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La Enseñanza De La Lengua Española a Hablantes Ivorienses De Diversas Lenguas Autóctonas: Dificultades Y Problemas Que Plantea

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La Enseñanza De La Lengua Española a Hablantes Ivorienses De Diversas Lenguas Autóctonas: Dificultades Y Problemas Que Plantea UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Española I LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA A HABLANTES IVORIENSES DE DIVERSAS LENGUAS AUTÓCTONAS: DIFICULTADES Y PROBLEMAS QUE PLANTEA MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Seydou Koné Bajo la dirección de la doctora Alicia Puigvert Ocal Madrid, 2005 ISBN: 978-84-669-2759-8 AGRADECIMIENTOS ........................................................................................... 13 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ................................................................................ 18 ÍNDICE DE LA FAMILIA DE LENGUAS................................................................ 18 PARTE I............................................................................................................................36 DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL Y CONTACTO LINGUAL............................................ 37 CAPÍTULO I.....................................................................................................................37 LENGUAS, HABLAS E IDIOMAS TANTO MATERNAS Y PRIMERAS COMO SEGUNDAS Y EXTRANJERAS............................................................................ 37 I. DEFINICIONES.............................................................................................. 37 1. EL IDIOMA.............................................................................................................37 2. LA LENGUA...........................................................................................................39 3. EL HABLA..............................................................................................................42 4. LOS DIALECTOS...................................................................................................47 II. DIFERENTES TIPOS DE LENGUA ............................................................... 52 1. LENGUA MATERNA Y UNIVERSALES DEL APRENDIZAJE ........................52 1.1. LENGUA VIVA Y LENGUA MUERTA ........................................................59 1.2. SOBRE LAS LENGUAS ROMÁNICAS......................................................64 2. ¿LENGUA SEGUNDA O EXTRANJERA? ...........................................................65 2.1. LENGUA SEGUNDA Y PROCESO DE APRENDIZAJE.........................67 2.2. ¿LENGUA EXTRANJERA O SEGUNDA? ................................................68 III. EL SIMBOLISMO DE UNA LENGUA ESTANDARDIZADA Y CAMBIOS DE LENGUAS ............................................................................................................. 73 1. SIMBOLISMO DE UNA LENGUA ESTANDARIZADA.....................................73 2. CRISTALIZACIÓN DE NUEVAS LENGUAS Y LOS CAMBIOS DE LENGUA 75 2.1. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES .........................................................75 2.2. FACTORES Y ÁMBITOS DE DESARROLLO DE UNA LENGUA.........80 2.3. ASPECTOS SOCIOLÓGICOS ....................................................................87 CAPÍTULO II ...................................................................................................................90 DE LA CULTURA, DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL Y BILINGÜISMO........................... 90 I. CULTURA Y DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL ........................................................ 90 1. ¿CULTURA O CULTURAS?..................................................................................90 1.1. PROLEGÓMENOS........................................................................................90 1.2. DEFINICIONES..............................................................................................90 1.3. CULTURA Y CONCEPTO INTERCULTURAL .........................................99 1 2. IMPLICACIONES LINGÜÍSTICAS DE LA CULTURA ....................................100 2.1. LENGUAS EN CONTACTO Y CONTACTOS LINGÜÍSTICOS MÚLTIPLES..............................................................................................................101 2.2. FUNCIÓN DE LAS LENGUAS EN GRUPOS BILINGÜES: ALGUNOS LUGARES COMUNES DE USO DE LA LENGUA.............................................104 3. CONVERGENCIAS ENTRE ÁREAS LINGÜÍSTICAS Y SOCIOCULTURALES 114 3.1. TIPOS DE CONVERGENCIA....................................................................114 3.2. GRUPOS CULTURALES O ÉTNICOS Y LA ETNICIDAD....................123 3.3. LA DURACIÓN DEL CONTACTO ............................................................137 II. EFECTOS DEL BILINGÜISMO EN EL INDIVIDUO ..................................... 139 1. SOBRE LA INTELIGENCIA................................................................................139 2. SOBRE LA FORMACIÓN DEL CARÁCTER.....................................................143 3. BILINGÜISMO Y PROBLEMAS EDUCACIONALES ......................................143 PARTE II ........................................................................................................................149 PROLEGÓMENOS: FRANCOFONÍA, LENGUAS AFRICANAS E IVORIENSES150 CAPÍTULO I...................................................................................................................150 FRANCOFONÍA: UN ESPACIO LINGÜÍSTICO COMPLEJO.............................. 150 I. PRESENTACIÓN DE LA FRANCOFONÍA................................................... 150 II. DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL Y LINGÜÍSTICA EN EL MUNDO FRANCÓFONO 154 2.1. DE LA JERARQUIZACIÓN .............................................................................157 2.2. GRAN NÚMERO DE LENGUAS EN EL ÁFRICA FRANCÓFONA ............159 III. FRANCOFONÍA Y POLÍTICA LINGÜÍSTICA EN CÔTE D’IVOIRE .......... 164 1. POLÍTICAS LINGÜÍSTICAS FRANCÓFONAS Y AFRICANAS .....................165 2. LA POLÍTICA LINGÜÍSTICA DE CÔTE D’IVOIRE.........................................167 IV. SITUACIÓN SOCIOLINGÜÍSTICA DE CÔTE D’IVOIRE Y FRANCOFONÍA 175 3.1. LOS PRINCIPALES GRUPOS DE LAS LENGUAS IVORIENSES...............183 3.2. CLASIFICACIÓN DE LAS LENGUAS LOCALES IVORIENSES POR ORDEN ALFABÉTICO ................................................................................................185 CAPÍTULO II .................................................................................................................214 ASPECTOS LINGÜÍSTICOS GENERALES DE LAS LENGUAS AFRICANAS E IVORIENSES ...................................................................................................... 214 I. EL PROBLEMA DE ESCRITURA DE LAS LENGUAS AFRICANAS ........... 214 2 2. LA ESCRITURA NSIBIDI (NSIBIRI) (NIGERIA Y CAMERÚN) ...........................217 3. ALGUNAS CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES DE LAS LENGUAS MANDINGO 221 3.1. EL SILABARIO VAI (LIBERIA) .....................................................................222 3.2. LA ESCRITURA MENDE (SIERRA LEONA)................................................222 SILABARIO MENDE 3.3. EL SILABARIO BAMBARA "MA-SA-BA" (MALI) ..223 3.4. EL N’KO............................................................................................................224 II. GRAFEMÁTICA AFRICANA ........................................................................ 225 III. ASPECTOS SINTÁCTICOS DE LAS LENGUAS AFRICANAS................ 228 PARTE III .......................................................................................................................231 EL ANÁLISIS CONTRASTIVO Y LA TEORÍA LINGÜÍSTICA: DIFICULTADES QUE OFRECE EL CONTRASTE ENTRE EL ESPAÑOL Y LAS LENGUAS DE CÔTE D’IVOIRE............................................................................................................. 232 CAPÍTULO I ........................................................................................................ 232 LA LINGUÍSTICA CONTRASTIVA: MÉTODOS DE ESTUDIO DE LA “LINGUISTICS ACROSS” Y OPORTUNIDADES DE INVESTIGACIÓN DEL ANÁLISIS CONTRASTIVO ................................................................................. 232 I. GENERALIDAES SOBRE LA LINGÜÍSTICA CONTRASTIVA Y EL ANÁLISIS CONTRASTIVO .................................................................................................. 232 1. LA LINGÜÍSTICA CONTRASTIVA ...................................................................232 2. EL ANÁLISIS CONTRASTIVO...........................................................................233 3. LENGUAS EN CONTACTO Y CONTACTOS LINGÜÍSTICOS MÚLTIPLES: MÉTODOS Y APROXIMACIONES DEL ANÁLISIS CONTASTIVO......................237 3.1. PRESENTACIÓN DEL TEMA ...................................................................237 3.2. APROXIMACIONES Y MÉTODOS DEL ANÁLISIS CONTRASTIVO.238 3.3. OTROS AUTORES DESTACADOS CON TEORÍAS SOBRE EL ANÁLISIS CONTRASTIVO ....................................................................................240 4. CRÍTICA AL ANÁLISIS CONTRASTIVO .........................................................248 I.......................................................................................................................................252 I. MORFOSINTAXIS CONTRASTADA DE LAS PRINCIPALES LENGUAS IVORIENSES CON LA ESPAÑOLA Y LA FRANCESA ...........................................252 CAPÍTULO II .................................................................................................................259 LAS PRINCIPALES LENGUAS IVORIENSES COMO POSIBLES FUENTES DE ERRORES EN ESPAÑOL................................................................................... 259 3 I. GENERALIDADES SOBRE LAS LENGUAS IVORIENSES COMO CAUSAS PARTICULARES DE ERRORES EN ESPAÑOL ................................................ 259 II. ANÁLISIS SEPARADO DE CADA UNA DE LAS LENGUAS IVORIENSES 263 1. EL
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