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Mammals and Amphibians of Southeast Alaska

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Mammals and Amphibians of Southeast Alaska 8 — Mammals and Amphibians of Southeast Alaska by S. O. MacDonald and Joseph A. Cook Special Publication Number 8 The Museum of Southwestern Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 2007 Haines, Fort Seward, and the Chilkat River on the Looking up the Taku River into British Columbia, 1929 northern mainland of Southeast Alaska, 1929 (courtesy (courtesy of the Alaska State Library, George A. Parks Collec- of the Alaska State Library, George A. Parks Collection, U.S. tion, U.S. Navy Alaska Aerial Survey Expedition, P240-135). Navy Alaska Aerial Survey Expedition, P240-107). ii Mammals and Amphibians of Southeast Alaska by S.O. MacDonald and Joseph A. Cook. © 2007 The Museum of Southwestern Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Special Publication, Number 8 MAMMALS AND AMPHIBIANS OF SOUTHEAST ALASKA By: S.O. MacDonald and Joseph A. Cook. (Special Publication No. 8, The Museum of Southwestern Biology). ISBN 978-0-9794517-2-0 Citation: MacDonald, S.O. and J.A. Cook. 2007. Mammals and amphibians of Southeast Alaska. The Museum of Southwestern Biology, Special Publication 8:1-191. The Haida village at Old Kasaan, Prince of Wales Island Lituya Bay along the northern coast of Southeast Alaska (undated photograph courtesy of the Alaska State Library in 1916 (courtesy of the Alaska State Library Place File Place File Collection, Winter and Pond, Kasaan-04). Collection, T.M. Davis, LituyaBay-05). iii Dedicated to the Memory of Terry Wills (1943-2000) A life-long member of Southeast’s fauna and a compassionate friend to all. Terry at the mouth of the Chickamin River, mainland Southeast Alaska, in 1973 (photograph by S.O. MacDonald). iv Preface Eleven years have elapsed since we islands, and appendices summarize island size, published The Land Mammal Fauna of specimen archives, and our understanding of Southeast Alaska (MacDonald and Cook, 1996). species distributions, introductions, and We now update that original work and expand it conservation status. Accounts are included of by adding marine mammals and amphibians, additional species that are no longer extant in the reviewing the status of select species based on region, but that were documented either as a series of field, lab and museum-based fossils or introduced exotics. We also reassess investigations, and discussing the evolutionary research priorities for amphibians and mammals and biogeographic significance of this coastal in the region. We encourage thoughtful fauna. We follow the general outline of discussion of these priorities followed by action MacDonald and Cook (1996), with several to promote the conservation of this outstanding notable changes. In the individual species coastal fauna. accounts, the Taxonomy section now includes We hope this reference work will stimulate an overview of recently published further investigations aimed at filling in the phylogeographic studies for a number of taxa. In numerous pieces of the fascinating these accounts, the section on Distribution biogeographic and evolutionary puzzles includes specific locality records and underlying the mammals and amphibians of the distributional maps for all terrestrial species. North Pacific Coast of North America. Tables now detail the occurrence of all species documented with specimens for 111 individual Stephen MacDonald and Joseph Cook The MacDonald boys beaver trapping, Stikine River, Spring 1977. Joe with skins of a Marten and Fisher (the first documented record of Fisher for Alaska) taken by a local trapper, Taku River, 1994. v Abstract This report continues the process of docu- fill the gaps in our knowledge by building a rigor- menting the 82 species of mammals and 8 am- ous, diverse, and well-distributed archive of phibians known to occur, or have recently specimens for the flora and fauna of this coastal occurred, in Southeast Alaska. Species accounts region. are based on a review of the literature, examina- This preliminary inventory of the mammals tion of specimens and associated field notes at and amphibians reveals serious conservation natural history museums, and a series of expedi- concerns due to the heavy footprint of humans, tions we conducted through 1999 through the particularly on islands with high potential for en- University of Alaska Museum of the North. Our demism. In particular, forest fragmentation in the primary conclusion from this survey is that infor- last 50 years has resulted in extensive tracts of mation as basic as distribution and taxonomic closed-canopy forests; these second growth for- status is unavailable for most species of mam- ests support a much less diverse vertebrate fau- mals and amphibians. Most species are poorly na. Other human activities may also impact this documented with 53% of mammals represented fauna. by fewer than 10 specimens for the entire region. Molecular genetic studies of selected spe- Cetacean material is especially lacking. Minimal cies suggest common biogeographic histories for documentation also characterizes amphibians. particular elements of the fauna. High levels of Beyond simply documenting the distribution of genetic differentiation characterize some species species, serious investigations of these organ- and reflect the influence of a long history of isms have been hampered by lack of specimens regional fragmentation due to glaciation. In sev- and associated materials. Many investigations eral cases, multiple cryptic species have been aimed at assessing changes in populations over identified (e.g., two species of marten) and con- space and time cannot be completed for the tact or hybrid zones have been documented. At majority of species in this region, effectively obvi- the population level, low levels of variation for ating attempts to monitor health of these wildlife some island populations is attributable to isola- populations or their response to environmental tion and these populations may be especially perturbation. vulnerable to disturbance. These metrics indicate If we examine particular islands for individu- the influence of both historical and contemporary al species, a parallel situation arises. Across the processes on structuring biotic diversity. Such archipelago, 111 islands have at least one spec- complexity also points to the necessity of priori- imen that documents the occurrence of any spe- tizing conservation of endemic forms by building cies. Of those “species present” islands, a new “island-centered” framework for managing however, 41% are represented by <10 speci- wildlife on the Tongass National Forest and sur- mens of any species. This weak foundation will rounding lands of Southeast Alaska. Such a serve as the basis for future management ac- management paradigm for this complex archipel- tions, including those aimed at monitoring declin- ago should recognize the unique evolutionary ing native populations or mitigating the impact of and ecological attributes of this isolated region of exotics, unless a concerted effort to inventory North America. this biotic diversity is initiated. Now is the time to vi Acknowledgments This monograph is the result of efforts by ural Heritage Program — E. West; Institute of many people. In particular, we acknowledge the Biological Problems of the North (Magadan, Rus- following individuals: Private — T. Bethel, R. sia) — N. Dokuchaev and A. Tsvetkova; Cura- Bishop, K. Bovee, S. Brewington, L. and J. Car- tors of Museums — M. Carleton, S. George, K. son, R. Carstensen, B. Delehanty, S. Fiscus, J. Klitz, D. Nagorsen, J. Patton, R. Timm, C. G. van Florie, C. Garst, S. Geraghty, D. Harbor, B. J. Zyll de Jong, and T. Yates; UA Museum of the Hayward, R. Himschoot, R. Hunter, P. Isleib, R. North/Institute of Arctic Biology — K. Bagne, M. Jahnke, C. Jardine, L. Johnson, M. Kirkeminde, Ben-David, D. Bender, J. Bender, H. Chen, C. , M. MacDonald, O. MacDonald, D. Nagorsen, R. Conroy, J. Demboski, S. Gray, B. Jacobsen, G. Nelson, B. Norman, J. Owens, J. Pringle, D. Jarrell, J. Levino-Chythlook, S. Lewis, D. McDon- Rice, M. Sallee, L. Robertson, N. Smith, G. St- ald, L. Olson, C. T. Seaton, K. Stone, S. Talbot, reveler, T. and K. Wills; Alaska Department of and M. Wike; and Museum of Southwestern Fish and Game — N. Barten, E. Crain, T. Davis, Biology/UNM — L. Couch, N. Dawson, W. Gan- R. Flynn, J. Gustafson, M. Kirchoff, C. Land, D. non, J. Malaney, and D. Northup. Direct funding, Larsen, R. Lowell, D. Parker McNeill, D. Person, logistical support, and specimens were provided B. Porter, M. Robus, M. Sigman, T. Thorton, K. by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, USDA For- Titus, and J. Whitman; U.S.D.A. Forest Service est Service (Tongass Region and Pacific North- — J. Baichtal, S. Blatt, M. Brown, E. Campbell, J. west Laboratory), Alaska Department of Fish and Canterbury, D. Chester, R. Claire, J. Cristner, C. Game, and National Science Foundation Crocker-Bedford, G. DeGayner, T. DeMeo, M. (0415668). We thank M. Bogan, S. Brunner, N. Dillman, J. Falk, C. Ford, R. Guhl, T. Hanley, C. Dawson, R. Dickerman, C. Jones, A. Koehler, Iverson, S. Jacobson, D. Johnson, D. Kuntzch, L. and an anonymous reviewer for critical reviews Kvaalen, M. Laker, E. Lance, W. Martin, K. Post, of the manuscript. All errors are solely the re- P. Robertson, A. Russell, K. Rutledge, T. sponsibility of the authors. Schenck, T. Shaw, W. Smith, T. Suminski, D. Illustration Credits. Most of the animal illustra- Walter, and S. Wise-Eagle; National Park Ser- tions used to enhance our distribution maps were vice — B. Anderson, J. Taggart, H. Lentfer, and done by the late Fairbanks artist, William D. M. Murray; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service —S. Berry (1926-1979), with permission from Brockmann, E. Grossman, W. Hanson, K. Hast- © BERRY STUDIOS (www.berrystudios.biz). ings, N. Holmberg, B. Jacobsen, D. Klein, J. The drawings on pages 30, 65, 69, 80, 84, 87, Lindell, J. Maniscalo, J. McClung, P. Schempf, 88, 92, 97, and 102 are by the late Robert W. and Teresa Woods; Metlakatla Indian Communi- Hines (1912-1994); on pages 29, 36, 37, 40, 42, ty — J.
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