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Analyse Du Système Des Ports De Traité Japonais Et Des Relations Entre Le Analyse du système des ports de traité japonais et des relations entre le Japon, les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni à travers la naissance du port de traité de Yokohama et la vie de ses marchands pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle par Sandrine Lavoie-Demers Mémoire présentée à l’Université du Québec à Chicoutimi en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès Arts (M.A.) en Maîtrise en études et interventions régionales (MEIR) volet recherche Québec, Canada © Sandrine Lavoie-Demers, 2019 RÉSUMÉ Le 29 juillet 1858, le Japon signe malgré lui avec les États-Unis le traité Harris, le premier d’une longue série de traités inégaux avec les puissances occidentales. Dans les clauses de ce traité, il y a l’ouverture de sept ports japonais aux Américains qui pourraient venir y commercer et y habiter, communément appelés des ports de traité que l’on retrouve déjà à l’époque en Chine. Les Européens acquirent ensuite cette même clause, ce qui mena à la création de véritables petites colonies portuaires occidentales sur le territoire japonais. Le sujet de ce mémoire est le port de traité de Yokohama, qui fut ouvert de 1859 à 1899 et de la communauté américaine et britannique qui y vécut. Nous avons cherché à savoir quel a été et comment s’est articulé le système des ports de traité japonais tel qu’il fut négocié avec le traité Harris. Nous avons également cherché à voir comment les Anglo-américains ont vécu dans ce système et quelles ont été leurs relations avec leurs voisins japonais. Notre démarche a utilisé une approche territoriale, s’apparentant à la géographie humaine et à l’urbanisme, afin de donner un nouvel angle d’analyse à un sujet historique. En effet, le territoire de Yokohama et les relations entre celui-ci et le territoire duquel il fait partie, le Japon et la mer de Chine, est au cœur des négociations et des enjeux politiques pour le gouvernement japonais. Celui-ci chercha à isoler géographiquement les Occidentaux du reste du Japon afin de les contenir. Nous démontrons que la communauté anglo-américaine a constitué la majeure partie de la population active et des commerçants de Yokohama et que celle-ci s’était construite une véritable micro-colonie avec ses propres institutions économiques, sociales, culturelles et identitaires. La création de Yokohama fut le résultat des négociations du traité Harris, mais le choix de ce port par le bakufu fut déterminé selon la politique que celui-ci cherchait à appliquer. En effet, le Japon a été longtemps isolé diplomatiquement, depuis le XVIIe siècle, afin de conserver un certain ordre social et l’arrivée des Occidentaux au milieu du XIXe vint menacer cet ordre. Les Japonais ne pouvaient pas refuser les demandes américaines d’ouvrir le Japon au commerce sans risque de représailles. Pourtant nous démontrons que les Japonais furent de fins négociateurs et qu’ils réussirent à limiter le plus possible la présence occidentale sur le territoire. Yokohama était géographiquement isolée et elle servit à contenir les Occidentaux qui eux n’avaient pas le droit de s’en éloigner. Finalement, nous montrerons que cette politique a été également appliquée à l’intérieur de Yokohama, par des séparations claires entre les quartiers occidental et japonais. En examinant le bund de Yokohama et les activités qui s’y déroulaient, nous verrons que, même si les Anglo-américains exerçaient une hégémonie culturelle et sociale dans la ville et que leur métropole était une puissance impériale renommée en Asie, ce n’était pas le cas au niveau commercial. Les marchands occidentaux étaient dépendants de leurs employés japonais et chinois et dépendants des conditions du système des ports de traité, ce qui leur enlevait les moyens de contrôler efficacement leur commerce. La réalité du commerce était frustrante et ceci conjugué aux violences anti-étrangers de cette période et à la volonté du gouvernement japonais de réviser les traités inégaux vint causer un rejet de tout ce qui était japonais de la part des marchands, ce qui a engendré des relations pour le moins tumultueuses entre les Anglo-américains et les Japonais. ii TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................................................ i TABLE DES MATIÈRES........................................................................................... iii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ............................................................................................ vi LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................... vii NOTES SUR LES NOMS JAPONAIS ..................................................................... viii DÉDICACE .................................................................................................................. ix REMERCIEMENTS ..................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPITRE 1 .............................................................................................................. 11 SOURCES ET MÉTHODES ...................................................................................... 11 1.1. RÉFÉRENCES ............................................................................................. 12 1.2. GÉOGRAPHIE HUMAINE ET URBANISME .......................................... 15 1.3. PORTS DE TRAITÉ .................................................................................... 19 1.4. LES RELATIONS EST-OUEST .................................................................. 21 1.5. CONCLUSION............................................................................................. 25 CHAPITRE 2 .............................................................................................................. 27 LES LIENS ENTRE LE JAPON ET L’OUEST ......................................................... 27 2.1. LES RELATIONS ENTRE L’OCCIDENT ET LE JAPON ........................ 27 2.1.1. LES ÉCHANGES DANS LES MERS DE L’EST ............................... 28 2.1.1.1. LE COMMERCE TRIBUTAIRE .................................................. 30 2.1.1.2. LE JAPON ET L’OCCIDENT ASIATIQUE ................................ 32 2.1.2. LE SAKOKU, UN CONCEPT MITIGÉ ................................................ 33 2.1.2.1. DIFFÉRENTES INTERPRÉTATIONS ........................................ 39 2.1.3. LES PREMIERS CONTACTS AVEC LES BRITANNIQUES ET LES AMÉRICAINS ..................................................................................................... 45 2.1.3.1. LE CAS DE LA CHINE ................................................................ 46 2.1.3.2. LE CAS DU SIAM ........................................................................ 48 2.1.3.3. LES PREMIERS CONTACTS SUR LES CÔTES JAPONAISES AU XIXe SIÈCLE ............................................................................................ 49 2.1.3.3.1. LES AMÉRICAINS ET L’OUVERTURE DU JAPON ............. 55 2.1.3.4. LE MODELAGE DE LA CULTURE DIPLOMATIQUE JAPONAISE ..................................................................................................... 57 2.2. LES TRAITÉS ANSEI .................................................................................. 61 2.2.1. PROLOGUE : L’EXPÉDITION PERRY ............................................. 61 2.2.2. LE TRAITÉ HARRIS ........................................................................... 63 2.2.2.1. LES PRINCIPALES CLAUSES ................................................... 65 2.2.2.2. L’IMPORTANCE DE YOKOHAMA ........................................... 69 2.2.3. LA RÉELLE APPLICATION DES TRAITÉS ..................................... 72 2.3. CONCLUSION............................................................................................. 74 CHAPITRE 3 .............................................................................................................. 79 LA COMMUNAUTÉ ANGLO-AMÉRICAINE DE YOKAHAMA ......................... 79 3.1 BREF PORTRAIT DÉMOGRAPHIQUE .................................................... 79 3.1.1 DIFFICULTÉS DE RECENSEMENT ................................................. 80 3.1.2 PROVENANCE DES HABITANTS .................................................... 85 3.1.3 LA SITUATION FÉMININE ............................................................... 86 3.1.4 LES MISSIONNAIRES ........................................................................ 89 3.2 COMMERCE ET ÉCONOMIE LOCALE ET INTERNATIONALE ......... 93 3.2.1 LA RUÉE VERS L’OR DE YOKOHAMA .......................................... 93 3.2.2 ACTIVITÉS ÉCONOMIQUES DES HABITANTS ............................ 96 3.2.2.1 LES COMPAGNIES ET FIRMES DE COMMERCE ...................... 96 3.2.2.2 LE COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL À YOKOHAMA .............. 100 3.2.2.3 LES PROFESSIONNELS ............................................................... 101 3.3 LA VIE SOCIALE ET COMMUNAUTAIRE ........................................... 103 3.3.1 LES CLUBS ET ACTIVITÉS COMMUNAUTAIRES ..................... 105 3.3.1.1 L’IMPORTANCE DES CLUBS SPORTIFS .................................. 106 3.3.1.2 LES CLUBS PRIVÉS ET ÉVÈNEMENTS CULTURELS ............ 108 3.3.2 LES PUBLICATIONS LOCALES ..................................................... 110 3.3.3 YOKOHAMA, VILLE DE DIVERTISSEMENTS ............................ 115 3.4 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................
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