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Representación Grafico Virtual Y Análisis Urbano Y Arquitectónico Del Sitio Arqueológico

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Representación Grafico Virtual Y Análisis Urbano Y Arquitectónico Del Sitio Arqueológico PROYECTO: ATLAS DE CIUDADES MAYAS COORDINADOR : DAVID BARRIOS. Representación Grafico Virtual y Análisis Urbano y Arquitectónico del Sitio Arqueológico Gumarcaj, Santa Cruz, Quiché. Humberto Jocholá Bal Para optar el Titulo de Arquitecto Egresado de la UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA. GUATEMALA JULIO 2012. Tesis Proyecto: Atlas de ciudades mayas. Coordinador: David Barrios Ruiz. PROPUESTA PRESENTADA A LA JUNTA DIRECTIVA DE LA FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA POR HUMBERTOHUMBERTO JOCHOLÁJOCHOLÁ BAL BAL PARA OPTAR EL TITULO DE ARQUITECTO EGRESADO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA GUATEMALA JULIO 2012. Sitio Arqueológico de la Ciudad de Gumarcaj. JUNTA DIRECTIVA FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA Decano Arq. Carlos Enrique Valladares Cerezo Secretario Arq. Alejando Muñoz Calderón Vocal I Arq. Gloria Ruth Lara Cordón de Corea Vocal II Arq. Edgar Armando López Pazzos Vocal III Arq. Marco Vinicio Contreras Vocal IV Br. Jairon Daniel Del Cid Rendón Vocal V Br. Carlos Raul Prado Vides. TRIBUNAL EXAMINADOR Decano en funciones Arq. Gloria Ruth Lara Cordón de Corea Secretario Arq. Alejando Muñoz CCalderón Examinador Arq. José David Barrios Examinador Arq. Sergio Mohamed Estrada Examinador Arq. Edgar Armando López Pazos ASESOR DE TESIS Arq. José David Barrios Ruiz Periodo Posclásico Tierras Altas De Guatemala. Sitio Arqueológico de la Ciudad de Gumarcaj. ACTO QUE DEDICO A JESUCRISTO El Arquitecto perfecto. A MI ESPOSA IDALIA Por su apoyo incondicionnal y su paciencia. A MIS HIJOS Wilson Humberto y Maynor Alexander A MIS PADRES Pedro Jocholá y Justa Bal por su orientación y apoyo A MIS HERMANOS Carlos Enrique, Marta Lidia. Miguel Ángel, Yolanda y Sergio Fernando A MI FAMILIA Tíos Primos y cuñados A MIS AMIGOS Arq. Fernando, Rogers, Arq. Juan Francisco, Villalta, Echeverría, Ramirro Arizandieeta, Jairo. AGRADECIMIENTO ESPECIAL A MI ASESOR Arq. David Barrios por su apoyo en el desarrollo de la presente tesis. A MIS CONSULTORES Arq. Mohamed Estrada y Arq. Edgar López Pazos. A LA UNIVERSIDAD De San Carlos de Guatemala por abrirme sus puertas. Periodo Posclásico Tierras Altas De Guattemala. Sitio Arqueológico de la Ciudad de Gumarcaj. ÍNDICE GENERAL. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………….……………..………………….….………………..…………………………...01 1. MARCO CONCEPTUAL. 1.1 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROBLEMA……………….………….…..........................................................05 1.1 Antecedentes……………………………….………..…………..………………..………………..……….05 1.2 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA………………………………………..…………..…….......................07 1.3 DELIMITACIÓN GRAFICA TEMPORAL…………..………..………………………………….……….…………...08 1.3.1 Histórica…………………………………………...………………….…..…………..………………………….08 1.3.2 Temporal…………………………………………….………..………….……………………………..……....08 1.3.3 Geográfica…………………………………..……..…..….…………..…………….………….….…………..09 1.4 JUSTIFICACIÓN………………………………………………….…..…..……………………….……………….……...10 1.5 OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………..…………….…………..…..………………….........10 1.5.1 Objetivos Generales…………………………………..........................................................10 1.5.2 Objetivos específicos…………………………...…………………..….………………..………………..10 1.6 METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN………………..………….………………….……………………....10 1.6.1 Investigación documental histórica formal……...………………...…….…………...…..…….11 1.6.2 Documentos de estudio…………………………………………………..….………....……………….11 1.6.3 Compendio y recopilaciones………………………………..….………………….……………………...11 1.7 INVESTIGACIÓN DE CAMPO……………………………..……………….………..……..……………………...12 1.7.1 Medios a utilizar…………………………………………………..……….…..…………….………………12 1.7.2 Análisis Arquitectónico………………………..……………………………................................12 1.7.3 Análisis Urbano y del medio físico…………………………………….……..……….……………..12 1.8 PROPUESTA………………………………….….……………...................……………....……..……………………13 2. MARCO FÍSICO NATURAL 2.1 UBICACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA………………………………………..……………………………………..……........16 2.2 GUMARCAJ SITIO ESTRATÉGICO…………………………...........................................................17 2.3 CLIMA……………………………………..…………………….………….………………..……………………………….19 2.4 TOPOGRAFÍA…………………………………………………………………..……………………..……………………19 2.5 GEOGRAFÍA……………………………………………………………….….……………………………..……………..19 2.5.1 Hidrografía……………………………………….………..………..…………....................................19 2.5.2 Orografía………………………………………………………………..............................................19 2.6 ZONA DE VIDA………………………………………….…..……………………………….…………………….………20 3. MARCO SOCIAL Y ECONÓMICO. 3.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL MUNICIPIO……………....................................................……………….22 3.1.1 Municipios Colindantes……………………………………….……………………………………….....22 3.1.2 SIGNIFICADO DEL MUNICIPIO…………………………………….……………………..……….……..22 3.3 EXTENSIÓN TERRITORIAL………………………………………..……………………………………………………23 3.3.1 Fiesta titular, Población, Idioma……………….………………..….......................................22 3.3.2 Servicios, Salud…………………………………………………………..…………………………………….…..23 3.3.3 Danzas Folclóricas………………………………………..…………………………………………….…….24 3.4 PRODUCCIÓN ARTESANAL…………………………………………..…………………….……………….……...24 3.5 VÍAS DE COMUNICACIÓN………………………………………………………..………………….………….…..24 3.6 CAPACIDAD PRODUCTIVA DE LA TIERRA………………………………………….……..….…..………....25 Periodo Posclásico Tierras Altas De Guatemala. I. Sitio Arqueológico de la Ciudad de Gumarcaj. 4. MARCO LEGAL 4.1 ASPECTOS LEGALES……………………………..…………..………………………………..……………………………28 4.1.1 Nivel Nacional………………………………………………..………….……………………………………..28 4.1.2 Nivel Internacional…………………………………………..………………………………………..…….30 5. MARCO CULTURAL 5.1 CULTURAS MESOAMERICANAS……………………..…………...……….…………………………..……………34 5.2 INFLUENCIA TOLTECA EN EL PERIODO POSCLÁSICO EN LAS TIERRAS ALTAS DE GUATEMALA………………………..………………………………….………..……..35 5.3 MIGRACIÓN DE LOS CAUDILLOS………………………………………………….………………..………………36 5.4 ESTRUCTURA GOBERNANTE EN GUMARCAJ……………........................................................38 5.5 PERIODO POSCLÁSICO……………………………………………………………………..……………………...…...39 5.5.1 Periodo posclásico temprano (1100.1200 d.C)……..................................................39 5.5.2 Periodo Posclásico Tardío (1200‐1524 d.C)………………………………………………….……. 39 5.6 ASPECTOS POLÍTICOS…………………………………………..… ………………………………………….…….…….40 5.7 ASPECTOS RELIGIOSOS………………………………………………………………………….….……………..……..40 5.8 CUEVAS DE LA CIUDAD…………..……………………………….……………………………………..…………….42 5.9 ECONOMÍA……………………………………..……………………………………………………..…………..………..42 5.10 ARQUITECTURA……………………………………………………...…………………………….………………….….43 5.11 ARTES…………………………………………………………………..………………………..………….………….…….44 5.11.1‐7 Cerámica....………………………………………………………..……………….……………………..…45 5.11.8 Piezas de cerámica de otras ciudades del posclásico……………….....................54 5.12 CERÁMICA MORTUORIA O FUNERARIA………………..………………………………………………………55 5.13 ESCULTURA………………………………………………..……………………..….…………………….…………………56 5.14 PINTURA……………………………………………..…………………………………..……………….…..…………….57 5.15 TALLADO EN PIEDRA…………………………..……………………..……………………..………………….……..58 5.16 LAS CIENCIAS………………………………………………………………………………………....……………………58 5.16.1 La Escritura………………………………………….……………………….………..……………..………58 5.16.2 Astronomía y Calendario…………………………………..…………..………………………………60 5.17 MEDICINA……………………………………………………………………….…………………...……..…….………..62 5.18 MATERIALES DE CONSTRUCCIÓN………………………………………….…………..……….……………….63 6. MARCO HISTÓRICO 6.1 DATOS HISTÓRICOS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..67 6.2 SIGNIFICADO DE GUMARCAJ…………………………………………..………………………………………………..62 6.3 GOBERNANTES DE LA CIUDAD DE GUMARCAJ POSCLÁSICO TARDÍO………..……..……..........63 6.3.1 Reinado de Kucumatz………………………..……………………………………………...................69 6.3.2 Reinado de Quikab………………………………………………………………………..……..….….……70 6.4 CIUDADES CIRCUNVECINAS O SATÉLITES DE GUMARCAJ………………….…………..……….……..71 6.4.1 Ciudad del Chilasin o Mucaqwitz Pilokab……………………………………..…………….……..72 6.4.2 Ciudad de Pizmachí…………………………………………………………………..….….……….……...72 6.4.3 Ciudad del Resguardo o Atalaya……………………………………………………..….…..………..74 6.4.4 Ciudad de Pakamán……………………………………………………………………..……………………74 6.5 OTRAS CIUDADES ORIGINARIAS DEL POSCLÁSICO TEMPRANO........................................75 6.5.1 La ciudad de Chitinamit o Jacawitz……………………..…………………………………………….75 6.5.2 La ciudad de Cruz Che……………………………………………………..………..…………….…….….75 6.5.3 La ciudad de Oquin………………………………………………………………………..….………………75 Periodo Posclásico Tierras Altas De Guatemala. II. Sitio Arqueológico de la Ciudad de Gumarcaj. 6.5.4 La ciudad de Patohil…………………………………………………………………….....………………..76 6.5.5 La ciudad de Sakibal Oquin………….…………………………..……..………………………………..77 6.5.6 La ciudad de Pawilix…………………………….……………………..……………..……………………..77 6.5.7 La ciudad de Panajxit…………………………………….……………………………..……………..……77 6.6 ESTRUCTURA POLÍTICA Y SOCIAL DE GUMARCAJ…………………….……………….….………………..78 6.7 CONFLICTO INTERNO ENTRE LINAJES DE GUMARCAJ……………………….……………………........80 6.8 RUTAS DE COMERCIO EN EL ALTIPLANO DE GUATEMALA ……………………..…..…………..…….81 6.9 RUTAS DE COMERCIO ENTRE TIERRAS BAJAS DEL PETEN Y LAS ALTAS DE GUATEMALA……………………………………………………………………………………….…………82 6.10 CONQUISTA DE LOS ESPAÑOLES A PUEBLOS MESOAMERICANOS DEL NORTE (MEXICANOS)………………………….…………………………………….……………………..………...83 6.11 CONQUISTA DE LOS ESPAÑOLES……………………………………..………………………..…………………84 6.12 EXPEDICIÓN DE ALVARADO……………………………………….………………………….……..……………..85 6.13 LA UNIÓN DE DOS CULTURAS……………………………………………………..………….………..…….…..87 6.14 POBLACIÓN DURANTE LA CONQUISTA……………………………………..…………..…………..………..88 6.15 EVENTOS Y CRÓNICAS DESCRITAS POR VIAJEROS Y EXPLORADORES……………..…………....89 6.16 TRABAJOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN REALIZADOS…………………………………………..……………….…..90 7. MARCO TEÓRICO 7.1 PERIODO POSCLÁSICO EN TIERRAS ALTAS DE GUATEMALA……………..………..……………..……95
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