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TRAVERTINE-MARL DEPOSITS of the VALLEY and RIDGE PROVINCE of VIRGINIA - a PRELIMINARY REPORT David A
- Vol. 31 February 1985 No. 1 TRAVERTINE-MARL DEPOSITS OF THE VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE OF VIRGINIA - A PRELIMINARY REPORT David A. Hubbard, Jr.1, William F. Gianninil and Michelle M. Lorah2 The travertine and marl deposits of Virginia's Valley and Ridge province are the result of precipitation of calcium carbonate from fresh water streams and springs. Travertine is white to light yellowish brown and has a massive or concretionary structure. Buildups of this material tend to form cascades or waterfalls along streams (Figure 1). Marl refers to white to dark yellowish brown, loose, earthy deposits of calcium carbonate (Figure 2). Deposits of these carbonate materials are related and have formed during the Quaternary period. This preliminary report is a compilation of some litei-ature and observations of these materials. A depositional model is proposed. These deposits have long been visited by man. Projectile points, pottery fragments, and firepits record the visitation of American Indians to Frederick and Augusta county sites. Thomas Jefferson (1825) wrote an account of the Falling Spring Falls from a visit prior to 1781. Aesthetic and economic considerations eontinue to attract interest in these deposits. 'Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, Charlot- Figure 1. Travertine waterfall and cascade series tesville, VA on Falling Springs Creek, Alleghany County, 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Univer- Virginia. Note man standing in center of left sity of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA margin. 2 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Vol. 31 Figure 2. An extensive marl deposit located in Figure 3. Rimstone dam form resulting from Frederick County, Virginia. Stream, in fore- precipitation of calcium carbonate in Mill Creek, ground, has incised and drained the deposit. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Holdawayite Mn (CO3)
2+ Holdawayite Mn6 (CO3)2(OH)7(Cl, OH) c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Fibrous along [001]; commonly in granular aggregates, or massive, with individual grains to 2 cm. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {100}, perfect. Fracture: Irregular. Tenacity: Moderately brittle. Hardness = ∼3 D(meas.) = 3.19(4) D(calc.) = 3.24 Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Pale to dark pink if fresh, turning brown on exposure, developing a dark sooty coating. Streak: Pale pink. Luster: Vitreous, silky in fibrous aggregates. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: X = b; Z ∧ c = 45(3)◦. Dispersion: r< v,moderate. α = 1.644(1) β = 1.719(1) γ = 1.721(1) 2V(meas.) = 12(3)◦ 2V(calc.) = 18◦ Cell Data: Space Group: C2/m. a = 23.437(5) b = 3.3137(3) c = 16.618(6) β = 111.15(2)◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Kombat mine, Namibia. 10.93 (100), 5.459 (80), 3.879 (70), 2.690 (60b), 2.589 (50b), 7.77 (40), 2.926 (40) Chemistry: (1) CO2 14.2 B2O3 1.2 FeO 0.2 MnO 64.6 MgO 4.4 CaO 0.5 Cl 4.4 H2O 11.47 −O=Cl2 1.0 Total 100.0 (1) Kombat mine, Namibia; by electron microprobe, C by Leco analyzer, H2O by the Penfield method, B may be due to sussexite contamination; corresponds to (Mn5.24Mg0.62 Ca0.06Fe0.02)Σ=5.94[(CO3)1.86(BO3)0.20]Σ=2.06[(OH)7.34Cl0.74]Σ=8.08. Occurrence: Locally abundant as a rare vein mineral in low-grade metamorphosed Mn-rich sedimentary rocks intercalated with sedimentary iron deposits. -
Charlesite, a New Mineral of the Ettringite Group, from Franklin, New Jersey
American Mineralogist, Volume 68, pages 1033-1037,1983 Charlesite, a new mineral of the ettringite group, from Franklin, New Jersey PBre J. DuxN Department of Mineral Sciences SmithsonianInstitution, Washington,D. C. 20560 DoNero R. Peecon Department of GeologicalSciences University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 PBrnn B. LBavBNs Departmentof Geology Universityof Delaware, Newark, Delaware l97ll eNo JonN L. Beuu Franklin Mineral Museum Franklin. New Jersey 07416 Abstract Charlesite,ideally C4(AI,Si)z(SO4)2(B(OH)4)(OH,O)r2.26H2Ois a member of the ettrin- gite group from Franklin, New Jersey, and is the Al analogueof sturmanite. Chemical analysisyielded CaO27.3, Al2O3 5.1, SiO2 3.1, SO3 12.8,B2o33.2, H2O 48.6, sum : 100.1 percent.-Charlesiteis hexagonal,probable spacegroup P3lc, with a = ll.16(l), c = 21.21(2)4. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder difraction pattern (d, IlIo, hkl) are: 9.70,100, 100;5.58, 80, 110;3.855,80, ll4;2.749,70,304;2.538,70,126;2.193,70,2261 404. Charlesite occurs as simple hexagonal crystals tabular on {0001} and has a perfect {10T0}cleavage. The densityis 1.77glcm3 (obs.) and 1.79glcms (calc.). Optically, charlesite is uniaxial( -) with a : | .492(3)and e : 1.475(3).It occurswith clinohedrite,ganophyllite, xonotlite, prehnite, roeblingite and other minerals in severalparageneses at Franklin, New Jersey. Charlesite is named in honor of the late Professor Charles Palache. Introduction were approved, prior to publication, by the Commission Minerals and Mineral Names. I. M. A. The An ettringite-like mineral was first described from on New specimenwas divided into three portions. -
Sussexite Mn2+BO2(OH)
2+ Sussexite Mn BO2(OH) c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. As bladed acicular crystals, to 7 mm; cross-vein or radial fibrous, in felted or matted aggregates, nodular. Twinning: Submicroscopic twinning on {100} which cannot be resolved optically. Physical Properties: Tenacity: Inflexible. Hardness = 3–3.5 D(meas.) = 3.30 D(calc.) = 3.335 Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: White to buff, straw-yellow, pale pink; colorless in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Silky, dull, earthy. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: Parallel extinction; X = elongation; Z ⊥ flattening. Dispersion: r> v. α= 1.670 β = 1.728 γ = 1.732 2V(meas.) = ∼25◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/a. a = 12.866(3) b = 10.718(2) c = 3.287(1) β =94.75(3)◦ Z=8 X-ray Powder Pattern: N’chwaning II mine, South Africa. 6.43 (10), 2.773 (7), 3.34 (6), 2.632 (6), 2.494 (6), 2.741 (5), 2.694 (5) Chemistry: (1) (3) B2O3 30.52 30.33 FeO 0.16 MnO 49.40 61.82 MgO 9.56 CaO 2.03 H2O 8.33 7.85 Total [100.00] 100.00 (1) Franklin, New Jersey, USA; recalculated to 100% after deduction of willemite 4.5%. (2) N’chwaning II mine, South Africa; by electron microprobe, analysis not given; stated to correspond to (Mn0.95Mg0.05)Σ=1.00BO2(OH). (3) MnBO2(OH). Polymorphism & Series: Forms a series with szaib´elyite. Occurrence: A rare hydrothermal mineral typically in veinlets in boron-bearing metamorphosed Mn–Fe–Zn deposits. -
The Picking Table Volume 27, No. 1 – Spring 1986
TABLE JOURNAL of the FRANKLIN-OGDENSBURG MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY, INC. SPRING. 1986 VOLUME 27, NO.l The contents of The Picking Table are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. F.QM.S. Notes prise a spectacular fluorescent display. For PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE years the Gerstmann Mineral Museum has displayed the collection for the delight and With the melting of the snow, the rocks of education of amateur and professional mineralo- the Buckwheat Dump emerge from their white gists alike. The Franklin Mineral Museum mantle, and the seismic tremors rumble through is most grateful to Arthur and Harriet Mitteldorf the souls of the collector community. Whatever for this most generous donation and to Ewald Spring may mean to the average mortal, to Gerstmann for its accumulation and for his FOMS members it brings a special appeal to sponsorship of the Franklin Mineral Museum dig in the dirt, not to plant, but to explore as the recipient. Transfer of the collection again the crystalline mysteries of Nature. will be effected as soon as suitable space is available to house it. Let us not lose sight of the fact that we are a community, however widespread, dedicated JLB to a great common interest and purpose: the expansion and preservation of knowledge about the world's most remarkable mineral location. ABOUT THE COVER SKETCH Like all great enterprises, this demands the efforts and participation of many. To the Located Sphalerite Occurrences—Franklin Mine extent that we share our knowledge, our time, and our interest with each other and the world, It is suggested that you refer to this hand Franklin lives. -
Subject Index, Volume 81, 1996
American Mineralogist, Volume 81, pages 1543-1551, 1996 SUBJECT INDEX, VOLUME 81, 1996 Ag3TeS 1013 geikielite 485 florencite-(La) 1263 4°Ar 940 hornblende 928 glass 229 AuO(OH) 1282 hyttsj6ite 743 granitic melt 202 AuO(OH,Cl)onH20 766 kalsilite 561, 1360 kaolin 26 Achtarandite 516 kaolinite 26 migmatite 141 Afghanite 1003 kinoshitalite 485 orendite 229 Albite 92, 452, 789, 1133, 1344, laumontite 658 peridotite 79 1413 leonhardite 658, 668 rhyolite 158 Alkali feldspar 92, 719, 800, 1425 liandratite 1237 rhyolitic glass 158, 1249 Almandine 418 magnesiochromite 1186 sandstone 213 Altisite 516 magnesite 181 serpentinite 79 Aluminate sodalite 1375 medenbachite 505 volcanic glass 1176 Aluminosilicate glasses 265 muscovite 141, 1460 volcanic rocks 982 Alumoklyuchevskite 249 namuwite 238 Analysis, surface (mineral) Amphibole 135, 495, 1126 nanpingite 105 calcite 1 Analcime 39 nepheline 561, 1360 pyrite 261 Analysis, chemical (mineral) olivine 194, 1519 Anatexis 141 albite 92 omphacite 181 Androsite-(La) 735 alkali feldspar 719 orthopyroxene 676, 842 Ankerite 1141 almandine 418 pentlandite 187 Annite 475 amphibole 135, 495 phlogopite 202, 485,913 Annite-sanidine-magnetite 415 androsite-(La) 735 pigeonite 1166 Anorthoclase 1332 apatite 515 plagioclase 141, 913, 982, 1460 Antimonselite 1013 augite 1166 potassium feldspar 141 Antitaenite 766 bechererite 244 pumpellyite 603 Apatite 864, 1476 betafite 1237 pyralspitic garnet 418 Aragonite 181, 611 biopyribole 404 pyrite 119, 187 Arsenogorceixite 249 biotite 135, 141, 495, 1396, pyrope 418, 706 Asteroid -
MINERALS and MINERAL VARIETIES from METAMORPHOSED Mn DEPOSITS of BISTRITA MOUNTAINS, ROMANIA
Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica, Abstract Series 1, Szeged, 2003 MINERALS AND MINERAL VARIETIES FROM METAMORPHOSED Mn DEPOSITS OF BISTRITA MOUNTAINS, ROMANIA HÎRTOPANU, P.1 & SCOTT, P.2 1 Geological Institute of Romania, Caransebeş 1, RO-78344 Bucharest, Romania. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Camborne School of Mines, Redruth, Cornwall, United Kingdom. The Bistrita Mountains belong to the Crystalline Meso- mation of some amphiboles and some pyroxenes into other zoic Zone of the East Carpathians, which consists of super- phases, there are drastical transformations of pyroxenes into posed Variscan and Alpine Nappes, overthrusted eastwards pyroxenoids (johannsenite into rhodonite), pyroxenoids into over the Flysch Zone. The manganese ore is contained by pyroxenoids (pyroxmangite into rhodonite), pyroxmangite Tulghes Group (Tg2 level) of the Variscan Putna Nappe, into manganogrunerite, garnets into garnets (spessartine- situated over the Pietrosu Bistritei Nappe and supporting the calderite into spessartine, spessartine into anisotropic spes- thrusting of the Rebra Nappe. All these Variscan nappes sartine-andradite-grossular), calderite into pyroxmangite- constitute the Alpine Sub-Bucovinian Nappe localised be- magnetite, etc. are the best evidences of continuous variation tween Alpine Infrabucovinian Nappe in the East and the of formation conditions. Alpine Bucovinian Nappe in the West. The Mn ore have a predominant carbonate rather than The mineralogy of Mn metamorphosed deposits from silicate mineralogical composition, which means a great CO2 Bistrita Mts. includes 328 minerals and mineral varieties. fluid control in the carbonation and dehydration processes They may count among the mineralogically the most com- along the many stages of the whole history of the ore and the plex deposits of the world. -
Nelenite, a Manganese Arsenosilicate of the Friedelite Group, Polymorphous with Schallerite, from Franklin, New Jersey
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, JUNE 1984, VOL. 48, PP. 271-5 Nelenite, a manganese arsenosilicate of the friedelite group, polymorphous with schallerite, from Franklin, New Jersey PETE J. DUNN Department of Mineral Sciences, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA AND DONALD R. PEACOR Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA ABSTRACT. Nelenite, (Mn,Fe)16Si1203o(OH)'4[As~+06 typically related to schallerite. We have examined (OHh], is a polymorph of schallerite and a member of the this material in light of current knowledge of the friedelite group. X-ray diffraction patterns can be indexed crystal chemistry of friedelite and schallerite and on a supercell with a = 13.418(5) and c = 85.48(8) A, have found it to be a unique and valid species. The space group R3m, but by analogy with TEM results on mcGillite and friedelite, the structure is based on a old name,jerroschallerite, is a misnomer in that this one-layer monoclinic cell with a 23.240, b 13.418, material is not the Fe-analogue of schallerite and = = does not have the schallerite structure. Hence, we c = 7.382 A, {3= 105.21°, and space group C21m. Chemi- cal analysis yields Si02 31.12, FeO 17.12, MgO 0.12, have renamed it to avoid confusion. ZnO 3.63, MnO 29.22, As203 12.46, H20 6.42, sum = We take pleasure in naming this new mineral 100.09 %. Analysis of a number of samples indicates that nelenite in honour of Joseph A. Nelen, Chemist at Fe substitutes for Mn up to 5.8 of the 16 octahedrally the Smithsonian Insitution, in recognition of his coordinated cations, but that the Si: As ratio is constant. -
Kinoshitalite (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn,Al)3Si2al2o10(OH)2
Kinoshitalite (Ba; K)(Mg; Mn; Al)3Si2Al2O10(OH)2 c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2=m: Forms small scales, < 1 mm. Physical Properties: Cleavage: 001 , perfect. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2.5{3 D(meas.) = 3.30 D(calc.) = 3.33 f g Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Yellow-brown to colorless; light yellow to colorless in thin section. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial ({). Pleochroism: X = very light yellow to light yellow; Y = Z = light yellow with brownish tinge. Absorption: Y Z > X. ® = 1.619 ¯ = 1.628{1.633 ° = 1.635 ' 2V(meas.) = 23± Cell Data: Space Group: C2=m: a = 5.345(3) b = 9.250(4) c = 10.256(8) ¯ = 99:99(6)± Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Noda-Tamagawa mine, Japan. 3.37 (100), 2.52 (55), 2.020 (55), 5.05 (50), 10.1 (45), 1.684 (15), 3.16 (5) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) SiO2 24.58 23.43 BaO 17.85 27.60 TiO2 0.16 Na2O 0.68 0.11 Al2O3 22.06 19.25 K2O 3.30 0.24 Fe2O3 0.71 1.87 F 0.21 + Mn2O3 3.24 H2O 2.90 FeO 0.04 H2O¡ 0.20 MnO 7.38 2.62 H2O 3.50 MgO 16.60 21.95 O = F 0.09 ¡ 2 CaO 0.05 0.05 Total 99.87 100.62 2+ (1) Noda-Tamagawa mine, Japan; corresponds to (Ba0:58K0:35Na0:11Ca0:01)§=1:05(Mg2:06Mn0:52 3+ 3+ Al0:22Mn0:21Fe0:04Ti0:01)§=3:06Si2:05Al1:94O10[(OH)1:62O0:33F0:06]§=2:01: (2) Netra, India; by electron microprobe, total Fe as Fe2O3; corresponding to (Ba0:93K0:03Na0:02Ca0:01)§=0:99 (Mg2:80Mn0:19Fe0:08)§=3:07Si2:01(Al1:94Fe0:05)§=1:99O10(OH)2: Polymorphism & Series: 1M, 2M1 polytypes. -
General Index
CAL – CAL GENERAL INDEX CACOXENITE United States Prospect quarry (rhombs to 3 cm) 25:189– Not verified from pegmatites; most id as strunzite Arizona 190p 4:119, 4:121 Campbell shaft, Bisbee 24:428n Unanderra quarry 19:393c Australia California Willy Wally Gully (spherulitic) 19:401 Queensland Golden Rule mine, Tuolumne County 18:63 Queensland Mt. Isa mine 19:479 Stanislaus mine, Calaveras County 13:396h Mt. Isa mine (some scepter) 19:479 South Australia Colorado South Australia Moonta mines 19:(412) Cresson mine, Teller County (1 cm crystals; Beltana mine: smithsonite after 22:454p; Brazil some poss. melonite after) 16:234–236d,c white rhombs to 1 cm 22:452 Minas Gerais Cripple Creek, Teller County 13:395–396p,d, Wallaroo mines 19:413 Conselheiro Pena (id as acicular beraunite) 13:399 Tasmania 24:385n San Juan Mountains 10:358n Renison mine 19:384 Ireland Oregon Victoria Ft. Lismeenagh, Shenagolden, County Limer- Last Chance mine, Baker County 13:398n Flinders area 19:456 ick 20:396 Wisconsin Hunter River valley, north of Sydney (“glen- Spain Rib Mountain, Marathon County (5 mm laths donite,” poss. after ikaite) 19:368p,h Horcajo mines, Ciudad Real (rosettes; crystals in quartz) 12:95 Jindevick quarry, Warregul (oriented on cal- to 1 cm) 25:22p, 25:25 CALCIO-ANCYLITE-(Ce), -(Nd) cite) 19:199, 19:200p Kennon Head, Phillip Island 19:456 Sweden Canada Phelans Bluff, Phillip Island 19:456 Leveäniemi iron mine, Norrbotten 20:345p, Québec 20:346, 22:(48) Phillip Island 19:456 Mt. St-Hilaire (calcio-ancylite-(Ce)) 21:295– Austria United States -
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American Mineralogist, Volume 70, pages 379-387, 1985 Ma_nganesehumites and leucophoenicitesfrom Franklin and Sterling- Hill' NewJersev: 'i"? andimplications ;ifi':il1,;;lfiil11"r's' Perr J. Dullx Department of Mineral Sciences Smithsonian lnstitution, Washington, D. C. 20560 Abstract The manganesehumites, (alleghanyite, manganhumite, and sonolite),together with some Mn-bearing samplesof the Mg-humites,and the related phasesleucophoenicite and jerry- gibbsite,from the orebodiesat Franklin and SterlingHill, New Jersey,are describedtogether with analytical data. Solid solution betweenhumite and manganhumiteis at least partially continuous. Expected Mn/Mg solid solutions between alleghanyiteand chondrodite, and betweensonolite and clinohumite, are discontinuous; they are interrupted by apparently orderedphases. In all cases,the possibleorderings involve Zn as well as Mn and Mg. There are no Mn end-membersof the manganesehumites at this locality. Manganeseis apparently restricted in leucophoenicite(5.42-6.63 Mn per 7 octahedral cations) and in jerrygibbsite (7.79-8.02Mn per 9 octahedralcations). Calcium is common to both leucophoeniciteand jerrygibbsite,but among the Mn-humites,only sonoliteaccepts appreciable Ca (0.65Ca per 9 octahedralcations). There is a "threshold" level ofzinc in all studiedsamples; this "threshold" levelis a constantfor leucophoenicite1-9.3 Znper 3 Si)and alleghanyite(-O.2Zn per 2 Si). No samplesof leucophoeniciteor jerrygibbsite were found to be Zn-ftee,suggesting either that Zn is required for their stability, or that these two phasesmight not be stable as end-members.Fluorine is present in all the Mn-humites and is proportional to the Mg- content,but is absentin leucophoeniciteand jerrygibbsite. Introduction humite speciesoccur there; the Mg-humites occur in the The magnesiumhumite species(norbergite, chondrodite, host Franklin Marble for the most part, and the Mn- humite, and clinohumite) have been well-studiedand re- humites in the orebodiesthemselves.