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HOW IT WAS IN REALITY A.T.Fomenko , G.V.Nosovskiy PREFACE 1. THE UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED VERSION OF WORLD HISTORY WAS CREATED ONLY IN THE XVII CENTURY. IT WAS REFINED UP UNTIL THE XIX CENTURY. THIS VERSION IS INCORRECT. The present book occupies a unique place among our publications on the New Chronology. It was written by popular demand of our readers. Many people tell us: "You criticized the currently accepted version of chronology and the version of the history based on it. You suggested your dating methods and pointed out many duplicates (repetitions), considerably 'shortening' the written history of mankind. Suppose you are right. But then an important question arises: What happened in reality? Could you write a 'concise guide' on your new chronology and the new version of history"? We fragmentarily outlined our reconstruction several times. Now, when a vast amount of material has accumulated, there arrived a moment to put together the main findings and to reconstruct the actual past. In [1v] and [2v] we showed that the archaeological and physical methods of dating which exist today, including the famous radiocarbon method, are unfortunately poorly suited for the dating of artefacts 1-2 thousand years old. These methods produce errors comparable to the age of the samples. We will rely on the new chronology which we established based on the mathematical, empirical and statistical results presented in the first three books of the 'Chronology' in seven volumes and also in [6v3], ch.2. The main chronological shifts – by approximately 333 years, 1050 years and 1800 years discovered by A.T.Fomenko in 'ancient' and mediaeval history are indicated in the Global Chronological Map (ГХК) created by A.T.Fomenko in 1975-1979. The main research on the New Chronology was carried out by A.T.Fomenko, G.V.Nosovskiy, V.V.Kalashnikov and T.N.Fomenko. We do not substantiate our point of view in this book. This would in fact lead to an actual repetition of everything said before. That is why we are presenting just a summary of the reconstruction. To see the evidence please refer to our previous main books, of which there are 24. These are the books of the 'first wave', i.e. seven volume 'Chronology' followed by the 17 books of the 'second wave' which are sometimes called the 'Golden Series' (due to its golden cover), i.e. B-1,…, B-17, see the Bibliography. The important materials are also sited on our official website www.chonologia.org. Many things said in this book are still a hypothesis. Here we usually leave out the references to the primary sources. You can find them in our previous books. We do not claim to be extremely precise in the suggested dating. A great deal of work will be required to refine the new chronology and some hypothesis. That is why we still reconstruct history just 'by the centuries', i.e. stating the century of a given event, but without specifying the date within the century. We showed that at present there is no proof of the Scaligerian chronology which is widely accepted today. Such proof – as we state with full authority – was never there and is still absent. Therefore the history of antiquity should be re-written. We are compelled to take this difficult task upon ourselves. The New Chronology started from the creation of the new mathematical, statistical and astronomical methods of dating the events described in the old sources. Based on these methods we reconstructed the correct chronology of antiquity. This is our main result. Here it would be appropriate to recall the name of one of the books by A.T.Fomenko – 'THE TRUTH CAN BE COMPUTED'. Then, based on the new Chronology, we generally outlined the reconstruction of history up to the XVIII century inclusively. It was followed by the next stage. They started asking us: so what IN REALITY did the famous 'classical' authors – Herodotus, Thucydides, Titus Livius, Homer and the others tell us about? When answering the question we analysed practically all major 'classical' and mediaeval sources which form the foundation of the Scaligerian history of the antiquity, the building of which, as we found out, was rather late – in the XVII-XVIII cc. In particular we thoroughly researched the following texts: the Bible (both the Old and the New Testaments), Talmud, Torah, the New and the Old Testaments 'Apocrypha', Koran, the Book of Mormon, Popol Vuh (the Sacred Book of the American K'iche Mayan people, Herodotus, Titus Livius, Claudius Ptolemy, Homer, Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Plutarch, Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato, Aristophanes, Ovid, Polybius, Pausanias, Virgil, Seneca, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Ammianus Marcellinus, Josephus Flavius, The Aggadah (Aramaic tales), Appian of Alexandria, Apollodorus, Eutropius, Sextus Aurelius Victor, Aelius Spartianus, Iulius Capitolinus, Aelius Lampridius, Paulus Orosius, John Malalas, Marco Polo, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, the Epic of 'ancient' India 'Mahabharata', the Epic of the 'ancient' Persia 'Shahnameh' (Ferdowsi), the 'ancient' Germanic heroic verse, the 'ancient' Old Norse Edda 'Elder Edda', Geoffrey of Monmouth, Nennius, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Raphael Holinshed, Saxo Grammaticus, The Legend of King Arthur, The Legends of Alexander the Great, The Legend of Troy, the old French Legends, some important Muslim sources, going further Niketas Choniates, Anna Komnene, Procopius of Caesarea (and some other Byzantine authors), Geoffrey of Villehardouin, Robert de Clari, 'The Primary Chronicle' (or 'Tale of Bygone Years') and the other major Russian chronicles (including the Siberian chronicles), the Russian epic multivolume 'The Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible'(Litsevoy Svod) (not long ago finally published by the Moscow publishing house Akteon), Mavro Orbini, Philostratus (Life of Apollonius of Tyana), Iamblichus Chalcidensis, Diogenes Laertius, Porphyry of Tyre, Bartolomé de las Casas, Bernal Díaz del Castillo, the works by some of the Church Fathers, the old chronological works and tables (Joseph Juste Scaliger, Dionysius Petavius, Matthew Blastares and many other) … We shall stop this listing and refer our readers to our books. We have studied thousands of images: icons, paintings, drawings, etchings, frescos, mosaics, stained-glass art-works, tapestries, goblins, sculptures, bas-reliefs, gems, Cameos, coins, the images on the ceramics, enamel work, etc. Among other things there were discovered several dozens of the old zodiacs with some transcriptions of dates. Some of them were earlier unknown. We already dated over 40 zodiacs using the astronomic method and the effective computer generated algorithm of data analysis which we developed. It turned out that all these 'ancient' zodiacal dates fall into the epoch of the XI-XIX cc. and not at all into the 'distant past'. We actively continue this important work which greatly contributes to the 'backbone' of the New Chronology. Here is another benefit of the new reading of the old texts. For instance, an interesting question: what were the old traditions in Russia earlier before the XVII century? It is not so easy to find an answer. As we already understand, that the chronicles of the Russian history in existence today were tendentiously edited and are distorting the true picture before the XVII century. So where should we derive the required information from? Apparently we should turn to the 'ancient' sources: Titus Levy, Herodotus, Tacitus and the others. They tell us a lot about 'Ancient Rome', i.e., as we showed, about Russia-Horde of the XIII-XVII cc. So this is where we should extract the old testimonies about the Hordians, who in these sources are called the 'Ancient Romans' or the 'Ancient Scythians' or the 'Ancient Egyptians'. Roughly speaking, the 'ancient Roman' traditions are indeed the ancient Russian traditions of the epoch of the XIV-XVI cc. Incidentally the very notion of 'nations' and 'nationalities' developed later, not earlier than the XVI-XVII cc. But let's get back to our list of the old authors. It turns out that practically all of these surviving texts and chronicles (many of them are linked to each other) in fact tell us about the events of the XI-XVII cc. It was cast back into the distant (sometimes enormously distant) phantom past by the incorrect Scaligerian chronology. Miscalculating it not just by the tens and hundreds, but even by thousands of years! At the same time it turned out that there were not that many primary sources 'on antiquity'. They occupy just a few selves in the bookcase. And so we shouldn't think that in order to reconstruct the past a 'great deal' of sources are required. Apparently about seven - eight dozen is quite sufficient. Besides the reputed chroniclers the accounts of the antiquity were given to us by the distinguished poets, dramatists and writers. For instance, Homer and Virgil, whose works proved to be extremely valuable for the reconstruction of the true history. Or the famous Shakespeare. The new chronology throws a bright and unexpected light on their writings. At last we can understand what in fact these great authors wrote about. Before proceeding with the reconstruction which greatly differs from the version of Scaliger-Petavius familiar today [1v], [2v] we should give a summary of how the Scaligerian history came about. This was finally clarified only over the course of our research. The historical primary sources accessible today which are published and available in the public archives are the comprising element of the Scaligerian version and were created along with it. Notably by way of distortion and purposeful editing of the truly old documents. The old texts themselves which gave the correct accounts of the history were mercilessly destroyed. All of this took place in the XVII-XVIII cc. over the course of the international European program of re-writing the ancient and mediaeval history.
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