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Risk Perceptions As Potential Mediators of Environmental Toxicants Associated with Biomass Fuel Use

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Risk Perceptions As Potential Mediators of Environmental Toxicants Associated with Biomass Fuel Use RISK PERCEPTIONS AS POTENTIAL MEDIATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOMASS FUEL USE By DAVID THORNE DILLON A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2020 © 2020 David Thorne Dillon To my mother, father, brother, and granny ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank first my mother, brother, father, and grandmother for their help and support during these years in graduate school and during fieldwork in Zambia. Without their support, none of this would have been possible. Your visits here to Gainesville were always such a welcome and fun break from the sometimes repetitive routine of graduate school. My mother and brother’s visit to Zambia halfway through fieldwork was a highlight of my time there and much needed. I can always count on them to lend an ear or offer advice, particularly my brother, on anything data-related. Fieldwork and the recent pandemic have had the fortunate side effect of all of us talking much more frequently, something that I would not change for the world. I have been lucky to have the guidance and support of wonderful advisors, Drs. Alyson Young and Chris McCarty. Alyson had the misfortune to edit draft after draft of the following chapters and made them all the better for doing so. A big thank you is owed to Dr. Joseph Bisesi for introducing me to toxicology and allowing work in his lab. Joe and Amanda Buerger facilitated the environmental data collection, bringing equipment with them to deliver to be after they attended a conference in South Africa. Dr. Pete Collings provided great feedback and help on projects in the years preceding and then during this research. You can always count on Pete to have a good backyard fire and to provide some local beer. Special thanks to Dr. Adrienne Strong for assisting in helping me out last minute when she did not have to. Additionally, I need to mention both Drs. William Alexander (UNCW) and Dan Temple (George Mason) for initially inspiring me to pursue graduate school, take me to my first conferences, and making anthropology so interesting. 4 This work could not have been completed without the dozens of people who helped assist this research in both Lusaka and Chipata. First to Charles and Frida Bwenge for giving me a home to stay upon my arrival to the country, as well as Paul and Marjatta Psychas for providing a welcoming home at the beginning and end of my time in Zambia. Drs. Alice Ngoma and Nosiku Munyinda were invaluable in helping navigate the University of Zambia and providing feedback and guidance while there. Similarly, a debt of gratitude is owed to the University of Zambia’s ethics board for approving this work as well as the National Health Research Council for their support of the work in-country. The provincial health environmental officer, Bernard Khoza, introduced me to the faculty of the clinics and the laboratory services of Chipata General Hospital. Thank you to the microbiology laboratory in the hospital for allowing me to store personal and environmental samples in their -80° freezer during the last portion of this study. The healthcare clinics’ staff and volunteers Samuel Nyrienda, Eunice Tembo, Julian Kawele, Anna Banda, and Muyangu Chirwa, who aided in data collection and translation, rain or shine, and were the ones that made this research possible. There also cannot be enough thanks specifically for Monica and Emelia Banda for providing a loving home and company during my time living in their house (as well as invaluable advice and delicious food). The friends I have made during my graduate school years at the University of Florida need to be acknowledged. Joshua Crosby, Choeeta Chakrabarti, Faith Lambert, Amanda Buerger, Alexis Wormington, Hailey Duecker, Catrina Cuadra, Christie Washer, and too many others to name. Your support during the sometimes stressful and fun periods of grad school has truly made this a special experience that will not 5 ever be forgotten. Joshua and Choeeta provided my home away from home during the interesting time of COVID-19, and I truly do not know what I would do without them. The support of my coach Donald Smith and my teammates at Team Florida Gainesville Weightlifting cannot be overlooked as he is responsible for making sure my posture did not completely deteriorate during the writing of this dissertation. Remy Tamer, Jack Whitmarsh, Willy Huang, Eric Johnson, Kurt Kochanski, Joe Nugent, Jordan Eicher, and many friends I’ve had from undergrad and earlier brightened up the sometimes lonely process of fieldwork with a phone call or sometimes just a great meme. Both Drs. Cecilia Silva-Sanchez and Mohammadzaman Nouridelavar deserve a huge amount of thanks for teaching and assisting with the methods for urinary metabolite extraction. Dr. Marianne Kozuch helped significantly working out a protocol for extraction of the PUF disks used in the passive samplers and in the analysis to look for parent PAH compounds. It cannot be overlooked that the generous funding for this work was made possible by the National Science Foundation Cultural Anthropology DDRIG and the Elizabeth Eddy Doctoral Completion Award through the University of Florida, Department of Anthropology. None of this work happened in isolation, and I am forever thankful to the countless people named and otherwise that assisted throughout the years leading up to this dissertation. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 12 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 14 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 18 Global Context of Air Pollution ................................................................................ 19 Air Pollution and Sub-Saharan Africa ..................................................................... 23 Economic Burden of Environmental Pollution ......................................................... 26 2 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 30 A History of Risk Perception Research ................................................................... 30 Culture, Risk, and Air Pollution ............................................................................... 32 Cooking, Household Characteristics, and AP Exposures ....................................... 37 Sex-Specific Biological Impacts of Air Pollution ...................................................... 39 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Fine Particulate Matter ....................... 40 Pregnancy as a Female Specific Risk .............................................................. 44 Sex and Age-Specific Differences in Infants, Girls, and Boys .......................... 46 Zambian History and Current State ........................................................................ 49 Post-independence Zambia .............................................................................. 50 Impact of Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) .............................................. 52 Current Demographics & Poverty Reduction Efforts ........................................ 54 Demographic Information on Eastern Province ................................................ 56 Toxicology, Capacity, and Recent Scholarship in Africa .................................. 57 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS .................................................................. 66 Study Area .............................................................................................................. 67 Sampling ................................................................................................................. 72 Research Objectives ............................................................................................... 76 Research Objective One (R1) .......................................................................... 76 Research Objective Two (R2) .......................................................................... 76 Research Objective Three (R3) ........................................................................ 77 Research Objective Four (R4) .......................................................................... 77 Research Objective Five (R5) .......................................................................... 77 7 Ethnographic Methods ............................................................................................ 78 Behavioral Observation .................................................................................... 78 Structured Questionnaires ................................................................................ 79 Free Lists .......................................................................................................... 79 Pile Sorts .........................................................................................................
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