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Phonological Analysis A N I N T R O D U C T I O N T O PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Stephen Marlett Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of North Dakota Fall 2001 Edition This is a working, pre-publication draft. Please do not quote. Please do not duplicate without written permission. Revisions (including addition of new exercises and corrections) are made yearly. Please inquire about the latest version. Earlier versions are no longer available. [email protected] Copyright © 2001 by Stephen A. Marlett Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................... iii Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 1 Section 1 Morphological Rules Chapter 2 Word Structure .......................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 3 Suppletive Allomorphy.............................................................................................. 12 Chapter 4 Multiple Function Formatives ................................................................................... 29 Chapter 5 Morphologically Triggered Rules ............................................................................. 35 Chapter 6 Features and Natural Classes ..................................................................................... 40 Chapter 7 Reduplication ............................................................................................................. 44 Chapter 8 Word or Affix?........................................................................................................... 46 Summary and Review Questions for Section 1.................................................................................... 51 Section 2 Phonological Rules: Assimilation Chapter 9 Voicing Assimilation ................................................................................................. 55 Chapter 10 Choosing Underlying Forms...................................................................................... 61 Chapter 11 Place Assimilation (Nasals) ....................................................................................... 64 Chapter 12 Features in the Lexicon.............................................................................................. 71 Chapter 13 Feature Spreading ...................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 14 Constraining Rule Application................................................................................... 79 Chapter 15 Palatalization and Labialization................................................................................. 83 Chapter 16 Nasalization................................................................................................................ 88 Chapter 17 Manner Assimilation.................................................................................................. 90 Chapter 18 Vowel Changes .......................................................................................................... 93 Chapter 19 Place Assimilation (Non-nasals)................................................................................ 99 Chapter 20 Dissimilation and the Obligatory Contour Principle ................................................. 104 Chapter 21 Miscellaneous............................................................................................................. 107 Summary and Review Questions for Section 2.................................................................................... 109 Section 3 Phonological Rules: Some Practical Procedures Chapter 22 Contrastive Features................................................................................................... 113 Chapter 23 Noncontrastive Features............................................................................................. 121 Chapter 24 Suspicious Pairs ......................................................................................................... 134 Summary and Review Questions for Section 3 ................................................................................... 136 Section 4 Phonological Rules: Structural Issues Chapter 25 Underspecification ..................................................................................................... 139 Chapter 26 Edge Phenomena........................................................................................................ 145 Chapter 27 Syllable Structure....................................................................................................... 151 Chapter 28 Syllable Structure Constraints.................................................................................... 156 Chapter 29 Linking Features to the Syllable ................................................................................ 160 Chapter 30 Stress-conditioned Processes ..................................................................................... 168 Chapter 31 Epenthesis .................................................................................................................. 170 Chapter 32 Deletion...................................................................................................................... 176 Chapter 33 Underlying Forms ...................................................................................................... 182 Chapter 34 Rule Ordering............................................................................................................. 188 Summary and Review Questions for Section 4....................................................................................197 Section 5 Phonological Rules: Suprasegmental Properties Chapter 35 Stress .........................................................................................................................200 Chapter 36 Introduction to Pitch...................................................................................................204 Chapter 37 Intonation....................................................................................................................206 Chapter 38 Tone .........................................................................................................................212 Chapter 39 Tone Rules..................................................................................................................214 Summary and Review Questions for Section 5....................................................................................222 Appendices Appendix A Features ................................................................................................................224 Appendix B Orthography Design .............................................................................................231 Appendix C Phonology Write-ups ...........................................................................................247 Appendix D Symbols Tables ....................................................................................................251 Appendix E Language Index and Source Information ............................................................253 Appendix F Open-ended Exercises ..........................................................................................261 Appendix G Glossary ................................................................................................................282 Appendix H Topic Index...........................................................................................................287 Preface Phonology is a broad topic of study and currently comprises many theories, each of which requires (at least) a course and a book for adequate treatment. This book is an introduction to phonology in general, and a very brief introduction to the ideas addressed by various of these theories, including generative phonology, lexical phonology, underspecification theory, autosegmental phonology, feature theory, phonemics, and CV phonology. We believe that each of these has contributed in a significant way to our understanding of language, regardless of how the theories themselves may fare in the future. We expect that some users of this book may not find these theories inherently interesting. Nevertheless, someone who wishes to use linguistic theory for practical problems (such as language learning, orthography development, literacy programs) will benefit from learning more about how languages work. Thus we encourage all to jump in and try to master each topic. The presentation of material in this book is different from many other books. Most importantly for those who are studying phonology in order to do field work, it does not present theory in the same order that one might apply theory. We know that not everyone approaches problems in the same way or in the same order. The book does not begin with the same kind of facts that usually first confront a linguist in a field situation. Nevertheless, after one has completed reading the book, one should have a clear idea of how to work in such situations. One of the major reasons for presenting material in the order chosen is that it allows us to present phonological detail in small steps. Many introductory books begin with phonetics and then lead the user through the morass of detail to graphically simpler levels of representation. But since many
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