Memória, Intertextualidade, Literatura E Semiótica a Tragédia E O Trágico Em

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Memória, Intertextualidade, Literatura E Semiótica a Tragédia E O Trágico Em UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRTO SANTO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E NATURAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS ATTILA DE OLIVEIRA PIOVESAN MEMÓRIA, INTERTEXTUALIDADE, LITERATURA E SEMIÓTICA: A TRAGÉDIA E O TRÁGICO EM SANDMAN VITÓRIA 2010 ATTILA DE OLIVEIRA PIOVESAN MEMÓRIA, INTERTEXTUALIDADE, LITERATURA E SEMIÓTICA: A TRAGÉDIA E O TRÁGICO EM SANDMAN Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Lino Machado. VITÓRIA 2010 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação-na-publicação (CIP) (Biblioteca Central da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, ES, Brasil) Piovesan, Attila de Oliveira, 1979- P662m Memória, intertextualidade, literatura e semiótica: a tragédia e o trágico em Sandman / Attila de Oliveira Piovesan. – 2010. 281 f. : il. Orientador: Lino Machado. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. 1. Histórias em quadrinhos. 2. Literatura. 3. Intertextualidade. 4. Semiótica. 5. Tragédia. 6. Memória. I. Machado, Lino. II. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. III. Título. CDU: 82 DEFESA DE DISSERTAÇÃO PIOVESAN, Attila de Oliveira. Intertextualidade, literatura e semiótica: a tragédia e o trágico em Sandman. Dissertação aprovada em _____ de _______________ de 2010. BANCA EXAMINADORA: ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Lino Machado Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Orientador) ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Raimundo Nonato Barbosa de Carvalho Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Membro Titular) ______________________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Maria Amélia Dalvi Salgueiro Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Membro Titular) _____________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Wilberth Claython Ferreira Salgueiro Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Membro Suplente) _____________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Flávio Martins Carneiro Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Membro Suplente) Para Franca, Aquela que me soprou a vida e, como Penélope, esperou pacientemente, tecendo dia após dia o nosso futuro, sempre com muito amor. AGRADECIMENTOS Várias pessoas me ajudaram e encorajaram ao longo dos últimos três anos. O início da jornada seria impossível sem o apoio de minha família. Agradecimentos adicionais devem ser dados a Ivana Esteves, que sugeriu o autor de quadrinhos a ser tratado e de boa vontade aceitou que eu me desligasse do estágio para me dedicar ao mestrado; Darcília Moisés, que revisou o texto do projeto original, e Adilson Vilaça, que o avaliou; Vitor Cei, por pacientemente me ensinar os meandros de um projeto acadêmico; Laiz Ariana, que me emprestou o material do qual germinou a ideia de tratar da tragédia; aos meus amigos, que sempre estão aí quando se precisa; ao pessoal do grupo de estudo, por proporcionar um rico diálogo com os mais variados campos do saber humanístico; à minha turma do curso de jornalismo, que sempre acreditou que eu seria capaz; ao meu orientador, Lino Machado, pela revisão, paciência e liberdade concedida para que eu tratasse o tema da forma que julguei adequada; aos professores e colegas do mestrado, pelas conversas, mesmo os rápidos papos de corredor; à CAPES, pela bolsa de estudos; e, por fim, à família Bruno e tia Eva, pelo carinho em todos esses anos. É verdade que a questão, para os fisiólogos, consiste em saber quais são os antecedentes físicos das ações do homem, isto é, que espécie de autômato é o homem; portanto, é assumido como condição do problema que o homem é um autômato [...]. Todavia, para muitos esse automatismo parece conflitar com a noção do homem como sendo uma alma RESPONSÁVEL e IMORTAL. Mas, neste caso, deveríamos lembrar-nos que, em nossas mentes, as concepções essenciais de responsabilidade e imortalidade estão guardadas sob uma massa de reflexões parasitas derivadas de todas as filosofias e de todas as religiões dos tempos passados; de forma que se nós não podemos conciliar as doutrinas da responsabilidade e da imortalidade com os próprios postulados do pensamento, isto se explica, suficientemente, pela obscuridade e confusão de nossas noções sobre este assunto, e de modo algum somos forçados a adotar aquela que é a única outra alternativa e dizer que estas doutrinas são essencialmente falsas. Estas doutrinas são parte de nossa religião; e uma delas – senão ambas – figuram entre suas mais preciosas consolações, que seria realmente difícil de extirpar do seio de um povo que as alimentou durante mil anos. Digam o que disserem do enfado dos dias ininterruptos, do bálsamo do sono eterno, da nobreza que se atribui à humanidade ao considerá-la como capaz de lutar e sofrer por aquilo que transcende sua própria responsabilidade e seu próprio tempo de vida; ainda assim nos apegamos, em virtude de uma natureza original ou adquirida, às apreciadas esperanças de nossa antiga religião. Charles S. Peirce Podemos afirmar que todo herói trágico nasce inocente: ele torna-se culpado para salvar a Deus. Roland Barthes A tragédia é o estado natural do homem. Lúcio Cardoso RESUMO Este trabalho investiga as relações entre a literatura e a história em quadrinhos Sandman, escrita por Neil Gaiman. Para estabelecer o liame entre essas artes, descrevemos os primórdios da indústria dos quadrinhos de super-heróis, o seu desenvolvimento e as raízes dos gêneros literários populares de crime e horror, assim como as críticas que conduziram à censura e à subsequente superação desta – que lentamente tornou possível um novo tipo de discurso na área dos quadrinhos, permitindo um diálogo aberto com o mundo literário. Entendendo que as noções de intertextualidade, intermidialidade e semiose atuam como transmissores da memória da literatura e da cultura, adotamos a semiótica de Charles S. Peirce, para estabelecer o encadeamento semiósico do mito órfico, além de traçar a transformação da tragédia (conceito literário) em trágico (concepção filosófica) e as suas funções na narrativa de Sandman e no percurso de Morpheus, o herói condenado. Palavras-chave: Quadrinhos. Memória. Literatura. Tragédia. Intertextualidade. Semiótica. ABSTRACT This work investigates the relationship between literature and Neil Gaiman’s The Sandman comic book. To link these arts, we describe the beginning of the superhero comics industry, its development, the roots of both crime and horror as popular literary genres and the criticism that lead to comics censorship and its subsequent overcoming – slowly making possible a new kind of discourse in comic books, an open dialogue with the literary world. Understanding that the concepts of semiosis, intertextuality and intermediality can act as literary – and cultural – memory transmitters, we adopt Charles S. Peirce’s semiotics to establish the semiosic chaining of the orphic myth. Furthermore, we follow the transformation of tragedy (literary concept) into tragic (a philosophical notion) and its function in The Sandman’s narrative and the path of Morpheus, the doomed hero. Keywords: Comics. Memory. Literature. Tragedy. Intertextuality. Semiotics. SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO 11 2. HISTÓRIA DOS QUADRINHOS 17 2.1. Antecedentes 17 2.2. Os quadrinhos no mundo 19 2.2.1. Europa 19 2.2.2. Japão 21 2.2.3. Brasil 22 2.3. Origens comerciais e sociais dos super-heróis 24 2.3.1. Imigração 25 2.3.2. Harry Donenfeld 26 2.3.3. Músculos, ficção científica, emancipação social e erostismo 29 2.3.4. Tornando-se editor 34 2.3.5. Jack Liebowitz 37 2.3.6. Histórias extraordinárias 41 2.3.6.1. Jerry Siegel e a ficção científica 42 2.3.6.2. Joe Shuster: quadrinhos e paixão pelo corpo perfeito 48 2.3.6.3. O reino do Super-Homem 51 2.3.7. Novas companhias 55 2.3.8. Sexo e crime 57 2.3.9. Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson 59 2.3.10. Tentativa, erro e acerto 61 3. DO HORROR AO UNDERGROUND 66 3.1. Crime e horror: o gótico e a cultura popular 66 3.2. Ascensão e queda do horror nos quadrinhos 70 3.2.1. Ressurgem: crime e horror 73 3.2.2. Delinquência e censura: a primeira onda 74 3.2.3. Fredric Wertham 80 3.2.4. A sedução do inocente 85 3.2.5. Delinquência e censura: o comitê 88 3.3. Quadrinhos underground 96 4. SANDMAN 107 4.1. Neil Gaiman 107 4.2. Sobre o horror nos anos 1980 112 4.3. Os antecedentes nos quadrinhos 115 4.4. Antecedentes literários de Sandman 118 4.5. A transformação de sonhos em histórias 120 4.6. A série 123 5. MEMÓRIA, INTERTEXTUALIDADE E SEMIÓTICA 131 5.1. Intertextualidade 132 5.2. Palimpsestos 134 5.3. Intertextualidade e hipertextualidade 135 5.4. Tipologias 136 5.5. Memória da literatura 139 5.6. Ecfrase, iconotexto e intermídia 142 5.7. Práticas intertextuais e intemidiais em Sandman 145 5.7.1. Tradução e colaboração 145 5.7.2. Semiótica 149 5.8. Semiose, intertextualidade e intermidialidade em Sandman: um estudo de caso 158 5.8.1. As metamorfoses – temas e estrutura 159 5.8.2. Virgílio e o IV Canto de As geórgicas 162 5.8.3. Orfeu 164 5.8.4. Orfismo 166 5.8.5. Várias versões 169 5.8.6. Procedimentos tradutórios 173 5.8.7. Semiose e intersemiose 178 6. TRAGÉDIA E TRÁGICO 188 6.1. A origem da tragédia 189 6.2. A Poética 191 6.3. Sandman e a Poética 197 6.4. As transformações da tragédia: da Idade Média à Renascença 203 6.5. O drama burguês 212 6.6. A retomada grega da cultura alemã 222 6.7. A filosofia do trágico 226 6.7.1. Kant 226 6.7.2. Schiller 230 6.7.3. Schelling 233 6.7.4. Hegel 236 6.7.5. Schopenhauer 240 6.7.6. Nietzsche 244 6.8. Sandman e o trágico 248 7. CONCLUSÃO 267 8. REFERÊNCIAS 270 ANEXO Personagens de Sandman 277 11 1. INTRODUÇÃO Estudar a Tragédia e o Trágico na história em quadrinhos Sandman suscita vários problemas, não necessariamente pelo tema, debatido à exaustão por filósofos e estudiosos da literatura.
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