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2019 Dis Addferreira.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ INSTITUTO DE CULTURA E ARTE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO ANTÔNIO DAVI DELFINO FERREIRA ASSEMBLING A UNIVERSE! O UNIVERSO COMPARTILHADO MARVEL DOS QUADRINHOS AO CINEMA FORTALEZA 2019 ANTÔNIO DAVI DELFINO FERREIRA ASSEMBLING A UNIVERSE! O UNIVERSO COMPARTILHADO MARVEL DOS QUADRINHOS AO CINEMA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como requisito à obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação. Área de concentração: Comunicação e Linguagens. Orientação: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Dídimo Souza Vieira FORTALEZA 2019 ANTONIO DAVI DELFINO FERREIRA ASSEMBLING A UNIVERSE! O UNIVERSO COMPARTILHADO MARVEL DOS QUADRINHOS AO CINEMA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como requisito à obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação. Área de concentração: Comunicação e Linguagens. Orientação: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Dídimo Souza Vieira Aprovado em: ___/___/______. BANCA EXAMIDADORA ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marcelo Dídimo Souza Vieira (Orientador) Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) _________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ricardo Jorge de Lucena Lucas Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) _________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Carlos Augusto Viana da Silva Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) A todos os que acreditam e lutam pela democratização do acesso à educação e pelo retorno do conhecimento produzido na Academia à sociedade em que se insere. AGRADECIMENTOS A todos os companheiros que acompanharam de perto ou de longe a jornada da construção dessa pesquisa e todas as histórias que surgiram em seu desenvolvimento. Aos meus familiares e amigos dos quais desapareci do convívio durante todos os finais de semana, feriados e madrugadas de estudo. Obrigado pela compreensão, pessoal! Ao Marcelo Dídimo pela orientação e pelos conhecimentos compartilhados. Obrigado também pela confiança, que tornou a construção dessa pesquisa uma experiência leve e tranquila. Ao Ricardo Jorge, ao Gabriel e a todos os professores, agregados e alunos da Oficina de Quadrinhos da UFC por todas as conversas e trocas de impressões que enriqueceram esse trabalho. Ao Márcio e ao Pedro, amizades fortalecidas nesses dois anos sem os quais tudo seria mais difícil. Obrigado por estarem presentes em cada dia de alegrias e angústias, enquanto nos ajudamos e levamos em frente nossa paixão pelos quadrinhos. À Graziele e à Regina pelo apoio, torcida, almoços de comemoração, flexibilidade e paciência em cada etapa do mestrado. À turma de 2017 do PPGCOM-UFC, pela generosidade e força mútua que nos ajudou a concluir esse ciclo, apesar das agruras cada vez maiores que a educação pública enfrenta. À Universidade Federal do Ceará, mundo do qual me sinto parte, pelo contato com inúmeras vozes e perspectivas diferentes, que me fazem crescer como ser humano. Aos amigos invisíveis dos fóruns, sites e blogs sobre quadrinhos e cinema. Há muito conhecimento produzido por vocês, eu sistematizei parte dele no padrão acadêmico e para vocês o devolvo, esperando animá-los a contribuir com o saber público também. Às políticas educacionais adotadas pelos governos federais de 2002 a 2016, que possibilitaram que jovens negros da periferia estudassem em universidade pública, podendo sonhar com o dia em que histórias como a minha deixem de ser exceção em um país desigual e intolerante. É preciso continuar acreditando. “Acha que é o único super-herói do mundo? Sr. Stark, você faz parte de um universo maior. Só não sabe disso ainda.” (Nick Fury) RESUMO O Universo Cinematográfico Marvel é a integração de diferentes franquias de filmes baseados nos super-heróis da editora Marvel Comics. Nessa realidade narrativa, os super-heróis coexistem em um mesmo universo, influenciando nas histórias uns dos outros e culminando na formação da equipe Os Vingadores. O universo compartilhado, estratégia narrativa e criativa amplamente explorada nas histórias em quadrinhos, ganha então uma versão em audiovisual que revoluciona o cinema do século 21. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a recriação do conceito de universo compartilhado dos quadrinhos no cinema tomando como objeto de estudo os filmes da primeira fase do Universo Cinematográfico Marvel: Homem de Ferro (2008), O Incrível Hulk (2008), Homem de Ferro 2 (2010), Thor (2011), Capitão América: O Primeiro Vingador (2011) e Os Vingadores (2012). Para isso, revisitamos o conceito de super-herói com base em Coogan (2006) para identificar como esses personagens se apropriam de elementos de diversas fontes para estabelecer suas características, entre elas a própria noção de universo compartilhado. Seguindo a teoria da transtextualidade de Genette (1989), discutimos em seguida como esses constantes diálogos são internalizados originando um gênero narrativo próprio, ainda que bastante elástico, e como ele se configura nas histórias em quadrinhos e no cinema. Defendemos que o Universo Cinematográfico Marvel explora em alto grau o caráter dialógico do universo dos super-heróis com outras histórias e até mesmo com seus próprios quadrinhos e filmes. Consideramos assim que, no contexto da cultura da convergência definida por Jenkins (2009), o Universo Marvel no cinema representa um caso particular de adaptação criativa entre as linguagens quadrinística e cinematográfica, com base nas discussões propostas por Barbieri (2017), Stam (2006), Hutcheon (2013), Campos (2011) e Jeffries (2017). Finalmente, analisamos a construção do universo compartilhado Marvel no cinema à luz dessas relações intertextuais e intermediais e das recentes pesquisas sobre ecossistemas narrativos. Palavras-chave: Quadrinhos. Cinema. Super-heróis. Marvel. Universo Compartilhado. ABSTRACT The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the integration of different film franchises based on the superheroes of the Marvel Comics publisher. In this narrative reality, superheroes coexist in the same universe, influencing each other's stories and culminating in the formation of the team The Avengers. The shared universe, narrative and creative strategy widely explored in comic books, then gains an audiovisual version that revolutionized the cinema of the 21st century. The present research aims to analyze the recriation of the concept of shared universe of comics in the cinema taking as object of study the films of the first phase of the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Iron Man (2008), The Incredible Hulk (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and The Avengers (2012). For this, we revisit the concept of superhero based on Coogan (2006) to identify how these characters appropriate elements from different sources to establish their characteristics, among them the very notion of shared universe. Following Genette's (1989) transtextuality theory, we then discuss how these dialogues are internalized by giving rise to a narrative genre of its own, though quite elastic, and how it shapes itself in comic books and cinema. We argue that the Marvel Cinematic Universe explores in a high degree the dialogical character of the universe of superheroes with other histories, even with their own comics and films. Thus, in the context of the convergence culture defined by Jenkins (2009), the adaptation of the Marvel Universe to the cinema represents a particular case of creative adaptation between comics and cinematographic languages, based on the discussions proposed by Barbieri (2017), Stam (2006), Hutcheon (2013), Campos (2011) and Jeffries (2017). Finally, we analyze the construction of the Marvel shared universe in the cinema in light of these intertextual and intermedia relations and the recent research on narrative ecosystems. Keywords: Comics. Movies. Superheroes. Marvel. Shared Universe. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 –Viúva Negra, Thor, Capitão América, Gavião Arqueiro, Homem de Ferro e Hulk.29 Figura 2 – Missão, poderes e identidade do Superman em Action Comics #01. ...................... 32 Figura 3 – Capitão América nocauteia Hitler nas HQs e no cinema. ....................................... 38 Figura 4 – Capitão América instrui policiais em Os Vingadores. ............................................ 40 Figura 5 – Hulk é acalmado pela Viúva Negra na sequência de Os Vingadores. .................... 43 Figura 6 – Capitão América contrasta entre Clint Barton e Natasha Romanoff. ..................... 47 Figura 7 – Jasão e os Argonautas. ............................................................................................ 49 Figura 8 – Pôster do primeiro crossover de monstros da Universal Studios, 1944. ................. 53 Figura 9 – Franquias, jornadas e mundos colidem na batalha de Nova York. ......................... 55 Figura 10 – Thor na Pedra de Altuna (século XI), nas HQs (1962) e no cinema (2011). ........ 57 Figura 11 – A paródia Super-Herói: O Filme, 2008. ............................................................... 73 Figura 12 – Capitão América questiona seu papel antes de abandonar o traje em 1970. ........ 77 Figura 13 – Betty Dean fala a Namor sobre o Tocha Humana................................................. 81 Figura 14 – Uma das primeiras formações dos Vingadores nos quadrinhos, 1964.................. 82 Figura 15 – Página de abertura da história Flash de Dois Mundos, 1961. ............................... 85 Figura 16 – Cap. Marvel, Batman, Cap. América e Superman nos cinemas dos anos 1940.... 92 Figura 17 – Títulos da Marvel Comics na Era de Prata: integrados a um
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