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Midge-Inferred Holocene Climate History of Two Subalpine Lakes in Southern British Columbia, Canada

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Midge-Inferred Holocene Climate History of Two Subalpine Lakes in Southern British Columbia, Canada The Holocene 14,2 (2004) pp. 258-271 Midge-inferred Holocene climate history of two subalpine lakes in southern British Columbia, Canada Sandra M. Rosenberg,l 2* Ian R. Walker,1'2 Rolf W. Mathewes1 and Douglas J. Hallett"'3 ('Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, V5A ]S6; 2Department of Biology, Okanagan University College, 3333 College Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, VI V 1 V7; 3Center for Environmental Sciences and Quaternary Sciences Program, PO Box 5694, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ 86011, USA) Received 16 July 2002; revised manuscript accepted 13 February 2003 Abstract: To investigate postglacial environmental changes in both the coastal and interior wet belts of British Columbia, fossil midges were analysed from two subalpine lakes, one adjacent to the lower Fraser canyon (Frozen Lake), and the other in Mount Revelstoke National Park (Eagle Lake). The midge stratigraphy for Frozen Lake revealed an abundance of rheophilous chironomid taxa and Simuliidae larvae, reflecting the pres- ence of an inflowing stream. An abundance of Chaoborus mandibles and Microtendipes during the early Holo- cene (c. 10100-7700 'C years BP, c. 11500-8500 cal. years BP) suggests warmer temperatures. A subsequent decline in the warm indicators and relative increases in cold stenotherms (Heterotrissocladius and Diamesa) indicate cooling until present day. This climate reconstruction is consistent with other quantitative and qualitat- ive evidence for past climatic change in southern British Columbia. At Eagle Lake the warm indicators, Dicrot- endipes and Polypedilum, are seen in the early Holocene (c. 8500-6730 1-C years BP, c. 9600-7600 cal. years BP), but are absent during the mid-Holocene when cooler temperatures probably prevailed. In the late Holocene HOLOCENE (c. 3800 'dC years BP to present, c. 4200 cal. years BP to present) there is a resurgence of warm indicators, RESEARCH which contrasts with the evidence of continued cooling typically seen in reconstructions of southern British PAPER Columbia summer temperatures. The Eagle Lake record therefore appears to be anomalous. Multiproxy and multisite investigations are needed to reconstruct Holocene climatic changes more reliably. Key words: Chironomidae, midges, palaeoclimate, palaeolimnology, temperature reconstruction, climatic change, British Columbia, Holocene. Introduction ditions (e.g., Walker, 1987; Hofmann, 1988; Walker and Mathewes, 1989; Walker et al., 1995; Lotter et al., 1997). Midge Palaeoecological techniques are powerful tools for reconstructing assemblages have been used to reconstruct hypolimnetic oxygen past environments, and can provide long and detailed records of content (Quinlan et al., 1998), acidity (Brodin and Gransberg, past climatic changes. They thus provide a window on natural 1993; Schnell and Willassen, 1996), salinity (Walker et al., 1995; climatic variations and on the role of climate in shaping terrestrial Heinrichs et al., 1997), trophic status (Lotter et al., 1998; Little ecosystems (Mathewes, 1985; Hebda, 1995; Walker and Pellatt, et al., 2000; Brooks et al., 2001) and, as is the focus of this paper, 2001; 2004). Chironomids (Order Diptera) have become important temperature (Walker and Mathewes, 1989; Walker, 1991; Lotter for palaeoclimatic studies because distinctive assemblages of et al., 1999; Walker et al., 1997; Olander et al., 1999). midges are good indicators of present and past environmental con- Several studies have used fossil midges to reconstruct past cli- matic oscillations (i.e., the Killarney and Younger Dryas events) *Author for correspondence. Present address: Biology Department, Langara College, in Atlantic Canada (i.e., Walker et al., 1991 a; 199 lb; Levesque 100 West 49th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Y 2Z6 (e-mail: et al., 1993a; 1993b; Wilson et al., 1993; Cwynar and Levesque, [email protected]) 1995). In southern British Columbia, however, palaeoclimato- Arnold 2004 10.1 191/0959683604h1703rp Downloaded from http://hol.sagepub.com at University of Victoria on May 1, 2007 © 2004 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. Sandra M. Rosenberg et al.: Midge-inferred Holocene climate history from British Columbia, Canada 259 logists have until recently relied almost entirely on palaeobotan- ical studies to obtain palaeoclimate records (e.g., Hansen, 1955; Alley, 1976; Hazell, 1979; Mathewes and Heusser, 1981; Cawker, 1983; Mathewes, 1985; Wainman and Mathewes, 1987; Reasoner and Hickman, 1989; Mathewes and King, 1989; Hebda, 1995; 49' 36' Pellatt et al., 1998; 2000; 2001; Allen et al., 1999; Heinrichs et al., 1999; Hallett and Walker, 2000; Bennett et al., 2001). Rela- tively few midge studies (Walker and Mathewes, 1987; 1989; Heinrichs et al., 1997; Smith, 1997; Palmer et al., 2002; Ruck 49' 35* O et al., 1998; Smith et al., 1998) have been carried out in British Columbia. Since midges have short life cycles, they potentially respond more quickly to climatic changes than vegetation (especially forest trees) and therefore are probably more sensitive indicators of past climatic change than pollen, spores or plant macrofossils (Palmer, 1998). Battarbee (2000) recently concluded that midges are the most promising biological indicators of past climatic changes. Although midges have proven to be useful indicators of late- glacial climatic changes, they have been used less often for quanti- 121' 29' 121' 28' 121° 27' tative Holocene climate reconstructions. The statistical errors associated with midge-palaeotemperatur inference models sug- elevation ontour lakes, rivers gest that midges may be less well suited for the reconstruction of rivers Holocene climatic et et - hghway subtle, changes (Lotter al., 1999; Heiri al., * city/own 2003; Battarbee et al., 2002). To maximize the climate signal-to- Scale noise ratio, study sites little affected by non-climatic impacts m 0 500 1000 I should be selected for midge analyses (Battarbee et al., 2002). Thus, for Holocene temperature reconstructions, we select small, shallow lakes near treeline, and avoid saline lakes, eutrophic Figure 1 Map indicating location of Frozen Lake in southern British lakes, lakes with unusually low pH and lakes which have had Columbia. much human impact. In this paper we use midge fossils to exam- ine postglacial environmental changes at two subalpine lakes in British Columbia, one in the southern Coast Mountains and the second in Mt Revelstoke National Park. We also critically assess their potential for reconstructing Holocene climate trends. Study area For the purposes of Holocene climate reconstruction, two small subalpine lakes were chosen because treeline environments are known to be sites of high climate sensitivity (Luckman and Kear- ney, 1986; Clague and Mathewes, 1989; Walker and MacDonald, 1995; Pellatt and Mathewes, 1997; Pellatt et al., 1998; 2000; Bat- tarbee, 2000). Lower Frozen Lake (49°36'N, 121°28'W) is a small subalpine lake located in British Columbia's Coast Moun- tains, on the slopes of the lower Fraser Canyon (Figure 1). At 1180 m a.s.l., the lake occupies a basin in the forested subzone of the cool and moist Mountain Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone. The dominant trees in this zone are mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis - elevation contour lakes, rivers Dougl.) and yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis D. Don) N creeks (Brooke et al., 1970). Frozen Lake is approximately 3 ha in area tI _ ._Iroads with a maximum depth of 17 m and a bedrock sill controlling the a city/town Scale outlet. A small stream flows from Upper Frozen Lake through an m O 500 t OQO open meadow to the lower lake (Hallett et al., 2003). This inlet delivers a large volume of water to the lake during spring and summer melt. Figure 2 Map of Mount Revelstoke National Park region, indicating the Snow in the Mountain Hemlock zone begins to accumulate in location of Eagle Lake. October and deep snowpacks can persist until July. The late win- ter snowpack may be up to 3 m thick (Brooke et al., 1970; Hallett et al., 2003). Climate data at nearby Hell's Gate (49°47'N, environmental lapse rate of 0.6°C/100 m (Livingstone etal., 121°27'W, elevation 122 m) indicates a mean annual temperature 1999), the mean annual temperature and the mean July air tem- of 9.4°C and a mean annual precipitation of 1229 mm yr-' perature at Frozen Lake are expected to be about 2.8°C and (Environment Canada, 1993). It should be noted that daily mean 13.9°C, respectively. The actual precipitation at Frozen Lake temperatures and mean annual precipitation at Frozen Lake will could be >2X that recorded at the Hell's Gate station. differ considerably from the Hell's Gate station due to the Eagle Lake (51°3'N, 118°10'W) is located in Mount Revel- difference in elevation between the two sites. Assuming an stoke National Park, in the Selkirk Mountains (Figure 2). The Downloaded from http://hol.sagepub.com at University of Victoria on May 1, 2007 © 2004 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. 260 The Holocene 14 (2004) Selkirk Mountains, together with the Monashee Range to the west Table 1 Frozen Lake samples containing fewer than 50 chironomid and Purcell Range to the east, compose the Columbia Mountains, head capsules a system of north-south trending ranges with bedrock consisting of a complex of metamorphic and igneous rocks. The Columbia Depth Taxa Number of Mountains are bordered on the west by the Interior Plateau and (cm) head capsules on the east by the Rocky Mountains. The Columbia Mountains form the interior wet belt of southern 245 CricotopusJOrthocladius 0.5 British Columbia. Moist air masses from the Pacific coast are Corynocera nr. ambigua 1 responsible for the mean annual precipitation of 950.2 mm yr- I Heterotrissocladius grimshawi type 1 at the Revelstoke climate station, 443 m a.s.l. Procladius 2 recorded 0.5 at Protanypus (Environment Canada, 1993). The mean annual temperature Tanytarsina (undifferentiated) 1 Revelstoke is 6.7°C.
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