DOCSLIB.ORG

Bull Site 590

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bull Site 590 589 Bull Site 590 Bul sacrifice that precedes Balaam’s second oracle The Hebrew term bûl denotes the second month of (Num 23 : 30). the Canaanite agricultural calendar, as attested in The term šôr, often translated “ox,” has refer- Phoenician inscriptions (KAI 14 : 1; 32 : 1; 38 : 2). In ence to a bull image in Ps 106 : 20. The term is cog- the Bible, the month of Bul is only mentioned once, nate to Ugaritic ßtr, found as an epithet of El (e.g., in the account of Solomon building the temple KTU 1.1 iii 26). Tur-Sinai has proposed that this ep- (1 Kgs 6 : 38). ithet underlies Hos 8 : 6, where, instead of kî mîyis´ - Christoph Berner ra¯ e¯ l, he reads kî mî sˇo¯ r eˇl, “For who is the Bull El” See also /Calendars (Tur Sinai: 31). On the basis of Ugaritic literature, it is now gen- erally recognized that the appellative abbîr yaa˘qob/ Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasievich yis´ ra¯ e¯ l, traditionally translated “mighty one of A medical doctor by training, in the 1920s M. A. Jacob/Israel,” is derived from bull imagery. Ugaritic Bulgakov (1891–1940) began to publish satirical ibr clearly means bull (Olmo Lete: 10). Miller (421) sketches and short stories. His initial successes as a has argued that this imagery was meant to convey playwright and novelist were drastically curtailed strength and power. As such, the translation by increasing Soviet political censorship in the late “mighty one” for abbîr is appropriate. Given all of 1920s and 1930s. Bulgakov devoted the final years the bull imagery associated with El and Baal, it is of his life to the writing of the satirical fantasy Mas- likely that this is the association underlying the calf ter i Margarita (The Master and Margarita), which was (e¯ gel) images forged in the desert in Exod 32 : 4 as finally published only in 1966–67. In part a story well as those places in Bethel and Dan by Jeroboam of the struggle between political expediency and in 1 Kgs 12 : 28. morality within the Soviet literary establishment, Bibliography: ■ Miller, P., “El the Warrior,” Harvard Theo- The Master and Margarita recounts a visit by the devil logical Review 60/4 (1967) 411–37. ■ Olmo Lete, G. del/J. and his retinue to Moscow in the 1930s. Within this Sanmartín, A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alpha- novel chapters of another novel tell the story of the betic Tradition (Leiden 2004). ■ Ornan, T., “The Bull and Its encounter between Jesus and Pontius Pilate from Two Masters: Moon and Storm Deities in Relation to the the point of view of the latter. Bull in Ancient Near Eastern Art,” Israel Exploration Journal In creating the figure of Pilate, Bulgakov made 51/1 (2001) 1–26. use of an impressive range of religious and secular Christopher Hooker sources. These included the four Gospels, especially the Gospel of John, accounts by ancient historians like Josephus and Philo, apocryphal writings, such Bull Site as the Acta Pilati, and 19th-century secular biogra- The single-period open-air cultic site of the 12th phies of Jesus, like F. W. Farrar’s The Life of Christ (1874), David Strauss’ Das Leben Jesu, kritisch bearbei- century BCE (Iron I Age; Map Reference 1807.2016) tet (1835), and E. Renan’s Vie de Jésus (1863). Bul- is situated in the hill country of northern Samaria, gakov’s procurator emerges as a tormented figure 7 km/4.5 miles east of Tell Dothan on the Dhahrat who succumbs to moral cowardice despite his intel- et-Tawileh ridge north of the Zebabda Valley, a lectual sense that Jesus has been falsely accused and natural route connecting Dothan with Tirzah. his emotional attraction to the sensitive but simple From the summit, one has a commanding view of Ieshua Ga-Notsri (Bulgakov’s name for Jesus). To the area, including Mount Tabor to the north, the biblical idea of amoral relativism suggested by Mount Carmel to the west, and Mount Gilboa to Pilate’s famous and cynical question “What is the northeast. truth?,” Bulgakov adds the notion, clearly appli- 1. The Site. The Bull Site was the chance discovery cable to life in Stalinist Moscow as well as Roman of an Israeli kibbutznik who spotted a partially bur- Jerusalem, that cowardice is “the most terrible ied statuette of a bronze bull in the ground. Excava- vice.” tions were carried out between 1978 and 1981 by Bibliography: ■ Barratt, A., Between Two Worlds (Oxford A. Mazar on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology 1987). ■ Ianovskaia, L., Mikhail Bulgakov’s Career as a Writer of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the staff ■ (Moscow 1983). [Russian] Krugovoy, G., The Gnostic Novel officer for archaeology in Judea and Samaria (West of Mikhail Bulgakov (Lanham, Md. 1990). ■ Milne, L., Mi- khail Bulgakov (Cambridge 1990). ■ Zerkalov, A., The Gospel Bank). The badly eroded remains on bedrock in- of Mikhail Bulgakov (Ann Arbor, Mich. 1984). [Russian] cluded an elliptical rock wall enclosure ca. 20 m/66 Margaret C. Ziolkowski feet in diameter with an apparent opening in the northeast. At the eastern end of the enclosure was a large, slightly worked stone lying on its long, nar- Bull row side (ca. 1.2 m/4 feet x 0.91 m/3 feet x 0.23 m/ Bulls (Heb. par, šôr, abbîr; Gk. μσς) are often the ¾ feet). The bull figurine was found nearby. This objects of sacrifice in the cultic literature (e.g., Exod slab may have been a standing stone (Heb. masøsøe¯ bâ; 29 : 11 Lev 4 : 4, 8 : 14, 16 : 11) and are a part of the cf. Gen 35 : 14) or an altar (cf. Gen 12 : 8). In front Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception vol. 4 Authenticated | [email protected] © Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, 2012 Download Date | 11/24/18 10:46 PM 591 Bullinger, Heinrich 592 14). However, Gideon’s father worshipped Baal at Ophrah (Judg 6 : 25), and the young bull (Heb. e¯ gel) had great importance in the cult of the northern tribes (1 Kgs 12 : 28). Bibliography: ■ Ahlström, G., “The Bull Figurine from Dhahrat et-Tawileh,” BASOR 280 (1990) 77–82. ■ Coogan, M. D., “Of Cults and Cultures,” PEQ 119 (1987) 1–8. ■ Ma- zar, A., “The ‘Bull Site’,” BASOR 247 (1982) 27–42. ■ Ma- zar, A., “A Cultic Site from the Period of the Judges in the Northern Samaria Hills,” Eretz-Israel 16 (1982b) 135–45. [Heb.] ■ Wenning, R./E. Zenger, “Ein bäuerliches Baal- Heiligtum im samarischen Gebirge aus der Zeit der Anfänge Israels,” ZDPV 102 (1986) 75–86. Robert Mullins Bullinger, Heinrich Fig. 17 Bull figurine (12th cent. BCE) Born July 4, 1504, in Bremgarten (Switzerland), Bullinger had already turned towards the evangeli- of the slab, excavations revealed a stone-paved area cal faith before he completed his Master’s degree in with Iron I pottery, a bronze object (possibly an Cologne (1522). The question driving him was less Egyptian-type mirror), and the fragment of a square the achievement of righteousness by either works cult vessel. In addition, there would have been suf- or faith alone than the pure original “Word of ficient room for a sacred tree (Heb. a˘še¯ râ) to stand God.” As a consequence of the humanist principle – inside the enclosure (cf. Ezek 6 : 13). back to the roots – he dedicated his time to intense Bible study accompanied by studies of the church 2. The Bull. Made according to the “lost wax” tech- fathers. With open gratefulness for what Erasmus nique, the bronze bull measures 18 cm/7 inches had achieved for biblical interpretation, from the long by 13 cm/5 inches high. The legs were made beginning, Bullinger placed humanist philology in separate strips and folded over the back of the and rhetoric in the service of Bible interpretation animal to create prominent ridges, the ridge behind without compromising his Reformed core. As early the head formed by the forelegs suggesting it was a as 1525, as a teacher in the monastery at Kappel Zebu bull (Bos indicus). Its flat feet rest firmly on the by Zurich, he was holding public lectures on Paul’s surface and do not require tangs or other means of Letters. At the same time, he penned writings in support. Its rounded eyes may have held glass or which he defended his hermeneutic and the meth- semi-precious stone. Though unique in size, style, odological steps of his exegesis. His extensive Stu- and details of design, the statuette appears to con- diorum ratio, a comprehensive sketch of rules for tinue the Canaanite tradition of bronze bull figu- study, praised worldly education and placed it in rines as found at Hazor and Ugarit. The figurine the service of a better understanding of God’s word may have been manufactured at one of the Canaan- in Bible texts. His demands to consider the context, ite towns in the northern valleys or made by an Isra- the grammar, and the rhetoric in biblical interpre- elite craftsman in the Canaanite tradition (cf. Judg tation alluded to the later development of historic 17 : 4–5). In the ancient Near East, the young bull philological exegesis. symbolized power and fertility and was usually After Zwingli’s death in October 1531, Bullin- identified with El or Baal. It remains uncertain, ger became his successor in Zurich, where he was though, whether such a statuette would have been effective until his own death on September 17, worshipped as an object in its own right or viewed 1575. His unremitting Bible interpretations were as a pedestal for the deity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tel Dan ‒ Biblical Dan
    Tel Dan ‒ Biblical Dan An Archaeological and Biblical Study of the City of Dan from the Iron Age II to the Hellenistic Period Merja Alanne Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Theology, at the University of Helsinki in the Main Building, Auditorium XII on the 18th of March 2017, at 10 a.m. ISBN 978-951-51-3033-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-3034-1 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2017 “Tell el-Kadi” (Tel Dan) “Vettä, varjoja ja rehevää laidunta yllin kyllin ‒ mikä ihana levähdyspaikka! Täysin siemauksin olemme kaikki nauttineet kristallinkirkasta vettä lähteestä, joka on ’maailman suurimpia’, ja istumme teekannumme ympärillä mahtavan tammen juurella, jonne ei mikään auringon säde pääse kuumuutta tuomaan, sillä aikaa kuin hevosemme käyvät joen rannalla lihavaa ruohoa ahmimassa. Vaivumme niihin muistoihin, jotka kiertyvät levähdyspaikkamme ympäri.” ”Kävimme kumpua tarkastamassa ja huomasimme sen olevan mitä otollisimman kaivauksille. Se on soikeanmuotoinen, noin kilometrin pituinen ja 20 m korkuinen; peltona oleva pinta on hiukkasen kovera. … Tulimme ajatelleeksi sitä mahdollisuutta, että reunoja on kohottamassa maahan peittyneet kiinteät muinaisjäännökset, ehkä muinaiskaupungin muurit. Ei voi olla mitään epäilystä siitä, että kumpu kätkee poveensa muistomerkkejä vuosituhansia kestäneen historiansa varrelta.” ”Olimme kaikki yksimieliset siitä, että kiitollisempaa kaivauspaikkaa ei voine Palestiinassakaan toivoa. Rohkenin esittää sen ajatuksen, että tämä Pyhän maan pohjoisimmassa kolkassa oleva rauniokumpu
    [Show full text]
  • Levantine God, That This Deity, Clearly a Major Deity in →DDD
    Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication 1/8 Last Revision: 19 December 2007 Baal Striking similarities with the deity on the so- called “B. stela” from Ugarit (1*) suggest I. Introduction. Levantine god, that this deity, clearly a major deity in →DDD. A discussion of the iconography of Ugarit, should be identified as B. as well. B. has two complementary tasks: first, to Hence this stela may serve as a point of define the particular iconographic profile of departure for the typological study of B. and the Levantine →storm god B.; second, to define his main pictorial profile: menacing identify additional iconographic profiles pose with a mace in his hand; pointed borrowed from other deities whose helmet; short kilt with horizontal lines and a representations may also have been dagger/sword at the waist; one or two long, identified with B. in the southern Levant. curled locks; and usually, though not CORNELIUS 1994 is the most comprehensive always, a long beard. study of the iconography of B. to date (cf. II. Typology CORNELIUS 1994: 8-11 for a brief research II.1. Phenotypes history; LIPIŃSKI 1996 and CORNELIUS 1998 A. ANTHROPOMORPHIC 1. BRANDISHING A MACE for a critical review and response). A OR SWORD 1.1. Holding a spear (1-3, →Astarte 1) 1.2. Holding a tree (4) 1.3. Slaying a serpent (5-6) number of questionable identifications sug- 2. HOLDING A SCEPTER (7) 3. THRUSTING A SPEAR (8) gested by CORNELIUS have not been 4. WINGED 4.1. “Sethian B.” as a distinct South- included here.
    [Show full text]
  • Assembling the Iron Age Levant: the Archaeology of Communities, Polities, and Imperial Peripheries
    J Archaeol Res (2016) 24:373–420 DOI 10.1007/s10814-016-9093-8 Assembling the Iron Age Levant: The Archaeology of Communities, Polities, and Imperial Peripheries Benjamin W. Porter1 Published online: 5 March 2016 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 Abstract Archaeological research on the Iron Age (1200–500 BC) Levant, a narrow strip of land bounded by the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Desert, has been balkanized into smaller culture historical zones structured by modern national borders and disciplinary schools. One consequence of this division has been an inability to articulate broader research themes that span the wider region. This article reviews scholarly debates over the past two decades and identifies shared research interests in issues such as ethnogenesis, the development of territorial polities, economic intensification, and divergent responses to imperial interventions. The broader contributions that Iron Age Levantine archaeology offers global archaeological inquiry become apparent when the evidence from different corners of the region is assembled. Keywords Empire · Ethnicity · Middle East · State Introduction The Levantine Iron Age (c. 1200–500 BC) was a transformative historical period that began with the decline of Bronze Age societies throughout the Eastern Mediterranean and concluded with the collapse of Babylonian imperial rule at the end of the sixth century BC. Sandwiched between Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean Sea on the east and west, and Anatolia and Egypt on the north and south (Figs. 1 and 2), respectively, a patchwork of Levantine societies gradually established political polities, only to see them dismantled and reshaped in the wake & Benjamin W. Porter [email protected] 1 Phoebe A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Settlers in the Central Hill Country of Palestine
    THE SETTLERS IN THE CENTRAL HILL COUNTRY OF PALESTINE DURING IRON AGE I (ca 1200-1000 BCE): WHERE DID THEY COME FROM AND WHY DID THEY MOVE? by IRINA RUSSELL submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF MAGDEL LE ROUX NOVEMBER 2009 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND...................................................................................…… 1 1.1.1 Religion in the ancient Near East............................................................... 1 1.1.2 The effect of climate fluctuations on human history................................ 2 1.2 DEFINITIONS, NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS................. 6 1.2.1 The term ‘Palestine’..................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 ‘Israelites’ or ‘settlers’?............................................................................... 6 1.2.3 Religion.....................................................................................................… 7 1.2.4 ‘Tribes’ (shevet/matteh) or ‘clans’ (mishpahot)?....................................... 8 1.2.5 ‘BCE’/‘bce’/‘CE’/‘ce’ and ‘m bmsl’....................................................…... 10 1.3 HYPOTHESIS........................................................................................…... 11 1.4 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS............................................... 11 1.4.1 The structure of the dissertation...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology of Cult of Ancient Israel's Southern Neighbors and The
    DOI: 10.46586/er.12.2021.8847 Entangled Religions 12.2 (2021) License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 er.ceres.rub.de The Archaeology of Cult of Ancient Israel’s Southern Neighbors and the Midianite-Kenite Hypothesis JUAN MANUEL TEBES Catholic University of Argentina - National Research Council, Argentina ABSTRACT The Midianite-Kenite hypothesis, the idea that the pre-Israelite roots of Yah- wism can be traced back to the areas south and southeast of Palestine, has a long pedigree in biblical scholarship. Analyses supporting this view generally agree in three main points. First, they assume that the influence of the southern cultic practices on Yahwism occurred during a restricted period of time, traditionally dated to the Early Iron Age. Second, they see the origins of Yahwism through the lenses of diffusionist perspectives, characterizing this process as a movement or migration of one or a few determined groups to Canaan. And third, adequate analyses of the archaeological evidence of the arid areas to the south of Palestine are few. In this article I will turn the interpretation of the epigraphic and archaeological evidence upside down. Instead of looking to the (mostly biblical) evidence on the origins of the cult of Yahweh and assuming its genesis lies in movements of people from the southern regions to Canaan in the Early Iron Age, I will focus attention on the his- tory of the cultic practices in the Negev, southern Transjordan, and northern Hejaz during the entire Iron Age, and how this information is related to the religious practices known in Judah and Israel during the biblical period, shedding new light on the prehistory of the cult of Yahweh.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 MH STERNE LIBRARY: Ancient Near East Essay Resources
    M. H. STERNE LIBRARY: Ancient Near East Essay Resources: (Excluding some non-recommended works) July 1, 2009: Compiled & designed by G. D. Mumford (Dept. Anthropology, SBS-UAB). TABLE OF CONTENTS: A. Reference works ……………………………………………………………………………………...4 B. Cambridge Ancient History ……………………………………………………………………….....4 C. Near Eastern and Egyptological Journals …………………………………………………………..5 D. Journals on-line via JSTOR (Sterne catalogue)…………………………………………………….6 E. 100s of electronic sources available on-line (ABZU website links)…………………………………6 F. Important journals not in JSTOR (but possibly available via instructor)…………………………6 G. Egypto-Levantine overviews / time periods…………………………………………………………7 1. Broad Overviews / Daily Life / History / etc. …………………………………………………………..7 2. Prehistory: Neolithic-Chalcolithic Near East ………………………………………………..…………9 a. Syria-Palestine ………………………………………………………....................................….9 b. Cyprus ……………………………………………………....................................................…11 c. Anatolia ………………………………………………………………………………..…...…11 d. Mesopotamia …………………………………………………………………………….....…12 e. Egypt in the Levant ……………………………………………………………………...……12 3. Early Bronze Age I-IV Near East …………………………………………………………………….14 a. Syria-Palestine …………………………………………………….......................................…14 b. Cyprus ……………………………………………………....................................................…16 c. Anatolia ……………………………………………………………………………………….16 d. Mesopotamia ………………………………………………………………………………….17 e. Egypt in the Levant ………………………………………………………………………..….17 4.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of the Origins of Israelite Aniconism Literary Work at Face Value
    S.I. Kang Prof. S.I. Kang, Associate IN SEARCH OF THE Professor, Yonsei University, Wonju, ORIGINS OF ISRAELITE South Korea. E-mail: seungilkang@hotmail. ANICONISM com DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.18820/23099089/ ABSTRACT actat.v38i1.5 For a long time, aniconism has been presented as one of ISSN 1015-8758 (Print) the most distinctive characteristics of the religion of ancient ISSN 2309-9089 (Online) Israel. Aniconism refers to the absence or repudiation of divine images. Such a tradition was inconceivable to Acta Theologica 2018 Israel’s neighbours, where the care, feeding, and clothing 38(1):84-98 of a deity, represented in the form of a divine statue, played © UV/UFS a central role in national cults (Jacobsen 1987:15-32; Berlejung 1997:45-72; Walker & Dick 2001; Roth 1992:113-147; Roth 1993:57-79). The issue of aniconism has, therefore, been the subject of much scholarly debate. In discussing the concept of aniconism, this article follows Mettinger’s (1995:18) distinction between de facto aniconism (the mere absence of iconic representations of a deity) and programmatic aniconism (the repudiation of such representations). Many theories on the origins of the strong aniconic tradition in Yahwism have been put forward. Some major theories will be critically reviewed, and a new synthesis with reference to archaeological and iconographic data will be presented. 1. TRADITIONAL THEORIES There are four major traditional lines of thought concerning the origins of aniconism in ancient Israel. First, compared to other ancient Near-Eastern deities, who were associated with natural phenomena, Yahweh was conceived as a god of history, and so could not be represented in a physical form (Zimmerli 1963:234-248).
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Israelite Religion: the State of Research Is All New Research
    religions Article Women in Israelite Religion: The State of Research Is All New Research Beth Alpert Nakhai Arizona Center for Judaic Studies, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; [email protected] Received: 5 January 2019; Accepted: 21 January 2019; Published: 19 February 2019 Abstract: Historically, those studying Israelite religion have ignored the existence of women in Iron Age Israel (1200–587 BCE). They have, therefore, accounted neither for the religious beliefs of half of ancient Israel’s population nor for the responsibilities that women assumed for maintaining religious rituals and traditions. Such reconstructions of Israelite religion are seriously flawed. Only in the last four decades have scholars, primarily women, begun to explore women’s essential roles in Israel’s religious culture. This article utilizes evidence from the Hebrew Bible and from archaeological sites throughout Israel. It demonstrates that some women had roles within the Jerusalem Temple. Most women, however, resided in towns and villages throughout the Land. There, they undertook responsibility for clan-based and community-based religious rituals and rites, including pilgrimage, seasonal festivals, rites of military victory, and rites of mourning. They fulfilled, as well, essential roles within the sphere of domestic or household religion. At home, they provided medico-magical healing for all family members, as well as care for women and babies throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and beyond. They, and the men in their communities, worshipped
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Household Shrines in Ancient Israel
    Women and household shrines in ancient Israel Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Willett, Elizabeth Ann Remington Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 20:20:33 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288986 DWORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter &ce, \^e others may be fit}m ai^ type of computer printer. The quality of this reprodactioii is dependent apon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and impropo- alignment can adversely affect rq)roduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are misang pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, b^inning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy.
    [Show full text]
  • A Demographic Analysis of Late Bronze Age Canaan: Ancient
    i A DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF LATE BRONZE AGE CANAAN: ANCIENT POPULATION ESTIMATES AND INSIGHTS THROUGH ARCHAEOLOGY by Titus Michael Kennedy 4812-032-4 Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Supervisor: PROF COENRAAD SCHEEPERS Co-supervisor: DR SHIMON GIBSON 2013 ii I declare that: A DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF LATE BRONZE AGE CANAAN: ANCIENT POPULATION ESTIMATES AND INSIGHTS THROUGH ARCHAEOLOGY is my own original and unaided work that has not been submitted to any other institution for assessment purposes. All sources and references have been acknowledged. Titus Michael Kennedy UNISA Student # 48120324 September 26, 2013 __________________ ___________________ SIGNATURE DATE iii ABSTRACT A Demographic Analysis of Late Bronze Age Canaan: Ancient Population Estimates and Insights through Archaeology by Titus Michael Kennedy This thesis is a demographic analysis of Late Bronze Age Canaan (ca. 1550/1500-1200/1150 BCE), undertaken through the use of archaeological and anthropological data. The purpose is to establish estimates for the settlement population, nomadic population, nuclear family size, house size, sex ratio, and life expectancy of the people of Canaan during the Late Bronze Age. Previous studies have not addressed these issues in detail, nor had data from the entire scope of Canaan been considered, nor had a precise methodology been developed or used for estimating specific settlement populations and nomadic populations for Canaan during the Late Bronze Age. Thus, additional aspects of the thesis include the development and use of a new methodology for estimating ancient populations and a database of all of the Late Bronze Age sites in Canaan—both archaeological and textual.
    [Show full text]
  • Assembling the Iron Age Levant: the Archaeology of Communities, Polities, and Imperial Peripheries
    UC Berkeley Postprints Title Assembling the Iron Age Levant: The Archaeology of Communities, Polities, and Imperial Peripheries Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9tj5d97n Journal Journal of Archaeological Research, 24(4) ISSN 1059-0161 1573-7756 Author Porter, Benjamin W Publication Date 2016-03-05 DOI 10.1007/s10814-016-9093-8 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California J Archaeol Res (2016) 24:373–420 DOI 10.1007/s10814-016-9093-8 Assembling the Iron Age Levant: The Archaeology of Communities, Polities, and Imperial Peripheries Benjamin W. Porter1 Published online: 5 March 2016 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 Abstract Archaeological research on the Iron Age (1200–500 BC) Levant, a narrow strip of land bounded by the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Desert, has been balkanized into smaller culture historical zones structured by modern national borders and disciplinary schools. One consequence of this division has been an inability to articulate broader research themes that span the wider region. This article reviews scholarly debates over the past two decades and identifies shared research interests in issues such as ethnogenesis, the development of territorial polities, economic intensification, and divergent responses to imperial interventions. The broader contributions that Iron Age Levantine archaeology offers global archaeological inquiry become apparent when the evidence from different corners of the region is assembled. Keywords Empire · Ethnicity · Middle East · State Introduction The Levantine Iron Age (c. 1200–500 BC) was a transformative historical period that began with the decline of Bronze Age societies throughout the Eastern Mediterranean and concluded with the collapse of Babylonian imperial rule at the end of the sixth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Israeli Archaeological Activity in the West Bank 1967–2007
    ISRAELI ARCHAEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN THE WEST BANK 1967–2007 A SOURCEBOOK RAPHAEL GREENBERG ADI KEINAN THE WEST BANK AND EAST JERUSALEM ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATABASE PROJECT © 2009 Raphael Greenberg and Adi Keinan Cover: Surveying in western Samaria, early 1970s (courtesy of Esti Yadin) Layout: Dina Shalem Production: Ostracon Printed by Rahas Press, Bar-Lev Industrial Park, Israel Distributed by Emek Shaveh (CPB), El‘azar Hamoda‘i 13, Jerusalem [email protected] ISBN 978-965-91468-0-2 CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 PART 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND EXCAVATIONS IN THE WEST BANK SINCE 1967 Introduction 3 Israeli Archaeology in the West Bank 3 Note on Palestinian Archaeology in the West Bank 7 Israeli Archaeology in East Jerusalem 8 Conclusion 10 PART 2. CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE A. Surveys 11 Survey Motivation and Design 12 Survey Method 12 Definition of Sites 13 Site Names 14 Dating 14 Survey Database Components 15 B. Excavations 18 Basic Data on Excavations 19 The Excavation Gazetteer 20 Excavated Site Types and Periods 21 C. GIS Linkage and Its Potential 22 Case No. 1: The Iron Age I Revisited 23 Case No. 2: Roman Neapolis 26 Case No. 3: An Inventory of Mosaic Floors 26 D. Database Limitations 28 Concluding Remarks 29 References (for Parts 1 and 2) 30 PART 3. GAZETTEER OF EXCAVATIONS, 1967–2007 33 PART 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 PART 5. INDEX OF EXCAVATED SITES 173 PART 6. DATABASE FILES (on CD only) FOREWORD The authors will be the first to concede that modern been subsumed in a particular view of Jerusalem’s political boundaries—the Green Line, the Separation significance in history.
    [Show full text]