually scan and reprint the contents on the magazine’s Web site of every issue of Conclusion the magazine, including covers, going back This policy cannot address every situation; to October 1932. Updates on the progress of however, it provides a basic agreement on issues this project will be posted on the site.
December 2012 / 15 April 2011
Combating Gangsters Online
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December 2011 May 2011 September 2001
Addressing School Violence
Employee Wellness March 2011
Human Sex Trafficking
April 2010
Sector Policing
July 2011
Police Negotiations with War Veterans
January 2012
Emotion in Predicting Violence Leadership Spotlight
Doing the “Right Thing” for the Wrong Reasons Abuse of Police Discretion
s an ethics instructor at the FBI National the sand? The Bible does not address this. I believe AAcademy in Quantico, Virginia, I labor to that he was writing the names of the men who com- identify leadership models that will get the message mitted adultery with this woman, beginning with across best, no matter the source. While thumbing the leaders who engineered this legal mischief. In through the Bible in the book of John, chapter 8, fact, the leaders of this travesty were “the first to verses 1 through 11, I came across a powerful pas- depart” the scene. Again, a streetwise cop will tell sage dealing with the abuse of discretion. you that anywhere the mob leaders go, the mob During those ancient times, a discussion oc- will follow. curred involving leaders who despised a man of Without preaching, Jesus was saying, listen, moral authority. They discussed among themselves you guys! I know what you are trying to do! If you how to use an existing law and a woman—caught want me to evoke the law against her, I will evoke committing adultery—to achieve their legal, yet the law against you as well! In other words, how immoral goals. were these leaders able to catch her “in the act” of Imagine the discussion these men may have adultery unless they knew exactly where to find had while developing their scheme. It could have her and, perhaps, partake in the act with her. These followed an expected pattern. “Ok, guys, if we men were using the might of the law—not to do present this adulterous woman before Jesus and he right, but to be inhumane. says, ‘Let her go,’ we got him! The law requires that Could this happen in law enforcement today? she must die, in which case Jesus is a fraud, and we Can we abuse our legal discretion to advance per- can kill him, too. If he says, ‘Stone her,’ we still got sonal biases? No, you say? We will discuss racial him! Working on the Sabbath also is punishable by or religious profiling during another Leadership death. Do we all agree? Yes? Let’s go!” Spotlight. For now, let us agree that being in law Having agreed upon their plan, these leaders enforcement comes with tremendous authority took this woman before Jesus with their followers, and, perhaps, discretion. ready to evoke “street justice.” With confidence Let me say this. Nowhere in this passage does in their scheme, they posed a question. “Teacher, Jesus say that the law should be ignored! However, this woman was caught in the act of adultery. What more important, he is saying without preaching saith thou?” There was just one problem with their that our sense of humanity never should be sacri- scheme. Jesus knew that their motivations for ficed to advance immoral intent, especially while evoking the law were, in fact, immoral. He bent evoking the law. It is acceptable, however, to be down and wrote something in the sand. Then, Jesus humane! So, before crossing that biased line, we stood up and simply said to the mob, “Let he who must ask ourselves the question “What does my is without sin cast the first stone.” humanity dictate?” That is not a religious question, Now, let us be logical for a moment. Any but one of leadership. streetwise cop who ever has addressed a mob situ- ation knows that evoking such words, even with a bullhorn, will not calm the crowd. This mob was Special Agent J.E. Granderson, an instructor in Faculty Affairs and Development at the FBI Academy, prepared being led by leaders on an immoral mission. Here this Leadership Spotlight. is my question to you. What was Jesus writing in
18 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Armored Car Industry Reciprocity Act and Local Law Enforcement By JEFFREY T. WENNAR, J.D. © Thinkstock.com
s part of their job, law enforcement agencies must make the decision. In additional armored car opera- understand these important laws instances some states require no A tors carry weapons to and work together to ensure that permit or license to carry a hand- protect themselves and the they govern as intended. gun either openly or concealingly. valuables they transport. Fed- One of the stricter issuing eral laws serve the needs of States and Handguns states, Maryland requires appli- these employees by giving them Regarding concealed-carry cants to demonstrate a qualifying authority to carry handguns permits for handguns, states dif- need and to undergo a crimi- under proper conditions. By fer in approach. Some constitute nal history check.1 Further, the allowing armored car operators “shall issue” jurisdictions—they permit may have limits in its use, to do their job efficiently and must grant the permit unless the and persons must have it when safely, these federal laws also applicant becomes disqualified possessing a handgun.2 facilitate interstate commerce by statute. Other states comprise Maryland law prohibits and, thus, a healthy economy. “may issue” jurisdictions where wearing, carrying, or transport- The armored car industry and they, as the issuing authority, ing weapons—concealed or
December 2012 / 19 open—on the person, in a proving eligibility for a particu- that resulted in the Armored Car vehicle, or on public school lar exception.5 Reciprocity Amendments of property.3 However, statutes 1998. Federal Law provide enumerated exceptions, a) IN GENERAL—If an including use by persons issued In 1993 Congress en- armored car crew member a permit; active assignment acted the Armored Car Industry employed by an armored car for law enforcement officers; Reciprocity Act (ACIRA).6 company— transport to or from a place of The original act aimed to lift 1) has in effect a license legal purchase, bona fide repair the burden created by states’ issued by the appropriate shop, or bona fide place of busi- diverse requirements for licens- State agency (in the State ness; active duty for members ing and issuing permits to carry in which such member is of the military; target practice handguns and “allow armored primarily employed by such for licensed users; safety-class car crew members to travel company) to carry a weapon transportation by bona fide freely in interstate commerce” while acting in the services gun collectors; maintenance while protecting transported 7 of such company in that on persons’ property or busi- valuables. The act provided, State, and such State agency ness; operation by authorized “This chapter shall supersede meets the minimum require- supervisors during the course of any provision of State law (or ments under subsection b) employment within a business the law of any political subdivi- of this section; and establishment; use as a signal sion of a State) that is inconsis- or distress pistol; or transport tent with this chapter.”8 2) has met all other appli- by persons surrendering the The industry and various cable requirements to act as weapon to law enforcement states sought changes to the an armored car crew mem- authorities.4 In Maryland courts original act. Subsequently, ber in the State in which the accused have the burden of Congress authorized changes such member is primarily employed by such company, then such crew member shall be entitled to lawfully carry any weapon to which such license relates and The armored car function as an armored car “ industry and law crew member in any State enforcement agencies while such member is acting must understand these in the service of such important laws and work company.9 together to ensure For both the initial and that they govern subsequent license issuance, as intended. federal law relies on each state to determine to its own satis- faction that “the crew member Assistant State’s Attorney Wennar serves with the has received classroom and Montgomery County, Maryland, State’s Attorney’s Office. ” range training in weapon safety
20 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin and marksmanship during the load of meat in a semitractor Assessing the defendants’ current year from a qualified trailer from Denver, Colorado, motion for summary judgment, instructor for each weapon to the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia, the court stated, “[a]t the time that the crew member will be Pennsylvania, when the Illinois of the arrest the plaintiffs were licensed to carry.”10 Licensees State Police stopped them for hauling frozen meat, a cargo hold the duty of qualifying on speeding. According to one of which is not considered an ar- every weapon they will carry the troopers, “the McGarveys mored load; they were dressed each year. Each state must keep wore street clothes, rather than in street clothes rather than in detailed records of any ar- the uniforms they were required the uniforms they are required mored car crew member issued to wear when hauling armored to wear when hauling armored a permit in that jurisdiction, loads. The truck had some of loads; and finally, they were and those records must include driving an armored semitrac- every weapon the crew member tor trailer rather than a more received training on and when conventional…armored car.”17 that instruction occurred. In granting the defendants’ The statute goes on to man- …although the Act motion for summary judgment, date “the receipt or possession has been in place for the court found that a law en- of a weapon by the crew mem- almost 20 years, it still forcement officer easily could ber would not violate Federal “is misunderstood by have “concluded that plaintiffs law, determined on the basis of the industry, as well were not acting as ‘armored a criminal record background as law enforcement car crew members’ or ‘guards check conducted during the agencies. of armored car companies’ or current year.”11 The issuing state persons ‘actually engaged in must perform a criminal back- the performance of ’ driving ‘an ground check initially and for armored car.’”18 every subsequent renewal by In Smith v. United States, the crew member. Any issu- the attributes common to ar- the District of Columbia Court ing state that is not a point of mored vehicles—thick bullet- of Appeals heard an argument contact for the National Instant proof windshield glass, gun regarding the applicability of Criminal Background Check ports, and black borders around” the ACIRA.19 The appellant, System (NICS) should contact the windows—but did not look a former Washington, D.C., the FBI directly to ascertain the like a conventional…armored police officer, worked as an applicant’s eligibility for the car.”14 Authorities recovered ATM technician while waiting license or permit.12 loaded weapons from the for reinstatement to the depart- vehicle. ment. Officers pulled him over Case Examples The plaintiffs relied on when he failed to obey a stop In McGarvey v. Biswell, the an Illinois exception making sign. Then, they observed what U.S. District Court for the Cen- the state law inapplicable to they described as a fanny pack tral District of Illinois decided “guards of armored car compa- that looked similar to a holder a civil action by a father and nies, while actually engaged in for concealed weapons.20 The son who alleged that as armored their employment or commuting appellant contended that his car crew members they had between their home and places Virginia license permitting him exemption from Illinois law.13 of employment.”15 They also to carry his firearm for employ- The plaintiffs were driving a cited the ACIRA.16 ment was applicable under the
December 2012 / 21 Act in the District of Columbia. Implications circumstances in which the The court, applying the facts Armored car companies Act permits them to have a fire- elicited during a plea hearing to must teach their employees arm on their person or in their the appellant’s appeal argument, that they may carry a firearm possession. found that he “was carrying while acting in the service of his loaded weapon through the the company as long as they Endnotes District on his way to his wife’s have a license issued by an ap- 1 Maryland Public Safety Article §5-305 house at 1 a.m. to ‘sleep for a propriate agency in the state of (2005). few hours and have breakfast 2 Id at §5-307 and §5-309. primary employment and the 3 with his daughter’ the charges Annotated Code of Maryland, state’s requirements comport Criminal Law Article, §4-203(a)(1)(i) and 23 occurred several hours before with those at the federal level. (ii) and (iii) (2005). appellant was planning to leave Further, crew members must 4 Id at §4-203(b); §4-203(b)(1); §4-203(b) for work.”21 Smith was not in have received classroom and (2); §4-203(b)(3); §4-203(b)(4); §4-203(b) uniform nor in the service of range training in weapons safety (5); §4-203(b)(6); §4-203(b)(7); §4-203(b) his employer when stopped by (8); and §4-203(b)(9) (2005). and marksmanship during the 5 Sproates v. State, 58 Md. App. 547, 473 police. current year from a qualified A.2d 1289 (1984). In another case, while inside instructor for each weapon that 6 15 U.S.C. §5902 (a). a Maryland hospital restroom, a the employee will be licensed to 7 U.S. House of Representative’s Report deputy sheriff noticed an indi- carry, and the receipt or posses- 105-6 from the Committee on Commerce, vidual wearing civilian clothing, 25th of February, 1997 (Washington, DC); sion of a weapon by the crew and U.S. Senate Report 105-297 from the as well as a handgun in a holster member must not violate federal Committee on Commerce, Science, and on his right hip. Confronted by law as determined by a criminal Transportation, 1st of September, 1998 the officer, the subject explained record check conducted during (Washington, DC). 8 that he worked for an armored 24 15 U.S.C. §5903. the current year. The safety of 9 car transport company based in H.R. 624, 15th Congress (1998). employees and law enforcement 10 Supra note 6. Virginia. However, no evidence officers depends on such ongo- 11 Supra note 6. indicated that he was on duty. ing training. 12 Federal Bureau of Investigation, Na- He had no handgun permit on tional Instant Criminal Background Check file with the Maryland State Conclusion System Participation Map, http://www.fbi. The free flow of interstate gov/about-us/cjis/nics/general-information/ Police. participation-map. The defendant had a crimi- goods is essential to a healthy 13 McGarvey v. Biswell, 993 F.Supp. 1198, nal history for possession of a economy. Congress acknowl- 1203 (C.D. Ill., 1998). concealed deadly weapon, theft, edged this when it passed the 14 Id. and failure to appear. A consent Armored Car Industry Reci- 15 720 ILCS 5/24-2(a)(4). 16 15 U.S.C. §5902. search of his vehicle, parked procity Act. However, although 17 Supra note 13. illegally in a fire lane outside the Act has been in place for 18 Supra note 13. the main lobby of the hospital, almost 20 years, it still is misun- 19 Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. §223 revealed over $50,000 in U.S. derstood by the industry, as well (1993). currency, a bulletproof vest, as law enforcement agencies. 20 Id. 21 Id. and ammunition. Ultimately, Armored car companies and 22 Annotated Code of Maryland, Criminal he was charged with “wear- police departments must work Law Article, §4-203. ing, carrying, or transporting a together to educate armored car 23 15 U.S.C. §5902(b). handgun.”22 crew members regarding the 24 Id.
22 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Bulletin Honors
Columbus, Ohio, Division of Police Memorial On May 26, 2000, the Columbus, Ohio Division of Police Memorial was dedicated. The original design was created by retired officer Tom Hayes who became the division’s sketch artist after he was shot and paralyzed in 1979 when he responded to a disturbance between two teenagers. The monument features a bronze Columbus Division of Police badge with a black mourning band atop a gray granite pillar. The names of 52 fallen officers are inscribed on black granite panels. An inscription on the pillar reads, “Served Faithfully, Sacrificed Valiantly, Re- membered Eternally, Dedicated to the Memory of Our Fellow Columbus Police Officers this 26th Day of May 2000.” Tom Hayes’ name was added to the memorial after he succumbed to his injuries on January 10, 2011. Through their kindness and generosity, active and retired police officers, civilian employees, family members, and friends of the Columbus Division of Police made the memorial possible. This lasting tribute to the officers who lost their lives in the line of duty is located on the bank of the Scioto River.
December 2012 / 23 2012 Subject Index
Stephen S. Owen, May, LEADERSHIP p. 17. January 2012 “Be a Lion,” Steven Casste- vens, March, p. 10. ETHICS “Becoming More Resilient,” “Honor of the Badge,” Jean G. Larned, October, Paul F. Williams, August, p. 25. p. 29. “Be of Consequence,” Jeff “Law Enforcement: Do It Green, April, p. 13. Emotion J-U-S-T-I-C-E,” G.B. Jones, in Predicting September, p. 19. “Change Can Be a Slippery Violence Slope,” Donald Soranno, “The Power of Police Civility,” August, p. 12. Andrew Borrello, August, p. 13. “Count Your Blessings,” Kevin Crawford, March, p. 9. INTERVIEW AND “Determined Leadership,” Jef- INTERROGATION frey C. Lindsey, May, p. 9. “Detecting Deception,” Joe “Different Voices,” Carla A. COOPERATION Navarro, August, p. 7. Johnson, October, p. 7. “In Pursuit of Cooperation: “Documenting a Suspect’s “Discovering Inspiration,” Idaho Police Agencies Join State of Mind,” Park Dietz, Gregory M. Milonovich, Together,” Mike Masterson November, p. 13. February, p. 25. and Gary Raney, December, p. 13. INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES CRIME PROBLEMS “Mastering Rapport and Hav- “Characteristics and Implica- ing Productive Conversa- February 2012 tions of Diversion Safes,” tions,” Robin K. Dreeke, Megan C. Bolduc, April, p. 8. October, p. 8. “False Allegations of Adult “The Role of Emotion in Crimes,” James McNamara Predicting Violence,” David and Jennifer Lawrence, Matsumoto, Hyi Sung September, p. 1. Hwang, and Mark G. Frank, “Protecting Cultural Heritage January, p. 1. from Art Theft,” Noah Char- ney, Paul Denton, and John JUVENILES Kleberg, March, p. 1. “The Neighborhood Canvass and Child Abduction In- Agroterrorism DRUGS vestigations,” Ashli-Jade “Synthetic Marijuana,” Roland Douglas, February, Macher, Tod W. Burke, and p. 10.
24 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin “Doing the ‘Right Thing’ for the “The Exigent Circumstances “Supreme Court Cases: Wrong Reasons,” J.E. Grand- Exception After Kentucky 2011-2012 Term,” Kevin erson, December, p. 18. v. King,” Michael Pettry, Chechak, November, p. 25. “Falling Prey to Posturing,” March, p. 26. Gary R. Rothwell, Septem- “Indian Country and the MENTAL ILLNESS ber, p. 7. Tribal Law and Order Act of “The Corporate Psychopath,” “Idle Hands,” Christopher 2010,” Michael J. Bulzomi, Paul Babiak and Mary Lenhard, June, p. 12. May, p. 24. Ellen O’Toole, November, p. 7. “The Leader Knows Best?” M. Bret Hood, November, p. 6. “The Language of Psycho- paths: New Findings and “Leading Through Difficulty March 2012 Implications for Law En- and Loss,” Kevin Crawford, forcement,” Michael May, p. 10. Woodworth, Jeffrey “Learning,” Michael O. McAu- Hancock, Stephen Porter, liffe, January, p. 24. Robert Hare, Matt Logan, “The Meaning and Honor of Mary Ellen O’Toole, Service,” John J. Smietana, and Sharon Smith, July, Jr., February, p. 22. p. 28. “Revolutionizing Policing “Looking Behind the Mask: Through Servant-Leadership Implications for Interview- and Quality Management,” ing Psychopaths,” Mary Bill Gardner and John Art Theft Ellen O’Toole, Matt Logan, Reece, June, p. 25. and Sharon Smith, July, p. 14. “Strengthening Police Organiza- tions Through Interpersonal “No More Bagpipes: The Leadership,” Peter J. Mc- “Money Laundering and Threat of the Psychopath,” Dermott and Diana Hulse, Asset Forfeiture: Taking Matt Logan, July, p. 20. October, p. 19. the Profit Out of Crime,” “The Predator: When the Douglas Leff, April, p. 23. Stalker is a Psychopath,” LEGAL ISSUES “Picketers, Protesters, and Sharon Smith, Mary Ellen “Armored Car Industry Reci- Police: The First Amend- O’Toole, and Robert Hare, procity Act and Local Law ment and Investigative July, p. 9. Enforcement,” Jeffrey Activity,” Carl A. Benoit, “Psychopathy: An Important Wennar, December, p. 19. August, p. 17. Forensic Concept for the “Avoiding the Entrapment De- “Qualified Immunity: How 21st Century,” Paul Babiak, fense in a Post-9/11 World,” It Protects Law Enforce- Jorge Folino, Jeffrey Han- David J. Gottfried, January, ment Officers,” Richard G. cock, Robert Hare, Mat- p. 25. Schott, September, p. 22. thew Logan, Elizabeth Leon
December 2012 / 25 Mayer, J. Reid Meloy, Helinä “Vigilance Fatigue in Policing: “National Gang intelligence Häkkänen-Nyholm, Mary A Critical Threat to Public Center (NGIC) Unveils Ellen O’Toole, Anthony Safety and Officer Well- Online Tool to Share Intel- Pinizzotto, Stephen Porter, Being,” Meredith Krause, ligence and Assist Law Sharon Smith, and Michael December, p. 3. Enforcement,” February, Woodworth, July, p. 3. “Working Toward the Truth in p. 14. Officer-Involved Shootings: “Social Media and Law En- OPERATIONS Memory, Stress, and Time,” forcement: Potential Risks,” “The Attitudes of Police Manag- Geoffrey P. Alpert, John Gwendolyn Waters, Novem- ers Toward Intelligence-Led Rivera, and Leon Lott, ber, p. 1. Policing,” Scott W. Phillips, May, p. 1. September, p. 13. TERRORISM “Crowd Management: Adopt- “Agroterrorism: Threats to ing a New Paradigm,” Mike America’s Economy and Food Supply,” Dean Olson, Masterson, August, p. 1. April 2012 February, p. 1. “Deployment of Spike Strips,” Gregory R. McMahon, “Community Policing to Pre- September, p. 18. vent Violent Extremism,” Dan Silk, October, p. 1. “Emergency Vehicle Safety,” Thomas J. Connelly, “The Next Worst Thing,” February, p. 26. David Cid, April, p. 1. “Intelligence-Led Policing: TRAINING Connecting Urban and Rural “Corrective Feedback in Police Operations,” John Edwards, Work,” Peter McDermott June, p. 19. and Diana Hulse, June, “Restraint in the Use of Deadly The Next Worst Thing p. 13. Force: A Preliminary Study,” “Interpersonal Skills Training Anthony Pinizzotto, Edward in Police Academy Curricu- Davis, Shannon Bohrer, and lum,” Peter J. McDermott Benjamin Infanti, June, p. 1. POLICE-COMMUNITY and Diana Hulse, February, RELATIONS p. 16. PERSONNEL “Redefining Police Power,” “Training for Deadly Force “Changing Police Subculture,” Stephen M. Ziman, Septem- Encounters,” Timothy Hoff, Mark Malmin, April, p. 14. ber, p. 8. March, p. 20. “The Disease of Certainty,” “Training Mexican Police Offi- Everett Doolittle, March, TECHNOLOGY cers and City council Mem- p. 14. “eGuardian Gains Momen- bers: The West Texas A&M “Mentoring and Support,” tum,” Colin Dumer, January, University Model,” Harry Nicole Cruz, April, p. 20. p. 12. Hueston, January, p. 17.
26 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 2012 Author Index
May 2012 Sergeant and Range Mas- Chechak, Kevin, Special Agent, ter, “Restraint in the Use of Legal Instruction Unit, FBI Deadly Force: A Prelimi- Academy, “Supreme Court nary Study,” June, p. 1. Cases: 2011-2012 Term,” Bolduc, Megan C., Supervisory November, p. 25. Intelligence Specialist, U.S. Cid, David, Executive Director, Naval Criminal Investiga- Memorial Institute for the Pre- Officer-Involved Shootings tive Service, “Character- vention of Terrorism, Okla- Memory, Stress, istics and Implications of homa City, Oklahoma, “The and Time Diversion Safes,” April, Next Worst Thing,” April, p. 1. p. 8. Connelly, Thomas J., Retired Borrello, Andrew, Lieutenant, Captain, Los Altos, California, San Gabriel, California, Police Department, Presi- Police Department, “The dent, Management and Public Power of Police Civility,” Safety Consulting Firm, Santa A August, p. 13. Clara, California, “ Emergency Alpert, Geoffrey P., Criminol- Bulzomi, Michael J., Special Vehicle Safety,” February, ogy Professor, University of Agent, Legal Instruction p. 26. South Carolina, Columbia, Unit, FBI Academy, “Indian Crawford, Kevin, Retired Spe- “Working Toward the Truth Country and the Tribal Law cial Agent, Faculty Affairs in Officer-Involved Shoot- and Order Act of 2010,” and Development Unit, FBI ings: Memory, Stress, and May, p. 24. Academy, “Count Your Bless- Time,” May, p. 1. Burke, Tod W., Criminal Jus- ings,” March, p. 9; “Leading tice Professor and Associate Through Difficulty and Loss,” B Dean, College of Humani- May, p. 10. Babiak, Paul, Speaker, Author, ties and Behavioral Sci- and Consultant on Leader- ences, Radford University, ship Development, “Psy- Radford, Virginia, “Synthet- chopathy: An Important ic Marijuana,” May, p. 17. Forensic Concept for the 21st Century,” July, p. 3; “The C Corporate Psychopath,” Casstevens, Steven R., Chief, November, p. 7. Cary, Illinois, Police Depart- Benoit, Carl A., FBI Special ment, “Be a Lion,” March, Agent, Legal Instruction p. 10. Unit, FBI Academy, “Picket- Charney, Noah, Art History ers, Protesters, and Police: Professor, The American The First Amendment and University of Rome, Italy, Investigative Activity,” “Protecting Cultural Heri- August, p. 17. tage from Art Theft: Inter- Bohrer, Shannon B., Retired national Challenge, Local Maryland State Police Opportunity,” March, p. 1.
December 2012 / 27 Cruz, Nicole, Analyst, For- Neighborhood Canvass and of La Plata, Argentina, “Psy- merly of the Undercover Child Abduction Investiga- chopathy: An Important Fo- Safeguard Unit, FBI Crimi- tions,” February, p. 10. rensic Concept for the 21st nal Investigative Division, Dreeke, Robin K., Special Century,” July, p. 3. “Mentoring and Support,” Agent, Program Manager, Frank, Mark G., Director, Com- April, p. 20. Behavioral Analysis Program, munication Science Center, FBI Counterintelligence Divi- University of Buffalo, New D sion, “Mastering Rapport and York, “The Role of Emo- Davis, Edward F., Retired FBI Having Productive Conversa- tion in Predicting Violence,” Academy Instructor, Retired tions,” October, p. 8. January, p. 1. Police Lieutenant, Consul- tant, Virginia, “Restraint in G the Use of Deadly Force: A July 2012 Gardner, Bill, Retired Police Preliminary Study,” June, Chief, Grand Junction, Colo- p. 1. rado, Head of Public Safety, Denton, Paul, Chief, Ohio State Psychopathy Colorado Mesa University, University Police Division, “Revolutionizing Policing Columbus, and Retired Through Servant-Leadership Commander, Columbus Di- and Quality Management,” vision of Police, “Protecting June, p. 25. Cultural Heritage from Art Gottfried, David, Assistant Theft: International Chal- General Counsel, Legal lenge, Local Opportunity,” Instruction Unit, FBI Acad- March, p. 1. emy, “Avoiding the Entrap- Dietz, Park, Clinical Professor ment Defense in a Post-9/11 of Psychiatry and Biobehav- World,” January, p. 25. ioral Sciences, University Granderson, J.E., Special Agent, Dumer, Colin, Staff Operations of California, Los Angeles, Faculty Affairs and Develop- Specialist, FBI Counterter- “Documenting a Suspect’s ment Unit, FBI Academy, rorism Division, “eGuardian State of Mind,” November, “Doing the ‘Right Thing’ for Gains Momentum,” January, p. 13. the Wrong Reasons,” Decem- p. 12. Doolittle, Everett, Retired, ber, p. 18. Minnesota Bureau of Crimi- E Green, Jeff, Chief, Faculty Af- nal Apprehension, School Edwards, John B., Chief fairs and Development, FBI of Law Enforcement and Deputy, Evans County, Academy, Quantico, Vir- Criminal Justice Associ- Georgia, Sheriff’s Office, ginia, “Be of Consequence,” ate Professor, Metropolitan “Intelligence-Led Policing: April, p. 13. State University, St. Paul, Connecting Urban and Rural Minnesota, “The Disease of Operations,” June, p. 19. H Certainty,” March, p. 14. Häkkänen-Nyholm, Helinä, Douglas, Ashli-Jade, Intelli- F Profiler, Finnish National Bu- gence Analyst, FBI Criminal Folino, Jorge, Professor of Psy- reau of Investigation, CEO of Investigative Division, “The chiatry, National University a Psychology and Law Firm,
28 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Michigan, “Training for J August 2012 Deadly Police Encounters,” Jeff, Douglas, Assistant Special March, p. 20. Agent in Charge, FBI, New Hood, M. Bret, Special Agent, York, New York, “Money Instructor, Faculty Affairs Laundering and Asset and Development Unit, Forfeiture: Taking the Profit FBI Academy, “The Leader Out of Crime,” April, p. 23. Knows Best?” November, Johnson, Carla A., Captain, p. 6. Tucson, Arizona, Police Hueston, Harry, Retired Police Department, “Different Chief, Associate Criminal Voices,” October, p. 7. Crowd Management Justice Professor, West Texas Jones, G.B., Assistant Special A&M University, Canyon, Agent in Charge, FBI, Mil- Texas, “Training Mexican waukee, Wisconsin, “Law Police Officers and City Enforcement: Do It J-U-S- “Psychopathy: An Important Council Members: The West T-I-C-E,” September, p. 19. Forensic Concept for the 21st Texas A&M University Century,” July, p. 3. Model,” January, p. 17. K Hancock, Jeffrey, Associate Hulse, Diana, Professor and Kleberg, John, Retired Assis- Professor, Cornell University, Chair, Counselor Education tant Vice President, Ohio Ithaca, New York, “Psychopa- Department, Fairfield Uni- State University, Columbus, thy: An Important Forensic versity, Fairfield, Connecti- “Protecting Cultural Heri- Concept for the 21st Century,” cut, “Interpersonal Skills tage from Art Theft: Inter- July, p. 3; “The Language of Training in Police Academy national Challenge, Local Psychopaths: New Findings Curriculum,” February, p. Opportunity,” March, p. 1. and Implications for Law En- 16; “Corrective Feedback in forcement,” July, p. 28. Police Work,” June, p. 13; “Strengthening Police Orga- Hare, Robert, Professor of Psy- nizations Through Interper- September 2012 chology, University of British sonal Leadership,” October, Columbia, Vancouver, Cana- p. 19. da, “Focus on Psychopathy,” July, p. 2; “Psychopathy: An Hwang, Hyi Sung, Research Important Forensic Concept Scientist, San Francisco State for the 21st Century,” July, p. University, California, “The 3; “The Predator: When the Role of Emotion in Predict- Stalker is a Psychopath,” July, ing Violence,” January, p. 1. p. 9; “The Language of Psy- chopaths: New Findings and I
Implications for Law Enforce- Infanti, Benjamin J., Student, False Allegations ment,” July, p. 28. Forensic Psychology, “Re- of Adult Crimes Hoff, Timothy, Special Agent, straint in the Use of Deadly Firearms and Defense Tac- Force: A Preliminary Study,” tics Instructor, FBI, Detroit, June, p. 1.
December 2012 / 29 Oversight, FBI Academy, “Changing Police Subcul- October 2012 “Idle Hands,” June, p. 12. ture,” April, p. 14. Lindsey, Jeffrey C., Special Masterson, Mike, Chief, Boise, Agent, Chief, N-DEx Pro- Idaho, Police Department, gram Office, FBI Criminal “Crowd Management: Justice Information Divi- Adopting a New Paradigm,” sion, “Determined Leader- August, p. 1; “In Pursuit of ship,” May, p. 8. Cooperation: Idaho Police Logan, Matthew, Retired Staff Agencies Join Together,” Sergeant, Royal Canadian December, p. 13. Mounted Police, Psycholo- Matsumoto, David, Psychology gist, “Psychopathy: An Im- Professor, San Francisco Community Policing to Prevent Violent Extremism portant Forensic Concept for State University, California, the 21st Century,” July, p. 3; “The Role of Emotion in “Looking Behind the Mask: Predicting Violence,” Janu- Implications for Interview- ary, p. 1. Krause, Meredith, Clinical ing Psychopaths,” July, p. Psychologist, Stafford, Vir- Mayer, Elizabeth Leon, Psychi- 14; “No More Bagpipes: ginia, “Vigilance Fatigue in atric Department, National The Threat of the Psycho- Policing: A Critical Threat University of La Plata, Ar- path,” July, p. 20; “The to Public Safety and Officer gentina, “Psychopathy: An Language of Psychopaths: Well-Being,” December, p. 3. Important Forensic Concept New Findings and Implica- for the 21st Century,” July, L tions for Law Enforcement,” p. 3. July, p. 28. Larned, Jean G., Special Agent, McDermott, Peter J., Retired Behavioral Science Unit, FBI Lott, Leon, Sheriff, Rich- Captain, West Hartford Academy, “Becoming More land County, South Caro- and Windsor, Connecticut, Resilient,” October, p. 25. lina, Sheriff’s Department, “Working Toward the Truth Lawrence, Jennifer, Crime in Officer-Involved Shoot- Analyst, National Center ings: Memory, Stress, and November 2012 for the Analysis of Violent Time,” May, p. 1. Crime, FBI Critical Incident Response Group, “False Al- M legations of Adult Crimes,” Macher, Roland, graduate, September, p. 1. Radford University, Rad- Leff, Douglas, Assistant Special ford, Virginia, and Law Agent in Charge, FBI, New Student, North Carolina, York, New York, “Money “Synthetic Marijuana,” Laundering and Asset Forfei- May, p. 17. Social Media Risks to Law Enforcement ture: Taking the Profit Out of Malmin, Mark, Retired, Palo Crime,” April, p. 23. Alto Police Department Lenhard, Christopher C., and San Mateo County Analyst, Office of Learning Sheriff’s Office, California,
30 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Police Departments, Re- Professor, Saint Leo Uni- p. 28; “The Corporate Psy- tired Instructor, Connecticut versity, Florida, “Detecting chopath,” November, p. 7. Police Academy, “Interper- Deception,” August, p. 7. Owen, Stephen S., Criminal sonal Skills Training in Po- Justice Associate Professor, lice Academy Curriculum,” O Radford University, Rad- February, p. 16; “Corrective Olson, Dean, Captain, Douglas ford, Virginia, “Synthetic Feedback in Police Work, County, Nebraska, Sheriff’s Marijuana,” May, p. 17. June, p. 13; “Strengthen- Department, “Agroterror- ing Police Organizations ism: Threats to America’s P Through Interpersonal Economy and Food Sup- Pettry, Michael T., Special Leadership,” October, ply,” February, p. 1. Agent, Legal Instruction p. 19. Unit, FBI Academy, “The McMahon, Gregory R., Intel- Exigent Circumstances December 2012
ligence Analyst, FBI Crimi- December 2011 Exception after Kentucky v. nal Investigative Division, King,” March, p. 26.
Employee “Deployment of Spike Wellness Phillips, Scott W., Associate Strips,” September, p. 18. Professor, Criminal Justice
May 2011 September 2001 McNamara, James, Special Department, Buffalo State
Addressing School Agent, National Center Violence College, New York, “The for the Analysis of Vio- Attitudes of Police Manag- lent Crime, FBI Critical ers Toward Intelligence-Led Incident Response Group, Policing,” September, p. 13. “False Allegations of Adult Pinizzotto, Anthony J., Re- Crimes,” September, p. 1. 80 Years of Print tired FBI Senior Scientist, Meloy, J. Reid, Faculty Mem- Clinical Forensic Psycholo- ber, University of Cali- gist, “Restraint in the Use fornia, San Diego, School of Deadly Force: A Pre- of Medicine and the San O’Toole, Mary Ellen, Foren- liminary Study,” June, p. 1; Diego Psychoanalytic sic Behavioral Consultant, “Psychopathy: An Important Institute, “Psychopathy: An Instructor, FBI Academy, Forensic Concept for the Important Forensic Concept “Psychopathy, An Impor- 21st Century,” July, p. 3. for the 21st Century,” July, tant Forensic Concept for Porter, Stephen, Professor, p. 3. the 21st Century,” July, p. Founding Director, Center Milonovich, Gregory M., Spe- 3; “The Predator: When the for the Advancement of cial Agent, Faculty Affairs Stalker is a Psychopath,” Psychological Science and and Development Unit, FBI July, p. 9; “Looking Behind the Law, University of Brit- Academy, “Discovering In- the Mask: Implications for ish Columbia, Okanagan, spiration,” February, p. 25. Interviewing Psychopaths,” Canada, ”Psychopathy: An July, p. 14; “The Language Important Forensic Concept N of Psychopaths: New Find- for the 21st Century,” July, Navarro, Joe, Retired FBI ings and Implications for p. 3; “The Language of Special Agent and Adjunct Law Enforcement,” July, Psychopaths: New Findings
December 2012 / 31 and Implications for Law Silk, Dan, Communications “Change Can Be a Slippery Enforcement,” July, p. 28. Coordinator, University Slope,” August, p. 12. Pozzato, Lydia, Special Agent, of Georgia Police Depart- Behavioral Science Unit, ment, Athens, Georgia, W FBI Academy, “Focus on Criminal Justice Studies Waters, Gwendolyn, Captain, Psychopathy,” July, p. 1. Instructor, University of San Bernardino, California, Georgia, “Community Police Department, “Social Policing to Prevent Violent R Media and Law Enforce- Extremism,” October, p. 1. ment: Potential Risks,” Raney, Gary, Sheriff, Ada Slater, Timothy, Chief, Behav- November, p. 1. County, Idaho, Sheriff’s Of- ioral Analysis Unit 2, FBI Wennar, Jeffrey, Assistant fice, “In Pursuit of Coopera- Critical Incident Response tion: Idaho Police Agencies State’s Attorney, Montgom- Group, “Focus on Psychop- ery County, Maryland, “Ar- Join Together,” December, athy,” July, p. 1. p. 13. mored Car Industry Reci- Smietana, John J., Chief procity Act and Local Law Reece, John, Assistant Profes- Patrol Agent, U.S. Border Enforcement,” December, sor of Criminal Justice, Patrol, El Paso, Texas, p. 19. Colorado Mesa University, “The Meaning and Honor Grand Junction, Colorado, Williams, Paul F., Chief, of Service,” February, Springfield, Missouri, Police “Revolutionizing Policing p. 22. Through Servant-Leadership Department, “Honor of the and Quality Management,” Smith, Sharon, Retired FBI Badge,” August, p. 29. June, p. 25. Special Agent, Behavioral Woodworth, Michael, Regis- Science Unit, FBI Acad- tered Psychologist, Associ- Rivera, John, Sergeant, Mi- emy, Consultant, “Psy- ami-Dade, Florida, Police ate Professor, University of chopathy: An Important British Columbia, Okana- Department, “Working Forensic Concept for the Toward the Truth in Officer- gan, Canada, “Psychopathy: 21st Century,” July, p. 3; An Important Forensic Con- Involved Shootings,” May, “The Predator: When the p. 1. cept for the 21st Century,” Stalker is a Psychopath,” July, p. 3; “The Language of Rothwell, Gary R., Special July, p. 9; “Looking Behind Psychopaths: New Findings Agent, Georgia Bureau of the Mask: Implications for and Implications for Law Investigation, Perry, Geor- Interviewing Psychopaths,” Enforcement,” July, p. 28. gia, “Falling Prey to Postur- July, p. 14; “The Language ing,” September, p. 7. of Psychopaths: New Find- Z ings and Implications for Ziman, Stephen M., Director S Law Enforcement,” July, of Security, Private Security Schott, Richard G., Special p. 28. and Consulting Firm, Asso- Agent, Legal Instruction Soranno, Donald, Special ciate Professor of Criminal Unit, FBI Academy, “Quali- Agent, Bureau of Alcohol, Justice, Aurora University, fied Immunity: How it Tobacco, Firearms, and Aurora, Illinois, “Redefining Protects Law Enforcement Explosives, Leadership Police Power,” September, Officers,” September, p. 22. Fellow, FBI Academy, p. 8.
32 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Bulletin Notes
Law enforcement officers are challenged daily in the performance of their duties; they face each challenge freely and unselfishly while answering the call to duty. In certain instances, their actions warrant special attention from their respective departments. The Bulletin also wants to recognize those situations that transcend the normal rigors of the law enforcement profession.
Officer Edward Weissgerber of the Brookfield, Illinois, Police Depart- ment responded to check on the well-being of the stepbrother of a local apartment tenant. The subject was visiting his stepsister’s apartment to gather her belongings after her ex-boyfriend threatened to kill her 2 days before ending their relationship. As Officer Weissgerber arrived at the apart- ment, he made contact with the ex-boyfriend, who was standing inside the doorway near a large amount of blood on the floor. The ex-boyfriend at- tempted to shut the door, but the officer forced his way in and handcuffed the suspect. While doing so, he heard cries for help coming from a nearby
Officer Weissgerber bedroom. The stepbrother was found inside the bedroom closet, alive but stabbed seven times and hanging from a noose with his hands tied behind him. Officer Weissgerber cut the victim free and applied first aid measures while requesting medical assistance. The ex-boyfriend was subsequently charged with attempted murder and ag- gravated battery.
Trooper Craig Larson of the Wisconsin State Patrol arrived at the scene of a reported vehicle stuck in a snow-filled interstate median in northwest- ern Wisconsin. The occupants of the vehicle, two adults and three small children, were found uninjured and comfortably warm as they awaited a tow truck. Unknown to Trooper Larson, the compacted snow and a defective ex- haust system caused carbon monoxide to permeate the vehicle’s passenger compartment. As the tow truck arrived, he again made contact with the car’s occupants, this time finding them unconscious and unresponsive. He and the tow truck driver removed the occupants from the car and began resuscita-
Trooper Larson tion. Trooper Larson performed CPR on all three children, ages 2, 3, and 4, simultaneously until they became responsive. Soon afterward, EMS arrived at the scene, and all occupants were taken to a local hospital where they were treated for carbon monoxide poisoning. Nominations for Bulletin Notes should be based on either the rescue of one or more citizens or arrest(s) made at unusual risk to an officer’s safety. Submissions should include a short write-up (maximum of 250 words), a separate photograph of each nominee, and a letter from the department’s ranking officer endorsing the nomination. Submissions can be mailed to the Editor, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, FBI Academy, Quantico, VA 22135, or e-mailed to [email protected]. Some published submissions may be chosen for inclusion in the Hero Story segment of the television show “America’s Most Wanted.” U.S. Department of Justice Periodicals Federal Bureau of Investigation Postage and Fees Paid Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ISSN 0014-5688 935 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20535-0001
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Patch Call
The Port Huron, Michigan, Police Department Anson County, North Carolina, is located on was established in 1881 and is nationally ac- the southern border of the state and makes up 553 credited by the Commission on Accreditation for square miles of rural countryside. Established in Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). Its patch 1750 the county initially stretched from the Atlan- proudly depicts these achievements alongside the tic Ocean to the Mississippi River. The patch of historic Fort Gratiot Lighthouse, the first of its kind the Anson County Sheriff’s Office depicts a vast in Michigan. Built in 1829, the lighthouse marks pine forest amidst a wide open, blue sky and one the channel into the St. Clair River from Lake Hu- of the rivers that border the county. Also featured ron and is still active. Port Huron is considered the is a soaring bald eagle, often found along the area’s “Maritime Capital of the Great Lakes.” rivers.