Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas ISSN: 0717-7917 [email protected] Universidad de Santiago de Chile Chile

KHABBACH, Abdelmajid; LIBIAD, Mohamed; ENNABILI, Abdeslam; BOUSTA, Dalila Medicinal and cosmetic use of plants from the province of , Northern Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, vol. 11, núm. 1, 2012, pp. 46-60 Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile

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Artículo Original | Original Article

Medicinal and cosmetic use of plants from the province of Taza, Northern Morocco

[Uso medicinal y cosmético de las plantas de la provincia de Taza, Norte de Marruecos]

Abdelmajid KHABBACH, Mohamed LIBIAD, Abdeslam ENNABILI & Dalila BOUSTA

PAMSN Laboratory, National Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, 34025 , Morocco Contactos | Contacts: Abdeslam ENNABILI - E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract This work aims to make an inventory of plants and their medicinal and cosmetic uses in the Pre- (foothills of the Rif, a massif in Northern Morocco) of the province of Taza. Following ethnobotanical investigations, carried out with the local population and field surveys, 73 plant species used locally in traditional medicine have been identified, as well as six species which have ethno-veterinary properties. They belong to 39 botanical families and were collected essentially in the study area. Most remedies are prepared as decoctions (40 species) or with an aqueous base (infusion, aqueous macerate-8 species); more species are used for internal or oral administration (61 species) compared with external or local ones (27 species). These plants, 14.8% of which are central to herbalists’ activity in the region, are widely used in indigenous pharmacopoeia to treat common symptoms, such as gastrointestinal disorders (33 species), articular-system disruption, ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) diseases and headaches (24 species), and skin problems (11 species). Moreover, 13 species in particular are used by women for cosmetic purposes. The local population uses medicinal plant species for daily care which may increase the pressure on natural resources, e.g. vulnerable species such as Origanum compactum and Rosmarinus officinalis. Hence, the adoption of a sustainable-management approach to safeguard and preserve the local medicinal flora is urgent.

Keywords: Morocco, flora, traditional medicine, cosmetic, preparation, administration.

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo es el de realizar un inventario de plantas, sus usos medicinales y cosméticos en el Pre-Rif (estribaciones del Rif, un macizo en el norte de Marruecos) de la provincia de Taza. A partir de investigaciones etnobotánicas realizadas con la población local y de estudios de campo, se han identificado 73 especies de plantas (pertenecientes a 39 familias), utilizadas localmente en la medicina tradicional, seis de las cuales tienen además usos etno- veterinarios. La mayor parte de estas especies fueron recolectadas en la región. La mayoría de los remedios se preparan en decocciones (40 especies), o con una base acuosa (infusión, maceración acuosa - 8 especies). Del mismo modo, la mayor parte de las especies se administran por vía oral o interna (61 especies), en comparación con aquellas aplicadas de modo externo o local (27 especies). Estas plantas, 14,8% de las cuales son en el centro de la actividad de los herbolarios de la región, son ampliamente utilizadas en la farmacopea indígena para atenuar síntomas comunes, tales como trastornos gastrointestinales (33 especies), alteraciones articulares, enfermedades otorrinológicas (oído, nariz y garganta), dolores de cabeza (24 especies) y problemas de la piel (11 especies). Además, 13 especies son especialmente utilizadas por las mujeres para fines cosméticos. El uso cotidiano de la población local de estas especies medicinales podría acentuar la presión sobre los recursos naturales, es decir, las especies vulnerables tales como Origanum compactum y Rosmarinus officinalis. Por lo tanto, es urgente gestionar un manejo sostenible de estos recursos de modo de garantizar su protección y preservación.

Palabras Clave: Marruecos; flora medicina tradicional; uso cosmético; preparaciónes; administración.

Recibido | Received: July 4, 2011. Aceptado en versión corregida | Accepted in revised form: October 19, 2011 . Publicado en línea | Published online: January 30, 2012. Este artículo puede ser citado como / This article must be cited as:: Abdelmajid Khabbach, Mohamed Libiad, Abdeslam Ennabili, Dalila Bousta. 2012. Medicinal and cosmetic use of plants from the province of Taza, Northern Morocco. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plant Med Aromat 11(1): 46 - 60.

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Khabbach et al Medicinal and cosmetic use of plants from the province of Taza, Marocco

INTRODUCTION The Moroccan flora include around 8000 species The advance of western medicine in some (CEIB, 2006a). Little information is available for areas does not negate the fact that 80% of the world some plant groups of high ecological and population benefits from the contributions of socioeconomic interest and many sites in Morocco traditional medicine in terms of health care (in El have almost never been surveyed (FAO-Morocco, Rhaffari & Zaid, 2002), and these drugs have less side 2006). Morocco has one of the highest proportion of effects than synthetic drugs (Sardar & Khan, 2009). endemic vascular-plants in Euro-Mediterranean The use of medicinal plants provides a source of countries and 800 to 951 taxa are endemic out of over medical care in developing countries in the absence of 4500 native or naturalized taxa (Benrahmoune Idrissi a modern medical system (in Mehdioui & Kahoudji, & Dubruille, 2003; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Fougrach et 2007). Morocco is one of the Mediterranean countries al., 2007). with a long medical tradition and traditional know- Studies of plant diversity are usually how of herbal medicine (in Mehdioui & Kahoudji, concerned with taxonomic richness and factors 2007); 20% of the population lives, at least partly, on influencing it, as well as the direct-use values of plant forest products and more than 500 medicinal plants are diversity (wood cutting, gathering, etc.) that are economically important (in Ennabili et al., 2000). sometimes discussed beyond its actual value (indirect Unfortunately, knowledge regarding the use of use, option, etc.). traditional plants is lost from one generation to another The intensive exploitation of plant species for (e.g. Ennabili et al., 2000; Tabuti, 2002). Factors such medicinal purposes can be detrimental when this as migration, acculturation, alteration of the physical exceeds the regeneration threshold. The use of and biological environments, the rural exodus, new medicinal plants, which is part of the livelihood of the media, expertise loss due to death of the elderly, etc. local population, can lead to the reduction and/or loss are causing a rapid loss of traditional knowledge, of biodiversity, decrease in productivity, etc. which would make such studies primordial (González- (Mehdioui & Kahoudji, 2007). Tejero et al., 2008). Furthermore, there is a cultural expression In keeping with the context of conservation resulting from the environment exploitation, and and ecosystem protection on one hand and to promote therefore, a rich culture that is expressed in a mosaic the development of this region on the other hand, our of folklore and architecture, a variety of local work is a contribution to the inventory of cosmetic and products, diverse handicrafts and various customs medical knowledge, and the identification of plants (Benrahmoune Idrissi & Dubruille, 2003). The use of used by local people of Pre-Rif of Taza in traditional these plants by humans is based on thousands of years medicines. of experience, as people have learned to recognize and use plants by "trial and error", including those with MATERIALS AND METHODS magic and religious functions (Camejo-Rodrigues et Study Area al., 2003). Local or indigenous knowledge is as old as The province of Taza covers a total area of 15,020 km2 human civilization (Aleem Qureshi et al., 2009). (Figure 1); its population is around 720,000 Moreover, since ancient times, people have been inhabitants (CEIB, 2006b). It is bounded to the north, closely related to their habitats, and they have altered east, south and west by the provinces of Al Hoceïma their natural environments while, at the same time, and Nador, the province of Taourirt, the province of being influenced by nature that surrounds them, which Boulmane and the provinces of and is the result of this two-way process of biodiversity respectively (Délégation du MEN à Taza, 2009). management (Angels Bonet & Vallès, 2007).

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Figure 1 Location of surveyed stations in the province of Taza. Source: Région de Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate (2004). Caption: 1-; Ajdir 2; 3-; 4-Taza city 5-Had Msila; 6-Jbarnes; 7-Merzouka; 8-Mezguitem; 9- Malal; 10-Bouhdoud; 11-Sebt Boukalal; 12-Tizi ousli.

The survey area is characterized by a rugged man’s activities, i.e. overgrazing and clearing the relief, constituting a constraint for its development. forests (Loukili et al., 2006). The main mountains are Jbel Akechars (around 2009 The foothills of the Rif are among the early m), Jbel Kouine (1883 m) and Jbel Aberchane (1774 settlement regions, which together with the Moroccan m). The substrates are soft and impervious (Loukili et mountains are considered as the Moroccan cradle of al., 2006). The climate is of Mediterranean type, humanity. The southern sides of eastern Rif have been particularly semi-continental to Mediterranean long neglected and marginalized. These mountain influence, humid in winter and semi-arid in summer areas are seriously subjected to natural, economic and (Délégation du MEN à Taza, 2009). spatial imbalance (Binane, 1999). Forests and alfa grass [ Macrochloa Agriculture constitutes a fundamental tenacissima (L.) Kunth] occupy 42.5% of the area economic sector in the province of Taza, and is the (468,000 ha) in the province of Taza; 401,339 ha of main occupation of the farming population (i.e. source which correspond to forests. Holm oak (Quercus ilex of income for 80% of the local population), in the L.), thuja [Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.], Aleppo form of cereal-based subsistence farming, livestock pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.), cork oak (Quercus suber and arboriculture, mainly olive (Olea europaea L.), L.) and cedar [Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière] almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb] and fig (especially from the national park of Tazekka) are trees (Ficus carica L.) (CEIB, 2006b; Délégation du found in 130,704 ha, 50,151 ha, 30,028 ha, 11,737 ha MEN à Taza, 2009). and 9,907 ha respectively. The grazing and The Pre-Rif Taza is one of many Moroccan uncultivated lands spread on 644,000 ha, i.e. 44.7% of rural regions remaining unexplored in terms of the province (Service provincial des Eaux et Forêts, ethnobotanical research, even though it might have an 2008). In addition, soil erosion has increased due to important phytotherapic potential. In addition to the National Park Tazekka, there is another four sites of Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/48

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biological and ecological interest, namely Tidighin Koudiat - Ghafasai , Akechar - Aknoul, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Jbel Ouarirt - Msoun (Ministère de l'Aménagement du Interviewees Territoire de l’Eau et de l'Environnement, 2003) and Information was gathered at 12 stations in the study El Kifane forest (Binane, 1999). area (Figure 1), at a rate of 21.2 ± 15.9 informers per station. This survey led to 255 "interview-medicinal METHODS species-station" combinations. In order to document local knowledge in terms of The interviewees (29.8% female and 70.2% plants exploitation, we used pre-established survey male) have an average age of 51.2 ± 14.9 years (61.1 ± forms, with 45 inputs related to ethnobotanical and 17.8 years for women and 47 ± 11.1 years for men). demographic data (local names and parts of the plants This factor is much higher in Europe, where the used; age, gender and social identity of the people average age of interviewees ranges from 63 to 72 interviewed, among others). years (Camejo-Rodrigues et al., 2003; Angels-Bonet In this work, we referred to other studies on & Vallès, 2007; González-Tejero et al., 2008; Parada plants used in Morocco, including medicinal plants et al., 2009), v. from 50 to 65 years for the Northern (Ennabili et al. 1996, 2000, 2006; El Rhaffari & Zaid, Africa people (González-Tejero et al., 2008). 2002; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Merzouki et al., 2003; Local knowledge in terms of the popular use Hseini & Kahouadji, 2007; Mehdioui & Kahoudji, of medicinal plants was sufficient, and a number of 2007; El Mansouri et al., 2011; Libiad et al., 2011), medicinal plant uses were scarcely reported by the and in other countries (e.g. Marc et al., 2008; Aleem middle-aged and older-aged women. Some herbal Qureshi et al., 2009; Sardar & Khan, 2009; Devarkar applications are promising and encourage scientists et al., 2011). and actors in the field to enhance this local know-how. Land surveying and plants sampling for identification were carried out repeatedly from April Medicinal flora 2008 at April 2011 in 12 stations (Figure 1). Selected Seventy-three medicinal species have been identified people, elderly, rural women healers and herbalists in (Table 1). In other Moroccan regions, the medicinal particular, were interviewed about which parts were flora is more important and varies from 76 to 180 used in each species, as well as the practices of plants species, depending on climatic and socio-economic preparation and administration, and deseases treated. conditions and the land area concerned (Ennabili et al., In parallel, we have identified the sampled species by 2000, 2006; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; El Mansouri et al., using the available flora and other specific studies 2011; Libiad et al., 2011). The high number of species (Quezel & Santa, 1962-1963; Fennane et al., 1987; having medicinal properties in the watershed of Oued Bertrand 1991; Valdés et al., 2002; Bellakhdar, 1997, Laou (northwest of Morocco) could be explained by 2006; Ennabili et al., 2000, 2006; Fennane et al., its rich plant diversity and/or a backup of the local 1999-2007; Base de Données des Plantes à fleurs know-how (Ennabili et al., 2006). d'Afrique, 2010). All data collected was processed and analyzed.

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Table 1 Preparation and administration of vascular plants in traditional medicine and cosmetics (Province of Taza).

Caption: B, bulb. Bf, fruit bark. Br, root bark. Bs, stem bark. C, cauterization. D, decoction. F, flower. Fr, fruit. Fu, fumigation (dried plant part or powder thrown into the fire). I, inflorescence. If, infusion. Ih, inhalation. L, leaf. La, latex. Lo, local application. M, mush. P, powder. Pa, aerial part. Po, pollen. R, root. Re, resin. Rh, rhizome. S, seed. St, stem. T, tubercle. Uf, use frequency. Up, plant part used. V, veterinary use.

Recipes/Preparation Uf Taxon Vernacular Up Therapeutic processes (%) Lamiaceae 36. - drink and beverage preparation purgative, stomachic, - milling and carminative, analgesic, anti- refinement of leaves emetic, anti-rheumatic, anti- Origanum and taken mixed with rheum, analgesic for compactum zaâtar, zouy L honey, or ingested in 11 36 articulation, anti-diabetic, Benth. water anti-ulcer, anti-diarrheal, - oregano honey used against menstrual pain, anti against intoxication intoxication and taken in hot water/D, Fu purgative, sedative (aorta palpitations, called locally Rosmarinus azir L Beverage/D, Fu "Boumzoui"), anti-rheum, officinalis L. anti-rheumatic, liver protection drink preparation Mentha carminative, favoring m'chichro Pa (mixed with honey)/C, 2 suaveolens Ehrh. conception and fertility D, Ih Calamintha t'minṭa, drink preparation anti-rheum, antitussive, Pa 2 sylvatica Bromf. manṭa (mixed with milk)/D stomachic carminative, purgative, z'douchan, drink preparation Thymus zygis L. Pa, L stomachic, anti-flu, anti- 2.74 z'âitra (mixed with honey)/D rheum - dried, crushed and taken with honey or stomachic, anti-diabetic, Ajuga iva (L.) changoura, Pa butter vulnerary, measles treatment 2.74 Schreb. chandgoura - beverage for, V (against rabies in dogs) preparation/If Mentha pulegium fliyou, flayou, beverage preparation against angina, anti-rheum, Pa 3 L. friyou (mixed with milk)/D anti-flu - drink made from - R: stomachic Marrubium marouy, L, R boiled roots/D - L: ophthalmic collyrium 1.96 vulgare L. m'riwa - leaves are crushed treatment, anti-allergic, anti- Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/50

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and applied locally/M diabetes, against headaches, against abscess, cessation of breastfeeding in babies, hair treatment r'ḥarḥar, rheum and flu treatment, anti- Lavandula beverage l'ḥalḥal, L diarrheal in pediatric, anti- 7 stoechas L. preparation/D l'ḥasḥas anemic - beverage/D - tonic, stimulant and anti- Lavandula - preparation (mixed L'khzama L rheum multifida L. with henna for hair - hair treatment treatment)/P Salvia officinalis beverage anti-diabetes, carminative, salmiya L 0.78 L. preparation/D purgative Asteraceae 12. - hot drink anti-rheumatic, anti-rheum, Artemisia herba- preparation/D stomachic, sedative (against achiḥ L alba Asso - direct application of the aorta palpitations), anti- mash/M, Fu diabetes, depurative, vulnerary - beverage made from - L: carminative, purgative, boiled leave, to take in vulnerary, hemostatic L, R, Dittrichia viscosa the morning/D - R: stomachic bayramane Pa, 3.93 (L.) Greuter - drink made from - Po: allergenic Po washed and boiled - tonic, body warming in roots/D, C pediatric anti-rheumatic, anti-rheum, Artemisia chiba, ch'hiba L Beverage/D emetic, V (carminative, 1. absinthium L. purgative in cows) Achillea odorata tizriṭ, anti-rheum, tonic, stimulant, V L. subsp. beverage ch'wiḥa, L, Pa (remedy for some chicken pectinata (lamk) preparation/D epidemics, insecticide) Briq. daqrat achiḥ ar'ḥak, maceration in milk, Cynara r'khorchaf, F chew before anti-diarrhea, stomachic 0.78 cardunculus L. l'khorchef swallowing/If Tanacetum mixed with henna for F: labial herpes (lip button) timarsad L, F annuum L. migraine treatment/Lo treatment, anti-migraine Chamaemelum - antidepressant, against beverage fuscatum (Brot.) babounej Pa anemia 0.39 preparation/D, Lo Vasc. - against hair loss Taraxacum erythrospermum talma, tar'ma La Lo wart treatment Andrz. ex Besser Fabaceae 3.5 Trigonella - drink made from - stomachic, appetite l'ḥalba, foenum-graecum S seeds macerate/If stimulant, depurative 17 r'ḥorbat L. - swallow seeds with - treating and coloring hair

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water/If - mixed with grenade bark for hair treatment/Lo - stomachic, sedative - beverage (treatment of palpitation of the Ononis natrix L. afzaz Pa preparation/D aorta) 1.17 - mash/Lo - haemostatic, V (ophthalmic collyrium in livestock) Glycyrrhiza âar'ksous St regulator of blood pressure 0.3 glabra L. oven-dried seeds are Vicia ervilia (L.) qarsana, S crushed and stomachic willd. q'r'sana swallowed/P Lens culinaris raâ'das, drink made from seeds S liver protective, anti-icterus Medik. laâ'das macerate/If Cupressaceae 3.13 - beverage Tetraclinis preparation/D l'âarâar, locally analgesic, stomachic, articulata (Vahl) L - mixed with milk in 3 amr'zi anti-rheumatic Mast. anti-rheumatic use/Lo, Fu Anacardiaceae 2.74 dried leaves are, - anti-rheum, carminative, Pistacia lentiscus crushed and refined fadis, aṭrou L purgative, anti-diarrheal - anti- 4 L. (mixed with honey or migraine water)/D, Ih Apocynaceae 2.74 - anti-migraine, treatment - dried, crushed and mouth-ulcers treatment refined/Fu, Ih Nerium oleander - dental and ENT analgesic, ariri, adafla L, St - cauterization/C 4 L. anti-migraine - beverage - antidiabetic preparation/D, If - against hair loss Fagaceae 2.35 Qourich, beverage stomachic, anti-rheumatic Quercus ilex L. Br 2.35 adran preparation/D, Lo anti-hemorrhoid Globulariaceae 2.35 - beverage made from stomachic, purgative, boiled leaves/D Globularia tasr'gha, carminative, anti-rheum, L - dried and crushed 2.35 alypum L. âinlarnab anxiolytic, anti-diabetic, leaves (mixed with menstrual-pain analgesic honey)/D Myrtaceae 2.34 Eucalyptus beverage made from anti-rheum, anti-rheumatic, kalitous L 1.56 globulus Labill, boiled leaves/D, Ih anti-flu

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E. camaldulensis Dehnh Syzygium aromaticum (L.) âoud anwar, Fr local application/Lo dental analgesic Merr. & qronfal L.M.Perry - Dried fruits, powdered and Myrtus communis boiled/D - Fr : stomachic riḥane L, Fr 39 L. - L are mixed with - L : hair care henna for hair treatment/Lo Rosaceae 2.34 drink made from Cydonia oblonga s'farjal, R washed and boiled anti-rheum 78 Mill. s'farz'r roots/D Eriobotrya lamzaḥ, drink made from japonica (Thunb.) L anti-diabetic 0.78 ḥ boiled leaves/D Lindl. ramza washed roots are, Rubus fruticosus treatment of cardiovascular asṭif R dried, crushed and 0.39 L. diseases consumed/P liquid from crushed Crataegus admam L leaves is instilled into ophthalmic collyrium 0.39 monogyna Jacq. eyes/Lo Poaceae 1.95 ashes of burnt laqsab, Arundo donax L. Rh rhizomes are used hair treatment 17 ghanime with olive oil/Lo Cynodon dactylon an'jam Pa stomachic 0.39 (L.) Pers. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) ilan S help fracture healing 0.39 R.Br. Rutaceae 5 - carrying a stem fragment/Fu abscesses treatment, against Ruta montana L. awram, fijal L, St 6 - beverage evil spirits, emetic in pediatric preparation/If Citrus limon (L.) l'ḥamd Fr mixed with warm milk anti-flu/D 39 Burm.f. Apiaceae 1.56 - dried seeds are powdered and Ammi visnaga Bachnikha, S swallowed/P anti-diabetic (L.) Lam. tab'chnikh't - beverage preparation/D Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/53

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- Dried seeds are - stimulant, tonic Carum carvi L. l'karwiya S powdered and 0.39 - culinary boiled/D beverage preparation by adding hot water mixed (mixed with Pimpinella - stomachic, purgative ḥabat ḥlawa S seeds of Foeniculum anisum L. - culinary vulgare and Daucus carota subsp. Sativus)/D Chenopodiaceae 1.56 - grinding of aerial part (mixed with Pa : antipyretic and topical Chenopodium onion bulbs)/Lo m'khinza L, Pa against sunstroke, anti-emetic, 6 ambrosioides L. - beverage stomachic L : mouthwash preparation/D - boiled leaves/D Moraceae 1.56 - dried fruits are powdered and alkarmous, - Fr : carminative, purgative Ficus carica L. Fr, La boiled/D 6 r'ghar's - La : warts treatment - La is mixed with water/Lo Oleaceae 1.56 Olea europaea L. zachtoun, powdered resin is dental analgesic, ophthalmic Re 0.78 subsp. europaea zayṭoun burned/P, Lo collyrium stomachic, carminative, Phillyrea latifolia boiled leaves in m'riras L purgative, diuretic, liver 0.78 L. water/D protection, anti-icterus Punicaceae 1.56 - fruit bark is dried Punica granatum and crushed (mixed armane Bf stomachic, anti-ulcer 56 L. with honey)/P - drink preparation/D Rhamnaceae 1.56 dried leaves are Ziziphus lotus (L.) Fr: stomachic asadra, an'bag Fr, L crushed (mixed with 6 Lam. L: hair treatment henna)/P Solanaceae 1.56 Solanum leaves or tubercles are baṭaṭa L, T burn treatment tuberosum L. heated/Lo S: eyes anti-allergic Hyoscyamus seeds aqueous bounarjouf Pa, S Pa: V (treatment of some albus L. macerate/If, Ih poultry diseases) Aristolochiaceae 1.17

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Aristolochia aerial part is dried and vulnerary, anticancer, anti- fontanesii Boiss. bar'ztem Pa crushed (mixed with 7 ulcer & Reut. honey) P Caryophyllaceae 1.17 Herniaria hirusta harast laḥjar Pa drink preparation/D analgesic nephritis, depurative 7 DC. Ericaceae 1.17 - drink made from Sasnou, boiled roots/D Arbutus unedo L. mrouna, R - washed roots are stomachic, anti-asthmatic/D, P 7 bakhnou crushed (mixed with honey)/P Alliaceae 0.78 tichart, cooked with olive Allium sativum L. B anti-rheum, anti-flu 78 atouma oil/D Boraginaceae 0.78 Rh are dried, Borago officinalis ḥandoun, fixing sprains (articular Rh powdered and mixed L. ḥ reboutage) bou amdoun with water/Lo Cactaceae 0.78 - F: dried flowers are - F : stomachic, purgative Opuntia maxima l'handiya, St, F crushed (mixed with - St (cladodes): V Miller tahandach't honey)/P (carminative in cows) Cistaceae 0.78 Cistus ladanifer beverage made from touzaṭch F stomachic L. boiled leaves/D Lauraceae 0.78 Cinnamomum l'qarfa Bs boiled bark stem/D against menstrual pain verum J.Presl Leguminoseae 0.78 Ceratonia siliqua Kharoub, consumed with Fr anti-diarrheal, stomachic L. tasrighwa honey/P Lythraceae 0.78 Lawsonia inermis - anti-migraine l'ḥana, r'ḥani F D, P, Lo L. - treatment hair Myristicaceae 0.78 beverage preparation Myristica al gouza S (mixed with warm antitussive fragrans Houtt. milk)/D Vitaceae 0.78 tzayarat, adir, Vitis vinifera L. Laâ' nab, F heated leaves/Lo against abscesses dalya Zygophyllaceae 0.78 Peganum l'ḥarmal, - dental analgesic S, F P, Lo, Fu harmala L. r'ḥar'mar - against evil eyes Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/55

Khabbach et al Medicinal and cosmetic use of plants from the province of Taza, Marocco

Juncaceae 0.39 consumed with Juncus acutus L. azraf I stomachic honey/P Linaceae 0.39 Linum consumed with zriâat al katan S stomachic usitatissimum L. honey/P Pinaceae 0.39 Pinus halepensis tayda F drink preparation/If stomachic, anti-diarrheal Mill. Piperaceae 0.39 Piper cubeba L.f. L'kababa S D - tonic, stimulant - culinary Ranunculaceae 0.39 consumed with Nigella sativa L. sanouj S anti-rheumatic, analgesic honey/P Typhaceae 0.39 drink made from Typha latifolia L. tbouda F analgesic, carminative boiled leaves/D Verbenaceae 0.39 Aloysia citriodora warm drink made analgesic in pediatric, l'wiza F Palau from boiled leaves/D stomachic, purgative

The most used plant parts are foliage (32.8%), followed by aerial parts (16.4), fruit (16.4%), underground parts (8.21%), inflorescences (6.84%), latex (2.73 %) and resin (1.36%). The importance of aerial parts (stem, leaf, flower and/or fruit) in traditional medicine was also underlined by ethnobotanical studies conducted in Morocco or in Mediterranean contries (Ennabili et al., 2000, 2006; Camejo-Rodrigues et al., 2003; El-Hilaly et al.,2003; Mehdioui & Kahoudji, 2007; Gonzàlez-Tejero et al., 2008; Parada et al., 2009). Most of these species are spontaneous (60.2%) and are therefore collected from natural habitats in the region, as also reported by Ennabili et al. (2000) and El-Hilaly et al. (2003). Cultivated species are second Figure 2 (20.8%), followed by imported species, or their by- Number of medicinal species per botanical family in products (19.4%). the province of Taza. The species most used in local therapy belong to 39 botanical families, of which 29 families are The medicinal flora is dominated mainly by represented by only one species and only four families Lamiaceae and Asteraceae (Ennabili et al., 2000, exceed 5% of the total richness of local medicinal 2006; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Hsein et al., 2007; species (Figure 2): Lamiaceae (15 %), Asteraceae Mehdioui & Kahoudji, 2007; Parada et al., 2009), (10.9%), Fabaceae (6.84%), Myrtaceae (5.47%) and which are among the nine main families in the Rosaceae (5.47%). spontaneous flora of Morocco, with a large number of species (Fennane, 2004). Other studies under the Mediterranean climate also show that Asteraceae and Lamiaceae are the most exploited in traditional medicine (e.g. Parada et al., 2009). Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/56

Khabbach et al Medicinal and cosmetic use of plants from the province of Taza, Marocco

Depending on the use frequency of local are also important for apiculture, herbalists and plants in traditional medicine, 15 spontaneous species merchants. However, the intensity and manner of come to the forefront (Table 1, Figure 3). Origanum collection of these species must be studied to prevent compactum and Rosmarinus officinalis are the most their possible degradation. sought-after species for therapeutic applications, and

Figure 3 Use frequency of the most popular medicinal plants in the province of Taza.

Moreover, medicinal plants are infrequently through direct oral ingestion or as an external used by the local population, due mainly to the compress. However, administration of herbal following factors: preparations for hair washing and treatment requires  Importation and local sale of by-products of special know-how (Table 1). some plants, e.g.Aloysia citriodora, Carum In this study, internal and external uses of carvi, Cinnamomum verum, Glycyrrhiza medicinal plants concern 61 and 27 species glabra, Lawsonia inermis, Linum respectively; these results differ slightly to those of usitatissimum, Myristica fragrans, Nigella Parada et al. (2009). Plant preparations for internal use sativa, Peganum harmala, Pennisetum are mainly water-based decoctions (65.6%) or aqueous glaucum, Pimpinella anisum, Piper cubeba, infusions or macerations (13.1%). Inhalation, sniffing Syzygium aromaticum and Trigonella foenum- of hot water charged with active substances, is graecum. practiced in the cases of Mentha suaveolens, Nerium  Certain species are used as food or oleander and Eucalyptus spp. condiments, e.g. Allium sativum, Cydonia Many medicinal plant species are traditionally oblonga, Cynara cardunculus, Eriobotrya used for more than one disease. Thus, 16.4% of the japonica, Ficus carica, Lens culinaris, Olea medicinal species listed are considered as antiseptics europaea subsp. europaea, Punica granatum, and are used forskin disinfection (vulnerary, warts, Solanum tuberosum and Vitis vinifera. hemostatic and abscesses) (Table 1). The listed  Some plants have a bad taste, e.g. Aristolochia medicinal plants are commonly used alone (single use fontanesii, Chenopodium ambrosioides, of each plant). However, they are also used in Phillyrea latifolia and Tanacetum annuum. combination, and sometimes with honey, olive oil or milk, due to the common synergistic effects, as Preparation and administration of medicinal plants reported by Ennabili et al. (2000) and/or El Mansouri Medicinal plants are generally prepared as infusions et al. (2011). 13.7% of species identified are and decoctions and they are administered primarily associated with hair treatment, mixed with henna, and Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/57

Khabbach et al Medicinal and cosmetic use of plants from the province of Taza, Marocco

19.2% of the listed species areused in a mixture with Base de Données des Plantes à fleurs d'Afrique honey. In addition to these medicinal uses, some (version 3.1). (2010). Conservatoire et Jardin species would present cosmetic and cleaning uses. We botaniques de la Ville de Genève et South also recorded plant species that are useful in veterinary African National Biodiversity Institute, medicine (8.21%) (Table 1) Pretoria, "accès (02/08/2010)". Moreover, we identified 44 diseases treated by Bellakhdar J. (1997). La pharmacopée marocaine popular herbal medicine, as well as other related uses traditionnelle, médecine arabe et savoirs (diet to lose weight, appetite, body warming, weaning populaires. Editions Ibis Press, Paris. the baby, evil eye ...). The diseases or disorders most Bellakhdar J. (2006). Plantes médicinales et soins de often treated were classified into seven major base, précis de phytothérapie moderne. categories, according to the main body systems: (i) Editons Le fennec, Casablanca, Marocco gastrointestinal disorders (45.8%), (ii) symptoms Benrahmoune Idrissi Z, Dubruille C. (2003). related to colds, ENT diseases and headache (33.3%), Invitation à l’amour des plantes, Guide (iii) dermatological problems (15.3%), (iv) diabetes floristique illustré de la réserve biologique (12.5%), (v) cardiovascular diseases (11.11%), (vi) de Sidi Boughaba. Scriptura Editions - liver disease (4.2%) and (vii) urinary infections Imprimerie Al Maarif al Jadida, Rabat, (2.77%). The most affected health-systems have also Marocco. been underlined by El Rhaffari et al. (2002) and Bertrand PY. (1991). Les noms des plantes au Mehdioui & Kahoudji (2007). Maroc. Actes Editions, Rabat, Marocco. We also recorded plant species useful in Binane A. (1999). Contribution à l’élaboration veterinary medicine (8.21%; Table 1). In many cases, d’une monographie populaire: Diagnostic this ethno-veterinarian know-how is fully compatible stratégique et perspectif de développement. with its human equivalent (Angels Bonet & Vallès, Cas de la commune rurale de , 2007). province de Taza. Mémoire de fin d'études, This popular wisdom calls for fighting against Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines, the current acculturation, and ethnobotanical Université Mohamed V, Rabat, Marocco. researches in collaboration between different Camejo-Rodrigues J, Ascensão L, Àngels Bonet M, stakeholders of medicinal plants sector are necessary Vallès J. (2003). An ethnobotanical study of for sustainable management of the environment, medicinal and aromatic plants in the Natural including the development of these disadvantaged Park of “Serra de S.o Mamede” (Portugal). J areas and as a contribution to the development of new Ethnopharmacol 89: 199 - 209. drugs (Ennabili et al., 2000, El-Hilaly et al., 2003; CEIB (2006a). Centre d'Echange d'Information sur la Angels Bonet & Vallès, 2007; Parada et al., 2009). Biodiversité du Maroc, Convention sur la Diversité Biologique. Biodiversité au Maroc. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS http://ma.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity We thank the local informants for their commitment (26/10/2011). and dedication in sharing their valuable knowledge on CEIB (2006b). Centre d'Echange d'Information sur la medicinal and cosmetic plants, including women in Biodiversité du Maroc, Convention sur la family environments, and all the friends who helped us Diversité Biologique. Gestion participative et to collect plant samples. développement des ressources naturelles dans la province de Taza – FAO. http://ma.chm- REFERENCES cbd.net/manag_cons/project_ma/forest/ress_na Aleem Qureshi R, Asad Ghufran M, Gilani SA, t_taza , (26/10/2011). Zaheer Y, Ghulam A, Batool A, (2009). Délégation du MEN à Taza (2009). Aperçu sur la Indigenous medicinal plants used by local province de Taza. http://mentaza.e- women in southern himalayan regions of monsite.com/pages/ressources-humaines.html Pakistan. Pak J Bot 41: 19 - 25. (26/10/2011). Angels Bonet M, Vallès J, (2007). Ethnobotany of Devarkar VD, Marathe VR, Chavan DP. (2011). Montseny biosphere reserve (Catalonia, Dietary and medicinal significance of wild Iberian Peninsula): Plants used in veterinary vegetales from osmanabad region, medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 110: 130 - 147. Maharashtra (India). Life Sci Leaflets 11: 317 - 332. Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/58

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