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Home , Bamcha, Bharbhunja, Chunara, Dhuldhoya, Gavandi, Jalia Kaibarta

Appendix 309

out much of . (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, Appendix 1:5-16) Agasa (Asaga, Viraghata Madivala, Madiwal, Mallige Additional Castes, Madevi Vakkalu) Acaste ofwashermen, found in southern and . They are , though many Caste Clusters, are Lingayats, and those speaking Konkani are Christians. See also Dhobi. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:16-18; and Tribes Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:1-5; Nanjundayya and Anantha- krishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:1-31; Srinivas 1952) Aghori (Aughar, Aghoripanthi, Aghorapanthi) A class of The following caste and tribe names have been taken from Shaivite mendicants who used to feed on human corpses and the various sets of handbooks dealing with the castes and excrement; in previous centuries they were even reputed to tribes of particular regions of South Asia. These volumes are have engaged in cannibalism. Being a wandering people who nearly all more than a half-century old, but more recent infor- have commonly been chased out ofone district after another, mation of this sort is not available. (Virtually all of the they are now found widely scattered through , although "Castes and Tribes" handbooks have, however, been repub- Varanasi (Benares) is thought to be their professional resort. lished in recent years.) Long as this list is, it is by no means (Risley 1891, 1:10; Crooke 1896, 1:26-69; Campbell 1901, exhaustive, and it merely represents those groups for which 543; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:13-17) we have a certain amount of once reliable, if now outdated, information. Only monographs have been surveyed for this Agnihotri A Brahman caste devoted to the maintenance appendix, as space does not allow coverage of the massive ofthe sacred fire and found in northern India. (Crooke 1896, amount of ethnographic material to be found in scholarly 1:30-33) journals. For these, the interested reader should consult the Agrahari (Agrehri). A trading and cultivating caste, excellent bibliographies by Ittaman et al. (1982) and Pat- found in and . (Risley 1891, 1:11-12; terson (1981). Crooke 1896, 1:33-35) Most of these groups are internally divided into sub. castes or tribal sections that have not been named in this ap- Agri (Ager, Agari, , Agle, Kharpatil) A large caste pendix, which is essentially an index to the handbooks men- found from northern Karnataka to . They are princi- tioned. It must be recognized that in many cases one named pally known as salt makers and farmers, but in recent years .caste" is actually a grouping of several endogamous units they have also gone into numerous other occupations. (Rose and, further, that changing economic conditions have made 1911, 1:3; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:5-16; Kale 1952) the traditional occupations listed here unimportant or even A trading and cultivating caste, found in West Ben- impossible to follow. In some cases, too, the locality where a gal. (Risley 1891, 1:12-13) caste is to be found has changed somewhat, particularly as a result ofthe partition of India and in 1947. Modem Ahar (Aheri, , Ahari) A herding and cultivating district names are given in all entries. caste, found in Punjab and hilly northern parts of Uttar Pra- Cross-references set in upper- and lower-case characters desh. (Crooke 1896, 1:35-36; Rose 1911, 1:4) are to other headings in this appendix; those set in capitals Ahban A caste, found in eastern Uttar Pradesh. and small capitals are to headings in the main body ofthe en- Some are cyclopedia. An index ofall ethnonyms given in this appendix Muslim, others Hindu. (Crooke 1896, 1:37-39) is provided at the back. Aheriya (Aheri, Aheria) A hunting, gathering and thiev- ing tribe found in Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:39-49) Ahiwasi A cultivating caste found in Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:72-75) Aka (Hrusso) A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe of cultivators, found in the hills ofwestern Arunachal Pradesh. Total: 2,345 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 42-44; Sinha 1962) Adi A Paleo-Mongoloid tribal cluster found in central Arunachal Pradesh. The term embraces the Aka-Bale (Aka-Bala-wa) A fishing, foraging, and garden- Gallong, Korka, ing tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown Shimong, Boker, Bori, Padam, Pasi, Minyong, and other agri- 1922, 12-19; Chakraborty 1990) cultural tribes. They are related to the Abors. Partial total: 79,392 in 1971. See also ABOR. (Dalton 1872, 26-33; Roy Aka-Bea A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the 1960; Srivastava 1962; Chowdhury 1971) Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Adiyan (Adiyar, Adigal) A tribe found in northern . Chakraborty 1990) They are Hindus, speak Kannada, and work as farm laborers. Aka-Bo A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Total: 7,192 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:4; Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Gopalan Nair 1911, 97-100; Luiz 1962, 27-31) Chakraborty 1990) Agamudaiyan A Hindu cultivating caste found through- Aka-Cari A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the

3 10 Abpendix

Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; internal structure based on sectarian differences. (Siraj ul Chakraborty 1990) Hassan 1920, 1:121-130) Aka-Jeru A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the Apa Tani A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe found in central Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Arunachal Pradesh. They are about 13,000 people living in Chakraborty 1990) one valley of Upper Subansiri District. Total: 12,888 in 1971. Aka-Kede A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the (Fiirer-Haimendorf 1956, 1962, 1980) Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; A-Pucikwar (Aka-Bojig-yab) A fishing, foraging, and gar- Chakraborty 1990) dening tribe of the Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown Aka-Kol A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the 1922, 12-19; Chakraborty 1990) Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; Aradhya (Aradhya Brahman) A caste ofBrahman priests, Chakraborty 1990) found mainly in Andhra Pradesh. Some are now engaged in A fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of the agriculture or medicine. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, Aka- and 1928-1936, Great Andaman group. (Radcliffe-Brown 1922, 12-19; 1:50-54; Nanjundayya Ananthakrishna Iyer Chakraborty 1990) 2:32-46) (Rain) A caste of market gardeners, found from Akali (Nihang) A class of Sikh devotees, found in north- western India. They are a celibate sect. (Crooke 1896, 1:76- Punjab Province, Pakistan, to Uttar Pradesh. It includes both 77; Rose 1911, 1:9-10) Hindus and . (Crooke 1896, 4:206-208; Rose 1911, 1:13-16) Alkari (Shravagi, Golalare) A small caste of western Maharashtra, who claim to be . They used to prepare Arakh A small caste of cultivators found from eastern - red dye, but they are now mostly cultivators or day laborers. Maharashtra to eastern Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:81 They are Shaivites. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:37-41) 85; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:40-42) Allar (Ollares) A tribe of Palghat District, in central Aranadan (Arandan, Eranadan) A tribe found in Kerala. They are hunters and gatherers, some of whom still Kozhikode District, northern Kerala. They collect forest pro- use caves for shelter. (Luiz 1962, 32-38) duce, and until recently they were also hunters. Total: 5 in 1971! (Luiz 1962, 39-43) Amat (Amath) A pair of Hindu cultivating castes found in Bihar; some are household servants. (Risley 1891, Arasu (Rajpinde) A caste that includes the former royal 1:17-19) family of Mysore and ranks as Kshatriya. They are found in Karnataka, and many have been employed in the civil service Ambalaskkaran A caste ofvillage watchmen, found in cen- or the army. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:55; tral Tamil Nadu. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:25-28) Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, Ambalavasi (Nambidi, Nampati, Adikal, Muttatu, Ilayatu, 2:47-73) Elayad, Chakkiyar, Nambiar, Nambiyar, Nambiyassan, Arora (Rora) A caste of cultivators, traders, tailors, bank- Variyar, Pisharoti, Pisharati, Pisharodi, Pothuval, Marar, ers, and contractors, found in Punjab and Sindh provinces, Maran, Marayan, Gurukkal, Kurukkal, Samanthan, Unni) Pakistan. Most are Hindus, but some are . (Rose 1911, A group of castes in central Kerala who are traditionally tem- 1:16-21) ple servants. Many also cultivate. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:28-31; 2:7-11, 204-208, 309-313; 5:5-13, 149- Arya Samaj A modem Hindu sect found especially in 151; 6:199-203; 7:221-228, 322-329; Ananthakrishna Iyer Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. It was founded about 1847 and is 1909-1912, 2:122-150) strongly reformist. (Rose 1911, 1:21-24) Ambattan A Hindu caste of Tamil-speaking barbers and Asur An iron-smelting tribe found in much of central musicians; they were probably once surgeons. Their women India, from to Maharashtra. Total: 7,637 in are midwives. They are found in southern Kerala and 1971. (Leuva 1963) throughout Tamil Nadu. See also Nai. (Thurston and Ranga- chari 1909, 1:32-44; Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, Atari (Gandhi, Bukekari) A small Muslim caste selling 3:364-366) scent, incense, and sundry personal necessities, living in cen- tral India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:42-45) Amma Coorg (Amma Kodagi) A Hindu priestly caste found in Kodagu District, southern Karnataka. (Krishna Iyer Audhelia (Audhalia) A small caste of Bilaspur District, in 1948, 64-66; Srinivas 1952) . They work as farm laborers and pig keepers, and, unlike most Hindus, they sacrifice pigs to their chiefdei- Andh A cultivating tribe of eastern Maharashtra and ties. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:45-48) northernmost Andhra Pradesh. Many are farm laborers, and some work as village headmen. Total: 78,560 in 1971. Audhiya (Audhya, Ajudhyabasi, Avadhapuri) An ex- (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:38-40; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, criminal tribe who wander through , dealing in 1:8-11) fake jewelry and counterfeit coins. (Crooke 1896,1:87-91) Andhra Brahman (Telugu Brahman) A Brahman caste A Muslim tribe found in Punjab Province, Pakistan. of Andhra Pradesh and adjoining states, with a very complex They are landowners. (Rose 1911, 1:25-28)

Appendix 311

Babhan (Bhuinhar, Zamindar Brahman, Girhasth Brahman, Vaidu. (Risley 1891, 1:46-50, 362-366; Thurston and Grihasth Brahman, Pachhima Brahman, Magahaya Brah- Rangachari 1909, 7:267-270) man, Ajagyak Brahman, Zamindar, Chaudriji) A large Bai Rajput (Bai) A Rajput caste found in Uttar Pradesh landowning caste in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. They are and northern Madhya Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:118-126; Shaivites and probably a class of Rajputs rather than Brah- Russell and Hira-Lal 1916, 4:435-436) mans. (Risley 1891, 1:28-35; Crooke 1896, 2:64-70) Baiswar A tribe found in the hills of eastern Uttar Babria (Durba, Ghardera) A small caste chiefly found in Pradesh. They are singers and dancers; the women act as mid- the Kathiawar Peninsula of . They are Hindu land- wives. (Crooke 1896, 1:126-130) owners. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:44-48) Bajania (Dholi) A caste of Hindu musicians found Bachgoti A section of the Rajputs, found in Uttar throughout Gujarat. They make their living by performing at Pradesh. They are landlords. (Crooke 1896, 1:93-96) weddings or by making handicrafts and baskets. See also Bachhil (Bachhal) A section of the Rajputs, found . (Campbell 1901, 503-504; Enthoven 1920-1922, throughout Uttar Pradesh. They are landlords. (Crooke 1:52-54) 1896, 1:96-99) Bakkaru (Baggaru, Baga Holeya) A caste found in central Badahala (Badahela) A caste of potters found in Sri Karnataka. They are tenant farmers. (Nanjundayya and Lanka. (Ryan 1953) Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:94-98) Badhak (Badhik, Bagri, Baoria, Bawaria) Well-known in Balahi (Balai) A caste ofUntouchable Hindu weavers and earlier times as a caste of Hindu Thugs who roamed north village watchmen found in parts of central India and Uttar and central India as brigands devoted to the goddess Kali. See Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:134-135; Russell and Hira Lal also THUG. (Crooke 1896, 1:100-101; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:105-108; Fuchs 1950) 1916, 2:49-69) Balija (Balji, Banajiga, Linga Balija, Linga Banajiga, Badhoyi A caste of carpenters and blacksmiths, found in Pancham Banajigaru, Gurusthulu, Sivabhaktaru, Kavarai, Orissa. They are Vaishnavites. (Thurston and Rangachari Naidu). A large trading caste of south and central India. Although Hindus, many are of the Lingayat sect. Many are 1909, 1:124-128) peddlers or farmers. See also Perika. (Thurston and Bapata (Bhakta, Bakta) A tribe of freshwater fishermen, Rangachari 1909, 1:134-145; 3:263-266; 4:232-236; found in Andhra Pradesh. Total: 71,919 in 1971. (Thurston Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:108-110; Nanjundayya and and Rangachari 1909, 1:128-130) Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:99-134) Bagdi (Bagtit, Bagri, Mudi) A small peripatetic caste, with Bam-Margi A Sakti sect who practice tantra and are found a home base in Kolhapur District, in southern Maharashtra, in parts of northern India. Intoxication and sexual cohabita- from which they wander throughout the state. They tell for- tion were part of their rituals. (Crooke 1896, 1:135-137) tunes and beg, although their traditional occupations were Banaphar A section of the Rajputs, found in central Uttar fishing and weaving blankets. Another fishing and cultivating Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:137-139) caste of the same name occurs in West Bengal. (Risley 1891, 1:37-43; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:48-51) Bandhalgoti (Bandhugoti, Bandhilgoti, Banjhilgoti) A section of the Rajputs, found in Sultanpur District, Uttar Baghdadi Jew The smallest of the three Jewish communi- Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:140-143) ties in India (the others being Cochin Jews and Bene Israel). They left Baghdad in the eighteenth century, and their best- Bandhara () A small caste of southern Gujarat, known family formed the international commercial house of Vaishnavites who traditionally do indigo dyeing and silk fold- Sassoon, based in Bombay. (Jackson fpseud.] 1968) ing. Some have converted to . (Campbell 1899, 71; 1901, 181; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:56-58) Baghel Raput A Rajput caste found in Uttar Pradesh and central Madhya Pradesh, but probably of Gujarati origin. Bandi A caste of bonded laborers, thought to be de- They were formerly brigands. (Crooke 1896, 1:102-104; scended from slaves. Girls generally became prostitutes rather Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:434-435) than marry. They are found in the coastal districts of Karnataka. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:58) Bagri Rajput A Rajput caste found in central Madhya Pradesh, former robbers who now cultivate. (Russell and Hira Bangali (Bengali) A section of Brahmans, found in north- Lal 1916, 4:435) ern India and originating in Bengal. In Punjab the name des- ignates a vagrant ex-criminal tribe. (Crooke 1896, 1:145- Bahna (, Pinjari, Dhunia) A caste of cotton clean- 149; Rose 1911, 1:56-57) ers in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. They are Muslims, except for a few who are Hindus. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, (Banjari, Brinjara, Wanjari, Wanjara, Vanjari, 2:69-76; Enthoven 1920-1922, 3:233-234) Labhana, Labana, Laban, Lambadi, Lambani, Lamani, Lamane, Mukeri, Ghor, Gohar Herkeri, Sugali, Sukali) (Vaidya, Vaidyan, Kabiraj, Ambastha, Bhisak, A large and widespread tribe of grain and salt carriers, Chikitsak) A caste or profession practicing ayurvedic med- bullock-cart drivers, cattle dealers and breeders, but essen- icine and found from West Bengal to southern India. See also tially Gypsies or peripatetics. In former times they were

312 Appendix noted for such criminal customs as kidnapping children, are farm laborers and in some areas funeral drummers. (Ryan slavery, traffic in women, and petty theft. Unlike most 1953) Indian castes, they are not wholly endogamous but accept wives from other groups, including girls that they have Batwal (Barwala) A caste of northern Punjab, who work kidnapped. They are found throughout most of India, and as laborers. They are Hindus. (Rose 1911, 1:66-68) they now may work as cultivators or farm laborers. Bavacha () A small tribe found in southern Banjhara is also a Muslim trading caste in Gujarat, con- Gujarat. Traditionally they sell grass and work as grooms, but verted from the same Hindu caste. Partial total: 138,877 in some are laborers. Total: 2,831 in 1971. (Enthoven 1920- 1971. See also PERIPATETICS. (Risley 1891, 1:59; Crooke 1922, 1:65-67) 1896, 1:149-167; Campbell 1899, 85-86; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 4:207-232; Rose 1911, 1:62-63; Russell Bavuri (Baurio, Khodalo) A caste ofbasket makers, found and Hira Lal 1916, 2:162-192; Enthoven 1920-1922, in Ganjam District, Orissa. They are Hindus. (Thurston and 2:331-343; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:15-27; 2:627-634; Rangachari 1909, 1:175-180) Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2: Bawariya (Bauria, Baori, Bauri, Bawaria) A hunting and 135-196) thieving tribe, found in Muzaffarnagar and Mirzapur districts, Bant (Bunt) A Hindu caste found in Kodagu District and Uttar Pradesh, and in Punjab. (Crooke 1896, 1:228-237; along the nearby Tulu coast of southern Karnataka. They are Rose 1911, 1:70-79) farmers. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:147-172; Bedar (Bendar, Beria, Beriya, Bed, Berad, , Bediya, Krishna Iyer 1948, 67-70) Bedea, Bejia, Bejea, Boya) A small but widespread Hindu Bargujar A section of the Rajputs, found in Uttar tribe found in much of India, Untouchable in status. They Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, are mainly involved in agriculture, but their name means 1:187-190) "hunter," and they were once irregular troops. Some are vil- Barhai (Barhi, Badhi, Sutar, Suthar, Kharadi, Tarkhan, lage watchmen. Total: 51,360 in 1971. (Risley 1891, 1:83; Mistri) A large caste of Hindu carpenters living in north- Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:180-209; Russell and Hira ern, central, and western India, from Bihar to Maharashtra. Lal 1916, 2:212-214; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:78-90; Siraj (Risley 1891, 1:66-68; Crooke 1896,1:190-199; Russell and ul Hassan 1920, 1:34-43; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Hira Lal 1916, 2:199-202; Enthoven 1920-1922, 3: Iyer 1928-1936, 2:197-230) 355-359) Beldar (Od, Ode, Odh, Ud, Odde, Odden, Vodden, Vodda, Bari (Bargah, Bargaha, Bargahi, Panwale) A caste of Vaddar, Waddar, Wudder, Wadu Rajlu, Odewandlu, Sonkar, household servants and makers ofleafplates, found in north- , Larhia, Karigar, Kalkola, Matkuda, Chunkar, Munurwar, ern, western, and central India. Although they are Shaivites, Thapatkari, Pathrot, Takari, Takara, Dhondphoda) A a few claim to be Muslims. (Risley 1891, 1:68-69; Crooke grouping of earth- and stone-working castes found widely in 1896, 1:184-185, 201-206; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, India and parts ofPakistan. They are mostly Hindus who now 2:202-204; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:59-65) engage in road making and other laboring activities; they used to make stone handmills. Those called Takara or Barwar An ex-criminal tribe, found in eastern Uttar Dhondphoda are Muslims. See also Sansia. (Risley 1891, Pradesh. The same name identifies a section of Rajputs, 1:86-87; Crooke 1896, 1:237-240; Ananthakrishna Iyer found in western Uttar Pradesh. The article by Crooke in- 1909-1912, 3:390-393; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, cludes a vocabulary of thieves' cant. (Crooke 1896, 5:422-436; Rose 1911, 2:175-176; Russell and Hira Lal 1:206-221) 1916, 2:215-220; Enthoven 1920-1922; 3:138-149, 359- Basdewa (Wasudeo, Harbola, Kaparia, Jaga, Kapdi, 361; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:645-651; Nanjundayya and Sanadhya, Sanauria Brahman) A caste of wandering beg- Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 4:659-677) gars, who call themselves Sanadhya or Sanauria Brahmans. Although few in number, they are widely scattered through Berava A caste of drummers, found in Sri Lanka. (Ryan northern, central, and western India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1953; Leach 1968) 1916, 2:204-207; Enthoven 1920-1922, 3:454-455) Beria (Bedia, Bediya, Beriya, Kolhati, Dandewala, Bansberia, Basor (Bansphor, Bansphod, Dulia, Dhulia, Balahar, Kabutari) A peripatetic group of castes widespread in Bulahar, Burud, Ghanche, , Ghache, Miyadar, northern and central India. The article by Risley lists numer- Myadar, Medar, Medare, Medara, Medarlu, Medarakaran) ous specific occupations. They are Gypsies and former A tribe of Hindu bamboo workers found widely in India. dacoits (thieves). Many ofthe women were once professional Some are Lingayats. There are also Muslim Ghanchis in prostitutes and never married; some are tattooists and chil- northern Gujarat, converts from the Hindu caste, who sell dren's doctors. Beria are related to the Sansia and Nai, who oil. Partial total: 17,888 in 1971. (Crooke 1896, 1:132-134, had much the same occupations. See also PERIPATETICS. (Risley 167-173, 222-228; Campbell 1899, 73; 1901, 181-183; 1891, 1:83-85; Crooke 1896, 1:242-249; Russell and Hira Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 5:52-58; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:220-224; 3:527-531; 4:286) Lal 1916, 2:208-212; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:254-260; Beri Chetti A trading caste found in Tamil Nadu. Al- Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:135-142; Nanjundayya and though Hindus, a few are Lingayat. (Thurston and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 4:191-205) Rangachari 1909, 1:211-218) Batgam (Padu) A caste found in central Sri Lanka. They Besta (Bestha, Kabbaligar, Kabber, Kabher, Kabbera, Ambi,

Appendix 313

Ambig, Ambiga, Ambekar, Barkar, Barekari, Bhillakabberu, Bhar (Rajbhar, Bharat, Bharadwaj, Bharpatwa, Kanaujiya) )ad, Sungar, Sunnakallu Bestha, Durga Murgi, Parkitiwaru, A tribe of eastern Uttar Pradesh. They are farmers, farm la- Parivara, Toreya, Torea, Gangimakkalu, Gangemakkalu) borers, and former burglars. (Crooke 1896, 2:1-12) A Hindu caste group, found in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. Many work as domes- Bharai (Pirhain) A Muslim caste found in Punjab. They tic servants or porters, though they were formerly fishermen were traditionally drummers. (Rose 1911, 1:84-86) and palanquin bearers. The name "Toreya" comes from tore, (Bhadbhunja, Bhujari, Bhuj, Bhujua, Bhurji, "river bank," and is also used for the lowest phratry of Gonr, Kandu, Kanu) A Hindu caste of grain parchers and Badagas in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu. In boatmen, found in northern, western, and central India, and Maharashtra they are a Kannada-speaking caste of fishers, in Punjab Province, Pakistan; they are especially numerous in ferrymen, and former palanquin bearers, now sometimes beg- towns. In Uttar Pradesh they work as stonemasons, farmers, gars or farmers. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:218-222; and sweet makers, or they deal in grain. (Risley 1891, 1:414- 3:1-6; 7:176-182; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 1:348; 418; Crooke 1896,2:13-19; 3:130-133; Rose 1911, 1:86-88; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:110-118; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:238-241; Enthoven 1920- 1:77-82; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 1922, 1:90-93; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:44-47) 2:239-258; 4:637-639) Bharia (Bhar, Bharia-Bhumia) A Dravidian-speaking Bhabra A Jain caste, mainly traders, found in the Punjab. Hindu tribe found from West Bengal to Jabalpur District, in See also BAN'A. (Rose 1911, 1:80-82) Madhya Pradesh. Among their many subgroups are Agaria and Ahir. They work as farm laborers. Total: 29,287 in 1971. Bhadauriya A section of the Rajputs, found in western See also AGARIA; AIR. (Risley 1891, 1:95-96; Russell and Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:250-252) Hira Lal 1916, 2:242-250) Bhagat (Bhakat) A class ofVaishnavite devotees in north- Bhat (Bhatt, Bhatrazu, Rao, Jasondhi, Thakur, Shivachandi ern India. The term seems to be applied rather loosely: a sec- Thakur) A caste ofbards and genealogists found through- tion ofthe Oraon tribe is known as Bhakat. A tribe ofeastern out northern, western, and central India. Some claim to have Uttar Pradesh is also called Bhagat or Radha. (Risley 1891, originally been Brahmans or Rajputs, but a few are Muslim. 1:91-92; Crooke 1896, 1:252-253; 4:195-196) Some are religious mendicants and itinerant musicians. See Bhaina A tribe found in the wild forest lands of Bilaspur also Bhatraja; PERIPATETICS. (Risley 1891, 1:98-103; Crooke District, in Madhya Pradesh. They worship a "noseless god- 1896, 2:20-33; Rose 1911, 1:94-101; Russell and Hira Lal dess" and are essentially Hindus. They may share some early 1916, 2:251-270; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:123-133; Siraj ul ancestry with the Baigas. Total: 24,740 in 1971. (Russell and Hassan 1920, 1:53-55; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Hira Lal 1916, 2:224-233) Iyer 1928-1936, 2:259-276) Bhale Sultan A section ofRajputs, found in much ofUttar Bbatia (Bhatiya) A caste of western and northwestern Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 1:253-256) India and Sindh in Pakistan. They are merchants, bankers, and brokers. (Crooke 1896, 2:37-42; Campbell 1901, 116- Bhamta (Bhamtya, Uchla, Uchlia, Takari, Ghantichor, 121; Rose 1911, 1:91-93; Enthoven 1920-1922,1:133-145) Ganthachor) A small Hindu caste of western and central India. They were professional pickpockets, but now they are Bhatiyara A caste devoted to the needs of travelers, they traders and cultivators, and they also make biers for the dead. are innkeepers, cooks, fishermen, and tobacco sellers. They (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:234-238; Enthoven 1920- are Sunni Muslims, found throughout Uttar Pradesh. 1922, 1:93-96; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:48-50) (Crooke 1896, 2:34-37) Bhandari (Bhondari, , Bhanr, Bhavaguna, Bhavaya, Bhatra (Bhattra) A tribe of Bastar and Raipur districts, in Targala, Madkar, Shingade, Sanaiwad, ) A caste of eastern Madhya Pradesh, usually viewed as part ofthe Gonds. Hindu temple musicians and storytellers, found from Andhra They practice shifting cultivation, or work as farm laborers. Pradesh to western India. They are found in Pakistan under Total: 71,149 in 1971. See also GOND; . (Russell and the name of Naqqal. In the latter area they are distillers and Hira Lal 1916, 2:271-277) farmers. In southern Orissa there are barbers, of the name Bhatraja (Bhatrazu, Bhatraju, Bhat Murti, Bhatwandlu, Bhandari. See also Nai. (Crooke 1896, 1:256-259; Campbell Bhat, Bahrot, Bhato, Kannaji Bhat, Kani Razu, Battu 1901, 222-225; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:230-237; Turaka, Padiga Raju, Magada) A caste group of northern Rose 1911, 1:83; 2:156-157; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh but also found in Gujarat. 1:349; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:96-104; Siraj ul Hassan They are traditionally bards and heralds; some are the heredi- 1920, 1:51-52) tary bards ofthe Velma and Kapu castes and once attended at Bhangi (Bhangia, Mehtar, Hari, Kutana, Musalli, Dom, the courts of the Vijayanagar and Warangal kings. See also Olgana, Chuhra) A large caste ofUntouchable sweepers and Bhat. (Campbell 1901, 207-214; Thurston and Rangachari scavengers. They are found throughout northern, western, and 1909, 1:223-230; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:56-59) central India. Although basically Hindus, many have converted to Christianity or- slam. See also Lalbegi; UNTOUCHABLES. Bhatti (jaiswar) An agricultural caste found in the Punjab (Crooke 1896, 1:259-293; Campbell 1901, 334-338; Rose and Uttar Pradesh. They include both Hindus and Muslims. 1911, 1:182-210, 573; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:215-233; (Crooke 1896, 2:42-46; Rose 1911, 1:101-106) Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:104-112 Fuchs 1950; Kolenda 1987) Bhavaiya (Targala) A caste of northern Gujarat who per-

314 Appendix form comedies. They are Hindus and use Brahman priests. posture. See also HIJRA. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:41-43, (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:145) 194-196; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:88-90) Bhavin (Bavina, Devli, Naik, Naikin, Kalavant) A caste Bhutia (Butia, Bhot, Bhod, Bot, Bhotia, Bhotiya) A tribal who are found along the west coast of India from North cluster of mountain cultivators, found from West Bengal to Ratnagiri District in Maharashtra through Goa to Uttar and Himachal Pradesh. Some are Lamaistic Buddhists, Kannad District in Karnataka. They are traditionally Hindu others Hindus. Their language, Bhotia, is a form ofTibetan. In- temple sweepers. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:145-147; 2:130- dian total: 86,257 in 1971. See also Chhazang; Tibetan. (Dalton 133; Feio 1979, 98-99) 1872, 93-98; Crooke 1896, 2:61-63; Srivastava 1966; Firer- Haimendorf 1975; and Raha 1981; Bhasin 1989; Bishop Bhil~aa A Hindu tribe of central India, thought to have 1990) originated from the intermixing of Rajputs and Bhils. They are cultivators, farm laborers, and village watchmen. Total: Biar (Biyar) A Hindu tribe found in eastern Uttar Pradesh 9,395 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:293-297; and Madhya Pradesh, employed in excavation. Partial total: Haekel and Stiglmayr 1961; Haekel 1963; Saxena 1964) 3,859 in 1971. (Crooke 1896, 2:128-140) (Bhisti, Beesti, Bijishti, Pakhali, Mashki) A Hindu Bili Maggar (Bilimagga, Kuruvinna Setti, Kuruvina Banajiga) and Muslim caste cluster of water carriers, found in western A caste of Hindu weavers found in western Karnataka. and northern India. (Crooke 1896, 2:99-101; Campbell (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:239-243; Nanjundayya and 1899, 89; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:298-300; Enthoven Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:277-287) 1920-1922, 1:179-181) Billava (Billoru) A caste oftoddy tappers, who speak Tulu Bhoi (Kahar, Bundeli Bhoi, Kahar Bhoi, Kahar Bhui, or Kannada and are found in Karnataka. Some of them cul- Dhimar, Behara, Mahigir, Mahra, Dhebra, Palewar, Parivar, tivate. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:243-252; Baraua, Bauri, Machhandar) A large caste bloc of fisher- Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2: men, water carriers, and former palanquin bearers, found in 288-296) much of western, northern, and central India. They are Hin- Bind (Bin, Bhind, Bindu) A fishing, hunting, and agricul- dus, and some work as farmers, earth movers, water carriers, tural caste found from eastern Uttar Pradesh to , or domestic servants for other Hindu castes; others raise silk- related to the Gonds. They are Hindus. See also GOND. worms or grow tobacco, vegetables, and water chestnuts. (Risley 1891, 1:130-134; Crooke 1896, 2:106-115) (Risley 1891, 1:78-82, 370-375; Crooke 1896, 3:92-104; Campbell 1901, 504-505, 520; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Binjhwar (Binjhia, Binjhoa, Binjhal, Birjia, Brijia) A 2:502-514; 3:291-296; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:181-194; Dravidian-speaking tribe ofeastern Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and 2:125-126; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:77; 2:300-302; parts ofWest Bengal, closely related to the Baiga. They are land- Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:502- holders. Total: 160,534 in 1971. See also BAIGA. (Risley 1891, 503; 4:471-473; Patnaik 1960a) 1:134-137; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:329-336) Birhor (Birhul) A Munda-speaking tribe of hunters and Bhoksa (Bhuksa) A tribe found in the hills of northern gatherers, found in southern and central Bihar. Some ac- Uttar Pradesh. They cultivate, hunt, and fish. They have a counts allege that they practiced cannibalism in the nine- reputation for sorcery and are mainly Hindus, though a few teenth century. Total: 4,300 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 217- are Sikhs. (Crooke 1896, 2:55-61) 219; Risley 1891, 1:137-138; Roy 1926; Adhikary 1984) Bhoyar (Boyar, Bhoir) A cultivating caste ofcentral India. Bisen A Rajput group found in Uttar Pradesh. They are They claim descent from immigrant Rajputs. (Dalton 1872, cultivators and landlords. (Crooke 1896, 2:116-120) 129-13 1; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:300-304) Bishnoi (Pahlad Bansi) A Hindu sect, originating in the Bhuinmali (Bhuimali, Bhusundar) A cultivating caste of Panjab, that has become a caste. The name means "worshiper Bangladesh, who formerly acted as palanquin bearers. They ofVishnu." They are traders. A few are found in central India, are Hindus. (Risley 1891, 1:105-107) the remainder in the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke Bhulia (Bholia, Bhoriya, Bholwa, Mihir, Mehar) A caste 1896, 2:120-127; Rose 1911, 1:110-114; Russell and Hira of Hindu weavers, who claim to have migrated to Orissa from Lal 1916, 2:337-344) Patna. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:319-322) Bohora (Bohra, Kasar) A large Jain caste originally from Bhunjia A small Dravidian-speaking tribe in Raipur Dis- Goa and found in nearby districts of Karnataka. They are trict, Madhya Pradesh. They are essentially Hindus, and they landowners. Some are converts to . See also live by farming. Total: 14,245 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal BOHRA. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:197-207) 1916, 2:322-328) Bonthuk (Bonthuk Savara) A caste found in Krishna and Bhute (Bhope, Aradhi) A caste of religious mendicants, Guntur districts in Andhra Pradesh, where they are peripa- originally recruited from among Brahmans and Marathas and tetic. They collect and sell bamboo. (Thurston and devoted to the goddess Bhavani. There are even some Muslim Rangachari 1909, 1:258-262) ones. Many are eunuchs. They are usually beggars, found in Borul (Burol) A small caste of traders found in Parbhani Maharashtra. They marry; and their dead, if male, are buried and Beed districts of central Maharashtra. (Siraj ul Hassan in a sitting posture, whereas dead women are burned in a lying 1920, 1:96-98)

Appendix 315

Bottada (Bathudi, Bhottada, Dhotada) A tribe of cultiva- trading caste, found in West Bengal. Some work as craftsmen tors in Orissa; they are Hindus and probably related to the or builders. (Risley 1891, 1:193-195) Murias. Total: 325,634 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari Chatla An itinerant caste of Muslims, found in parts of 1909, 1:264-266) Gujarat. They are carriers and woodcutters. They bury their Brahma Kshatri A small caste found in Gujarat. They are dead in a standing position. (Campbell 1899, 86) mostly scribes and government servants. (Campbell 1901, Chaudhri A large Hindu tribe found in District, 55-59; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:208-212) southern Gujarat. Most of them are farmers or farm laborers. Buna (Banua, Buno) A group of castes or tribes found in Total: 177,155 in 1971. (Shah 1984) Bangladesh. They were probably members of distinct tribes A small caste of laborers and village watchmen (e.g., Santal, Oraon, Bhuiya) who wandered eastward looking in the Chhattisgarh area of Madhya Pradesh. They are Hindu for farm-laboring jobs. (Risley 1891, 1:163-164) and vegetarian, and they appear to have adopted their name Bundela Rajput A Rajput caste found in northern from the prestigious Chauhan Rajputs. (Russell and Hira Lal Madhya Pradesh, formerly of great military power, they are 1916, 2:427-429) now cultivators. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:438-440) Chauhan Rajput A Rajput farming caste found from Chadar (Kotwar) A small weaving caste of a few districts Punjab to Madhya Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:207-213, in central India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:400-402) Campbell 1901, 123-125; Rose 1911, 1:155-156; Russell Chain (Chai, Chaini, Barchain) A cultivating and fishing and Hira Lal 1916, 4:443-446) caste, formerly thieves too, who are found from eastern Uttar Chero (Cheru, Churu) A tribe of cultivators, found from Pradesh to western Bangladesh. In the west of this tract they West Bengal to eastern Uttar Pradesh. They speak a Munda cultivate, whereas in Bangladesh they are traders. (Risley language and are Hindus. Some have taken up carting, trad- 1891, 1:166-169; Crooke 1896, 2:167-168) ing, and other occupations. Total: 38,916 in 1971. (Dalton Chakkan A Tamil-speaking caste of oil pressers found in 1872, 121-123; Risley 1891, 1:199-203; Crooke 1896, Ernakulam and Trichur districts in central Kerala. 2:214-222; Mukherjee et al. 1973) (Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 3:367-369) Cheruman (Cherumukkal, Cheruma, Pulayan) A Hindu Chaikiliyan (Chuckler) A caste of Untouchable leather caste of former bonded laborers, found in northern Kerala. workers found in Tamil Nadu. They are Hindus. See also UN- See also Pulluvan. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:45-9 1) TOUCHABLES. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:2-7) Chet-Rami A sect founded in the nineteenth century by Chaliyan A weaving caste found in northern and central one Chet Ram. It was based in Lahore, Pakistan, and ac- Kerala, where they probably immigrated from Tamil Nadu. knowledges the Christian Trinity as well as a Hindu Trinity (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:11-14; Ananthakrishna consisting of Allah, Parameswar, and Khuda (the first and Iyer 1909-1912, 2:115-118) last of these being Islamic terms). (Rose 1911, 1:157-158) Chandal (Chandala, Chanral, Chang, Karral, Nama-Sudra, Chetti (Setti, Chetty) A group of trading and money- Nama, Nishad) A large caste of farmers and boatmen in lending castes, found throughout Tamil Nadu. The article by West Bengal and Bangladesh. They also follow numerous Thurston and Rangachari describes their secret trading lan- urban trades. Most of them are Vaishnavites. (Risley 1891, guage. See also BANIA. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:183-189, 428) 2:91-97) Chandel Rajput A Rajput caste found in northern Chhalapdar (Mujawar) A tiny caste in Delhi, probably re- Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, perhaps related to the cent converts to Islam from Hinduism. (Rose 1911, Gonds. They are Hindu farmers. (Crooke 1896, 2:196-200; 1:160-163) Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:440-443) Chhapparband (Chapparband) A tiny Muslim caste of western Maharashtra who formerly specialized in thatching Charan (Gadhavi, Bahrot, Barath, Barahatta, Mangan) A roofs and making false coinage. They are also found in south- tribe of bards and genealogists, found throughout Gujarat. ern India. The article by Thurston and Rangachari describes Total: 1,700 in 1971. (Campbell 1901, 214-222; Enthoven their techniques. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:16-22; 1920-1922, 1:271-286) Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:286-287) Charandasi A Vaishnavite sect founded in the eighteenth Chhazang Buddhists of Lahul and Spiti District, century by Charan Das, now found in western Uttar Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh, who do not recognize caste; however, Some are mendicants, some merchants. (Crooke 1896, there are three classes among them. They are landowners and 2:201-204) Tibetan in culture. (Rose 1911, 1:164-166) Chasa (Tasa, , Satgop, Alia) A Hindu cultivating (Chhapgar, Chhapagar, Chhimba, Chhipi, caste found in Orissa, West Bengal, and Bangladesh. They Chhimpi, Charhoa, Calender, Rangari, Wannekar, Bhaosar, are mostly Vaishnavite Hindus. (Risley 1891, 1:192-193; Bhavsar, Bhausagar, Bhavasagari, Paungar, Nirali, Nilari, 2:212-214; Crooke 1896, 4:245; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Nilgar) A caste of calico printers and dyers, found in low- 2:424-426; Patnaik 1960b) land Pakistan and in northern, western, and central India, as Chasadhoba (Chasadhopa) A Hindu cultivating and far as northern Andhra Pradesh. Some are Hindus, some

316 Appendix

Jains, some Sikhs, others Muslims. See also Rangrez. (Crooke Pradesh. Some are minor officials, but they refuse to handle 1896, 2:222-227; Campbell 1899, 71-72; 1901, 177-179; the plow. Dahar are an agricultural clan of Jats, found in Rose 1911, 1:166-168; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:429- Punjab Province, Pakistan. (Rose 1911, 1:219; Russell and 431; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:147-151; 3:135-138; Siraj ul Hira Lal 1916, 2:453-457) Hassan 1920, 1:60-65) Dai Not a caste, but the occupational category of midwife. Chibh A Rajput caste of cultivators, found in Punjab and These may be women of Muslim or Hindu castes, often parts of Kashmir. (Rose 1911, 1:169-170) Chamars. Their job is considered polluting. They are found Chingathan A tribe found in Cannanore District in north- all over northern and central India. (Risley 1891, 1:210-212) em Kerala. Their main occupation is collecting wild honey. Dakaut (Dak-putra, Jotgi, Panda, Dhaonsi) A Brahman (Luiz 1962, 44-46) caste, found in the Punjab. (Rose 1911, 1:134-138) Chishti (Chishtiya) A Muslim sect found in the Punjab Dandasi A Hindu caste of village watchmen, noted also and much of Pakistan. Its founding saint, Abu Ishaq, is ven- for thievery. They are found in Ganjam District, in southern erated by Hindus as well as Muslims. (Crooke 1896, 2:228- Orissa. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:106-111) 230; Rose 1911, 1:171-174) Dangi A cultivating caste found in Sagar District, Madhya Chitrakathi (Hardas) A small caste of religious mendi- Pradesh, and in Jhansi District, Uttar Pradesh. They are Hin- cants, storytellers, and puppeteers, found in Maharashtra and dus. The name probably comes from the word dang, Madhya Pradesh; they are probably related to the Chitaris of meaning 'hill," so they are "hill men." (Crooke 1896, 2:246- central India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:438-440; 252; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:457-463) Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:287-289) Dangri A small caste of melon and vegetable growers, liv- Chitrali A Muslim people who live in Chitral, in the far ing in eastern Maharashtra. Their customs resemble those of north of Pakistan. They are ofvaried castes and occupations, the . (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:463-465) and they are well adapted to the mountain conditions. (Rose 1911, 1:174-181) (Darji, Shimpi, Simpi, Chhipi, Chipollu, Pipavasi, Merai, Meerolu, Sais, Suis, Sutar, Suji, Thalavadi) A Chodhra (Chodhara) A tribe of southern Gujarat, who caste of tailors, found throughout the towns of northwestern practice agriculture. Total: 11,767 in 1971. (Campbell 1901, and central India, as far as Karnataka. The caste appears to be 312-313; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:289-293) of fairly recent origin, and the word darzi is Persian. Many are Churahi People of the Churah area in Chamba District, Hindus of the Namdev sect; others are Muslim. Today some Himachal Pradesh. They are Hindu landowners. (Rose 1911, work as cloth merchants, writers, money changers, or cultiva- 1:210-214) tors. (Crooke 1896, 2:253-259; Campbell 1901, 179-181; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:466-472; Enthoven 1920- Chutia (Deuri-Chutiya, Dibongiya) A Paleo-Mongoloid 1922, 1:295-297; 2:327-331; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:153- tribe found in the easternmost parts of , where they 156; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3: were historically the dominant people. (Saikia 1976) 77-100) Dabgar (Kuppesaz) A caste that contains both Hindus and Muslims and makes rawhide jars for storing certain Dasa A caste of Hindu and Lingayat beggars, found in foods. They are found from Uttar Pradesh to West Bengal. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. (Enthoven 1920-1922, (Crooke 1896, 2:235-236) 1:298) Dadupanthi A Vaishnavite sect founded in the seven- Dasri (Dasari, Tadan) A class ofVaishnavite beggars who teenth century by Dadu, a cotton carder. They are found in form several endogamous groups originally recruited from the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and eastern . (Crooke Telugu- or Kannada-speaking castes. Some catch fish and 1896, 2:236-239) birds, and others are farmers. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:112-119; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:157-161; (Darwesh) A tribe of musicians and beggars, found Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, throughout Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:239-244) 3:101-117) Dafla (Daphla, Dophla, Nishi) A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe Dauri (Daur, Dawari) A farming people found in of cultivators, found in western districts of Arunachal Waziristan, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. They Pradesh. Total: 5,926 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 40-42; Shukla are Muslims. (Rose 1911, 1:225-232) 1959; Fiirer-Haimendorf 1956, 1962) Davre Jogi (Davre Gosavi, Daure Gosavi, Bharadi) A sect Dahait (Dahayat) A large tribe ofvillage watchmen found ofYogis who are professional mendicants. Some now work as in Jabbalpur and neighboring districts of Madhya Pradesh. laborers. They are Hindus, found in central and western They are related to the Kol, and they were once personal at- India. See also Yogi. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:113-117; Siraj tendants and doorkeepers of a king, carrying his mace and, ul Hassan 1920, most importantly, the ceremonial umbrella. Total: 363,215 in 1:278-281) 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:444-453) Demala-Gattara A farming and laboring caste found in Daharia (Dahar) A small caste claiming descent from western Sri Lanka. (Ryan 1953) Rajputs and found in Bilaspur and Raipur districts, Madhya Depala A caste ofwestern Gujarat, related to the .

Appendix 317

They are Hindu household servants and shopkeepers. Dheda (Dhed) A large caste perhaps descended from local (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:299-301) tribes in Gujarat. They were once spinners and weavers of cotton, but they are now small farmers. (Campbell 1901, Deshastha Brahman (Deshasth, Grihastha, Bhikshuk) A 338-345; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:322-328; Stevenson Marathi-speaking Brahman caste, found in Maharashtra and 1930) Kamataka. Many of them (Grihasthas) are householders with the usual urbanjobs, such as clerk, moneylender, school- Dhimal (Dhemal, Maulik) A Tibeto-Burman-speaking teacher; but some (Bhikshuks) are religious mendicants. tribe found near Darjeeling and in the eastern districts of (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:244-245; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, Nepal. They are farmers and cattle keepers, but some fish, or 1:108-111) pick tea near Darjeeling. (Risley 1891, 1:225-228) Devadasi (Dasi, Bogam, Bhogam, Varangana, Calavantina, Dhoba A small caste of priests and cultivators, found in Colvonta, Kasban, Kasbi, Kalawant, Pathura Dawaru, Mandla District, Madhya Pradesh. They probably had a Tawaif, Patar, Patoriva, Patur, Paturiya, Kanchan, Dravidian tribal origin. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Bailadeira) A matrilineal caste offormer dancing girls, mu- 2:515-518) sicians, and prostitutes, speaking the various regional lan- guages. ("Bailadeira" is the Portuguese term.) They are Hin- Dhobi (Dhoba, Dhupi, Dhobhi, Warthi, Warathi, Madiyal, dus, still to be found throughout India even though their Baretha, Chakla, Chakala, Sakala, Tsakala, Rajak, Ramdu, occupations have changed. Girls were recruited into the caste Agesaru, Parit) A large Hindu caste cluster ofprofessional by being dedicated to temples by their parents; and their chil- washermen. The word dhobi is universally used in India for dren became members of this caste by matrilineal descent. this occupation, and the caste is widespread throughout the Their sons were commonly temple musicians. In some areas country. Some have adopted cultivation. See also Agasa, (e.g., Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh) there were both Vannan. (Risley 1891, 1:229-236; Crooke 1896, 2:288-296; Hindu and Muslim Bogams. (Crooke 1896, 4:364-371; Campbell 1901, 228-230; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:125-153; Russell and Hira 2:168-169; 7:197-202; Rose 1911, 1:239; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:373-384; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:91-95; Feio Lal 1916, 2:519-527; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:329-330; 1979, 91-98; Marglin 1985) 3:174-177; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:143-148) Devanga (Devangalu, Devang, Devra, Jyandra, Jad, Koshti, (Dhodi, Dhundia) A tribe of southern Gujarat, Hatkar, Devanga Sale, Sali, Myatari) A caste of weavers who work as farm laborers. Total: 379,895 in 1971. (Camp- found all over central and southern India, from Maharashtra bell 1901, 314-316; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:330-336) to Kerala. They speak Telugu, Kannada, or Marathi; most are Dhor (Dohor) A tanning caste of Maharashtra, now wide- Shaivites. Some have taken to farming, carpentry, or ma- spread in western and central India. They speak Marathi and sonry. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:154-166; are Shaivite Untouchables; but some are Lingayats. (Russell Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 3:369-374; Enthoven and Hira Lal 1916, 1:361; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:336-340; 1920-1922, 1:301-310; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:162-165; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:171-176) Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:118-138) A Muslim caste who wash for gold in Gujarat. (Campbell 1899, 86-87) Dewar A small Dravidian-speaking caste ofmusicians and professional beggars, found in the Chhattisgarh area of Dhund A Muslim caste of Punjab Province, Pakistan. Madhya Pradesh. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:472-477) They are primarily herdsmen. (Rose 1911, 1:240-241) Dhakar A small caste found in the Bastar area of Orissa. Dhuniya (Dhuna, , Katera, , Naddaf) A In 1911 their population was only 5,500, but almost two- caste of cotton carders, found in Uttar Pradesh. Most are thirds were female. The caste consists mainly of farm labor- Muslim but some are Hindu. (Crooke 1896, 2:297-301) ers. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:477-480) Dhuri A small caste of the Chhattisgarh area in Madhya Dhanuk (Dhanak) An agricultural caste, mainly found in Pradesh, who parch rice or follow other occupations, includ- Bihar, in Uttar Pradesh, and in Narsimhapur District, ing that of household servant. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Madhya Pradesh. Many people work as musicians at wed- 2:527-530) dings, as village watchmen, and household servants. The Dhurwa (Dhuru, Dharua) A tribe found in Bastar Dis- women are midwives. (Risley 1891,1:220-222; Crooke 1896, trict, in southeast Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa. Total: 8,791 2:271-276; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:484-487) in 1971. (Thusu 1965) Dhanwar (Dhenuar, Dhanuhar) A tribe of Bilaspur Dis- trict, in eastern Madhya Pradesh. They speak a dialect of Didayi An agricultural, Munda-speaking tribe of Koraput Chhattisgarhi and work as hunters, gatherers, laborers, and District, in southern Orissa. Total: 2,164 in 1971. (Guha et cultivators. They worship in a Hindu manner and bury their al. 1968) dead. Total: 24,170 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Dikshit (Dikhit, Dikhshit) A caste of Brahman priests, 2:488-501) widespread in northern India. They are especially employed Dharkar (Bentbansi) A section of the eastern , to initiate Hindu boys. The name is also applied to a clan of found in much of Uttar Pradesh. They are Hindu cultivators. Rajputs found in Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:305-309) (Crooke 1896, 2:279-288) Dogar A Muslim caste found in Punjab Province, Paki-

318 Appendix stan, and eastward into Uttar Pradesh. They are farmers and and fishermen; they include Samvedi Christians, Koli Chris- former cattle thieves, supposedly derived from the Chauhan tians, Vadvals, and Salsette Christians. The term 'East In- Rajputs. (Crooke 1896,2:310-312; Rose 1911,1:244-246) dian" has sometimes been used indiscriminately in North America to distinguish all South Asians from American Indi- Dogra An inhabitant of the Dugra area in Jammu and ans. (Baptista 1967) Kashmir. They are mainly Hindu Rajputs. (Rose 1911, 1:246) Edanadan Chetti A farming tribe of Ernad Taluk in Malappuram District, northern Kerala. (Gopalan Nair 1911, Doluva A caste found in Ganjam District, southern Orissa, who claim to be descended from the former kings by 53-55) their concubines. They are Vaishnavites. (Thurston and Elma A section of the Reddis who are household servants. Rangachari 1909, 2:171-173) See also REDDL (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:342-343) Domara (Dom, Dome, Doom, Domban, Dombara, Dumar, Erakala (Yerukala, Yerukula, Kaikadi, Korwah) A nomadic Dombo, Domra, Dombari, Dombar, Domar, Domahra, Gypsy tribe ofAndhra Pradesh, who used to subsist by stealing, Domri, Dummna, Dum, Dhangad, Reddi Domara, Reddi begging, telling fortunes, and making baskets. They also used to Dhora, Kolhati) A vagrant tribe of acrobats and jugglers, traffic in their women. Total: 162,560 in 1971. See also formerly dacoits or brigands, found throughout central and PEIUPATETCS. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:606-608; Siraj ul northern India, from Uttar Pradesh to West Bengal, and in Hassan 1920, 1:185-195; Parthasarathy 1988) Nepal. They freely admit recruits from other castes. The Eravallan (Eravallar, Eravallen, Yeravallar, Villu Vedan) women are also entertainers and prostitutes. Some families A tribe found in Palghat and Emakulam districts, in central have taken to agriculture, trade, lending money, or making Kerala, and the nearby Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu. mats. Total: 5,254 in 1971. (Risley 1891, 1:240-251; Crooke They have an animistic religion and work as hunters or culti- 1896, 2:312-342; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:173- vators. Total: 678 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 190; Rose 1911, 1:250; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:237-243; 2:210-217; Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 1:43-50; Luiz Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:176-181; Nanjundayya and 1962, 47-51) Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936,3:139-174; Bishop 1990) Ezhuva (Izhava, Izhuva, Irava, Illavan) A large and wide- Donga Dasari A formerly criminal caste, found in Bellary spread caste ofsouthern Kerala, possibly immigrants from Sri District, Karnataka. They accept hypergamous marriages with Lanka, who cultivate and also practice several trades and Kabbera girls. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909,2:191-194) urban professions. They were formerly toddy tappers. There Dorla A tribe found in Bastar District, in southeast may be as many as five million today. (Ananthakrishna Iyer Madhya Pradesh. (Hazra 1970) 1909-1912, 1:277-341; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:392-418; Aiyappan 1965) Dosadh (Dosadha, Dusadh, Dhari, ) A caste found Fakir () A widespread brotherhood of wandering in Bihar and West Bengal, who are watchmen, messengers, Muslim mendicants. In theological terms and appearance, it and grooms. (Risley 1891, 1:252-258) is not always possible to distinguish them from Hindu (Talavia, Halpati) A large tribe of southern Sadhus, and some are converts from Hinduism. They are Gujarat, who work as farmers and were formerly bonded la. more prevalent in Pakistan, northern and central India, and borers. Total: 408,226 in 1971. (Campbell 1901, 316-318; Bangladesh than in other parts of the subcontinent. Their Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:341-347; Shah 1958; Breman name comes from the Arabic word fakr, "poverty"; some 1974) groups are celibate, while others marry. Most ofthe marrying groups or orders are not strictly endogamous. (Risley 1891, Dudekula (Panjari, Panjukotti) A Muslim caste of cotton 1:262; Campbell 1899, 19-20; Rose 1911, 1:253-254; carders, who retain sundry Hindu practices. They are found Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:537-540; Siegel 1991) in Andhra Pradesh. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:194-202) Gabit (Konkani ) A caste of Goa and nearby coastal districts, mainly fishermen and sailors. (Thurston and Dudwala (Gadit) A Muslim caste of milkmen, converted Rangachari 1909, 2:242; Enthoven 1920-1922,1:347-350) from Hinduism; some are carters. They are found in Gujarat. (Campbell 1899, 35) Gadaria (Gadri, Gareri, Gadariya, Garariya, Gaderiya, Ganreriya, Bhenrihar, Bharvad) A large caste of Hindu Dumal An agricultural caste of Sambalpur District, shepherds and weavers widespread in northern, western, and Orissa. They are Oriya-speaking Vaishnavites. (Russell and central India. Many now keep cattle and sell dairy produce. Hira Lal 1916, 2:530-537) Their three subcastes, Nikhar, Dhengar, and Barmaiyan, are Durava (Chandos) A caste of toddy tappers found in Sri of differential status. Gadarias not only breed goats and Lanka. (Ryan 1953) sheep but also weave woolen blankets. (Risley 1891, 1:271- 274; Crooke 1896, 2:361-369; Campbell 1901, 267-285; Dusadh (Khasiya Rajput) A tribe found in eastern Uttar Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:3-9; Enthoven 1920-1922, Pradesh. They are farm laborers and village watchmen, and 1:118-122, 350-352) are Hindus. they (Crooke 1896, 2:346-358) Gadba (Garaba, Gadaba) A Munda-speaking tribe of la- East Indian A Roman Catholic community of mixed ori- borers and cultivators, found in Bastar District, Madhya gin found in the environs of Bombay. They are cultivators Pradesh, in Koraput District, Orissa, and in Vishakhapatnam

Appendix 319

District, Andhra Pradesh. Their worship is Hindu, and they Gandharv (Gandharb) A caste of singers, dancers, and bury their dead. Total: 75,430 in 1971. (Thurston and prostitutes, found in three districts of Uttar Pradesh. Rangachari 1909, 2:242-252; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, (Crooke 1896, 2:379-383) 3:9-14; Thusu and Jha 1969) Gandhmal (Thanapati) A small caste ofvillage priests in Gaddi (Gadi) A tribal group found in Himachal Pradesh, Orissa. "Thanapati" means "master of the sacred place." some of whom are Hindus, others Muslims. They claim de- They are related to the Malis or gardeners. (Russell and Hira scent variously from Brahmans, Thakurs, Rajputs, and oth- Lal 1916, 3:17-19) ers. They keep large flocks of sheep and goats. Total: 50,685 Gangari A caste of Brahmans who are found in Uttar in 1971. (Rose 1911, 1:255-271; Newell 1960, 1967) Pradesh on the banks of the Ganges and who work as priests Gaduliya Lohar A Hindu nomadic tribe found in and farmers. (Crooke 1896, 2:389-391) Rajasthan. They work as blacksmiths and castrate bulls; they Gangeddu (Gangeddulu, Erudandi, Perumal Madukkaran) may originally have been Rajputs. (Ruhela 1968) A caste of Vaishnavite mendicants who wander around ex- Gahala-Berava A caste of former executioners, found in hibiting bulls in Andhra Pradesh. (Thurston and Rangachari Sri Lanka. Today they are cultivators and prostitutes. (Ryan 1909, 2:258-263) 1953) Gangota (Gangauta) A cultivating caste found in Bihar, Gaharwar Rajput (Gahadawala, Gherwal Rajput) A near the Ganges. They are Hindus. (Risley 1891, 1:268-269) small Rajput caste found in the Chhattisgarh area of eastern Ganiga (Gandla) A Kannada-speaking caste of oil pressers, Madhya Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:371-373; Russell and found in Karnataka. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:263- Hira Lal 1916, 4:446-448) 268; Nanjundaya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, Gakkhar A prominent Muslim caste of Punjab Province, 3:186-196) Pakistan, who are soldiers and farmers. (Rose 1911, Ganrar A boating, trading, and fishing caste of Bangla- 1:274-277) desh. They are Hindus. (Risley 1891, 1:270) Gamadi () A caste of masons found in western Garpagari A caste of village servants employed to avert India and a section of the Reddis who are masons. Some of hail damage magically. They are found mainly in eastern those in Gujarat are Muslims. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Maharashtra and western Madhya Pradesh. (Russell and Hira 3:342-343; Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:363-367) Lal 1916, 3:19-24) (Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi, Tadvi, Tetaria, Gauda (Gaudo, Gauddes, Gowder) A very large caste of , , Vasave, Valvi) A large tribe of farmers Hindu cultivators, found throughout Karnataka and Goa, and and woodcutters, found in eastern Gujarat. Total: 405,588 in closely related to the Okkaligas; some are Lingayats. The term 1971. (Campbell 1901, 318-319) is also applied to the majority phratry of the Badagas, who are Gammala A caste of toddy tappers and liquor sellers, in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu. See also Okkaliga. found in Andhra Pradesh. They are Hindus. (Thurston and (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:269-272; Krishna Iyer Rangachari 1909, 2:253-257) 1948, 71-74; Srinivas 1952; Feio 1979, 76-85) Gam Vakkal (Gamgauda) A cultivating caste of Uttar Gaudo A herding caste found in Ganjam District, south- Kannad District, in Karnataka. Some are farm laborers, while ern Orissa. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:273-276) others are in the timber business. (Enthoven 1920-1922, Gaur (Gauda) One of the five divisions of Brahmans 1:352-354) found in north India. (Crooke 1896, 2:393-399) Ganda (Gandi, Gandia, Pan, Panwa, Panr, Pao, Pab, Panka, Gauria (Ghara) A small caste of snake charmers and jug- Panika, , Chil-Baraik, Baraik, Mahato, Sawasi, Tanti) glers, related to the Gonds. They are only found in the Chhat- A large Untouchable caste or tribe of the eastern Gangetic tisgarh area of eastern Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. But the Plain, traditionally weavers, laborers, and musicians; they are name "Gauriya" is also applied to a Vaishnavite sect ofBengali Hindus and speak a Dravidian language. Remarkably, if their origin, otherwise known as 'Bangali Gusain." (Crooke 1896, girls were not married by the advent of puberty, they were 2:403-404; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:24-26) wedded to a spear stuck in the ground and then given away to anybody. Total: 104,390 in 1971. (Risley 1891, 2:155-159; Gaur Rajput (Chamar Gaur) A Rajput caste found in Crooke 1896, 4:113-118; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:14- Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:399- 17; 4:324-329) 402; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:448-450) (Gandhabania, Putuli) A caste of drug- Gavada (Mith Gavada) A Maratha caste originally of salt gists, spice sellers, and grocers, found in Bangladesh and makers, who are now mostly farmers, laborers, petty traders, West Bengal. Most of them are Vaishnavites. (Risley 1891, or carters. They are found in the coastal districts around Goa, 1:265-267) from North Ratnagiri to Uttar Kannad. See also MARATHA. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:359-363) Gandharia Originally a caste ofsailors, these people ofthe Kathiawar Peninsula in Gujarat are now tile makers. Some Gavli (Gouli, Gauliga, Dongore) A herding caste found in make ropes, weave, paint, or work as carpenters; they are a parts of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, and central India; tiny Hindu caste. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:355-356) they now sell dairy produce, though a few farm. They are

320 Appendix

Lingayats. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:367-373; Siraj ul great shepherd tribal cluster, numbering several million. They Hassan 1920, 1:196-200; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna are Hindus and are found throughout central and western Iyer 1928-1936, 3:514-515; Feio 1979, 85-90) India. They deal in cattle and sheep, weave blankets, and sell Ghadi A small caste of soothsayers, found on the coast of dairy products and medicines. Partial total: 192,234 in 1971. Karnataka. They also work as farmers and laborers. (Risley 1891, 1:219, Crooke 1896, 2:263-271; Thurston and (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:374-375) Rangachari 1909, 2:284-296; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:480-484; 3:35-38, 342-343; Enthoven 1920-1922, Ghadshi A small caste of hereditary musicians, found in 1:311-321; 2:9-13, 56-60; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:166-170, northern Karnataka. Many receive payments from temples 204-215; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928- they are attached to; they also work as farmers or farm labor. 1936, 3:197-218, 507-513) ers. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:375-376) Gond-Gowari A small caste of mixed Gond and Gowari Ghasia (Ghasiya, Ghasi, Sais, Syce) A Hindu caste of ancestry; they are cultivators and laborers. Some marry northern and central India. Their occupation is to groom women from certain other castes. They are mainly found in horses, cut grass for them, and perform music at festivals; eastern Maharashtra. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3: some are cultivators or fishermen. (Risley 1891, 1:277-279; 143-144) Crooke 1896, 2:408-419; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 1:403; 3:27-32) Gondhali (Gondaliga) An order of wandering musicians, dancers, and beggars found in western and central India; they Ghermedi A caste of Muslim farmers located from are Hindus. Some people leave their castes and become Bombay north to Sindh, in Pakistan. Their name indicates Gondhalis to fulfill a vow. See also SADHU. (Thurston and that they disbelieve in the coming Mahdi, a prophet who will Rangachari 1909, 2:296-297; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, establish divine justice on earth prior to the ending of the 3:144-147; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:13-17; Siraj ul Hassan world. (Campbell 1899, 62-64) 1920, 1:233-236; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer Ghirth A caste ofcultivators in Kangra District, Himachal 1928-1936, 3:243-249) Pradesh. They are Hindu Rajputs. (Rose 1911, 1:287-295) Gone (Goniga) A section of the Reddis; they make sacks. Ghisadi (Baiti Kamara, Bailne Kumbar) A caste of itiner- They are found in Andhra Pradesh and around Bangalore. ant tinkers and knife grinders. Gujarati is their language, but See also Janappan. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:342-343; they are found throughout western and central India. Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, (Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:3-5; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1: 3:250-253) 201-203) Gonsavi (Motcare, Zogui) A caste of cultivators and Ghosi A herding caste found in northern and central carters, found in Goa. (Feio 1979, 75-76) India. In northern India they are Muslim converts, whereas in Gopal (Borekar) A small wandering criminal caste, now Madhya Pradesh nearly all are Hindus. (Crooke 1896, 2:419- professional acrobats, street entertainers, and buffalo dealers, 421; Rose 1911, 1:297; Russell and Hira Lal 1916,3:32-35) found in western and central India. They are Hindus; some Goan (Goanese, Luso-Indian) Inhabitants of Goa, which speak Marathi, others Gujarati. See also PERIPATETICS. (Russell is a small Union Territory on the west coast of India (and a and Hira Lal 1916, 3:147-149; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:17- former Portuguese colony). Their numbers are about 1.5 mil- 19; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:237-239) lion (1991), but they are also found today in many other In- Gorait (Korait, Baikar) A Hindu tribe of musicians, comb dian cities, and a few live in Lisbon. They are especially nu- makers, and cotton carders, found in central Bihar and West merous in the Bombay area, where they are esteemed as Bengal. Total: 3,720 in 1971. (Risley 1891, 1:297-299) cooks. Goanese are nearly all Roman Catholics, bear Portu- guese surnames, and are part Portuguese, part Konkani in an- Gosain (Gusain, Gosayi, Goswami) A caste of religious cestry. (Feio 1979) mendicants widespread in India. They are related to the Sadhus or Sannyasis, but, unlike members of those groups, Gola (Rana) A caste of rice pounders, found throughout they are usually married. See also SADHU. (Crooke 1896, Gujarat State. (Campbell 1901, 183-186; Enthoven 1920- 2:469-472; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:298-300; 1922, 2:6-9) Rose 1911, 1:303-305; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Golak Brahman (Govardhan) A Brahman caste of cen- Iyer 1928-1936, 3:254-259) tral Maharashtra. They have a variety of professions, being Goundala (Gouda, Idiga, Kalal) A toddy-making and priests to the Kunbis as well as astrologers, hereditary village liquor-selling caste found in northern Andhra Pradesh. (Siraj accountants, moneylenders, and farmers. (Enthoven 1920- ul Hassan 1920, 1922, 1:245; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:116-117) 1:240-247) Gowari A large herding caste of eastern Maharashtra, re- Golapurab An agricultural caste, found only in Agra Dis- lated to Ahirs. They are Hindus, for whom ancestor worship trict, Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 2:422-430) is important. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:160-165) Golla (Gollam, Golar, Gol, Gola, Gulla, Gullar, Uru Golla, Gollarajulu, Gollewar, Dhangar, Dhangad, Dhanka, Dhangar Goyigama The dominant cultivating caste in Sri Lanka. Mahratta, Kacha Gauliga, Gavada, Gavali, Gauliga, Golkar, (Ryan 1953; Leach 1968; Obeyesekere 1974) Yadava-kula, Krishna-kula, Krishna Golla, Hanbar) A Gudikara (Gudigar, Gudigara, Rathakara, Gauda

Appendix 321

Chitrakara) A tiny caste of sandalwood carvers, found in Kannad District, Karnataka; some work as farm laborers. Goa and in northern Karnataka. (Thurston and Rangachari (Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:47-56) 1909, 2:302-306; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:20-21; Halwai (Mithiya) A caste of confectioners who have Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, shops in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh. They 3:260-269) are Vaishnavites. (Risley 1891, 1:310-313; Crooke 1896, Gujarati Brahman (Gurjara Brahman, Brahman, 2:481-490; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:201-204) Gujrati Brahman, Bias, Byas Brahman) A Brahman caste Handi Jogs (Pandi Jogulu, Handichikka, Pakanati Jogi, found in northern India and originally from Gujarat They are Mandula Jogi, Pandula Gollalu, Mandula Gollalu) A class Shaivites and work in a variety of professions. (Crooke 1896, of Telugu-speaking beggars, who also practice pig breeding 2:455-466; Rose 1911, 1:140-141, 318; Enthoven 1920- and herbal medicine. They are peripatetics, found in Andhra 1922, 1:216-225) Pradesh and Karnataka. See also PERIPATETICS. (Thurston and Gulgulia A wandering tribe of beggars, gleaners, and Rangachari 1909, 2:323-324; Nanjundayya and Anantha- thieves, who also hunt and sell herbal drugs. They are found krishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:489-501) in Bihar and have an animistic religion. (Risley 1891, Hannali A small caste oftailors found in Sri Lanka. (Ryan 1:301-303) 1953) Gunlodu (Nilbandhu) A section of the Bhoi group of Harakantra A small caste of fishermen, found on the castes, found in northernmost Andhra Pradesh. They are coast ofUttar Kannad District, Karnataka. (Enthoven 1920- fishermen, whose name means 'those of the riverbank." 1922, 2:61-67) (Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:82) Hari (Har-Santan, Bhuimali, Mihtar) An Untouchable Gurao (Gurav) A caste of village priests in Maharashtra. scavenger caste, found in Bengal. Theirwomen are often mid- They claim to have formerly been Brahmans, worship Shiva, wives. (Risley 1891, 1:314-316) and wear the sacred thread; some are Jains. and Hira (Russell Harni An ex-criminal tribe found in Punjab Province, Pa- Lal 1916, 3:175-181; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:22-34) kistan. They were expert burglars, but they now follow other Gurava (Shiva Gurava) A caste of garland makers and occupations. (Rose 1911, 1:327-329) musicians of eastern Maharashtra. (Siraj ul Hassan 1920, Hasalar (Hasalaru, Hasala, Haslar, Hulsavar, Hasula, Agni 2:600-602) Honnappana Matadavaru) A tribe found in northern parts Habura A caste of peripatetic thieves, found in Uttar of Karnataka. Many have been bonded laborers. Total: Pradesh. See also PERIPATETICS. (Crooke 1896, 2:473-481) 11,213 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909,2:324-326; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:67-68; Nanjundayya and Haddi (Hadi) A Hindu caste whose members play drums Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:296-308) in Orissa. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:313-320) Hati A caste of Kathiawar District, in northern Gujarat. Haihaya Rajput (Haihaivansi, Kalachuri) A Rajput caste They are Hindus, working as farm laborers. (Enthoven 1920- found in eastern Madhya Pradesh. (Russell and Hira Lal 1922, 2:68-71) 1916, 4:450-452) Hatkrar (Hatgar, Bargi Dhangar) A small caste of Halba (Halbi) A large tribe of farm laborers, found in Yavatmal District, in eastern Maharashtra. Formerly soldiers, Raipur and Bastar districts ofeastern Madhya Pradesh. Total: they are now hunters and farmers. (Russell and Him Lal 180,579 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:182-201) 1916, 3:204-206; Simj ul Hassan 1920, 1:248-255) Hale Paika (Halepaik, Hakkipikki, Divaru, Billava, Billoru, Havik Brahman (Embran, Havig, Havika, Haiga, Tulu Billuvaru) A tribe found in northern and central Brahman) A Brahman caste of western Karnataka and Karnataka, who practice agriculture and toddy tapping. Some northern Kerala. They work as temple priests, cooks, garden- have been hunters or timber cutters. Total: 2,561 in 1971. ers, and especially spice growers, and theirwomen work in the (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 1:243-252; 2:320-322; gardens. They are both Shaivites and Vaishnavites. Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:34-44; Nanjundayya and (Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 3:344-345; Enthoven Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 2:288-296; 3:278-295; 1920-1922, 1:252-254; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Mann 1980) Iyer 1928-1936, 2:542-549) Hallikar (Hallikararu, Hallikar Okkaliga) A caste ofculti- Helava (Helav, Pichchuguntavallu, Mallabhatlu) A caste vators, found in southern Karnataka. They have also been ofbeggars (literally "cripples"), who traditionally begged only employed as servants and postal runners by government. from Okkaligas in return for telling their family histories, of (Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, which they were the custodians. They are found throughout 3:270-277) Karnataka. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:328; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:72-74; Nanjundayya and Hallir (Halleer) A caste ofhereditary musicians, employed Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:309-319) at marriages, and found in Uttar Kannad District, Karnataka. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:44-46) Hena (Henaya, Rada, Dhoby) A caste of laundrymen found in Sri Lanka. See also Dhobi, Hinna. (Ryan 1953; Halvakki Vakkal A cultivating caste found only in Uttar Leach 1968)

322 Appendix

Hinna Another caste of laundrymen found in the low man astrologers. The term 'Jadua," meaning "magic," refers country of Sri Lanka. They also weave baskets. See also to their traditional trick ofclaiming to be able to turn metals Dhobi, Hena. (Ryan 1953) into gold or find buried treasure. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:219-222) Ho (Larka Kol, Larka Kolh) A Munda-speaking tribe of cultivators, found in Singhbhum District, Bihar; a few live in Jaintia (Jyntia, Jayantia, Pnar, Sin-teng) A Paleo. West Bengal. Total: 538,124 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 176- Mongoloid tribe of cultivators, found in eastern districts of 206; Risley 1891, 1:319-335; Chatterjee and Das 1927; Das Meghalaya. (Dalton 1872, 60-61; Rymbai 1969) Gupta 1981) Jalap An agricultural Hindu caste, found in Punjab Prov- Holeya (Holaya, Holar, Poleya, Valer, Adi-Dravida, Balagai, ince, Pakistan. (Rose 1911, 1:350-351) Chalvadi, Kulavadi) A widespread Untouchable Chalavadi, Jalari A caste of fishermen and former palanquin bearers, caste found in Karnataka, Kerala, and parts of Tamil Nadu. found from Ganjam to Vishakhapatnam districts, in eastern are Hindus who work as farm and plantation laborers; for- They Andhra Pradesh. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, merly they were bonded laborers. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:329-351; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:74-81; Nanjun- 2:442-446) dayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:320-352; Janappan A caste whose members make sacks from hemp. Krishna Iyer 1948, 29-37; Srinivas 1952) They are found in northern Tamil Nadu and Andhra 1909, Holia A small caste who claim relationship with Gollas or Pradesh. See also Gone. (Thurston and Rangachari Ahirs. They were traditionally drummers and leather workers. 2:447-450) They are found in central India. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Jangama (Jangam) An order ofwandering Lingayat monks, 3:212-213) found throughout much of India. They eat only in the houses Hunu A caste of lime burners found in Sri Lanka. (Ryan of Lingayats. See also LINGAYAT. (Crooke 1896, 3:16-20; 1953) Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:222-224) Husaini Brahman (Musalman Brahman) A caste of Janjua A Rajput caste found in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Hindu beggars and astrologers who beg in the name of They are farmers. (Rose 1911, 1,353-356) Husain, the prophet Mohammed's grandson. They adopt Jarawa A hostile fishing, foraging, and gardening tribe of such Islamic tenets as are not contrary with Hinduism, and the South Andaman and Rutland Islands. (Radcliffe-Brown they are found in Gujarat, Delhi, and Punjab. The men dress 1922, 11-19; Sarkar 1990) like Muslims and the women like Hindus. (Crooke 1896, 2:499; Campbell 1899, 22; Rose 1911, 1:141-142) Jati (Yati, Sewara) A class of mendicant Jain priests, found in northern India. See also JAIN. (Crooke 1896, 3:52-55) Idaiyan A large shepherd caste, found in Tamil Nadu; many now follow diverse other occupations. (Thurston and Jaunsari A tribe found in the hills of Jaunsar-Bawar, Rangachari 1909, 2:353-366) northern Uttar Pradesh. Total: 56,699 in 1971. (Majumdar 1962) Idiga (Idigar) A toddy-tapping caste found throughout southern Karnataka. They are mainly Vaishnavites. Jetti (Malla Kshatriya, Chanura Malla) A caste of profes- (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:366-368; Nanjundayya sional wrestlers, found in Andhra Pradesh and southern and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:353-377) Karnataka. Their methods are described in the article by Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer. (Thurston and Injhwar A caste of farm laborers and fishermen, found in Rangachari 1909,, 2:456-460; Nanjundayya and eastern Maharashtra and central Madhya Pradesh. Some of Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:472-482) their women work as midwives. One section, the Sonjharias, wash for gold. See also Sonar. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Jhadi Telenga A small caste of Bastar District, in eastern 3:213-217) Madhya Pradesh. Their name means 'Telugus of the jun- gles." They are Hindus who work as farmers or farm laborers. Inhabitants of Iran, now usually the Iranian (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:238-242) Zoroastrians who arrived in India in the nineteenth century (and are therefore distinct from ). An endogamous Jhinwar (Ihiwar, Jhir, Kahar, Sodia, Mahra) A fishing, urban group, many of them now run restaurants. The term basket-making, and porter caste ofthe Punjab. They are both has also been used for peripatetics wandering between India Hindus and Muslims. (Rose 1911, 1:381-387) and Turkey. See also PARsI. (Rose 1911, 1:335) Jingar (Karajkar, Karanjkar, Lohar, jadar, Chitrakar, Chitari, Iraqi (Iraki, Ranki, Raki, Kalal) A Muslim caste found in Chiter, Maharana, Dalsingar, Digwan, Tambatkar, Darji, northern India. They are mostly shopkeepers. (Crooke 1896, Nakash Maistri) A Hindu caste of saddlers who now work 3:1-8) as goldsmiths, carpenters, tailors, painters, wood-carvers, farriers, and metal, stone, or silk workers: hence their many Jadam A caste of western Madhya Pradesh. They are culti- ethnonyms. They were especially known as mural artists in vators and farm laborers. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Nagpur City. Evidently of mixed origin, they speak Marathi, 3:217-219) Hindi, or Telugu and are widespread in central India, includ- Jadua-Brahman Jaduah-Brahman) A caste of confi- ing Karnataka. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 2:432-438; dence men, who probably originated in another caste ofBrah- Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:99-103; Siraj ul Hassan 1920,

Appendix 323

1:273-277; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928- Kachhi A large Hindu caste of vegetable and tobacco 1936, 3:483-488) growers. They use irrigation for commercial-scale production, and they are to be found in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Johari (Jouhari, Joharia, Javheri, Javeri, Zaveri, Ramayye, Pradesh, especially in cities. Formerly they grew opium. Manyari) A small caste of peddlers and jewelers, found in (Crooke 1896, 3:77-86; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:285- central Maharashtra and some more easterly districts. They 288; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:119-12 1; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, are Hindus, yet also honor the Sikh Guru Nanak. The names 2:297-299) "Javeri" and "Zaveri" are also applied to wealthy Jain jewelers in Maharashtra. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:104-107; Siraj ul Kachbia (Pastagia, Kunkara) A caste ofHindu fruit sellers Hassan 1920, 1:286-289) and gardeners, found in Gujarat. (Campbell 1901, 153-154; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:121-125) Joiya A Rajput caste found in Punjab Province, Pakistan. They are farmers. (Rose 1911, 1:410-413) Kachhwaha Rajput (Cutchwaha Rajput) A Rajput caste in India. (Crooke 1896, 3:87-90; Joshi (Jyotishi, Bhadri, Budbudki, Budubudiki, found much of northern Budubudikke, Budubudukala, Budubudukki, Dubaduba, Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:453-455) Gibidki, Chudbudki Joshi, Parsai) A small caste of village Kachi Meman (Cutchi Memon, Kachhi, Muamin) An priests, astrologers, peripatetic beggars, and fortune-tellers important and wealthy class ofMuslim merchants widespread found throughout central India. They include both Muslims throughout the cities of India, but originating in Kachchh and Hindus. Russell and Hira Lal explain their astrological District, western Gujarat. See also BANIA. (Russell and Hira knowledge in some detail. (Crooke 1896, 3:64-69; Thurston Lal 1916, 2:440-443) and Rangachari 1909, 1:393-396; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:255-279; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:107-109; Siraj ul Kadar (Kadan, Kadir) A tribe that gathers food in the for- Hassan 1920, 1:290-296; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna ests. They are animists, found in Palghat and Trichur dis- Iyer 1928-1936, 2:550-559) tricts, in central Kerala, and western Tamil Nadu. There is also a cultivating caste named Kadar in southern districts of Juang () A Munda-speaking tribe of cultivators, West Bengal. Total: 1,926 in 1971. (Thurston and found in Singhbhum District, Bihar, and northern Orissa. Rangachari 1909, 3:6-29; Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, Total: 24,384 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 150-156; Risley 1891, 1:1-27; Ehrenfels 1952; Sarkar 1959; Luiz 1962, 59-64; 1:350-355; Roy and Roy 1982) Thundy 1983) Jugi (Jogi) A weaving caste of West Bengal and Bangla. Kader A tribe found in Kozhikode and Cannanore dis- desh, many of whom have now taken up farming or other oc- tricts, in northern Kerala. They cultivate pepper, coffee, and cupations. Most of them are Shaivites. (Risley 1891, rice. (Gopalan Nair 1911, 80-82; Luiz 1962, 65-67) 1:355-360). Kadera (Kandera, Kadhera, Golandaz, Bandar, Hawaidar) Julaha (Julahe, Jolha, Jolaha, Momin, Paoli) A Muslim A small caste of firework makers, found mainly in Nar- caste of weavers, found in much of northern India, Pakistan, simhapur District, central Madhya Pradesh. They are Hindus, and Bangladesh. (Risley 1891, 1:348-350; Crooke 1896, but they worship the Muslim Lukman Hakim, believed by 3:69-72; Rose 1911, 1:413-416; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, them to be the inventor of gunpowder. Kadhera is also re- 3:279-281) ported as a caste of cultivators and boatmen in Uttar Kabir-Panthi A community whose members follow the Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 3:90-91; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, medieval mystic Kabir (1440-1518), probably a Sufi who 3:288-291) combined Hindu and Muslim teachings. They are found in (Kadiya, ) A Hindu and Muslim caste of northern India. (Crooke 1896, 3:73-77; Rose 1911, bricklayers, found in Gujarat. (Campbell 1899, 74; 1901, 1:417-419) 186) Kabuli (Kabuliwallah) Afghan moneylenders who have Kadu Golta (Yadavakuladavaru, Krishnakuladavaru) A settled throughout India. They are not actually from Kabul caste found in southern Karnataka, whose name means 'wild but from Katawaz District, Ghazni Province, and are Sunni cowherds." They are Vaishnavites, who rear animals and Muslims. (Campbell 1899, 13-14) farm. (Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, Kachari (Dimasa, Dimasa Kachari, Semsa, Boro-Boro, 3:219-242) Bodo) A large Paleo-Mongoloid tribe of cultivators, found Kadu Kuruba A general term for the two tribes of Betta in Cachar District, southern Assam, and Nagaland. Total: Kuruba and Jenu Kuruba in southern Karnataka. Partial 853,585 in 1971. (Dalton 1872, 81-87; Endle 1911; total: 14,848 in 1971. See also Kuruba. (Nanjundayya and Gilhodes 1922; Barkataki 1969; Danda and Ghatak 1985) Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 4:68-73) Kachera (Kachara, , ) A caste cluster of Kadupattan A caste of teachers, astrologers, and magi- glass-bangle makers found in Madhya Pradesh, and in Uttar cians found in Ernakulam District, in central Kerala. Pradesh, where they are called Manihar or Churihar. Many of (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 3:30-31; Ananthakrishna the latter have taken to agriculture or deal in hides and horns. Iyer 1909-1912, 2:103-115) Some are Hindu, others Muslim. (Crooke 1896, 2:230-233; 3:473-476; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:281-284; Kafir A generic name for the tribes of Kafiristan, in the 4:193-195) Hindu Kush. They are warriors and cultivators. The name

324 Appendix

means 'infidel," although some are converts to Islam. smiths, and goldsmiths found in central, western, and south- (Robertson 1896; Rose 1911, 1:420-435; Jones 1967) ern India, from northern Andhra Pradesh to Kerala; but in Maharashtra, at least, these five occupational categories form Kaghzi A caste of Muslim paper makers, found around five endogamous groups. They are Hindus. Partial total: , in Gujarat State. (Campbell 1899, 73-74) 36,376 in 1971. (Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 1:342- Kahut An agricultural caste, perhaps Rajput, found in 353; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 3:106-149; Russell and Punjab Province, Pakistan. (Rose 1911, 1:435-436) Hira Lal 1916, 1:373; Enthoven 1920-1922, 3:156-159; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:544-554; Nanjundayya and Kaikolan (Kaikkoolar, Sengunthar Mudaliyar) A caste of Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 4:452-470) Tamil-speaking weavers, found in much of Tamil Nadu and in central Kerala. They make mats, practice palmistry, and are Kanada Brahman (Karnatic Brahman) A landowning often peripatetics. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909,3:31-44; caste of Karnataka and adjoining states. (Siraj ul Hassan Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 3:374-384; Mines 1984) 1920, 1:118-119) Kakkalan (Kakkan, Kakka Kuravan) A peripatetic caste Kanakkan A Tamil-speaking caste of accountants, found found in southern Kerala. They engage in begging, tattooing, throughout northern Tamil Nadu. A clan of this name and palmistry, and other occupations. (Thurston and Rangachari traditional occupation is also found among the Badagas of 1909, 3:44-46) the Nilgiris District. See also BADAGA. (Thurston and Ranga- Kalanady A Hindu tribe found in Kozhikode District, in chari 1909, 3:150-159) Kerala. They are farm laborers. (Luiz 1962, 68-71) Kanaladi A tiny tribe of Ernad Taluk in Malappuram Dis- trict, northern Kerala, who earn their living as oracles, fire Kalanga (Kalingi, Kalinji, Kalingulu) A small cultivating walkers, and "devil dancers." (Gopalan Nair 1911, 95-96) caste of northern Andhra Pradesh and eastern Madhya Pradesh. They are divided into a large number of exogamous Kandha (Kandha Ganda) An agricultural tribe found in totemic groups. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 3:47-52; Koraput District, southern Orissa. Total: 7,185 in 1971. Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:302-305) (Banerjee 1968) Kalar (Kalal, Kalwar) A very large caste ofdistillers, liquor Kanet (Kanaura, Kinner, Kinnara, Kanaurese, Kunawara, sellers, and traders found in northern and central India. The Kinnaurese) An agricultural tribe of Kinnaur and else- article by Russell and Hira Lal gives an outline history ofalco- where in northwestern India. In some areas they are polyan- hol and opium consumption in India. (Risley 1891, 1:385- drous; elsewhere they claim descent from Rajputs. Partial 387; Crooke 1896, 3:106-117; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, total: 35,120 in 1971. (Crooke 1896, 3:133-134; Rose 1911, 3:306-322; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:303-305) 1:456-472; 2:525; Rosser 1960; Chandra 1981) Kallar (Kallan, Pramalai Kallar) Former cattle thieves, Kangra Brahman A Brahman caste, found in northern found in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, where they now Punjab State. (Rose 1911, 1:127-130) farm. They practice circumcision. When hunting deer in the last century, they used to use boomerangs. (Thurston and Kankkar (Kanikar, Kanikaran, Kanikkaran, Kani, Rangachari 1909, 3:53-91; Dumont 1986; Dirks 1987) Kanakkan, Malayarayan) A Hindu tribe of southern Kerala and southern Tamil Nadu, who speak a dialect of Kamar () A metal-working tribe found from Malayalam and farm. Those on the coast are fishermen. They Madhya Pradesh to Bangladesh. They work in all kinds of seem to be related to the Mala Vedan. Total: 14,292 in 1971. metal, including gold. Partial total: 19,758 in 1971. (Risley (Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 1:138-144; Thurston and 1891, 1:388-392) Rangachari 1909, 3:162-177; Krishna Iyer 1937-1941, 1:1- Kamar A small Dravidian-speaking tribe found in eastern 79, 226-265; Luiz 1962, 72-77) Madhya Pradesh. They are Hindus, who formerly practiced Kaniyan (Kanyan, Kalari Panikkan, Panikkan, Ganikan, swidden agriculture but more recently took up basket weaving Kanisan, Kurup, Asan) A tribe of astrologers found in or farm labor. Some were living in caves in the nineteenth much of Kerala and western Tamil Nadu, who were also century. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916,3:323-330; Dube 1951) teachers of martial arts and umbrella makers. Polyandry is Kamboh A cultivating caste found from Punjab Province, common. Total: 1,265 in 1971. (Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909- Pakistan, to western Uttar Pradesh. They are Hindu. (Crooke 1912, 1:185-230; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 3:178- 1896, 3:118-122; Rose 1911, 1:447-446; 2:524) 200; Srinivas 1952) Kami (Kamia) A Hindu caste of blacksmiths found in Kannadiyan A caste of cattle breeders and farmers found Nepal and West Bengal. (Risley 1891, 1:393-395) in northern Tamil Nadu, who were originally from Karnataka. Most ofthem are Lingayats. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, Kamma An agricultural caste found in Andhra Pradesh. 3:200-214) They are Hindus, allied to the Reddis. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 3:94-105) Kanphata (Gorakhnathi, Darshani) A class of religious mendicants, who live by begging and selling amulets. See also Kammalan (Kammala, Kammara, Kamsale, Kamsala, SADHU. (Crooke 1896, 3:153-159) Panchal, Panchala, Panchalan, Nanku Parisha, Panchadayi, Punyavachan, Vishva Brahman, Acharji, Achari) A wide- YKanyaklubja Brahman (Kanaujiya, Kanaujia Brahman) A spread tribe of blacksmiths, carpenters, stonemasons, brass caste of Brahmans originating in Kanauj (ancient -

Appendix 325 yakubja), capital ofthe seventh-century emperor Harsha Var- Emakulam District, central Kerala. (Ananthakrishna Iyer dhana. Those of central India practice hypergamy, eat meat, 1909-1912, 1:261-266) and plow their own lands. In Uttar Pradesh the child of a sec- ond wife can marry the child of the same man's first wife. Kathak (Kathik) A caste of storytellers and musicians, (Crooke 1896, 3:124-129; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, found in Uttar Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 3:172-176) 2:390-391) Kathi (Kathia) A tribe found in Kathiawar District, Gujarat, and in Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh. They are Kapali A Hindu weaving and farming caste of Bangladesh. Hindus, mostly Shaivites; they work as cultivators and farm (Risley 1891, 1:421-423) laborers. The Kathia, cultivators found in the Punjab, seem to Kapariya (Khapariya) A peripatetic tribe found in Uttar be identical to the Kathaioi recorded as being there by the an- Pradesh, who deal in goats and ponies or beg. See also cient Greeks. (Crooke 1896, 3:178-179; Campbell 1901, PERIPATETICS. (Crooke 1896, 3:160-163) 252-262; Rose 1911, 1:482-483; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:164-170) Kappiliyan (Karumpuraththal) A caste of Kannada- speaking farmers, found in southern Tamil Nadu. (Thurston Kathiyara A small caste of bricklayers and carpenters, and Rangachari 1909, 3:215-222) found in Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh. They are Hindus. (Crooke 1896, 3:179-181) Karan (Karama, Karnam, Mahanti) The Hindu writer caste of Orissa; some are found in eastern Madhya Pradesh. Katia (Katwa, Katua) A caste of cotton spinners and vil- Some wear the sacred thread. (Risley 1891, 1:424-426; lage watchmen, found in western districts of Madhya Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:343-345; Mohanti 1975) Pradesh. They are Hindus, who either bum or bury their dead, according to convenience. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Karava The main fishing caste of Sri Lanka. (Ryan 1953; 3:384-388) Raghavan 1962) Katike (Katikilu) A caste of Telugu-speaking butchers, Karavazhi A tribe found in Kottayam District, in central found in Andhra Pradesh. They observe both Muslim and Kerala. They are Hindu farm laborers. (Luiz 1962, 78-81) Hindu customs. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 3: Kare Okkalu A caste related to the Okkaligas, found in 259-261) Uttar Kannad District, northern Karnataka. They are tenant Kadkari (Kathkari, Kathodi, Kathodia) A tribe found in farmers and laborers. See also OTAuGA. (Nanjundayya and the Western Ghats of western Maharashtra and Gujarat. Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 3:504-506) They work as farm laborers or cultivators, or sell firewood and Karhada Brahman (Karhade Brahman, Karhataka Brah- honey. Total: 150,303 in 1971. (Campbell 1901, 319-320; man) A Maratha Brahman caste (named after the town of Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:170-183) Karhad) now found widely in central and western India. They Kavara A Tulu-speaking caste found in northern and cen- are probably related to the Deshashta Brahmans, and many tral Kerala. They do wicker work. (Ananthakrishna Iyer are government officers. Until the nineteenth century, a few 1909-1912, 3:384-386) of them engaged in human sacrifice. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 1:246-247; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:111-115) Kavikara (Kaikara, Malavara) A caste of Sri Lankan fe- male dancers and male chanters, like Indian Devadasis. Karimpalan (Karimbalan) A tribe found in Cannanore (Ryan 1953) and Kozhikode districts, in northern Kerala. They are former hunters and shifting cultivators, who now farm small plots. Kawar (Kanwar, Kur, Kaur, Chewara, Cherwa, Rathia (Gopalan Nair 1911, 77-79; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, Tanwar, Chattri) A large tribe found from eastern Madhya 3:250; Luiz 1962, 82-85) Pradesh to West Bengal. They claim descent from the Kauravas, who are important in the Mahabharata. They are Karna Sale (Seniyan) A Telugu-speaking caste ofweavers, cultivators and farm laborers. Their religion is animistic, with found in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. (Thurston and witchcraft a prominent feature. Total: 417,739 in 1971. Rangachari 1909, 3:252-253) (Dalton 1872, 132-134; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Kasai (Kassab, Are Katika, Katika, Khatik, Lad Kasab, 3:389-403) Suryachelad, Arewaru) A small caste of Muslim butchers, Kayalan A caste of Tamil-speaking Muslims who sell found in central India from Gujarat to Andhra Pradesh. They beads, toys, and other trinkets or act as petty moneylenders. speak Marathi. (Campbell 1899, 74-75; Russell and Hira Lal They are found in Madras and other cities of Tamil Nadu. 1916, 3:346-369; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:163; Siraj ul (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 3:267) Hassan 1920, 1:12-14) Kayasth (Kayashta, Kaith, Kaet, Kaeth, Kait, Kayath, Kaya, Kasta Brahman A small Brahman caste found in central Lala) A large and influential caste ofwriters and village ac- Maharashtra. They are priests, moneylenders, and shopkeep- countants, found throughout northern, western, and eastern ers. (Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 1:119-120) India; they are especially important in Bengal society and in Hyderabad. They occupy a high social position, are Hindus of Kastha A farming caste found in the southern part ofWest the Shakta cult, and possibly originated from some Brahman Bengal. (Risley 1891, 1:431-432) caste. (Dalton 1872, 300-302; Risley 1891, 1:438-453; Katalarayan (Katakoti) A tribe of sea fishermen found in Crooke 1896, 3:184-216; Campbell 1901, 59-68; Rose

326 C5)JJVCIUItA

1911, 1:436-437; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:404-422; Khasiya (Khasa) Name applied to Brahmans and Rajputs Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:184-190; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, found in the hills ofJaunsar-Bawar, northern Uttar Pradesh, 2:322-335; Leonard 1978) and Nepal. (Crooke 1896, 3:253-257; Majumdar 1944, 110- 184; Saksena 1962; Bishop 1990) Kehal A nomadic tribe ofMuslim fishermen, found on the Indus River in Punjab Province, Pakistan. (Rose 1911, Khatik (Sultankar, Alitkar, Pardeshi Alitkar) A Hindu 1:486-488) caste of tanners, skin dyers, mutton butchers, and vegetable sellers. They are found throughout northern and western Kewat (Khewat, Keot, Keyot, Kiot, Khyan, Jaliya, Jele, Jalo, India, and they are usually considered Untouchables. Some, Jalwa, Jeliya, Jalia Kaibartta, Jalia Kaibarta, Kaibartta, however, do employ Brahmans as their priests. (Risley 1891, Kaibartta-Das, Chasi-Das, Halia-Das, Parasar-Das, Dhivara) 1:477; Crooke 1896, 3:257-264; Rose 1911, 1:500-501; A group of castes of fishermen, boatmen, grain parchers, and Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:453-456; Enthoven 1920- cultivators, found from Uttar Pradesh and eastern Madhya 1922, 1:34-37; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:326-327) Pradesh to Bangladesh. Each such caste has its own name (e.g., Bagdi). (Risley 1891, 1:340-342, 375-382, 454-458; Khatri (Khattri, Chhatri) A large Hindu merchant caste Crooke 1896, 3:217-220; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, primarily of the Punjab and Gujarat, but found all over India. 3:422-426) They claim to be of Rajput origin and derive their name from Kshatriya, the second-highest varna. Some are silk weavers in Khairwar (Kherwar, Kharwar, Khaira, Khairwa, Khayra, Kora, Gujarat. (Risley 1891, 1:478-484; Crooke 1896, 3:264-277; Kaora) A Hindu tribe found throughout much of the Campbell 1901, 188-189; Thurston and Rangachari 1909, Gangetic Plain. They are cultivators, pig farmers, catechu mak- 3:282-287; Rose 1911, 1:501-526; Russell and Hira Lal ers, and basket makers; they speak a Munda language and are 1916, 3:456-461; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:205-208; Siraj ul related to the Gonds and Soras. Partial total: 62,909 in 1971. Hassan 1920, 2:328-331) See also GOND; SORA. (Dalton 1872, 123-126; Risley 1891, 1:506-511; Crooke 1896, 3:221-225; Russell and Hira Lal Khattak (Khatak) A tribe ofPathans, found in the North- 1916, 3:427-436) West Frontier Province of Pakistan. They are Muslims and herd their animals in a dry land. (Rose 1911, 1:526-532; Khambu (Jimdar, Rai) A Hindu warrior tribe found in Caroe 1958) Nepal. They claim to have gone there from Varanasi. (Risley Khattar (Kathar, Kahtar) A Muslim caste, recently con- 1891, 1:459-461) verted from Hinduism, who are found in Punjab Province, Khamti () A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe of cultivators, Pakistan. (Rose 1911, 1:532-534) found in eastern Arunachal Pradesh. Total: 4,078 in 1971. Khava (Gola, Hajuri, Vajir, Lunda) A caste of servants (Dalton 1872, 9-13; Sarkar 1987) and personal attendants, found throughout Gujarat. They Khandait (Khandayat) A military caste of Orissa, for- also work as farmers and day laborers. (Campbell 1901, 234- merly swordsmen. See also Paik. (Risley 1891, 1:461-464; 236; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:208-212) Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:436-438; Mohanti 1975) Khetri (Chhetri, Mustigar) A cultivating caste, found in Khant A caste found in Kathiawar District, northern northern Karnataka. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:212-217) Gujarat. They are cultivators and farm laborers. (Enthoven Kho (Ko, Koo, Khaa) A group of tribes of cultivators, 1920-1922, 2:194-196) found in the hills of northeastern India. (Dalton 1872, Kharak A caste of farmers found in parts of Gujarat. They 112-113) are Hindus. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:196-199) Khokar (Khokur) A caste of Rajput origin, found in Kharia (Kheria, Kharian, Kharria) A large Munda- Punjab Province, Pakistan. They are Muslim landowners. speaking tribe of eastern Madhya Pradesh and southern (Rose 1911, 1:539-549) Bihar. They are hunters and cultivators, and they also collect Killekyata (Killekyatha, Killikiyata, Kiliket, Katabu, forest produce. Their language is closely related to Sora, Chhatri, Shillekyata, Bombe Atadavaru, Bomalatavallu, Korku, and Juang. Total: 274,540 in 1971. See also BHurYA, Togalubombeyavaru) An itinerant group of picture show- KoRKu and SoRA. (Dalton 1872, 156-159; Risley 1891, men and entertainers, found in Karnataka and recruited from 1:466-472; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:445-453; Roy and several castes. Some are swimmers and fishermen. (Enthoven Roy 1937; Vidyarthi and Upadhyay 1980; Sinha 1984) 1920-1922, 2:231-236; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Kharral A Rajput caste of Punjab Province, Pakistan, who Iyer 1928-1936, 3:516-535; Morab 1977a) are landowners. (Rose 1911, 1:495-499) Kingriya (Kingariya, Kingriha) A caste of dancers and Kharva (Kharvi) A caste ofcoastal sailors, fishermen, and singers found in eastern parts of Uttar Pradesh. They are boat builders, found from Kathiawar to Bombay. (Campbell Sunni Muslims. (Crooke 1896, 3:280-282) 1901, 520-522; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:200-205) Kinnara A caste of cultivators and mat weavers, found in Kharwar (Kherwar) A large cultivating tribe found in central Sri Lanka. (Ryan 1953) northeastern India. They speak a Dravidian language and are Kir (Keer) A farming tribe found in Hoshangabad Dis- Hindus. Total: 142,580 in 1971. (Risley 1891, 1:472-476; trict, in western Madhya Pradesh. They are Hindus, who grow Crooke 1896, 3:237-253) market vegetables; some act as family priests to local

Appendix 327

Marwaris. Total: 6,099 in 1971. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Konga Malayan A Tamil-speaking tribe found in 3:481-485) Ernakulam District, central Kerala. They are woodcutters and farm laborers. (Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 1:38-42) Kirar (Kirad) A cultivating caste found in Uttar Pradesh and northern parts of Madhya Pradesh. They are Hindus, Konga Vellala A caste of Hindu cultivators, found in some of whom traditionally worked as village headmen. The western parts ofTamil Nadu. See also VELLALA. (Thurston and term "Kirar" is also applied to traders in the Punjab and Rangachari 1909, 3:417-421) Himachal Pradesh. (Crooke 1896, 3:282-285; Rose 1911, 1:552; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:485-493) Konkani Brahman A caste of Brahmans found in Goa and southward through the Konkani-speaking districts to Kochh (Kocch, Koch, Cooch, Koch-Mandai, Rajbansi, central Kerala. They work as priests and cultivators. Paliya, Polia, Pola, Desi) A caste of cultivators, found in (Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1921, 3:346-364; Feio 1979, northeastern India and Bangladesh. They practice 24-72) hypergamy. (Dalton 1872, 88-92; Risley 1891, 1:491-500) Konkna (Kokna, Kokni, Kukna) A large tribe found in Kochuvelan (Kochuvelanmar) A tiny tribe found in eastern Gujarat. They are Hindu farmers. Total: 420,883 in Quilon and Kottayam districts, in southern Kerala. They are 1971. (Campbell 1901, 321-323) farmers. Total: 10 in 1971. (Luiz 1962, 91-94) Korava (Korva, Korua, Kora, Korar, Korgar, Kormar, Kohli A small caste ofcultivators, found in eastern parts of Korama, Korga, Koraga, Karanga, Karenga, Koranga, Maharashtra, where they once built great irrigation tanks in Koracha, Korchar, Koragar, Kuravan, Kuraver, Kaikari, Bhandara District. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:493-499) Kaikadi, Bargandi) A peripatetic tribe of basket makers, Koil Tampuran (Koil Pantala) A caste found in Kerala, hunters, fortune-tellers, and thieves, found throughout India where they are linked with the former royal family of and Sri Lanka. Koraga is a settled tribe of Cannanore Dis- Travancore. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 3:296-299) trict, in northern Kerala, with much the same occupations; they speak Tulu. Total: 130,835 in 1971. (Thurston and Koiri (Koeri, Murao) A large cultivating caste found in Rangachari 1909, 3:424-504; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. They are Vaishnavite Hindus. 3:296-302; Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:126-130, 266-270; (Risley 1891, 1:500-505; Crooke 1896, 3:287-294; 4:7-11) Hatch 1928; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928- Kolam A Dravidian-speaking tribe found in Yavatmal Dis- 1936, 3:583-619; Ryan 1953; Luiz 1962, 95-99) trict, in eastern Maharashtra. They are cultivators and farm Kori A Hindu weaving caste widespread in northern India. laborers and are related to the Gonds. Total: 82,910 in 1971. They trace their origin to the poet Kabir, but they may well (Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:520-526; Hazra 1983) have branched off from the Kols. (Crooke 1896, 3:316-321; Kolgha (Koli Dhor, Tokre Kolcha, Kolcha) A tribe found Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:545-549) in eastern Gujarat; they work as servants, farm laborers, and Korwa (Korua) A Munda-speaking tribe of Bihar, West woodcutters. Total: 75,958 in 1971. (Campbell 1901, Bengal, and southern parts of Uttar Pradesh. They are shift- 320-321) ing cultivators ofvegetables, but they were also expert hunters Koliyan A weaving caste found in central Tamil Nadu. and dacoits at one time. Total: 89,242 in 1971. (Dalton (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 3:302-304) 1872, 219-224; Risley 1891, 1:511-513; Crooke 1896, 3:322-334; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:571-580; Kolia A Paleo-Mongoloid tribe of cultivators, found in Majumdar 1944, 1-64) central Assam. Koshti (Koshta, Mahara, Salewar) A large caste of Hindu Kolta (Kolita, Kulta) An agricultural caste found in north- weavers of silk and fine cotton, found throughout central ern Orissa. They are Hindus, and good cultivators. (Russell India from Maharashtra to Andhra Pradesh. See also Padma and Hira Lal 1916, 3:537-542; Patnaik 1960d) Sale. (Risley 1891, 1:513-514; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, Komarpaik A caste only found in Uttar Kannad District, 3:581-589) Karnataka. They are farmers and carters; some are Lingayats. Kottai Vellala An interesting cluster of tiny castes only (Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:260-264) found living inside a fort (kottai) at Srivaiguntam, Tirunelveli Komati (Komti, Setti, Chetty, Chetti, Vaishya, Gavara, District, in the far south ofTamil Nadu. Tradition has it they Baqal, Bania, Sahukar) A caste oftraders and moneylend- have been there for a thousand years, totally cut off from all ers widespread in southern and central India. Poorer mem- intercourse with other Vellalas. Their women never leave the bers are cooks or confectioners. They are Hindus and wear a mud enclosure, and no strangers may enter, although Brah- sacred thread. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 2:277-279; mans and other familiar workers do so. Until recently the fort 3:306-348; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 3:542-545; Siraj ul also contained slaves. The castes apparently survive through Hassan 1920, 2:340-356; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna their landownership. See also VELLALA. (Thurston and Iyer 1928-1936, 3:536-582) Rangachari 1909, 4:33-36) Konda Dora (Kondadora, Konda Kapu, Muka Dora, Oja) Kotte Okkalu (Kot Vakkal) A Vaishnavite caste found in A large tribe ofcultivators, found mainly in Vishakhapatnam central Karnataka. They are gardeners and farm laborers. District, eastern Andhra Pradesh. Total: 149,249 in 1971. (Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:271; Nanjundayya and (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 3:349-356; 5:103-106) Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 4:1-3)

328 Appendix

Kotwal (Kotal, Kotwar, Khangar, Khagar, Jemadar, Kumbar (Kumbhar, Kummara, Kumar, Kumbaran, Darbania) A caste of village watchmen and gatekeepers, Kumbara, Kumbaro, Kumbhakar, Ghumiar, Ghumar, found throughout much of north India. Some were formerly Khubar, Khuhar, Kubhar, Kubar, Telugu Kummaravadu) thieves. They are Shaivite Hindus. (Risley 1891, 1:514-515; A large caste of potters and pig breeders, widespread in India. Crooke 1896, 3:228-233, 335; Russell and Him Lal 1916, They also manufacture bricks and tiles. Although mainly 3:439-444) Hindus, some are Lingayats; but there are also Muslim Kumhars, and a few are Sikhs. (Risley 1891, 1:517-526; Koupui A tribe of cultivators, found in the hills of north- Crooke 1896, 3:335-344; Campbell 1901, 189-190; eastern India. (Dalton 1872, 57-60) Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 3:387-390; Thurston and Krishnavakakkar A caste of southern Kerala, who are Rangachari 1909; 4:112-117; Rose 1911, 1:562-570; 2:526- Hindu temple servants. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 528; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:3-15; Enthoven 1920- 4:74-79) 1922, 2:275-284; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:357-361; Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 4:4-16; Kuchband (Kooch Band, Kuchbandhia) A Hindu tribe of Patnaik 1960c) Rajasthan and Punjab, who hunt and cultivate. (Rose 1911, 1:558-560) Kmdiitiga (Kunchigar, Kunchiliyan, Kunchati Okkalu) An agricultural caste of the Okkaliga group, found in southern Kudan (Koodan, Kootan) A tribe of Ernakulam District, Karnataka and northern Tamil Nadu. See also OCKALIGA. in central Kerala, who work as farm laborers. (Thurston and (Thurston and Rangachari 1909,4:118-119; Nanjundayya and Rangachari 1909,4:91-96; Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, 4:17-26) 1:134-138) Kundu Vadiyan (Kunduvatiyan) A tiny tribe found in Kudavakkal A Hindu and Lingayat cultivating caste, Kozhikode District, in northern Kerala, who cultivate rice. found in southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka. (Gopalan Nair 1911, 74-77; Luiz 1962, 105-108) (Enthoven 1920-1922, 2:272-274) (Karunjra, Mewa-farosh, Sabz-farosh, Sabzi-farosh) Kudiya (Male Kudia, Male Kudiya, Melakudi) A tribe of A caste of Muslim greengrocers, found from Madhya Pradesh Cannanore District, northern Kerala, and Kodagu District, to the Punjab. (Crooke 1896, 3:345-346; Rose 1911, 1:571- southern Karnataka. They rear farm animals and cultivate, or 572; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:50-52) work at drawing palm sap to make toddy. Total: 7,136 in Kunnuva A cultivating caste found on the Palni Hills, in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 4:96-99; Krishna Madurai District, Tamil Nadu. They are Tamil-speaking Hin- Iyer 1948, 23-28; Luiz 1962, 100-104) dus. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 4:119-122) Kudubi (Kaluvadi) A caste found in Dakshin Kannad Kunte (Bhiksha Kunte) A section of the Reddis who are District, on the coast of Karnataka. They used to practice bards and beggars. (Russell and Hira Lal 1916,3:342-343) swidden cultivation; now some extract catechu from the cutch tree. They are Hindus, and they bury their dead in a sit- Kurichchian (Kurichchan, Kuricchiyan, Kurichiyar, ting posture. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 4:99-106) Kurichiya, Kurichiyan, Kowohan, Kuruchan) A former hunting tribe found in northern Kerala. Thought to be de- Kudumi Chetoi (Goa Chetti, Konkani Sudra, Kudumi, scendants ofNayar warriors, they are now shifting cultivators. Kudumikkar) A caste ofdomestic servants to the Konkani Total: 16,869 in 1971. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, Brahmans, found from Goa southward to central Kerala. 4:125-130; GopalanNair 1911, 59-64; Luiz 1962, 109-115; (Ananthakrishna Iyer 1909-1912, 3:386-387; Thurston and Aiyappan and Mahadevan 1990) Rangachari 1909, 4:106-1 10) Kuruba (Kurumba, Kuruman, Kuruma, Kurava, Kuramwar, Kudumo (Kurumo) A Hindu cultivating caste found in Prathama Sudra, Indra Sudra, Kanakajatiyavaru) A shep- Ganjam District, in southern Orissa. (Thurston and herd tribe of southern India, especially Karnataka and Rangachari 1909, 4:177-181) Andhra Pradesh. Many weave blankets or deal in milk; poor members work as day laborers or were bonded laborers. They Kuldi (Aimol, Anal, Chiru, Chothe, Sahte, Balte, Biate, Biete, are Hindus, though some, called Hande Kuruba or Hande Changsan, Chhalya, Chongloi, Doungel, Fun, Gamalhou, Vazir, are Lingayats. Total: 38,319 in 1971. See also Kadu Gangte, Guite, Hajango, Hanneng, Haokip, Haupit, Haolai, Kuruba. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 4:122-125, 133- Hengna, Hongsungh, Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol, Jangtei, jongbe, 155; Russell and Hira Lal 1916, 4:52-54; Enthoven 1920- Khawchung, Khawathlang, Khareng, Khothalong, Khelma, 1922, 2:316-323; Siraj ul Hassan 1920, 2:362-369; Khephong, Kholhou, Kipgen, Koirao, Koireng, Kom, Kuntei, Nanjundayya and Ananthakrishna Iyer 1928-1936, Lamgang, Laifang, Lengthang, Lenti, Lhangum, Lhoujem, 4:27-67) Lhouvun, Lupheng, Mangjel, Misao, Mizel, Namte, Paitu, Paite, Rangchan, Rangkhote, Riang, Sairhem, Salnam, Kuruvikkaran (Nakkalvandlu, Jangal Jati, Kattu Mahrati) Singson, Sidhou, Sukte, Thangluya, Thangngen, Uibuh, A caste of Marathi-speaking bird catchers and beggars, who Vaiphei, Vaiphui) A Paleo-Mongoloid tribal cluster, they are wander widely with pack bullocks in central India. (Thurston cultivators, found in south-central Assam, Meghalaya, and Rangachari 1909, 4:181-187) Nagaland, Tripura, and Manipur. Total: 137,870 in 1971. See Kusuvar A caste of Tamil-speaking potters who are Hin- also THADou. (Dalton 1872, 50-54; Shakespear 1912; dus wearing the sacred thread. They are found throughout Barkataki 1969) Tamil Nadu. (Thurston and Rangachari 1909, 4:188-197)