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King and Court in Ancient Persia 559 to 331 Bce

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King and Court in Ancient Persia 559 to 331 Bce DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY Ancient Persia 559 to 331 Ancient Persia Series Editors: Emma Stafford and Shaun Tougher King and Court in ‘This is a very important contribution not only to Achaemenid studies but also to the wider King and Court in literature on royal courts in general. It is very well written and ably supported by source material which will render it invaluable for students and scholars alike.’ St John Simpson, Curator, The British Museum Ancient Persia An exploration of monarchy and elite society at the political and cultural hub of the vast Persian Empire 559 to 331 BCE The Persians established the biggest land empire the world had seen, and seated at the heart of its vast dominions, in the south of modern-day Iran, was the person of the Achaemenid Great King, immortalised in Greek literature as a despotic tyrant. However, a new vision of Persian kingship is now emerging from Iranian and other Near Eastern sources – literary, visual, and archaeological – which shows the monarchs BCE in a very different light. Inscriptions of Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, and their heirs, present a propagandistic image of Persian rulers as liberators, peace-makers, valiant warriors, righteous god-fearing judges, and law-makers. Around about them, the kings established a lavish and sophisticated court, the centre of political decision-making and the hub of cultural achievements in which the image of monarchy was endorsed and advanced by an almost theatrical display of grandeur and power. Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones explores the representation of Persian monarchy and the court of the LLEWELLYN-JONES LLOYD Achaemenid Great Kings from the point of view of the ancient Iranians themselves (as well as other Near Eastern peoples) and through the sometimes distorted prism of Classical and Biblical sources. Key Features • Draws on rich Iranian and Classical sources and exposes new evidence and interpretations • Accesses the rarefied but dangerous world of Persia palace life • Includes a comprehensive timeline, further reading, and web resources to encourage research Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones is Senior Lecturer in Ancient History at the University of Edinburgh. Cover design: riverdesign.co.uk Cover image: Esther Denouncing Haman Ernest Normand c. 1915 ISBN 978-0-7486-4125-3 Edinburgh www.euppublishing.com LLOYD LLEWELLYN-JONES King and Court in Ancient Persia 559 to 331 bce LLLEWELLYN-JONESLEWELLYN-JONES TTEXT.inddEXT.indd i 004/12/20124/12/2012 114:304:30 DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY general editors Emma Staff ord, University of Leeds and Shaun Tougher, Cardiff University Focusing on important themes, events or periods throughout ancient history, each volume in this series is divided into roughly equal parts. Th e fi rst introduces the reader to the main issues of interpretation. Th e second contains a selection of relevant evidence supporting diff erent views. published Diocletian and the Tetrarchy Roger Rees Julian the Apostate Shaun Tougher Rome and its Empire, ad 193–284 Olivier Hekster with Nicholas Zair Roman Imperialism Andrew Erskine King and Court in Ancient Persia 559 to 331 bce Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones forthcoming Th e Family in the Roman World Mary Harlow and Tim Parkin Sex and Sexuality in Classical Athens James Robson Justinian and the Sixth Century Fiona Haarer Th e Emperor Nero Steven Green LLLEWELLYN-JONESLEWELLYN-JONES TTEXT.inddEXT.indd iiii 004/12/20124/12/2012 114:304:30 King and Court in Ancient Persia 559 to 331 bce Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones LLLEWELLYN-JONESLEWELLYN-JONES TTEXT.inddEXT.indd iiiiii 004/12/20124/12/2012 114:304:30 For David (& César-Phoebus and Maisie) © Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, 2013 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LF www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 11/13 Minion by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 4126 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 4125 3 (paperback) ISBN 978 0 7486 7710 8 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 0 7486 7711 5 (epub) ISBN 978 0 7486 7712 2 (Amazon ebook) Th e right of Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones to be identifi ed as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published with the support of the Edinburgh University Scholarly Publishing Initiatives Fund. LLLEWELLYN-JONESLEWELLYN-JONES TTEXT.inddEXT.indd iivv 004/12/20124/12/2012 114:304:30 Contents Series Editors’ Preface xi Preface xiii A Note on Abbreviations xvii Timeline xix Map of the Persian Empire xxvii Map of Iran xxviii Plan of the Terrace at Persepolis xxix Part I Debates Introduction 3 Chapter 1 Th e Great King and His Men 12 Chapter 2 Pomp and Circumstance: Monarchy on Display 42 Chapter 3 Th e Great King in His Empire: Th e Movable Court 74 Chapter 4 Harem: Royal Women and the Court 96 Chapter 5 Th e Pleasures and Perils of Court Life 123 Part II Documents A1. Th e royal investiture 151 A2. Coronation hymn of Ashurbanipal 151 A3. Th e ‘vassal treaty’ of Esarhaddon 152 A4. Princely education 152 A5. Succession debates 152 A6. Xerxes as co-regent? 153 A7. Co-regency 153 A8. Greek speculations on Persian royal divinity 154 A9. Uncompromising advice to a ruler 154 A10. Achaemenid royal ideology 155 A11. Yahweh and the command for genocide 155 A12. A dream omen of Ashurbanipal 155 A13. Court propaganda: a fi ghting king 156 LLLEWELLYN-JONESLEWELLYN-JONES TTEXT.inddEXT.indd v 004/12/20124/12/2012 114:304:30 vi King and Court in Ancient Persia A14. Darius III: warrior king 156 A15. Th e destruction of Sidon 156 A16. A who’s who of Israelite courtiers 157 A17. Explaining the nature of the court and Empire 157 A18. King and councillors 158 A19. Darius II issues commands through his satrap Aršama 159 A20. City walls and a plague of locusts 159 B1. Rituals of dining 160 B2. Seating etiquette 160 B3. Th e invention of inaccessibility 160 B4. Invisible monarchs of the past 161 B5. Th e invisible king 161 B6. Darius and Xerxes on the building of Persepolis 162 B7. Th e creation of Darius’ palace at Susa 162 B8. Th e beauty of Darius III and his womenfolk 163 B9. Moulding the bodies of infant royalty 163 B10. Cyrus the Great adopts Median dress, cosmetics, and deportment 163 B11. Th e dress and good looks of Astyages of Media 164 B12. Court beauticians and body servants 164 B13. Wigs or hair-pieces 165 B14. Breaching the etiquette of sleeves 165 B15. Semiramis wears the king’s robe and rules 165 B16. Courtiers’ muddy robes 165 B17. Royal punishment and clothing 166 B18. Intaphrenes and his wife 166 B19. Th e Gate of All Nations 167 B20. Imagining Th emistocles’ royal audience 167 B21. Esther before the king 168 B22. Overwhelming emotions of a royal audience 168 B23. Th e royal footsool 169 B24. Alexander’s makeshift footstool 169 B25. Carpets and thrones 169 B26. Obeisance to the king 170 B27. Obsequious salutations to the pharaoh of Egypt 170 C1. Th e king’s lands 170 C2. Th e Empire at large 170 C3. Th e diverse Empire 171 C4. Criss-crossing the Empire 171 C5. Aršama the satrap of Egypt orders rations for a travelling party 171 LLLEWELLYN-JONESLEWELLYN-JONES TTEXT.inddEXT.indd vvii 004/12/20124/12/2012 114:304:30 Contents vii C6. Cyrus’ search for an uninterrupted springtime 172 C7. Th e pleasure of relocation 172 C8. Bigger is not better: criticising the king’s migrations 172 C9. Relocating across Greece is better than traversing an Empire 172 C10. Th e luxury of traversing the Empire 173 C11. Th e spawning of the mackerel – and the Great King 173 C12. Th e Great King on the toilet 174 C13. An Empire on the move: Darius III and his court journey through Babylonia 174 C14. All the king’s horses 175 C15. Th e Egyptian satrap commissions an equestrian statue 176 C16. King as horseman warrior 176 C17. Horses sacrifi ced to Cyrus’ memory 176 C18. Royal camels 176 C19. Clearing the king’s path of scorpions 177 C20. Modest gift s of food and drink 177 C21. Th e origin of the king’s largess towards women 178 C22. Baziš: small livestock 178 C23. Gift s of abundance 179 C24. Figs from Athens 179 C25. Cyrus’ camp and tent 180 C26. Tented luxury 180 C27. Alexander commandeers the royal tent 181 C28. Alexander’s marriage tent 181 C29. Alexander’s royal tent and court 182 C30. Th e cost of feeding a peripatetic court 182 C31. Expenditure on food 183 C32. Food as tribute 183 C33. Th e king’s dinner 183 C34. Th e royal table and food distribution 184 C35. Paradeisoi as royal storage units 185 C36. Paradeisoi of the satrap Pharnabazus at Daskyleion 185 C37. A paradeisos near Uruk? 185 C38. Cyrus generates a storm 185 C39. Artaxerxes II controls the weather 186 D1. Greek speculations on Persian moral and cultural decline and the idea of harem upbringing 186 D2. Th e honour of the king’s wife 187 D3. ‘Oriental’ seclusion 187 D4. Breaching etiquette 188 LLLEWELLYN-JONESLEWELLYN-JONES TTEXT.inddEXT.indd vviiii 004/12/20124/12/2012 114:304:30 viii King and Court in Ancient Persia D5. Keeping a distance from the royal concubines 188 D6. Concubines show deference to royal wives 188 D7. Prestige of royal ladies 188 D8. Dynastic politics and the king’s mother 188 D9.
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