DOCSLIB.ORG

Περίληψη : King of the Kingdom of Pontus (C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Περίληψη : King of the Kingdom of Pontus (C IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Στεφανίδου Βέρα Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος Για παραπομπή : Στεφανίδου Βέρα , "Pharnaces I", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9949> Περίληψη : King of the Kingdom of Pontus (c. 187-171 BC). He brought the Mithridatic dynasty to the forefront of the political stage in Asia Minor and developed diplomatic relations with cities in mainland Greece and the Black Sea. Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης Second half of the 3rd cent. BC, possibly at Amaseia Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου First half of the 2nd cent. BC, Pontus. Κύρια Ιδιότητα King 1. Family Pharnaces was son and heir to Mithridates III. He apparently acceded to the throne before 183 BC. He was also probably born at Amaseia, the then capital of the Kingdom of Pontus. Although we have no direct information on the cultural milieu in which he lived, the surviving evidence on the Hellenized Mithridatic dynasty allow us to suppose that he was raised as a Persian prince and received Greek education. 2. Deeds The scant information on the younger kings of the Mithridatic dynasty present Pharnaces I as the first ruler to have actively participated in the political affairs of Asia Minor. He makes his first appearance in the military and diplomatic scene with the capture of Sinope (183 BC),1 whereby he asserted the dynasty’s increasing power. The capture of the Greek city and Pharnaces’attempts to extend the possessions of his kingdom at the expense of the kingdoms of Pergamon and Bithynia led to a military clash with Eumenes II (183-179 BC). The terms of the peace treaty that sealed the end of the war suggest that Pharnaces lost, as he was forced to relinquish most of his conquests (179 BC).2He did, however, keep Sinope and its colonies. Sinope became the official royal residence and capital of the Mithridatic Kingdom. The inhabitants of Cerasous and Kotyora were forced to move to Pharnacia, the new city founded by Pharnaces I. Before long, almost the entire southern shore of the Black Sea was annexed to his kingdom. Following the end of the war with Eumenes, Pharnaces apparently faced dire financial problems.3 The resources of the coastline Greek cities perhaps helped him to extend his power over the northern coasts of the Black Sea. Although he failed to further extend the territory of his kingdom, his diplomatic relations with cities in mainland Greece and the Black Sea apparently paved the way for the similar expansionary policies of his grandson, Mithridates VI Eupator.4 His sister, Laodice, was honoured by the Athenians with a statue and an inscription at Delos. In this manner, the Athenians recognized the gifts and benefactions of the Hellenized Pharnaces to their city. The same inscription apparently suggests that, towards the end of his life, the king shared some power or co-reigned with one or both of his siblings, Mithridates and Laodice.5 Late in his life he also married Nysa, the daughter (or granddaughter) of Antiochus III and Laodice. Through dynastic intermarriage with the powerful kingdom of the Seleucids, he extended his family’s influence and augmented its prestige. 3. Death Δημιουργήθηκε στις 27/9/2021 Σελίδα 1/3 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Στεφανίδου Βέρα Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος Για παραπομπή : Στεφανίδου Βέρα , "Pharnaces I", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9949> It is difficult to precisely date Pharnaces’death. The fact that his successor, Mithridates IV, made alone a dedication in Rome shortly after 168/7 BC, and that he helped Attalus II against Prusias II, suggest that Pharnaces died shortly after 172/171 BC.6 4. Assessment and evaluation Numismatic portraits depict Pharnaces I as a wrinkle-faced man with a small beard, accentuating his Oriental features. His realistic portrait, considered to be one of the least flattering ones ever made, appears to depict a barbarian ruler.7Polybius calls him anomos (=lawless);8 yet the mixed (Greek and Oriental) attire of the male deity depicted on the coin’s other side seems to denote a somewhat liberal ethnological and religious approach. In terms of its iconography, the standing male figure borrows elements from Hermes, Dionysus, Tyche and Men Pharnaces, identifying the Greek gods with the eastern deity Mēn.9 The relocation of the kingdom’s capital to Sinope lends further credence to this view. Although Persian, it seems that Pharnaces was keen to swiftly Hellenize his kingdom and the Mithridatic dynasty. Because Mithridates VI has been compared to Alexander the Great, modern historians often cast Pharnaces in a role analogous to that of Philip II, because through his deeds he paved the way for Mithridates VI to emerge as a ‘New’Alexander the Great.10 1. Liv. 40.2.6; Polyb. 23.9.1-4; Strabo 12.3.11; RE 19.2 (1938), cols. 1.849-1.851, s.v. "Pharnakes (1)". 2. Polyb. 25.2. 3. IG ΧΙ.4.1056; OGIS 771; Durrbach, F., Choix d'inscription de Delos (Paris 1921), no. 73. 4. IG Bulg. Ι 2.40; Danov, C.M., "Die Beziehungen des Pontischen Reiches zur linken Schwarzmeerküste", Bul. Hist. Soc. (of Bulgaria) 14 (1938), p. 54ff; Strabo 7.4.3-4; IOSPE 4.79. 5. Ins. Delos 1555; Durbbach, F., Choix d'inscription de Délos (Paris 1921), no. 74. 6. OGIS 375, 551. 7. Head, B.V.-Hill, G.F.-MacDonald, G.-Wroth, W., Historia Numorum. A Manual of Greek Numismatics 2 (Oxford 1911), p. 500; Μorkholm, O., Early Hellenistic Coinage (Cambridge 1991), σελ. 28, 131; Seltman, C., Greek Coins (London 1933), p. 237. 8. Polyb. 27.17. 9. Strabo 12.3.34: Diodorus Siculus 31.19. A similar identification was later attempted by Mithridates VI and various Roman emperors, revealing the Hellenizing attempts of each ruler. 10. Nock, A.D., “Notes on Ruler – Cult”, JHS 48 (1928), p. 34; CAH ΙΧ, pp. 219-221 (Μ. Rostovtzeff) Βιβλιογραφία : McGing B.C., "The Kings of Pontus. Some Problems of Identity and Date", RhMus, 129, 1986, 248-259 Reinach T., Essai sur la Numismatique des Rois de Pont Dynastie des Mithridate), Paris 1888 Bernard P., "Bouclier inscrit du J. Paul Getty Museum au nom de Pharnace I, roi du Pont", BasInst, 7, 1993, Δημιουργήθηκε στις 27/9/2021 Σελίδα 2/3 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Στεφανίδου Βέρα Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος Για παραπομπή : Στεφανίδου Βέρα , "Pharnaces I", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9949> 11-19 Saprykin S.J., "Heraclea Chersonesus and Pharnaces I of Pontus", VDI, 3, 1979, 43-59 Tracy S.V., "Inscriptiones deliacae. IG XI 713 and IG XI 1056", AM, 107, 1992, 303-314 Δικτυογραφία : The Date of the Alliance between Chersonesos and Pharnakes and its implications. http://www.pontos.dk/publications/books/bss-3-files/BSS3_07_hojte.pdf Δημιουργήθηκε στις 27/9/2021 Σελίδα 3/3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Terracotta Figurines of Amisos. 14 I
    The Terracotta figurines of Amisos School of Humanities MA in Black Sea Cultural Studies The Terracotta Figurines of Amisos . Name: Eleni Mentesidou Student ID: 221100015 Name of Supervisor: Pr. Styliani Drougou Submission Date: 18 November 2011 0 The Terracotta figurines of Amisos Abstract. The subject of the present dissertation is the terracotta figurines of Amisos’ workshop which is in its most productive period during Mithridates Eupator kingship. The study has been focused on the figurines in relation with the economic, political and religious life of Amisos. Aim of our research was to find out in what extent the city’s economy and culture as the political circumstances, during the period of its activity, affected the production of the amisian terracotta workshop. Before dealing with the main subject has been considered necessary an introduction concerning the location, the geography, the foundation and the history of Amisos in order to be understood the general historical and cultural context that effected the evolvement and the activity of the terracotta workshop. Moreover, the following analysis of Amisos’ economy as the description of the occupations and the products of the amisians demonstrate on the one hand that the production and the exportation of the terracotta figurines were part of Amisos’ economy and on the other hand that the coroplasts of the amisian workshop represent through the selection of their subjects the city’s economical life. The forth chapter deals with the figurines as products of the amisian workshop. However, the lack of scientific treatment coupled with the fact that the figurines are partly preserved and have been diffused all over the world, impedes their study.
    [Show full text]
  • Mortem Et Gloriam Army Lists Use the Army Lists to Create Your Own Customised Armies Using the Mortem Et Gloriam Army Builder
    Army Lists Syria and Asia Minor Contents Asiatic Greek 670 to 129 BCE Lycian 525 to 300 BCE Bithynian 434 to 74 BCE Armenian 330 BCE to 627 CE Asiatic Successor 323 to 280 BCE Cappadocian 300 BCE to 17 CE Attalid Pergamene 282 to 129 BCE Galatian 280 to 62 BCE Early Seleucid 279 to 167 BCE Seleucid 166 to 129 BCE Commagene 163 BCE to 72 CE Late Seleucid 128 to 56 BCE Pontic 110 to 47 BCE Palmyran 258 CE to 273 CE Version 2020.02: 1st January 2020 © Simon Hall Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder. There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled.
    [Show full text]
  • Gregory of Neocaesarea: Evangelist in Pontus
    Gregory of Neocaesarea: Evangelist in Pontus Graham Davis Lovell BA (Adelaide) MA (Macquarie) Ancient History Department Macquarie University 30 September 2004 (Revised August 2005) Sydney, 2005 HIGHER DEGREE THESIS AUTHOR’S CONSENT (DOCTORAL) This is to certify that I, /nP.v!^.^r being a candidate for the degree of Doctor of ......... am aware of the policy of the University relating to the retention and use of higher degree theses as contained in the University’s Doctoral Rules generally, and in particular Rule 7(10). In the light of this policy and the policy of the above Rules, I agree to allow a copy of my thesis to be deposited in the University Library for consultation, loan and photocopying forthwith. Signature of Witness Signature of Candidate Dated this day of M MACQUARIE The Academic Senate on 12 April 2005 resolved that Mr Graham Davis Lovell had satisfied the requirements for admission to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This thesis represents a major part of the prescribed program of study. Table of Contents Table of Contents................................................................................................................................1 List of Figures, Maps & Tables........................................................................................................4 Summary............................................................................................................................................. 5 Candidate’s Statement......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Persianism in Antiquity Occidens 25 Miguel John Versluys Persianism Antiquity in Rolf Strootman Andmigueljohnversluys Edited by Franzsteiner Verlag Alte Geschichte
    The socio-political and cultural memory of the twenty-one papers in this rich volume il- Oriens et the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire played a lustrate at length. Occidens 25 very important role in Antiquity and later Persianism underlies the notion of an East- ages. This book is the first to systematically West dichotomy that still pervades modern chart these multiform ideas and associa- political rhetoric. In Antiquity and beyond, tions over time and to define them in rela- however, it also functioned in rather differ- tion to one another, as Persianism. Hellen- ent ways, sometimes even as an alternative istic kings, Parthian monarchs, Romans and to Hellenism. Sasanians: they all made a lot of meaning through the evolving concept of “Persia”, as Persianism in Antiquity Edited by Rolf Strootman and Miguel John Versluys Persianism in Antiquity www.steiner-verlag.de Band Alte Geschichte 25 Oriens et Occidens 25 Franz Steiner Verlag Franz Steiner Verlag Rolf Strootman Rolf ISBN 978-3-515-11382-3 Miguel John Versluys 9 7 8 3 5 1 5 1 1 3 8 2 3 Persianism in Antiquity Edited by Rolf Strootman and Miguel John Versluys Oriens et Occidens Studien zu antiken Kulturkontakten und ihrem Nachleben Herausgegeben von Josef Wiesehöfer in Zusammenarbeit mit Pierre Briant, Geoffrey Greatrex, Amélie Kuhrt und Robert Rollinger Band 25 Persianism in Antiquity Edited by Rolf Strootman and Miguel John Versluys Franz Steiner Verlag Cover illustration: Nemrud Dağı (Kommagene), around 50 BC. West Terrace, South Socle 2, depiction of the Persian king Xerxes I (ruled 486–456 BC), detail of the upper part of the stele.
    [Show full text]
  • The Images of Space in the Third Sibylline Oracle
    The Images of Space in the Third Sibylline Oracle DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. theol. Eingereicht am: 17.06.2011 der Theologischen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Deborah Jacobs Präsident/Präsidentin der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Dekan/Dekanin der Theologischen Fakultät Prof. Dr. Jens Schröter Gutachter/Gutachterinnen: 1. Prof. Dr. Cilliers Breytenbach 2. PD Dr. Christiane Zimmermann 3. Prof. Dr. Markus Witte Tag der Disputation: 05.12.2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 PART I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Preliminary questions ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 The Sibyl and apocalypticism ................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 The character of the Sibyl ...................................................................................... 2 1.2 The Jewish and Christian Sibylline Oracles ...................................................................... 4 1.2.1 The transmission of Sibylline Fragments by Christian authors ............................. 4 1.2.2 The Sibyl as a Jewish pseudepigraph .................................................................... 4 1.2.3 The beginning of the Third Sibylline Oracle ......................................................... 5 1.3 History of research ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • King and Court in Ancient Persia 559 to 331 Bce
    DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY Ancient Persia 559 to 331 Ancient Persia Series Editors: Emma Stafford and Shaun Tougher King and Court in ‘This is a very important contribution not only to Achaemenid studies but also to the wider King and Court in literature on royal courts in general. It is very well written and ably supported by source material which will render it invaluable for students and scholars alike.’ St John Simpson, Curator, The British Museum Ancient Persia An exploration of monarchy and elite society at the political and cultural hub of the vast Persian Empire 559 to 331 BCE The Persians established the biggest land empire the world had seen, and seated at the heart of its vast dominions, in the south of modern-day Iran, was the person of the Achaemenid Great King, immortalised in Greek literature as a despotic tyrant. However, a new vision of Persian kingship is now emerging from Iranian and other Near Eastern sources – literary, visual, and archaeological – which shows the monarchs BCE in a very different light. Inscriptions of Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, and their heirs, present a propagandistic image of Persian rulers as liberators, peace-makers, valiant warriors, righteous god-fearing judges, and law-makers. Around about them, the kings established a lavish and sophisticated court, the centre of political decision-making and the hub of cultural achievements in which the image of monarchy was endorsed and advanced by an almost theatrical display of grandeur and power. Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones explores the representation of Persian monarchy and the court of the LLEWELLYN-JONES LLOYD Achaemenid Great Kings from the point of view of the ancient Iranians themselves (as well as other Near Eastern peoples) and through the sometimes distorted prism of Classical and Biblical sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity in Pontus from the Achaemenids Through the Roman Period
    IDENTITY IN PONTUS FROM THE ACHAEMENIDS THROUGH THE ROMAN PERIOD A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SELİN GÜR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JUNE 2018 ii Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _________________ Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science of Philosophy. _________________ Prof. Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science of Philosophy. _________________ Prof. Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Suna Güven (METU, AH) ____________ Prof. Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas (METU, SA) ____________ Asst. Prof. Dr. Şahin Yıldırım (Bartın Uni., Ark.) ____________ iv I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Selin Gür Signature: iii ABSTRACT IDENTITY IN PONTUS FROM THE ACHAEMENIDS THROUGH THE ROMAN PERIOD Gür, Selin Master’s Thesis, Settlement Archaeology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Deniz Burcu Erciyas June 2018, 105 Pages The Kingdom of Pontus ruled over the Black Sea Region from 302 to 64 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Commagenian Funerary Monuments: Ancestry and Identity in the Roman East
    Commagenian Funerary Monuments: Ancestry and Identity in the Roman East B059744 Ancient History B059744 Acknowledgments Thank you Professor Barringer, Tinsel, Chumpy, Fox, and Cinnamon 1 B059744 Contents List of illustrations – 3 List of Abbreviations – 5 Main Text Introduction – 6 Chapter 1. Invention of Tradition: Nemrut Dağ – 13 Chapter 2. Honouring Ancestors: Dynastic Funerary Monuments – 22 Chapter 3. Back to the Future: Philopappos’ Monument – 28 Conclusion – 38 Appendix – 41 Bibliography – 63 2 B059744 List of Illustrations Fig. 1 Map of Commagene showing proximity to the Euphrates. Sullivan. 1977. 735. Fig. 2 Nemrut Dağ East Terrace. Situation before Goell’s campaigns. Versluys. 2017. Fig.2.9 Fig. 3 Nemrut Dağ East Terrace. Situation in 2004. Versluys. 2017. Fig. 2.8. Fig. 4 Reconstruction drawing of the East Terrace colossi. Versluys. 2017. 61. Fig. 5 Reconstruction drawing of the West Terrace colossi. Versluys. 2017. 66. Fig. 6 Lion horoscope of Antiochos I. Blömer/Winter. 2011. 60. Fig. 7 Façade of Ramases II’s temple at Abu Simbel. Brijder. 2014. Fig. 6b. Fig. 8 Persian ancestor relief stelae. Blömer/Winter. 2011. 62. Fig. 9 Great cult inscription of Antiochos I. Blömer/Winter. 2011. 66. Fig. 10 Behistun relief of Darius I. Trilingual inscription recording his Achaemenid dynastic lineage. Versluys. 2017. Fig. 3.4. Fig. 11 Dexiosis relief of Antiochos and the goddess Commagene. Drawings and cast by Karl Humann, 1883. Brijder. 2014. Figs. 49a-c. Fig. 12 Dexiosis relief of Antiochos and Apollo-Mithras-Helios-Hermes. Brijder. 2014. Fig. 50a-b. Fig. 13 Dexiosis relief of Antiochos and Zeus-Oromasdes. Brijder. 2014. Fig. 51a-b.
    [Show full text]
  • Mithridates Vi and the Pontic Kingdom
    MITHRIDATES VI AND THE PONTIC KINGDOM 75200_mithridates_3k.indd 1 12-04-2009 14:13:21 BLACK SEA STUDIES 9 THE DANISH NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION’S CENTRE FOR BLACK SEA STUDIES 75200_mithridates_3k.indd 2 12-04-2009 14:13:24 MITHRIDATES VI AND THE PONTIC KINGDOM Edited by Jakob Munk Højte AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS a 75200_mithridates_3k.indd 3 12-04-2009 14:13:24 Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom © Aarhus University Press and the authors 2009 Cover design by Jakob Munk Højte and Lotte Bruun Rasmussen Printed in Denmark by Narayana Press, Gylling ISBN 978 87 793 4443 3 Cover: The Iris Valley near Komana Pontike. Tetradrachm of Mithridates VI (SNGFab 387) Aarhus University Press Langelandsgade 177 DK-8200 Århus N White Cross Mills Lancaster LA1 4XS England Box 511 OAKville, CT 06779 USA www.unipress.dk The Publication of this volume has been made possible by a generous grant from The Danish National Research Foundation and The Aarhus University Research Foundation Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Black Sea Studies Building 1451 University of Aarhus 75200_mithridates_3k.indd 4 12-04-2009 14:13:24 Contents Jakob Munk Højte Introduction 7 Lâtife Summerer The Search for Mithridates. Reception of Mithridates VI between the 15th and the 20th Centuries 15 Christian Marek Hellenisation and Romanisation in Pontos-Bithynia: An Overview 35 Oleg L. Gabelko The Dynastic History of the Hellenistic Monarchies of Asia Minor According to the Chronography of George Synkellos 47 François de Callataÿ The First Royal Coinages of Pontos (from
    [Show full text]
  • 115 Akçaabat 93 Akçakale 93 Akurgal, Ekrem 80 Altındere Vadisi Milli Parkı 30 Altıntepe 47 Alum Mining 51 Amasra 73
    115 Index Akçaabat 93 Çarşamba Ovası 86 Akçakale 93 Cehennem Deresi Kanyonu 9 Akurgal, Ekrem 80 Çelebi, Evliya 6, 25, 46, 50, 63, 87 Altındere Vadisi Milli Parkı 30 Cerasus (see Giresun) Altıntepe 47 Chaldia region 33 Alum mining 51 Chalybia 87 Amasra 73 Christians, conversion of 92, 95 Amasya 60 Çiftlik 82 Amazons 87, 90 Çıldır, Lake 11 Anchovies 25 Clavijo, Spanish Ambassador 72, 87, Apollonius Rodius 90 91, 99 Ardanuç 8 Comana Pontica 53 Ardeşen 99 Comneni (Grand Comneni, rulers of Argonauts 71 Trebizond) 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 30, 31, Armenians 51, 99 87, 89, 93, 97 Arrian 88 David the Great 8 Ashot the Great 8 Dazimonitis Plain 59 Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal) 57, 68, 86 Divriği 48 Bafra 84 Dolişhane 9 Bağbaşı 10 Dört Kilise 10 Balard, Michel 75 Doubera, Maria de 16, 60; (mausoleum Ballard, Robert 82 of) 21 Ballıca Mağarası caves 60 Eastmond, Anthony 22 Bartın 72 Ereğli 70 Bayburt 36 Erzincan 47 Bayezıt II 60 Erzurum 40 Bedrama Kalesi 90 Eskipazar 67 Billotti, Alfred 36 Eynesil 91 Black Sea 6, 77 Falconry 96 Bolaman 88 Fatsa 88 Bryer, Anthony 20, 80, 91, 93, 97 Filyos 72 Budde, Ludwig 80 Fırtına Dere 99 Byron, Lord 6 Forty Martyrs of Sebasteia 56 Caesarea Hadrianopolis 67 Genoa, Genoese 24, 56, 74, 85, 90, 91 Çaleoğlu Kale 88 Georgia 8 Çankırı 67 Ghiselin de Busbecq, Ogier 60 116 Blue Guide The Black Sea Coast Gideros cove 76 Men Pharnakes, temple of 54 Giresun 89 Mithridates VI 52, 81, 85 Greek colonisation 14 Mithridatic dynasty 61 Greeks, Pontic 27 Mongols 17, 41 Gregory of Khandzta 8 Morier, James 41, 45 Gregory the Illuminator 47, 48, 52 Niksar 52 Gülbahar Hatun (see Doubera, Maria Northern Anatolian Fault 40 de) Of 95 Gümüşhane 33 Ordu 88 Hadrian, emperor 15, 32 Öşk Vank 10 Haho 10 Paphlagonia 65 Hamamlı 9 Paulicians 49, 51 Hamilton, W.J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Religion and Cults of the Pontic Kingdom: Political Aspects
    The Religion and Cults of the Pontic Kingdom: Political Aspects Sergej Ju. Saprykin In the religious life of the Kingdom of Pontos, we can see two main currents – the cults of Hellenic and local deities and the ideological propaganda closely connected with royal dynastic policy. With the exception of a few articles1 and sections in monographs on the history of the Kingdom of Pontos, there is little literature on the subject and we lack monographic studies on Pontic religion (by “Pontic” I mean the Kingdom of Pontos). Scholars instead usually stress the political aspects of the royal propaganda of Mithridates Eupator connect- ing it with his anti-Roman activity before and during the Mithridatic Wars.2 Some aspects of religious life and cults in Pontos have been touched upon in studies on terracottas, coins, reliefs, and inscriptions, but these studies have mostly referred only to the Greek cities of the Pontic kingdom.3 A complete study of cults and religion in the Pontic Kingdom as well as the basic points of royal Mithridatic propaganda connected with the popular cults throughout the whole state remains a task for classical scholarship. The same is true for other regions included in the kingdom of the Mith- ridatids: in Bosporos we come across clear traces of Mithridatic, i.e. Pontic, religious policy even after the fall of Mithridates Eupator; clearly this policy survived throughout the course of the late 1st century BC and indeed endured until at least the mid 3rd century AD. Yet we still do not know what was the reason for the spreading of the Pontic cults there, the more so in that local Greeks and barbarians had their own cults and religious traditions since the time of the Greek colonization.
    [Show full text]