The Fundamental Question
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Produce Farming
Sourcing Food: Plants, Animals, and the Jews Who Tend Them: Produce Farming Drisha Winter Zman 5781 Michael Fraade, Assistant Program Director, Drisha Part I: The Agricultural Calendar The Gezer Calendar (ca. 900 BCE, trans. Oded Borowski, Agriculture in Iron Age Israel, 38): Two months of ingathering olives/ Two months of sowing cereals/ Two months of late sowing (legumes and vegetables)/ A month of hoeing weeds/ A month of harvesting barley/ A month of harvesting wheat and measuring grain/ Two months of grape harvesting/ A month of ingathering summer fruit. Talmud Bavli Bava Metzia 106b רשב"ג משום ר"מ אומר וכן היה רבי It was taught: Rabban Shimon ben שמעון בן מנסיא אומר כדבריו חצי תשרי Gamliel in the name of Rabbi Meir, and מרחשון וחצי כסליו זרע חצי כסליו טבת also Rabbi Shimon ben Menasya, would וחצי שבט חורף חצי שבט אדר וחצי ניסן say: the second half of Tishrei, all of קור חצי ניסן אייר וחצי סיון קציר חצי סיון Marcheshvan, and the first half of Kislev תמוז וחצי אב קיץ חצי אב אלול וחצי תשרי are the days of planting. The second half חום רבי יהודה מונה מתשרי ר"ש מונה of Kislev, all of Tevet, and the first half of ממרחשון Shevat are the winter. The second half of Shevat, Adar, and half of Nisan are the period of cold. Half of Nisan, Iyar, and half of Sivan are harvest. Half of Sivan, Tammuz, and half of Av are summer. Half of Av, Elul, and half of Tishrei are the hot season. Rabbi Yehuda counts from the beginning of Tishrei; Rabbi Shimon counts from Marcheshvan. -
From Indo-European Dragon Slaying to Isa 27.1 a Study in the Longue Durée Wikander, Ola
From Indo-European Dragon Slaying to Isa 27.1 A Study in the Longue Durée Wikander, Ola Published in: Studies in Isaiah 2017 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Wikander, O. (2017). From Indo-European Dragon Slaying to Isa 27.1: A Study in the Longue Durée. In T. Wasserman, G. Andersson, & D. Willgren (Eds.), Studies in Isaiah: History, Theology and Reception (pp. 116- 135). (Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament studies, 654 ; Vol. 654). Bloomsbury T&T Clark. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 LIBRARY OF HEBREW BIBLE/ OLD TESTAMENT STUDIES 654 Formerly Journal of the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series Editors Claudia V. -
Extracts Relating to the Hittites from the Tel El-Amarna Letters
APPENDIX EXTRACTS RELATING TO THE HITTITES FROM THE TEL EL-AMARNA LETTERS ROM a letter of Dusratta, king of Mitanni: 1 When F all the [army] of the Hittites marched to attack my country, Tessub my lord gave it into my hands and I smote it. There was none among them who returned to his own land.' From a letter of Aziru, son of Ebed-Asherah the Amorite, to the Egyptian official Dudu : 1 0 my lord, now Khatip (Hotep) is with me. I and he will march (together). 0 my lord, the king of the land of the Hittites has marched into the land of Nukhassi (Egyp!t"an Anaugas), and the cities (there) are not strong enough to defend themselves from the king of the Hittites ; but now I and Khatip will go (to their help).' From a letter of Aziru to the Egyptian official Khai : 1 The king of the land of the Hittites is in Nukhassi, and I am afraid of him; I keep guard lest he make his way up into the land of the Amorites. And if the city of Tunip falls there will be two roads (open) to the place where he is, and I am afraid of him, and on this account I have remained (here) till his departure. But now I and Khatip will march at once.' From a letter of Aziru to the Pharaoh : 1 And now the king of the Hittites is in Nukhassi: there are two roads to Tunip, and I am afraid it will fall, and that the city [will not be strong enough] to defend itself.' Appendix From a letter of Akizzi, the governor of Qatna (in Nukhassi) on the Khabur to the Pharaoh: 1 0 my lord, the Sun-god my father made thy fathers and set his name upon them ; but now the king of the Hittites has taken the Sun-god my father, and my lord knows what they have done to the god, how it stands. -
Time Prophecy with History and Archaeology
Time and Prophecy Time and Prophecy A Harmony of Time Prophecy with History and Archaeology July, 1995 (Reformatted July, 2021) Inquiries: [email protected] Table of Contents Preface . 1 Section 1 The Value of Time Prophecy . 3 Section 2 The Applications of William Miller . 6 Section 3 Time Features in Volumes 2, 3 . 10 Section 4 Connecting Bible Chronology to Secular History . 12 Section 5 The Neo-Babylonian Kings . 16 Section 6 The Seventy Years for Babylon . 25 Section 7 The Seven Times of Gentile Rule . 29 Section 8 The Seventy Weeks of Daniel Chapter 9 . 32 Section 9 The Period of the Kings . 36 Section 10 Seven Times from the Fall of Samaria . 57 Section 11 From the Exodus to the Divided Kingdom . 61 Section 12 430 Years Ending at the Exodus . 68 Section 13 Summary and Conclusions . 72 Appendix A Darius the Mede . 75 Appendix B The Decree of Cyrus . 80 Appendix C VAT 4956 (37 Nebuchadnezzar) . 81 Appendix D Kings of Judah and Israel . 83 Appendix E The End of the Judean Kingdom . 84 Appendix F Egyptian Pharaohs, 600-500s bc . 89 Appendix G The Canon of Ptolemy . 90 Appendix H Assyrian Chronology . 99 Appendix I The Calendar years of Judah . 104 Appendix J Years Counting from the Exodus . 107 Appendix K Nineteen Periods in Judges and 1 Samuel . 110 Appendix L Sabbatic and Jubilee Cycles . 111 Appendix M Route Through the Wilderness . 115 Appendix N Chronology of the Patriarchs . 116 Endnotes . 118 Bibliography . 138 Year 2000 Update Please Note: Update on Section 12 Dear Reader — In Section 12, beginning on page 73, we considered three options for the begin- ning of the 430 years of Exodus 12:40, and recommended the “Third Option” — beginning with the birth of Reuben — which would reconcile 6000 years ending in 1872 . -
2 the Assyrian Empire, the Conquest of Israel, and the Colonization of Judah 37 I
ISRAEL AND EMPIRE ii ISRAEL AND EMPIRE A Postcolonial History of Israel and Early Judaism Leo G. Perdue and Warren Carter Edited by Coleman A. Baker LONDON • NEW DELHI • NEW YORK • SYDNEY 1 Bloomsbury T&T Clark An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Imprint previously known as T&T Clark 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury, T&T Clark and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2015 © Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the authors. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978-0-56705-409-8 PB: 978-0-56724-328-7 ePDF: 978-0-56728-051-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset by Forthcoming Publications (www.forthpub.com) 1 Contents Abbreviations vii Preface ix Introduction: Empires, Colonies, and Postcolonial Interpretation 1 I. -
Bull Site 590
589 Bull Site 590 Bul sacrifice that precedes Balaam’s second oracle The Hebrew term bûl denotes the second month of (Num 23 : 30). the Canaanite agricultural calendar, as attested in The term šôr, often translated “ox,” has refer- Phoenician inscriptions (KAI 14 : 1; 32 : 1; 38 : 2). In ence to a bull image in Ps 106 : 20. The term is cog- the Bible, the month of Bul is only mentioned once, nate to Ugaritic ßtr, found as an epithet of El (e.g., in the account of Solomon building the temple KTU 1.1 iii 26). Tur-Sinai has proposed that this ep- (1 Kgs 6 : 38). ithet underlies Hos 8 : 6, where, instead of kî mîyis´ - Christoph Berner ra¯ e¯ l, he reads kî mî sˇo¯ r eˇl, “For who is the Bull El” See also /Calendars (Tur Sinai: 31). On the basis of Ugaritic literature, it is now gen- erally recognized that the appellative abbîr yaa˘qob/ Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasievich yis´ ra¯ e¯ l, traditionally translated “mighty one of A medical doctor by training, in the 1920s M. A. Jacob/Israel,” is derived from bull imagery. Ugaritic Bulgakov (1891–1940) began to publish satirical ibr clearly means bull (Olmo Lete: 10). Miller (421) sketches and short stories. His initial successes as a has argued that this imagery was meant to convey playwright and novelist were drastically curtailed strength and power. As such, the translation by increasing Soviet political censorship in the late “mighty one” for abbîr is appropriate. Given all of 1920s and 1930s. Bulgakov devoted the final years the bull imagery associated with El and Baal, it is of his life to the writing of the satirical fantasy Mas- likely that this is the association underlying the calf ter i Margarita (The Master and Margarita), which was (e¯ gel) images forged in the desert in Exod 32 : 4 as finally published only in 1966–67. -
Three Conquests of Canaan
ÅA Wars in the Middle East are almost an every day part of Eero Junkkaala:of Three Canaan Conquests our lives, and undeniably the history of war in this area is very long indeed. This study examines three such wars, all of which were directed against the Land of Canaan. Two campaigns were conducted by Egyptian Pharaohs and one by the Israelites. The question considered being Eero Junkkaala whether or not these wars really took place. This study gives one methodological viewpoint to answer this ques- tion. The author studies the archaeology of all the geo- Three Conquests of Canaan graphical sites mentioned in the lists of Thutmosis III and A Comparative Study of Two Egyptian Military Campaigns and Shishak and compares them with the cities mentioned in Joshua 10-12 in the Light of Recent Archaeological Evidence the Conquest stories in the Book of Joshua. Altogether 116 sites were studied, and the com- parison between the texts and the archaeological results offered a possibility of establishing whether the cities mentioned, in the sources in question, were inhabited, and, furthermore, might have been destroyed during the time of the Pharaohs and the biblical settlement pe- riod. Despite the nature of the two written sources being so very different it was possible to make a comparative study. This study gives a fresh view on the fierce discus- sion concerning the emergence of the Israelites. It also challenges both Egyptological and biblical studies to use the written texts and the archaeological material togeth- er so that they are not so separated from each other, as is often the case. -
Dossier on the Ancient History of the Jews
Dossier on the Ancient History of the Jews Richard B. Sorensen, www.unholygrailbook.com Copyright © 2007, All Rights Reserved August 9, 2011 By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, when we remembered Zion. ~ Psalms 137:1 The country of Israel is a small area only sixty miles wide and one hundred fifty miles long. It is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west and the Arabian Desert on the east, and therefore is a land bridge of relatively fertile ground between Asia Minor to the north and Egypt to the south. This strategic position made the country a battleground throughout the centuries, and the land has been fought over and held by many different nations and peoples: the Canaanites, Hittites, Israelites, Philistines, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Syrians, Romans, Arabs, and Jews. Abraham, Ishmael, and Isaac The Book of Genesis tells the story of a Chaldean man named Abraham, who lived around 1900 BC. He dwelt in the city of Ur in Babylonia (modern-day Iraq), and received a call from God to leave Ur and move his family to what was then known as the land of Canaan. Genesis describes how Abraham, whose name means “father of multitudes,” was blessed by God because of his faith and obedience. Abraham was told that through his bloodline the Messiah, “The Anointed One,” would come. All of the peoples of the earth would be therefore be blessed through his descendents. After arriving in Canaan, Abraham settled in the area of Hebron, and he purchased the Caves of Machpelah as a burial place for himself and for future generations of his family. -
Biblical Literacy the Most Important People, Events, and Ideas of the Hebrew Bible 1St Edition Download Free
BIBLICAL LITERACY THE MOST IMPORTANT PEOPLE, EVENTS, AND IDEAS OF THE HEBREW BIBLE 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Joseph Telushkin | 9780688142971 | | | | | Bible: The Old Testament In Iron Age IIa corresponding to the Monarchal period Judah seems to have been limited to small, mostly rural and unfortified settlements in the Judean hills. The northern area of Israel was captured by the Assyrian Empire in — b. Indeed, the next verse in the Bible ends midsentence: Cain said to his brother Abel …; we are never told what he said. Later, after the Flood, God permits humans to eat meat Genesis —4. Jul 30, Rustin klafka rated it liked it. This threw a harsh, sceptical spotlight on these traditional claims. Adam blames Eve, and, by implication, God, for his sin: "The woman You put at my side, she gave me of the tree and I ate. Home Books Christianity. There is a universality in biblical stories: The murder of Abel by his brother Cain is a profound tragedy of sibling jealousy and family love gone awry see pages The Biblical View of Kingship Wonderful insight on beautiful traditions and philosophical understanding of a people who believe themselves t So, I read this as a companion piece side by side with my and Ideas of the Hebrew Bible 1st edition recent venture into the old testament from my St. Telushkin is the author of sixteen books on Judaism. Hoffmeier Events On the basis of what we know of Palestinian history of the Second Millennium B. Each page has Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim. Cain responds dismissively, I do not know. -
Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign
oi.uchicago.edu STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION * NO.42 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Thomas A. Holland * Editor with the assistance of Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber THE ROAD TO KADESH A HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE BATTLE RELIEFS OF KING SETY I AT KARNAK SECOND EDITION REVISED WILLIAM J. MURNANE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION . NO.42 CHICAGO * ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-63725 ISBN: 0-918986-67-2 ISSN: 0081-7554 The Oriental Institute, Chicago © 1985, 1990 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1990. Printed in the United States of America. oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS List of M aps ................................ ................................. ................................. vi Preface to the Second Edition ................................................................................................. vii Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................................. ix List of Bibliographic Abbreviations ..................................... ....................... xi Chapter 1. Egypt's Relations with Hatti From the Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign ...................................................................... ......................... 1 The Clash of Empires -
Baal, Son of Dagan: in Search of Baal's Double Paternity Author(S): Noga Ayali-Darshan Source: Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol
Baal, Son of Dagan: In Search of Baal's Double Paternity Author(s): Noga Ayali-Darshan Source: Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 133, No. 4 (October-December 2013), pp. 651-657 Published by: American Oriental Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.133.4.0651 Accessed: 28-02-2017 21:36 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms American Oriental Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the American Oriental Society This content downloaded from 132.174.255.49 on Tue, 28 Feb 2017 21:36:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Baal, Son of Dagan: In Search of Baal’s Double Paternity NOGA AYALI-DARSHAN THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY The Ugaritic expression “Baal, son of Dagan” has been the subject of several studies which attempt to resolve the contradiction between the depiction of Baal as El’s son on the one hand and the expression “Baal, son of Dagan” (bʿl bn dgn) on the other. Despite the paucity of literary evidence, the majority of scholars have identified Dagan with either El or Baal, consequently attributing a single “real” father to Baal. -
Tel Dan ‒ Biblical Dan
Tel Dan ‒ Biblical Dan An Archaeological and Biblical Study of the City of Dan from the Iron Age II to the Hellenistic Period Merja Alanne Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Theology, at the University of Helsinki in the Main Building, Auditorium XII on the 18th of March 2017, at 10 a.m. ISBN 978-951-51-3033-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-3034-1 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2017 “Tell el-Kadi” (Tel Dan) “Vettä, varjoja ja rehevää laidunta yllin kyllin ‒ mikä ihana levähdyspaikka! Täysin siemauksin olemme kaikki nauttineet kristallinkirkasta vettä lähteestä, joka on ’maailman suurimpia’, ja istumme teekannumme ympärillä mahtavan tammen juurella, jonne ei mikään auringon säde pääse kuumuutta tuomaan, sillä aikaa kuin hevosemme käyvät joen rannalla lihavaa ruohoa ahmimassa. Vaivumme niihin muistoihin, jotka kiertyvät levähdyspaikkamme ympäri.” ”Kävimme kumpua tarkastamassa ja huomasimme sen olevan mitä otollisimman kaivauksille. Se on soikeanmuotoinen, noin kilometrin pituinen ja 20 m korkuinen; peltona oleva pinta on hiukkasen kovera. … Tulimme ajatelleeksi sitä mahdollisuutta, että reunoja on kohottamassa maahan peittyneet kiinteät muinaisjäännökset, ehkä muinaiskaupungin muurit. Ei voi olla mitään epäilystä siitä, että kumpu kätkee poveensa muistomerkkejä vuosituhansia kestäneen historiansa varrelta.” ”Olimme kaikki yksimieliset siitä, että kiitollisempaa kaivauspaikkaa ei voine Palestiinassakaan toivoa. Rohkenin esittää sen ajatuksen, että tämä Pyhän maan pohjoisimmassa kolkassa oleva rauniokumpu