Legami Culturali Tra La Russia E L'italia in Architettura

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Legami Culturali Tra La Russia E L'italia in Architettura SCUOLA SUPERIORE PER MEDIATORI LINGUISTICI (Decreto Ministero dell’Università 31/07/2003) Via P. S. Mancini, 2 – 00196 - Roma TESI DI DIPLOMA DI MEDIATORE LINGUISTICO (Curriculum Interprete e Traduttore) Equipollente ai Diplomi di Laurea rilasciati dalle Università al termine dei Corsi afferenti alla classe delle LAUREE UNIVERSITARIE IN SCIENZE DELLA MEDIAZIONE LINGUISTICA Legami culturali tra la Russia e l’Italia in architettura RELATORE: CORRELATORI: prof.ssa Adriana Bisirri prof. Alfredo Rocca prof.ssa Claudia Piemonte prof.ssa Eleonora Malykhina CANDIDATA: OLGA MOSKALEVA MATRICOLA: 1826 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2015/2016 Ad Angelo Dulizia «L’indelebile importanza che gli architetti italiani hanno lasciato sia nel Cremlino di Mosca che nella città di San Pietroburgo è la migliore testimonianza di come l’Italia e la Russia siano unite da una tradizione di amicizia ricca e profonda» GIORGIO NAPOLITANO INDICE SEZIONE ITALIANA Introduzione ................................................................................................ 12 1. Presupposti per l’inizio delle relazioni con l’Italia............................ 16 1.1. Il carattere dell’architettura russa nel XII secolo .............................. 16 1.2. Il Cremlino di Mosca prima dell’inizio di collaborazione con i maestri italiani ....................................................................................................... 19 2. I rapporti italo-russi in architettura nei secoli XV – XVI ................... 21 2.1. L’arrivo a Mosca di Fioravanti. La ricostruzione della cattedrale dell’Assunzione ......................................................................................... 22 2.2. L’attività a Mosca degli altri maestri italiani. La ricostruzione del Cremlino ................................................................................................... 25 2.2.1. Pietro Antonio Solari e Aloisio da Carcano ............................... 28 2.2.2. Aloisio Lamberti da Montagnana .............................................. 32 2.2.3. Bon Frjazìn ............................................................................... 34 2.2.4. Pietro Annibale ......................................................................... 35 3. La fioritura dei rapporti italo-russi in architettura nel secolo XVIII 38 3.1. L’epoca di Pietro il Grande .............................................................. 38 3.1.1. Domenico Trezzini .................................................................... 40 3.2. Barocco elisabettiano a San Pietroburgo ....................................... 43 3.2.1. Bartolomeo Rastrelli ................................................................. 43 3.3. L’architettura neoclassica russa nell’epoca di Caterina II................ 49 3.3.1. Antonio Rinaldi ......................................................................... 50 3.3.2. Giacomo Quarenghi ................................................................. 52 3.4. L’architettura in Russia sotto Paolo I ............................................... 56 3.4.1. Vincenzo Brenna ...................................................................... 57 4. Il ruolo degli architetti italiani in Russia nel XIX secolo .................. 60 4.1. L’architettura al tempo di Alessandro I e Nicola I ............................ 60 4.1.1. Osip Bove e Domenico Gilardi .................................................. 60 4.1.2. Carlo Rossi, l’architetto che ridisegnò San Pietroburgo ............ 63 Conclusione ................................................................................................ 71 ENGLISH SECTION Introduction ................................................................................................ 74 1. Preconditions for Start in Relations with Italy .................................. 76 1.1. The Russian Architecture in the Twelfth Century ............................ 76 1.2. The Moscow Kremlin before the Beginning of Collaboration with the Italian Masters .......................................................................................... 78 2. Italian-Russian Relations in Architecture in the 15 – 16th Centuries 79 2.1. The Arrival in Moscow of Fioravanti and his Activities in the Kremlin 80 2.2. The Activity of the other Italian Masters in Moscow. Reconstruction of the Kremlin ............................................................................................ 82 2.2.1. Pietro Antonio Solari ................................................................. 83 2.2.2. Aloisio Lamberti da Montagnana .............................................. 84 2.2.3. Bon Friazin ............................................................................... 86 2.2.4. Pietro Annibale ......................................................................... 87 3. The Bloom of Italian-Russian Relations in Architecture in the 18th Century ........................................................................................................ 89 3.1. Russian Architecture under Peter the Great .................................... 89 3.1.1. Domenico Trezzini .................................................................... 90 3.2. Baroque Architecture in Russia. Age of Rastrelli ............................ 91 3.3. Neoclassicism in Petersburg under Catherine the Great ................ 94 3.3.1. Antonio Rinaldi ......................................................................... 95 3.3.2. Giacomo Quarenghi ................................................................. 96 3.4. Russian Architecture under the Paul I’s reign ............................... 100 3.4.1. Vincenzo Brenna .................................................................... 100 4. The Role of Italian Architects in Russia in the 19th Century.......... 102 4.1. Carlo Rossi – The architect who redesigned St. Petersburg ......... 102 4.2. Rebuilding of Moscow. Osip Bove ................................................ 104 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 106 РУССКИЙ РАЗДЕЛ Введение .................................................................................................. 107 1. Предпосылки для начала отношений с Италией ...................... 109 1.1. Характер русской архитектуры в XII веке .................................. 109 1.2. Московский Кремль до начала сотрудничества с итальянскими мастерами ............................................................................................. 110 2. Итальянско-российские отношения в архитекруре на рубеже XV-XVI вв. ................................................................................................. 112 2.1. Прибытие в Москву Фьораванти и его деятельность в Кремле113 2.2. Деятельность в Москве других итальянских зодчих. Реконструкция Кремля ......................................................................... 114 2.2.1. Пьетро Антонио Солари и Алоиз Фрязин............................ 115 2.2.2. Алоизио Ламберти да Монтаньяна...................................... 116 2.2.3. Бон Фрязин ............................................................................ 116 2.2.4. Петрок Малый ....................................................................... 117 3. Расцвет русско-итальянских отношений в архитектуре в XVIII веке ........................................................................................................... 119 3.1. Период правления Петра Великого ........................................... 119 3.1.1. Доменико Трезини ................................................................ 119 3.2. Русское барокко. Эра Растрелли ............................................... 120 3.3. Неоклассицизм в России в эпоху Екатерины II ......................... 122 3.3.1. Антонио Ринальди ................................................................ 122 3.3.2. Джакомо Кваренги ................................................................. 123 3.4. Петербургская архитектура при Павле I .................................... 124 3.4.1. Винченцо Бренна .................................................................. 125 4. Роль итальянских архитекторов в России в XIX веке .............. 126 4.1. Карло Росси – архитектор, спроектировавший Петербург ....... 126 4.2. Реконструкция центра Москвы Осипом Бове ............................ 127 Заключение ............................................................................................. 129 Bibliografia ................................................................................................ 131 Sitografia ................................................................................................... 132 NOTA PER LA LETTURA DEI NOMI RUSSI Per la trascrizione dei nomi russi è stato usato il sistema adottato dall’Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani. c = tz davanti a tutte le vocali. č = c dolce non solo davanti ad e ed i, ma anche davanti ad a, o, u; per esempio Gončaròv, leggi Goncjaròv. ch = h, come nel tedesco Bach. ё = jò; sempre accentata. g = g duro anche davanti ad e ed i; per esempio Àngelov, leggi Ànghelov. s = sempre esse dura. š = sc italiano non solo davanti ad e ed i, ma anche davanti ad a, o, u. z = sempre esse dolce. ž = come nel francese jour. šč = š + č; per esempio Ščedrìn, leggi Sc-cedrìn. ’ = segno che dopo tutte le consonanti attribuisce loro una pronuncia dolce, cioè palatizzata; per esempio Sùzdal’, leggi Sùzdagl. Per semplificare la pronuncia dei nomi russi le vocali accentate vengono marcate dall’accento. INTRODUZIONE La storia
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